Essay On Leds

Essay On Leds
LEDs are disrupting modern agriculture by allowing farmers and researchers to control better
control the duration, intensity and spectrum of the light the plants receive. Because of this LEDs are
being looked into replacing HID and HPS lamps, in high density farming and being the soil light
source for high value specialty crops. The author questioned what processes in plants would be
affected by LED lighting and what would be optimum growing conditions for LED. To answer this
the paper went into depth of the two main processes of photoreceptors and photosynthesis. A
problem or challenge that the author pointed was that much of the understanding of growing under
LEDs is from studies that focused on spectral ratios and irradiance. ... Show more content on
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The major message of this article was to identify the specific photoperiod and photosynthetic
pathways and what these pathways do. Table 1. In the article shows a matrix of plant responses,
photosynthetic or photoperiod pathways, sensors and light. After reading this article this illustration
is useful as it shows how specific spectrums can affect different pathways and sensors which can
then lead to a response such as leaf expansion and height of plant. An observation can be made that
many of photoperiod pathways are involved in development such as flowering and hormone signals.
Reflection Due to my basic knowledge of photoperiodic and reactions and photosynthesis I was able
to understand the concepts of how different spectrums cause different reactions. This article did go
into much deeper photosynthesis reactions and vocab so concepts suchs how thequantity of the PQ
pools effects reduction power. In class we learned mainly of red and FR light but I was surprised to
learn the importance of blue light and green light in CRY activation in seed dormancy and how
similar that is to red and far red light interaction. I wish the paper talked more of modern application
and manipulation of these sensors and pathways I was surprised most by how little the paper talked
of HID and LED lighting and instead focused on plant physiology. I had no idea that light spectrum
beyond red and far red
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The Importance Of Plant Germination
The anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses trap heat within the
atmosphere, this results in Global Warming, an increase in the planet's temperature (Vitousek, 1994).
Of the potential issues arising due to increased global temperatures, the threat to agriculture is one
of the most essential (Cline, 2008). Temperature is crucial to the survivability of plant species, it has
been proven to be the key environmental variable in regulation of the dormancy state and
germination of seeds (Vleeshouwers, Bouwmeester and Karssen, 1995). The initiation of
germination in seeds often occurs within a narrow range of temperatures known as the optimal
temperatures, where germination rate is the fastest and yield is at its greatest. Optimal temperatures
vary between species and seasons of the year (Went, 1953). There are two thresholds known as the
base temperature and ceiling temperature, where germination will not occur at, below and beyond
these extremes respectively (ELLIS et al., 1986). Thus it is important to note the immense impact of
climate change, where temperatures may be raised to or exceed the ceiling temperatures,
consequently terminating germination and resulting in death of seeds.
There are three components required for germination, each tightly regulated by temperature, are the
plant hormones, enzymes activity and moisture. There are two self–secreted plant hormones that
antagonize each other to regulate germination, abscisic acid (ABA) is

The Origin Of Potato Shaped Pottery
1.Introduction
Potato belongs to the Solanaceae herbaceous perennial plant, tuber edible, is the world 's third most
important food crop, after wheat and corn. artificial cultivation of potatoes, as can be traced back to
around 8000 BC to 5000 BC in southern Peru.
2.Background Potatoes have been one of mankind 's most important food staples for the past
millennium. First cultivated on the Titicaca Plateau in the Andes Mountains of Peru and Bolivia
where they formed the basis of both the Inca and Aymara Indian diet. The Aymara Indians developed
more than two hundred varietes of the potato at elevations higher than 10,000 feet.
Potatoes were also an important influence on the Inca culture. Potato–shaped pottery are commonly
found at excavated sites and there is actually some evidence that the Inca units of time correlated to
how long it took for a potato to cook to various consistencies. Potatoes were even used to predict the
weather and to decide what was true and what was not.
Even though the Spanish conquistadors did not find the gold and silver they were looking for in
South America they did find the potato and brought it with them to Europe. The spanish noticed that
the sailors who ate potatoes did not suffer from scurvy and potatoes were soon a standard supply
item on the Spanish ships.
3.Geography & Resources In 2010, the world of the potato production has reached 324.18 million,
1889 tons, the People 's Republic of China is the world 's largest

Effective Malaria Treatment Is Fraught With Challenges
Effective malaria treatment is fraught with challenges. Resistance is seemingly around the corner for
every previously superlative drug, while being deeply entrenched among those medications that a
few decades ago were vital to chemotherapy. For artemisinin, the first signs of resistance were
observed in a 2008 study of parasite clearance times following monotherapy with artesunate.
Clearance was slower among patients from the Eastern Thai–Cambodian border than that of patients
from the Thai–Myanmar border to the West (Dondorp et al., 2009). Though an alarming fact on its
own, when coupled with the proportional increase of such slow–clearing infections from 0.6% in
2001 to 20% in 2010 with rates approaching 42% in Cambodia one must conclude that there is
cause for alarm (Flannery et al., 2013). Resistance is not only emerging but also spreading. Now
more than ever we have need of new medicines as well as new approaches for producing those
medicines. The link to plant physiology among Plasmodium spp. is basically irrefutable and
imperatively needs further investigating. By elucidating essential biosynthetic pathways behind such
compounds like abscisic acid, we can find hitherto unknown targets as well as broaden our
knowledge of the evasion mechanisms that are at the disposal of our protozoan foes. Evasion is the
primary response of malaria in response to the immune system's efforts and this tactic appears to
have been extended to one of the most powerful drugs we have.

Lawn Prep Research Paper
Homeowners typically think of lawn care in the spring and summer. After all, this is the period
where a healthy lawn, green and full at its peak, is most visible. Establishing health and vitality is a
year around proposition, and a good fall sets up the lawn for a good spring. The main goal in fall
lawn prep is helping grass establish good stores of energy in the root system to boost the general
health of the lawn and to prepare for strong spring growth. Plants adjust their function by season. As
days shorten, energy storage becomes more dominant than leaf growth. The slowing of growth may
look like dormancy so the homeowner may stop watering. The grass is still active, but reduced
watering may push it prematurely into dormancy. Reduce water,

Preparation Of Scarification And Stratification
Started this experiment on February 25th and we gathered all our results on May 3rd 2016. When
we started we tested Redbuds in 4 treatments and tested Peaches in 3 treatments. For the Redbuds,
we did a control group with nothing but wrapping it with a paper towel and storing it into a Ziploc
bag. Then we soaked redbuds in sulfuric acid without promix, and soaked them with sulfuric acid
with promix (not moist), and then for the last lot we wrapped redbuds with moist promix. For
peaches we also had a control group with just storing them in a Ziploc bag, and for the second lot
we placed that seeds in moist promix in a cooler. Finally, for the third lot we soaked the seeds in
water for a week and added moist promix and then placed in the cooler. As a result, to this
experiment of scarification and stratification we have seen that lot 3 for Redbuds (scarification)
germinated 16/40, which is a good amount of germination. For stratification with the peaches only
lot 2 germinated 1/20 which was more than the other lots.
Introduction:
Scarification in botany involves weakening, opening, or otherwise altering the coat of a seed to
encourage germination. Scarification is often done mechanically, thermally, and chemically. The
seeds of many plant species are often impervious to water and gases, thus preventing or delaying
germination. Any process designed to make the testa (seed coat) more permeable to water and gases
(and thus more likely to germinate) is known as scarification.
In

Dormancy Lab
Lobster and stalk lambs are homologous plants, both of which are ephemeral plants. The distribution
of the onion alone is more extensive than the lobster, and the appearance of the two seeds in addition
to the size of the outside is more similar, are outsourced mucus type seeds. Therefore, the two
mechanisms of dormancy and germination of these two homologous species were studied. 1 two
kinds of seeds in the normal vitality of the case, the stalk solitary seed seed dormancy phenomenon,
and Lepidium seed does not exist dormancy. Experiment to take low–temperature stratification of
the way to hold the stems alone to sleep. The germination rate of the seeds was dependent on the
low temperature stratification, and the germination rate increased ... Show more content on
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The effect of low concentration of 25mg / L effect is not obvious, the seeds can be germinated.
However, with the increase of 6–BA concentration, the seed germination rate of Ligustro Lucidia
was significantly inhibited, 50mg / L germination rate had been reduced to below 40%, and then
continue to increase the concentration, seedling seed germination rate of less than 10%. Therefore,
6–BA seed germination can be summarized as low concentration no significant effect, high
concentration of seed germination. 6–BA had no significant effect on the dormancy of the

Technique One : Name Of Plant Chosen Essay
Technique One: Scarification
Name of plant chosen: Kowhai
1. The first step when scarifying Kowhai seeds are to place the seed on a corrugated matt and start to
sand the testa (seed coat) with medium density sand paper.
2. Once the seed has been sanded to a dull colour place the seeds in a petri dish that has been laid
with moist paper towels. If on an industrial scale seed will most likely be placed in a large plastic
container that has had moist new paper laid down.
3. Once seeds have been laid place another moist paper towel on top of the seeds. If on a larger
industrial scale place moist newspaper over the seeds in the large plastic container.
4. Once the moist paper towels have been laid on seeds put the petri dish or plastic container lids on
and leave them in an environment at room temperature for 24–48 hours to break dormancy.
5. Once that this time has passed open the petri dish or plastic container lids and have a look to see if
dormancy has broken in the seeds. If they have you can then plant them in potting mix to start
germination.
Technique Two: Cold Stratification
Name of plant chosen: Rose
1. The first step when Stratifying Rose seeds is you need to have a good potting mix, which should
be nutritious and moist. When made put into a refrigerator friendly plastic container.
2. Once the mix is made and in the container add water to make the potting mix moist.
3. When the potting mix is moist enough add your rose seeds into the mix and make sure they are

Droughts In The Colorado Plateau
The Dust Bowl in the 1930s, took the lives of over seven thousand people throughout the Western
United States and parts of Canada ("Dust"). People claimed they could tell where the dust came
from by the color of the dust cloud that came through. The dust from Colorado was known to be
grey ("Handy"). Almost ninety years later, the Western United States citizens are still affected by
droughts today. Not affected directly, the people who live in and near the Colorado Plateau are
affected through their water resources. Water is naturally filtered by plant's roots. Droughts cause
plants to dry up and thus they filter less water. With the dominant plants drying up and thinning out,
that makes more room for exotic plants to start growing. More and ... Show more content on
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"The hazards of chemical contaminants in unfiltered drinking water." Watertech, 2018,
www.watertechonline.com/the–hazards–of–chemical–contaminants–in–unfiltered–drinking–water/.
Accessed March 20, 2018.
"Handy dandy dust bowl facts." Handi–facts.PDF, www.kinsleylibrary.info/wp–
content/uploads/2014/10/Handi–facts.pdf. Accessed April 4, 2018.
Hoover, David. "Chronic Drought Impacts on Colorado Plateau ecosystems (Rain–Out
Experiment)." USGS, www.usgs.gov/centers/sbsc/science/chronic–drought–impacts–colorado–
plateau–ecosystems–rain–out?qt–science_center_objects=0#qt–science_center_objects. Accessed
March 17, 2018.
"Roles in plants in water filtration." EPA environmental education,
www3.epa.gov/safewater/kids/pdfs/activity_grades_4–8_plantsinwaterfiltration.pdf. Accessed
March 19, 2018.
Schwinning, Susan. "Sensitivity of the Colorado Plateau to changes: Climate, ecosystems, and
society." Ecology and Society, vol. 13, no. 2, 2008,
–––. "Summer and Winter Drought in a Cold Desert Ecosystem (Colorado Plateau)." Utah State
University, vol. 61, no. 1, 2005,
Thomas, Lisa. "Climate change on the southern Colorado Plateau." National Park Services, 2011,
www.nps.gov/articles/southern–colorado–climate–change.htm. Accessed March 14,

Glutaredoxin And Grx
Similar to thioredoxins, glutaredoxins (Grx) are small antioxidative proteins that use glutathione and
NADPH for their regeneration. In addition to this, recent studies have shown that some classes of
Grx can bind iron in Fe–S clusters and thus reducing the availability of iron in the Fenton and
Fenton–like reactions [108]. Although Grx and Trx are very similar in their structure and mode of
action, only Grx possess dehydroascorbate–reductase activity (DHAR) and can take part in the
regeneration of an important cellular antioxidants – vitamin C [108]. Since Grx expression was
opposite to Trx expression in O. nubilalis (Figure 18), this indicates spatial adjustments of the
antioxidative defense systems in this species, in order to optimize the

Wood Frog Research Paper
One animal that prepares for the arrival of winter is the Rana Sylvatica, it is a species of wood frog's
that freezes it self through winter and then comes back to life. The tiny amphibians can survive for
weeks with an incredible two–thirds of their body water completely frozen to the point where they
are essentially solid frog sicles . Even more incredible is the fact that the wood frogs stop breathing
and their hearts stop beating entirely for days to weeks at a time. In fact, during its period of frozen
winter hibernation, the frogs physical processes from metabolic activity to waste production grind to
a near halt. What's more the frogs are likely to endure multiple freeze or thaw episodes over the
course of a winter.The frogs have

My Lab on Cellular Respiration Essay
Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy
from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate
(ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life simply because
nutrients would not metabolize in a productive manner. Cellular respirations was implemented in
this laboratory by measuring the amount of O2 consumed/used by inserting respirometers that
consisted of germinating and non–germinating peas into room temperature baths and low
temperature baths. Evidently, in the respirometer that was placed in the room temperature bath and
contained the germinating peas had the most O2 consumed. At 20 minutes a total ... Show more
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As the seeds consume oxygen by respiration, the number of molecules of gas (n) in the respirometer
decreases, likewise the change in the number of molecules is directly related to the amount of
oxygen consumed. The movement of water into the pipette is a measure of the volume of gaseous
O2 consumed by the respiring seeds. The dry or non–germinating peas lie dormant while the
germinating peas do not. The temperature in relation to the dormancy or non– dormancy will affect
the seeds in the following way. If the germinating peas are in favorable conditions such as
"comfortable" weather then cellular respiration will obviously occur at a more expansive extent than
in the dormant peas. Methods 1. A room temperature bath and an ice bath were prepared. The ice
bath was set to be approximately 12°C while the room temp bath was set to be 21° C. 2. The volume
of a handful of germinating peas was attained. The graduated tube was refilled with 25 mL of water.
Dried peas were placed in the graduated cylinder and then glass beads were added to attain the
volume equivalent to that of the germinating peas. 3. The procedure was repeated to prepare a
second set of germinating peas, dry peas, dry peas plus beads and glass beads for use in the
remaining respirometers. 4. All respirometers were labeled. 5. Respirometers 1–3 were placed in the
ice bath and 4–6 were placed in the room temperature bath. A sling was placed so that the pipette tip
was not submerged in the

Lab Activity : Factors Affecting Seed Germination
Lab activity #1: Factors Affecting Seed Germination Introduction: Seed germination is a process
that induces the embryonic stage of the seed to mature and give rise to plants that are seen outdoors
today. Germination can be defined as, "to cause a seed to begin to grow" according to the Merriam–
Webster's Learners Dictionary. The germination of the seed is a process in which the cells inside the
seed increase in size, forcefully pushing out of the seed to become roots and shoots to grow and
push out of the seed for elongation to happen. The root of the seed serves many purposes: it
transports water and minerals to feed the plant itself and it also serves as reinforcement for the plant
by anchoring it to the soil and securing its location. The shoot is everything that ascends from the
soil, which also has a very crucial role that plays into a large factor for the feeding and growing of
the plant. As the shoot begins to grow, it gives rise to many important factors that allows the plant to
grow and nourish it. Before a seed may grow, or begin to germinate, it may go through a stage
where the plant is completely inactive (BIO 1500 Lab Manual). This stage of inactivity is called
dormancy. During dormancy, the plant is essentially "asleep" and is waiting for the correct
environmental conditions to come along in order for the plant to continue growing. Just like
humans, plants contain hormones that promote behaviors such as dormancy. The plant specific
hormone that

Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone National Park is an amazing place. The 2.2 million acre park is mostly above 7500 feet.
It contains hydrothermal features like Old Faithful's geyser, wildlife, vegetation, lakes and more.
Within the 2.2 acres are habitats and wildlife that are unique to the park. There are three main
habitats within Yellowstone. First is the Alpine Tundra. This dry, rocky, mountainous area is home to
a significant mountain goat population. Next, the mountain meadows are areas of grass that can be
small or up to thousands of acres. They are home to elk and mule deer, among others. Finally, the
sage–steppe grasslands are treeless areas perfect for wildflowers and shrubs, and are where you will
likely find bison. Yellowstone is home to the largest

Bud Break Research Paper
Breaking dormancy in grapes
By the end of the growing season and when the photoperiod and temperature decrease grapevines as
a deciduous fruit get rid of their leaves and undergo a rest period their life cycle called
Endodormancy. Going into and out of the dormancy stage is controlled by physiological and
hormonal changes inside the vine which could be affected by different genetic and environmental
factors. During endodormancy, the vines acquired their chilling requirement during the cold winter
weather during which, the vines must be exposed to low temperature to meet their chilling
requirements and get out of the Endodormancy phase. Generally, chilling requirement for most of
the grapevine varieties grow in California is relatively low compared to other fruit trees. However,
different varieties have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the chilling hours are met, buds will regrow when suitable temperature is available. Exposure
of the vines to insufficient chilling hours during the Endodormancy stage results in low, erratic,
delayed, prolonged bud break and cluster in different developmental stages. This found in the
subtropical area characterized by wormer winter. In table grapes, getting a uniform bud break allow
to grow uniform clusters and assure that all clusters receive the same cultural practices at the same
time to obtain high quality grade. Further, bud break timing might correlate with ripening and
harvest date, The earlier bud break the earlier crop we will have and more number of growing buds
the more number of clusters and crop we will have. However, weeks in earliness of bud break may
translate or not to few days of early ripening. Manipulating the timing of the bud break could be
result in advancing grape maturity by one or two weeks. Naturally, grapevine become active
following the activation of the cell sap in the vascular system due to the relatively wormer

In order for a seed to germinate, many conditions must be...
In order for a seed to germinate, many conditions must be met. Firstly a seed must be viable. If a
seed is viable it require a suitable environment with proper levels of moisture, suitable temperatures,
oxygen, fertile soil, and proper pH levels to name a few. However, as many of us have experienced,
some viable (living) seeds will NOT germinate, even when given the perfect conditions. In the field
of botany, this phenomenon is known as "physiological seed dormancy" (will be referred to as PSD
from here on out). In plain language, PSD is like a "hibernation" stage that occurs after seed
maturation but before germination.
After the seeds of a mother plant mature, they respond to environmental cues that signal the end of
the growing season ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The answer is ABA)
In contrast to mature plant, in seeds ABA is mainly produced in the cotyledons (1st set of "immature
leaves") of an embryo and is secreted inside the seed at a very slow and constant rate. This will
inhibit germination. A sharp decrease in ABA levels disrupts PSD, triggers embryo growth, and thus
allows germination. There are many ways by which ABA levels can be decreased. The most
understood methods include: Chilling, Phytochrome stimulation, and After–ripening.
Chilling is another way to decreases levels of ABA. Chilling disrupting the enzymes that catalyze
the reaction that make ABA. This occurs in nature during the cold temperatures of winter. seeds that
have fallen to the ground are covered by snow or cold soil for 2–4 months and disrupt the
production of ABA. This can simulated through a process in botany known as "stratification". seeds
are placed in MOISTENED medium or paper towel and kept in a REFRIGERATOR to simulate
winter and disrupts the production of ABA. (Do not use the freezer, your run the risk of tissue
damage once temperatures fall below 32F. Temperatures between 34F–40F work best. 3–14 days
usually works for cannabis, but some seeds may require longer. The longer they are in cold, the
more likely levels of ABA will

Literary Symbolism In Ethan Frome
Throughout Ethan Frome, winter seems to be a prominent season that is spoken of or described. In
symbolic terms, winter is a time of dormancy. It is a time when life gives way to stillness and people
take the time to reflect and still their minds and souls. Although winter does, in fact, reflect despair,
death, loneliness and pain, it is not all negative. The main component of a winter storm is snow and
what color is snow? White. White symbolizes hope, rebirth, naivety and much more just like life in
a winter wonderland might. In the case of Ethan Frome though, there seems to be a far darker
meaning behind it. The fact that he's "...been in Starkfield too many winters" (Pg. 4) shows the real
symbolism that's been the long–lived dormancy of Ethan's life. As the story of Ethan Frome
progresses throughout the novel, the reader along with the narrator begin to understand the true
definition of the barren winter land Ethan Frome seems to be stuck in. We all come to the
understanding that at points throughout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wharton compares her to the spring as a "...window that has caught the sunset" (Pg. 14) This
comparison is made because Mattie is like this big ball of light and life that has come into the
Frome's life. She is seen in the eyes of Ethan as this hope and freedom. When Ethan and Mattie are
together he does not feel this dreadful feeling of unfulfillment, but more a weightless feather
floating through a happy life. In the end though, just as the winter destroyed Ethan's life when he
married Zeena, and just as the winter turned Zeena into this cold, heartless person, it too destroyed
the light airy personality of Mattie. Just as the winter made Ethan "the ruin of a man" (Pg. 3), it
made Mattie the shadow of a woman. And just like that, the winter again takes its toll on another
hopeful. This girl, once compared to the sun is now filled with darkness and void of sunlight just
like a winter

Plant Hormones
Plant hormones are specialized chemical substances produced by plants. They are the main internal
factors controlling growth and development. Hormones are produced in one part of a plant and
transported to others, where they are effective in very small amounts. Depending on the target
tissue, a given hormone may have different effects.
Plant hormones play an integral role in controlling the growth and development of plants. A plant
hormone is generally described as an organic compound synthesized in one part of the plant and
translocated to another part, where in low concentrations elicits a physiological response.
There are five generally recognized classes of plant hormones; some of the classes are represented
by only one compound, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been over 90 GA's isolated, all of which are most likely not essential to the plant.
Instead, these forms are probably inactive precursors or breakdown products of active gibberellins.
Function:
Active gibberellins show many physiological effects, each depending on the type of gibberellin
present as well as the species of plant. Some of the physiological processes stimulated by
gibberellins are:
1. Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation.
2. Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days.
3. Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light to induce germination.
4. Stimulates enzyme production (a–amylase) in germinating cereal grains for mobilization of seed
reserves.
5. Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression).
6. Can cause parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development.
7. Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits.
Cytokinins: Nature of Cytokinins
Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling adenine which promote cell division and
have other similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin discovered and so named
because of the compounds ability to promote cytokinesis. Though it is a natural compound, It is not
made in plants, and is therefore usually considered a "synthetic" cytokinin (meaning that the
hormone is

Optimization Of Energy Consumption By The Work Above
I. Optimization of energy consumption By the work above, we found out two of the main factors
that influence the power consumption. Then we will go further to explore the method to save energy
of the phone. We did a survey on a number of papers and found several methods to achieve this
goal. In Periodic Transfers in Mobile Applications: Network–wide Origin, Impact, and Optimization
(2012) [A], the authors performed an investigation of periodic transfers which is an application
traffic pattern. During this period, a mobile device receives message from and send data to a remote
server periodically [A]. By optimizing this part, the energy consumption could be reduced
significantly. The authors mentioned four techniques to optimize periodic transfers mechanism. And
I listed all of them below.  Piggybacking: When the system deal with target transfers, the target
transfer can be covered by those non–target transfers, because it may be transmitted earlier or
delayed till later. By applying this technique the tail time of schedule will be reduced.  Batching:
We can also bond several periodic transfers together in a single burst to achieve the tail time
reduction  Fast dormancy: When the system schedule the timers, we can send a special RRC
control message to the radio access network to request for an immediate state demotion to IDLE.
Thus the system do not need to waste time and power to wait for inactivity timers to expire. But it
will lead to increasing of signaling

Dormancy in Plants and Plant Cells
Plant cells normally contain a large amount of water which is liable to freeze at low temperatures,
with grave risk of damage to the protoplasm. Tropical plants are very easily killed by freezing, but it
is evident that plants of temperate and arctic regions must have become adapted to survive the
period of winter frost, meaning that they have developed cold resistance.
Dormancy can be defined as a state in which growth is temporarily suspended. In some species the
decline/cessation of growth is directly due to unfavorable temperature and light conditions, thus
many pasture grasses remain in continuous growth throughout a mild winter and cease growth only
when temperatures fall to about zero to five degrees Celsius. However, certain annual weeds like
groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), chickweed (Cerastium spp.), they stop growing only during the
coldest part of the winter.
In such cases the dormancy of plants is evidently caused by the unfavorable external conditions and
in that case it is called imposed or enforced dormancy. However, in many cases the unfavourable
conditions are not directly the cause of dormancy. Thus, many trees form winter–resting buds during
the summer and autumn, when the temperatures and light conditions are still favorable, and long in
advance of the onset of winter.
In such woody plants the cause of dormancy appears to lie within the tissues of the buds themselves,
which is termed innate or spontaneous dormancy. This form of dormancy also occurs in many

Clinical Idleness Essay
Clinical Idleness Stage
After the intense phase of HIV contamination, the sickness moves into a phase called the "clinical
inactivity" organize. "Inertness" implies a period where an infection is living or creating in a man
without delivering side effects. Amid the clinical dormancy arrange, individuals who are tainted
with HIV encounter no indications, or just gentle ones. (This stage is here and there called
"asymptomatic HIV contamination" or "incessant HIV disease.")
Amid the clinical dormancy arrange, the HIV infection keeps on imitating at low levels, regardless
of the possibility that it can't be distinguished with standard research facility tests. On the off chance
that you take Craftsmanship, you may live with clinical inactivity

Thi Hibernation Research Paper
Winter is coming! Winter being the time of year when migratory birds and animals begin to make
their way to warmer locations. These animals doing this of course to increase their survival chances
by bettering their surrounding with plenty of food and warmer weather. Do all animals move to
these luxurious destinations to vacation over the cold wintery months? No unfortunately, for most of
the animals in the northern temperate areas, they stay year–round. Thus, the question arrives of what
exactly do these animals do in order to survive in this type of environment annually. Well, the
answer to that question is that these animals actually go into a deep sleep or hibernation.
Hibernation is a period where animals enter a dormant stage throughout the winter months. In
regards to the animal domain, only mammals are able to maintain their body temperatures without
the aid of their environment. Being, "warm blooded" allows for these animals to regulate their body
temperature without restraints from the environmental temperature. Animals lives revolve around
whether their actions are beneficially contributing to their overall fitness. ... Show more content on
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Roughly half of all orders contain hibernating species, with most of these mammals being relatively
small (Turbill, 2011). Hibernation can be viewed as an adaptation which allows endotherms to save
energy. This is extremely important in regards to animals which live in rough seasonal locations
year–round. Small mammals are able to store fat as well as lower their metabolic rates enough to
hibernate or remain in dormancy for an entire year. This dormancy stage produces long periods of
inactivity which in turn can reduce the risk of predators. Studies indicate that hibernation over the
winter leads to an increased survival rate from predation. Hibernation can be correlated by an
increase in annual survival and the animals total body

Describe And Compare The Roles They Play In Their Ecosystems
Malik Al–Jazayrly Block A 11–29–17 Chapter 18 FRQ 1. Give an example each of an organism that
has a broad niche and an organism that has a narrow niche. Describe and compare the roles they
play in their ecosystems. Organisms with a broad niche essentially means they can adapt to an
extensive range of environments. An example of an organism with a broad niche would be a bison.
A bison is herbivorous animal that can change the way they live to survive in many ecosystems. A
narrow niche is an organism that cannot survive in vast ecosystems. An example of which would be
a giraffe. A giraffe can survive in the tundra, but if the climate became extremely cold, it would not
be able to survive. 2. How are the terms acclimation, dormancy, and migration

The Canadian Legal System Women
In the Canadian legal system women are the underdogs. They continue to face oppression, domestic
violence, pay inequity, social discrimination and misrepresentation by the law. There are many
feminist groups in Canada that advocate for equal rights for women. When they were active, NAWL
was a leading organization in promoting and lobbying for equality for women in Canadian law.
The National Association of Women and the Law (NAWL) is a non–profit feminist organization that
advocated for equal rights for women through the legal system. The group is made of many
members across Canada, representing lawyers, students and other legal professional who shared an
interest in feminist advocacy.
The association was founded in 1974 at a conference ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NAWL works to end racism and colonialism, remove barriers faced by women with disabilities and
oppose all other forms of oppression and discrimination.
NAWL works to ensure women's economic and social security by advocating for social justice and
the meaningful participation of women in Canadian society and in the decisions that affect their
lives, families and communities.
NAWL is committed to eliminating all forms of violence against women and children, and to
ensuring reproductive choice for women.
NAWL is a collaborative women–centered organization that strives to be regionally representative,
bilingual, and genuinely representative of marginalized women.
NAWL engages in well–reasoned, informative, innovative research, lobbying and popular education
on issues relevant to women's lives and experiences. In developing its policies and positions, NAWL
applies an integrated feminist analysis that reflects its commitment to ending all forms of
discrimination against women.
NAWL is committed to working collectively and in coalition with other groups to dismantle barriers
to all women's equality.
There are number of

Desensitization In Elie Wiesel's Night
A3
Suzy Kassem once wrote, "The gut is the seat of all feeling. Polluting the gut not only cripples your
immune system, but also destroys your sense of empathy, the ability to identify with other humans."
The destruction of the human sense of apathy, as mentioned by Suzy Kassem, is the same kind of
emotional desensitization that Auschwitz caused Elie to experience. Night by Elie Wiesel uses
symbolism, personal conflicts, and flashbacks to show how desensitization leads to people
becoming emotionally dormant, as he experienced during his time at Auschwitz.
Through his use of symbolism, Elie exposes the emotional dormancy he experienced during his time
at Auschwitz. For example, Elie said, "Then the entire camp filed past the hanged boy...I remember
that on that evening, the soup tasted better than ever." (page 63) In this piece of evidence, a man had
just been hanged and Elie, along with the others, were forced to look the dead man in the eye, yet
when they eat there soup, it had tasted better than ever before. Depicting that, after the extensive
torture they faced, looking a dead man in the eye ceased to spoil their appetite. Another example is
when Elie writes, "Behind me, I heard the same man asking: "For God's sake, where ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The thoughts of condemnation and lack of self–preservation wouldn't have ravished his mind. Page
eighty–six later reveals how Elie "soon forgot him" and became more selfish by "think{ing} of
{himself} again."Throughout much of the book, Elie writes on his selflessness towards protecting
and caring for his father, but after facing so much he grows more and more selfish. This quote shows
the insensitive nature that Elie developed through his time spent in the concentration camps. Lastly,
Elie continually confesses his personal conflict with emotional dormancy through his

Phaseolus Vulgaris Essay
Phaseolus vulgaris is the scientific name for the common bean. These are dry beans that are edible
when cooked. These seed are widely cultivated in warm soil at temperate location. Germination of a
seed is the process Germination is the process when a plant grows from a seed. The seed stores the
embryo until the conditions for germination are met. When the seed is placed in sustainable
environmental conditions its embryo will grow and burst through its coating. The seed coat protects
the seed before germination begins. This is important when the seed is in dormancy– the state of the
seed being prevented from starting the germination process due to environmental conditions that
may affect the chances of the seed growing. Germination takes

Geolab
Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
38.1
Q: Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
A: In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the
fusion of the egg and sperm to form the zygote; it cannot occur until after the growth of the pollen
tube from the pollen grain.
Q: What is the benefit of seed dormancy?
A: Seed dormancy prevents the premature germination of seeds. A see will germinate only when the
environmental conditions are optimal for the survival of its embryo as a young seedling.
Q: If flowers had shorter styles, pollen tubes would more easily reach the embryo sac. Suggest an
explanation for why very long styles have evolved in most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Moreover sexual reproduction produces genetic variety, which may be advantageous in an unstable
environment. The likelihood is better that at least one offspring of sexual reproduction will survived
in a change environment.
38.3
Q: Compare traditional plant breeding methods with genetic engineering.
A: Traditionally breeding and genetic engineering both involved artificial selection for desired traits.
However genetic engineering techniques facilitate faster gen transfer and are not limited to
transferring genes between closely related varieties or species.
Q: Explain some benefits and risk of GM crops
A: GM crops may be more nutritious and less susceptible to insect damage or pathogens that invade
insect damaged plants. They also may not require as much chemical spraying. However, unknown
risk may include adverse effects on human health and nontarget organism and the possibility of
transgene escape.
Q: why does Bt maize have less fumonisin than non GM maize?
A: Bt miaze suffers less inect damage, therefore Bt maize plants are less likely to infected by
fumonisin producing fungi that infect plants through wounds.
Q: In a few species, chloroplast genes are inherited only from sperm. How might this influence

effort to prevents transgene escape?
A: in such species, engineering the transgene into the chloroplast DNA would not prevent its escape
in pollen; such as method requires that cholorplast DNA be found only in the

How Climate Change Affects Fruit Production Essay
THE FRUITS OF OUR CHANGING CLIMATE
How Climate Change Affects Fruit Production
INTRODUCTION
GLOBAL: THE APPLE
Apples, one of the most common fruits in the world, according to a study that was published in
PLoS One, a peer–reviewed journal, may become more expensive or not possible at all in some
areas, due to rising winter temperatures. Evan Girvetz, a Nature Conservancy climate scientist and
co–author of the study, says:
"...many fruit and nut trees, such as cherries, apples, apricots, walnuts, and almonds, require cold
weather during the winter and early spring time to cue the trees to flower and produce good yields of
fruits and nuts. These trees have evolved in areas that freeze, and they go dormant during the ...
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The fact that rising temperatures could make apple trees flower earlier had been shown in previous
work. Toshihiko Sugiura, a fruit–tree specialist of the National Agriculture and Food Research
Organization in Tsukuba, Japan, and his colleagues Hidekazu Ogawa, Noriaki Fukuda and Takaya
Moriguchi, chose to look at how this change affects the quality of the fruit. They then analysed four
decades' worth of data gathered from two apple varieties – Fuji, one of the world's leading varieties,
and Tsugaru, the second most common in Japan – that were grown in the Nagano and Aomori
prefectures, the top two apple–producing regions in Japan.
According to their report that was published on nature.com, the team found during this period of
apple cultivation that:
– The annual mean air temperature rose per decade by 0.31°C and 0.34°C in Nagano and Aomori,
respectively.
– The dates of bud break and full bloom in both cultivars in both areas advanced earlier by 1.0 – 2.3
days.
– The fruits' acid concentration decreased by 0.16–0.20 g L−1 per decade, firmness by 0.04–0.33 kg

and watercore rating by 0.17–0.38, while sugar concentration increased by 0.20–0.28°Brix per
decade.
Sugiura stated that these changes may not have been too obvious to consumers as it occurred so
gradually over decades, but also has said that "if you could eat an average apple harvested 30 years
before

Significance Of The Mustard Seed Parable
Significance of the Growing Seed and Mustard Seed Parables
The growing and mustard seed parables expound upon the soils parable provided earlier in the book
of Mark. Once the suitability of the soils is described, the human and divine roles in the process of
growing the kingdom of God are interpreted. Subsequently the inevitable harvest and abundant
growth of the kingdom of God is depicted.
Human Responsibility
As described in the growing seed parable, the sower has no divine identity in the text. This is
evidenced with the use of the term used, "man", and the activity, or the lack of activity, by the sower
after the seed is spread upon the ground. The sower is described as sleeping during the night and
displays no activity during the day toward the seed (4:27). The lack of divine identity of the sower is
also evidenced with the provision that as the seed begins to grow, "he himself does not know how"
(4:27). It is not logical to argue that an omniscient God would not understand how a seed would
grow. Notwithstanding, it is logical to determine that a human sower does not ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Jesus connects the inevitable growth of the seed by the power of God in preceding parable and the
growth of the mustard. The growth of the mustard seed is symbolic of the spread of God's word and
the growth of the kingdom. Though at the time of the parable being taught the kingdom would seem
minuscule to the small rag tag group of disciples, inevitably the kingdom would grow to a glorious
stature with the climax arriving at Christ's second coming when the kingdom surpasses all others in
"power, glory, and majesty". The mustard seed displays the small beginnings of the kingdom,
something the disciples being taught by Jesus would recognize, into the picture of "the inevitable
eschatological victory of

Winter Chill Research Paper
Temperature conditions are critical in determining sufficient winter chill exposure. However, the
process is physiological and likely to be driven by other, yet undetermined, processes (Dennis,
1994). Hormonal controls have been suggested as the mechanism, with early research proposing the
process is controlled by a balance of growth promoters and inhibitors (Amen, 1968). More recent
research 4 suggests that temperature cues specific hormones, such as indoleacetic acid, gibberellins,
abscisic acid, and ethylene, which then control dormancy breaking (Seeley, 1990; Horvath, 2009).
To date, the causal biological drivers of dormancy remain elusive to researchers (Dennis, 1994).
Resultantly, the physiological response is commonly estimated by temperature based models (e.g.
Weinberger, 1950; Richardson et al., 1974; Shaltout and Unrath, 1983; Fishman et al., 1987; Linvill,
1990; Cesaraccio et al., 2004). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different species require different threshold amounts of chill to break dormancy. Frequently, these
chill requirements are defined according to different chill models resulting in chill thresholds
reported in different units (e.g. Table 2). For instance, Ghariani and Stebbins (1994) reported chill
thresholds for 43 apple and 38 pear varieties using the Utah model (measured in chill units); Zhang
and Taylor (2011) determined chill requirement for Sirora pistachio using the Dynamic model
(measured in chill portions) and; Baldocchi and Wong (2008) used thresholds defined in chill hours
for 18 fruit and nut varieties to investigate future chill conditions in California. Cherry specific
thresholds are contained in Table

Essay On Plant Hormones
The article explores the possibility of plants that we consume such as vegetables, fruits or other
edible plants, containing remaining hormones that may have both positive and negative impacts on
our health. Recent studies have indicated that there may be a connection between our gut microbes
stimulating the creation of molecules in response to the remnants of hormones in plant matter.
Positive impacts look at ABA–rich foods as a way to protect against and fight off cancers cells, and
also to regulate inflammation and blood glucose levels. Further research is need to figure out and
come to a conclusion as to why certain hormones work to aid human health and others don't. A
possible explanation for some of the negative responses is probably ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Put simply, ABA tells the stomata to close when there isn't enough soil water for transpiration to
occur. When ninety percent of the plant's water is lost through the stomata, the turgid guard cells
become flaccid, causing the stomata to close. The process behind this is ABA binds to receptors on
the surface of the plasma membrane of guard cells. The receptors are then activated, resulting in
various pathways connecting to create a couple of occurrences: a rise in Ph in the cytosol and the
transfer of calcium ions from the vacuole to the cytosol. What these changes effect is the loss of
negatively–charged ions, particularly nitrate and the chloride ion from the cell, as well as the
positively–charged potassium ion. After losing the solutes, cytosol lessens the osmotic pressure and
result in the loss of turgidity. The second function mentioned is ABA's ability to improve the plant's
potential for soaking up water from the soil. The third is ABA's importance in protecting the cells
from dehydrating, by activating the proteins that encode genes, to aid the cells against dehydration
damage. Whereas, in bud dormancy (the fourth function mentioned), ABA helps to protect the apical
meristem from drying out during winter by making it dormant. The fifth function, a little different
than bud dormancy, looks at how ABA affects the process of seed dormancy and maturation, by
keeping the seed to dormant until favorable conditions occur

Embryo Rescue Lab Report
EMBRYO RESCUE
KALENA OFFICE HORT 447 ADVANCED PLANT PROPAGATION
Introduction
This lab is intended to provide information about the process of embryo rescue. In this lab the
embryo will be scrapped out from under the seed coat and endosperm and placed in hormone free
MS media. This lab will record the of growth process in vitro.
Material: Wayfaringtree Viburnum seeds, dissecting microscope, scalpel, forceps
Wayfaringtree Viburnum (Viburnum lantana) was used in this lab to conduct the growth of an
embryo rescue on hormone free (0/0 WPM). The seeds that were provided first be treated with a
concentration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for about twenty–five minutes. This process will both
sterilize and soften to seeds for dissecting into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results
This lab will record the growth process of embryo rescue in a hormone–free media.
The results on the percentages of attempts that resulted in the isolation of an intact embryo was
33%. This is due to the fact that this was the first time that I performed an embryo rescue, and made
a few mistakes along the way. The first mistake that occurred was that I cut too deep into the
endosperm, and cut into the embryo itself (a few times). Another mistake that was made was that I
found it hard to cut into the seeds while using the forceps, without losing the seed.
The percentage of intact embryos that developed into a plant was 33%, meaning the only one out of
the three sprouted.
The changes that occurs during the progression from dormant embryo to active growth is that the
crown becomes a reddish color, which is that is appeared on most Wayfaringtree Viburnum. The red
crown is due to the flavonoids that are apparent in the molecular structure.
Since Wayfaringtree Viburnum has to go through the cold stratification to break dormancy, the
mechanism practice that would have to take place would have to be a type of refrigeration or
freezing process. This process is done for 8–10 weeks of holding temperature of 4° C. These
orthodox seed will be placed in a refrigerator to break dormancy, and will continue to have
continuous

The Maternal Light Environment Of Campanulastrum...
In a 2005 and 2007 study by L. Galloway, the maternal light environment of Campanulastrum
americanum was shown to influence the offspring's germination season by altering the maternal
flowering time. C. americanum, also known as the American bellflower, is a native understory fern.
Individuals can grow in either the forest understory or in light gaps, therefore, individuals will
experience no direct sunlight, or full sunlight for some length of time, daily. Individuals within the
C. americanum species are capable of having one of two life–history strategies. The relationship
between maternal light environment and flowering time can influence the offspring's life–history
strategy by dictating whether the individuals grow as annuals or biennials. A majority of seeds in
light gaps became annuals, germinating in the fall and flowering immediately the next summer,
while a majority of the understory seeds grew as biennial individuals, germinating in the spring and
growing for a season before flowering their second year. As the study results support, these
flowering phenologies are two different life–history strategies that have been influenced by maternal
effects. The study results have shown that twice as many seeds germinated in light gaps if their
mother had grown within the gap, and that twice as many seeds germinated in the understory if their
mother had also grown there. The population growth for individuals grown outside of their mother's
environment was determined to be

Projection Method Description Strengths Weaknesses
Paper
Projection Method Description Strengths Weaknesses
Luedeling et al. (2009a)
(Luedeling et al., 2009b) probed decline in winter chilling hours in mountain oases of Oman. In the
model adopted , measurements in oases and the high resolution record was used to calibrate the long
term record of daily temperature . In order to model hourly temperature , minimum and maximum
daily temperature were used because their occurred a substantial shift in the ratio of the difference
between maximum and minimum temperature and the difference between mean and minimum
temperatures in Saiq over the period of 2003 to 2004 . Day length (solar radiation ) was used in
order to estimate the different sunrise and sunset timings throughout the year. Time period for the
estimation of records was 1979 to 2008 .Further , the temperature of each hour was estimated since
1979 , using regression equation , which was based on the long term daily minimum and maximum
temperatures.
1.In the given paper , historical data is used, which suggests the predicted climatic conditions are in
resemblance with the already present climate condition at some of the place , which will allow the
farmers and plant scientist to easily grow those crops that might be pre–adapted to some extent.
2.the method used in the paper can be useful in sharing of adaptation techniques and experiences.
1.Absence of Emission scenario , an important parameter that generate the future prediction of
green– house gases in accordance to

Plant Life Chapter 38
Chapter 38 Plant reproduction and Development
Sexual Reproduction
1. In general terms, explain how the basic plant life cycle with alternation of generations is modified
in angiosperms.
The basic plant life cycle with alternation of generations is modified in angiosperms by the change
of haploid (n) and diploid (2n) generations, which take turns making each other. 2. List four floral
parts in order from outside to inside a flower.
 Sepals
 Petals
 Stamen
 Carpels
3. From a diagram of an idealized flower, correctly label the following structures and describe the
function of each structure:  a. sepals– Sepals are in charge of protecting the flower's bud before it
blooms. It has the qualities of a leave and is usually in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has many advantages, such as the fact that double fertilization guarantees that the endosperm
will develop only in ovules where the egg has been fertilized. It also avoids angiosperms from
wasting nutrients. 13. Explain how fertilization in animals is similar to that in plants.
 Fertilization in animals is similar to that in plants because its first cellcell change occurs after
gamete fusion rises in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels as it does in animal gamete fusion. Also, the
plants make a block to polyspermy, which is the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm cell,
as do the animal's cell's eggs. 14. Describe the fate of the ovule and ovary after double fertilization.
Note where major nutrients are stored as the embryo develops.
 After double fertilization, the ovule matures into a seed, and the ovary matures into a fruit
encircling the seed. As the embryo grows the seed stores proteins, oils, and starch. 15. Describe the
development and function of the endosperm. Distinguish between liquid endosperm and solid
endosperm.
 After embryo development, endosperm is growth to store nutrients. This happens after double
fertilization, when the triploid nucleus of the ovule's central cell divides. This causes the formation
of a milky multinucleate "supercell". This becomes multicellular after cytokinesis. Finally, when the
cell walls are completed, the endosperm becomes solid. 16. Describe the development of

Plant Hormones : Chemical Substances
Plant hormones otherwise known as phytohormones are chemical substances synthesized within the
cell for use in regulation, cell to cell communication, and growth and development of the plant.
These hormones are usually transported to a different cell to elicit a response. However, there are
some which are able to act within the cell in which they were synthesized. They are synthesized in
low concentrations and they are small in size for ease of transportation through the cell wall. The
location at which they are synthesized varies as such it is not limited to a specific cell type.
Depending on the situation, the response to the hormones can vary greatly. They can act as
inhibitors, stimulators, and are also able to affect the biosynthesis of other hormones. Plant
hormones usually act as a group through "cross–talk" between hormones and other signals in order
to coordinate various responses necessary for the plant. 1– After biosynthesis of the hormone has
occurred, they are conjugated so as to remain chemically inactive. Once they are active or have been
de–conjugated, they will be able to bind to specific receptors so as to enter signal transduction and
elicit a response. In signal transduction, the protein can go through either protein phosphorylation or
proteolysis to achieve downstream effects. In phosphorylation, protein kinases are able to add
phosphate groups to activate a protein. Conversely, dephosphorylation can occur through the use of
protein phosphatase which

Eucalyptus Globulus' Effect on the Germination of Radish...
The purpose of the project was to determine whether Eucalyptus globulus had an effect on the
germination of radish seeds. It was hypothesized that Eucalyptus globulus would have a negative
effect on the germination of the seeds and their growth.
Before a seed can germinate it must first shed the seed coat, a protective outer layer that protects the
seed from parasites, injury, and unfavorable temperatures. Inside the seed coat is the embryo which
contains the root and first leaves of the plant, called cotyledons. After the seed coat has been shed
the root emerges first so that it can absorb water and nutrients. After the roots have come out of the
embryo the cotyledons will follow. Some seeds need certain conditions to germinate and go ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Allelopathic chemicals can also exist in soil, affecting the surround plants and those planted
afterwards. Studies have shown that Leucaena leucocephala, a tree promoted for water conservation
and revegetation, contains a toxic amino acid in its leaves and foliage that prevents the growth of
other trees but not its own seedlings. Research has also shown that this species reduces the yield of
wheat and increases the yield of rice. Other allelopathic plants include mango, box elder, broccoli,
and Eucalyptus. A study was conducted at Gomal University that tested the allelopathic effects of
Eucalyptus camaldulensis L. on the germination and seedling growth of wheat. The leaves of E.
camaldulensis trees were washed and dried and then filtered to create a one hundred percent solution
as well as ten percent, fifteen percent, and twenty percent. These solutions were tested on twelve
varieties of wheat. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in germination counts
with increasing levels of Eucalyptus aqueous extract concentration. All twelve varieties of wheat
were adversely affected by the twenty percent concentration of Eucalyptus extract. It was observed
that there was a direct relationship between the number of normal seedlings and the extract
concentration. The results suggested that the E. camaldulensis L. leaf aqueous extract could reduce
normal seedlings even in low concentrations.
Eucalyptus

Factors That Affect The Activity Of Amylase
Introduction
According to Oxford Dictionary, metabolism is the set of chemical processes that occur within a
living organism in order to maintain life. From these processes, organisms are allowed to develop
and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually
divided into two categories, which are catabolism– breaks down large molecules and anabolism–
uses the energy to construct components of cells. The role of metabolism is to deploy starch or lipids
stored in endosperm so the germination can take place. Thus, the energy was formed (catabolic) and
new plant material as the seed germinates was synthesised (anabolic). The aim of the experiment
was to enucleate amylase from barley and utilizing it for the catalyst of a biochemical reaction thus
investigating throughout seed sprout the activity of amylase. Before the experiment, it is
hypothesized that the higher the activity of amylase, the higher the sprout rate of seed. How high
and radicle change in length can be used to observe this case. Therefore, when Benedict's test is
carried out, the solution is still blue for the inactive seed and the concentration of brick–red
precipitate plants growing from seeds.
Method
To prepare for extracting amylase from germinating barley seeds, used mortar and pestle to grind 10
grains into a fine paste and added 10ml of buffer, to enucleate the amylase into solution. Then
filtered the extract into a 100ml beaker, and recorded the volume.
5 ml

Scientific Method Case Study: Resolving a Lawn Problem Essay
RUNNING HEAD: SCIENTIFIC METHOD CASE STUDY
Scientific Method Case Study: Resolving a Lawn Problem
Sharon Webster
University of Phoenix
September 11, 2006
SCI/256
Instructor: Harish Rekapally, MS
Scientific Method Case Study: Resolving a Lawn Problem
Introduction
The scenario for this case study is that you notice that the grass around my house is brown, short,
and dead. The grass around my neighbor's house is green, tall, and alive. Utilizing my understanding
of the Scientific Method, my intent is to explain what the problem is to develop a hypothesis. After
developing the hypothesis I will then design and perform an experiment to test my hypothesis;
analyze my data and reach conclusions regarding my hypothesis. I will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Augustine. The grass in the yard at this time is buffalo grass. Now we need to take a look at the
watering, fertilizing, and mowing which is recommended for buffalo grass. Buffalo grass likes the
warm weather of the southwest desert but does not go into winter dormancy at elevations below
3,000 feet. Buffalo grass also requires less water than other grasses; however, if it runs out of water
during the summer, it will enter drought–induced dormancy. Drought–induced dormancy simply
means that it will turn brown in the summer just as it does in the winter. (3) The hypothesis is that
the grass in my lawn runs out of water, therefore causing it to be short, brown, and basically dead.
Another hypothesis is that I may have poor soil. No amount of water or sunlight will make my lawn
luscious and green if the soil is poor. The backbone to a grass plant is its root system. The roots soak
up water, collect nutrients, anchor the plant and, in some species, spread out to new growth plants. A
plant can only do these things effectively if the soil is right. The soil needs to be loose enough that
the grass roots can spread easily, absorbent enough that it will collect water and rich enough that it
can provide the plant with nutrients. Roots also need a certain amount of circulating air, which
means the soil cannot be too compact. (2)
Testing My Hypothesis (Third Step) Based on my first hypothesis, that the lawn is running out of

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