The Irish Potato Famine And The Population And Social...

The Irish Potato Famine and the Population and Social...
The Great Irish Potato Famine was during a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration
through 1845–1850. According to the journal, "The Context of Migration: The Example of Ireland
in the Nineteenth Century" by James H. Johnson, this caused the population of Ireland to decrease
20–25% and it did not stabilize again until the 1930's. Although there was a potato crop failure in
Europe in the 1840's, one third of the Irish population was dependent on this crop. This was
inevitable due to the sole dependency of the Irish people on home–grown potatoes and the
population almost doubling from 1800 – 1840. The journal, "Spaces for Famine: A Comparative
Analysis in Ireland and the Highlands in the 1840's" by Liz Young states that "if the ... Show more
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The average family of around 2–4 children ate approximately 37 pounds of potatoes per day." This
shows again that this demonstrates that the sole dependency on one food that poverty is foreseeable.
The famine simply overstated their conditions by causing low harvests over a number of years,
therefore lowering population growth. Another document that is also interesting to look at is the
satirical essay "A Modest Proposal" by the Irishman Jonathan Swift in 1729. Although this is written
in the 18th century we get an early taste for the poor conditions Ireland was in. As stated by
English100 Professor Molly Wallace, when this was written, England was very powerful and
controlled 90% of Irish land. The purpose of the satire was to 'poke fun' at the devastating poverty
and proposed the idea that they should eat children to solve their situation. This is important because
although it doesn't directly tie to the Irish Potato Famine from 1845–1850, we get insight to the
history of Irish poverty before. The population of Ireland has been reliant on potatoes for a long
time and there are numerous times when this ultimately rebounds as we see in the 18th century with
"A Modest Proposal" and then during the Potato Famine with poor harvests. In the journal "Irish
Migrant Responses to Urban Life in early nineteenth–century
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Rise Of The Irish Potato Famine
After the discovery of the New World and the introduction of the potato to Europe, the Irish
population found their miracle crop. The potato saved and doubled a once dwindling population to
nine million people. Three of the nine million relied on the potato for their sole source of food and
by 1846, crisis fell over Ireland. The potato crop contracted Blight, a disease brought over to Ireland
accidentally from America. The disease killed all the crops and lead to the great famine of Ireland
which rippled into the death of most of the population. However, before the famine, many other
factors lead the Irish to their emigration to America. Religious persecution caused many of the Irish
to seek a better life. Due to the Penal Laws, Irish Catholics

A Famine Primary Source Of The Irish Potato Famine
A Spud Famine Primary Source
More than a million Irish people died during the Irish Potato famine that hit Ireland between 1845 to
1849 (Pollard, pg. 551). Potatoes were the primary diet of the Irish, especially the Irish Lump
potato. When the fungal disease hit, known as "potato blight," the Irish potato crops were lost. After
reading primary sources regarding the Irish Potato Famine, the reader can visualize the horrors that
the Irish people endured during the Irish Potatoes Famine including starvation, the physical and the
mental effects that go along with it, the loss of family members, and especially witnessing their
children starve and die. Both Trench and Bennet had the purpose and intent of recording conditions
exactly as they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trench's excerpt focused on the housing and the sad, upsetting state of the children to appeal to the
reader. He depicted the inequality between rich and poor illustrated by "coffins are only used for the
wealthier. The majority were taken to the grave without any coffin, and buried in their rags: in some
instances, even the rags are taken from the corpse to cover some still living body." Trench describes
seeing children in the home near death and several other children that had died. He describes the
peasant's condition, being pale physical beings. The mother and two children that were still alive
had only "one dish of barley for the last four days." Even though his descriptions of what he
witnessed may have been the truth and he was relaying this to the reader, he was known as a
"ruthless" land agent who broke leases, leveled people's homes and banished the poor. "Trench
looked upon such schemes as a cheap and efficient way to improve the estate.... the population
decreased by 40.3% during the Trench years, suggesting that in an attempt to clear the estate to
make way for improvements, many people were forced to leave, receiving little or no money from
him" (Offalyhistoryarchives.com). Critics said of Trench, "Even at his worst he gave his tenants the
care that a good stock–breeder gives to his stock" (Irishtimes.com). William Bennett's Narrative of a
Recent Journey of Six Weeks in Ireland was also published in

Irish Potato Famine
Seeing as how the Irish Potato Famine is perhaps the most well–known to American students, I
conducted some basic research in order to find another example. Surprisingly, I found that there are
some theories that suggest that famine could have played a role in the downfall of the Mayan
civilization. According to an article written by Christopher Minster titled, "What Happened to the
Ancient Maya?" the once striving civilization fell apart around 900 A.D. and there are several
factors that could have played a part: disaster, war, civil strife, environmental change, and famine
(Minster). For the sake of discussing famines, I will focus on the latter. Traditionally, the Mayans
practiced the slash–and–burn form of agriculture, growing food such ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Andre Droxler, a professor at Rice University in Texas, has discovered evidence supporting the
famine theory. By retrieving sediments from "the Great Blue Hole," a sinkhole located off the coast
of Belize, the amount of rainfall from centuries prior can be determined specifically from
titanium/aluminum ratios, with "lower ratio[s] of titanium to aluminum correspond[ing] to dryer
periods" (O'Callaghan). What Dr. Droxler and his team found was that between 800–1000 AD, "no
more than two tropical cyclones occurred every two decades, when usually there were up to six"
(O'Callaghan), showing that the Mayans were experiencing droughts at that time, impacting their
food production. Additionally, they also found evidence of a second drought between 1000–1100
A.D. (O'Callaghan), which would have brought even more hardships upon the Mayans. These
findings coincides with previous research conducted by Douglas Kennett, a professor from
Pennsylvania State University. He found that high levels of rainfall paralleled population growth in
the Mayan civilization "between 300 and 660 AD" (O'Callaghan) while drought–like conditions
coincided with the civilization's downfall "between 660 and 1000 AD"

Events and Impact of Irish Potato Famine Essay
Events and Impact of Irish Potato Famine.
The Irish farming population have been left counting the cost of the potato famine which has
crippled their harvest and left many starving to death. The British government must shoulder the
blame after an ineffective, slow and lacklustre effort to support the farmers and improve conditions.
The famine itself started in September 1845 when leaves on potato plants turned black and curled,
then rotted, seemingly as a result of fog which had wafted across the fields. This meant that potatoes
then rotted and became inedible.
The potato is the staple food of the Irish peoples' diet, consumed with every meal. It had been
known in the past that when potato ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Act of Union in 1800 meant that Ireland's economy had been absorbed by Britain and rapid
industrialisation meant that Ireland's linen and woollen industries collapsed. In an 1835 'Poor
Enquiry' survey, it was revealed that 75% of labourers in Ireland were without any regular work.
With the threat of starvation looming, Peel made a decision to repeal the long–standing Corn Laws.
These laws had been enacted to artificially keep up the price of British grown grain by imposing
heavy taxes and subsidies on imported grain. Before the repeal, large amounts of cheap, foreign
grain needed for Ireland would have been too expensive. English gentry and politicians however
reacted with outrage at the prospect of losing their price protections. These arguments
overshadowed the more important situation occurring in Ireland and the consequences of crop
failure.
The shaky relief effort soon came under control of a 38–year–old English civil servant named
Charles Edward Trevelyan. He was appointed to oversee the relief effort in Ireland. He was
stubborn, self–righteous and made sure all communications were handed directly to him, meaning
important decisions became more and more delayed as his work mounted up. During the entire
period of the famine, Trevelyan would visit Ireland once, venturing no further than

The Irish Potato Famine and Emigration Essay
The Irish Potato Famine and Emigration
During the Victorian era, England experienced tremendous growth in wealth and industry while
Ireland struggled to survive. The reasons for Ireland's inability to take advantage of the Industrial
Revolution are complex, and have been the subject of debate for more than a century. Many English
viewed the Irish as stubborn farmers who refused to embrace the new technology. The Irish,
however, believed the English had sabotaged their efforts to industrialize. The truth of why the Irish
fared so badly while England became the most powerful nation in the world probably lies
somewhere between these two extremes.
It's a common assumption that Ireland's mass exodus during the first half of the l9th ... Show more
Anticipating mass starvation from the previous failed crop, Mrs. Gerrard, like many landowners,
feared nonpayment of rent from her tenants, and suddenly leveled 61 houses occupied by 76
families. The following is an eyewitness account taken from The Great Hunger.
The inhabitants were not in arrear of their rent, and had, by their industry, reclaimed an area of
about four hundred acres from a neighbouring bog. On the morning of the eviction a 'large
detachment of the 49th Infantry commanded by Captain Brown' and numerous police appeared with
the Sheriff and his men...the people were officially called on to give up possession, and the houses
were then demolished ––roofs torn off, walls thrown down. The scene was frightful; women
running, wailing with pieces of their property and clinging to door–posts from which they had to be
forcibly torn; men cursing, children screaming with fright. That night the people slept in the ruins;
next day they were driven out, the foundations of the house were torn up and razed, and no
neighbour was allowed to take them in. (p. 71–2)
Tenant farmers who weren't evicted found there was less land available to them, and these shrinking
plots were being shared by more and more occupants. This diminishing land contributed much to
Ireland's eventual reliance on the potato during the late 18th century. Potatoes didn't rob the soil of
its nitrogen, and the amount of land needed to grow potatoes could feed more people than the same

The Irish Potato Famine : Causes And Pos In Ireland
Beginning in 1532 the Spanish conquistadors came across the potato in search of gold. "At the time
the Spaniards failed to realize that the potato represented a far more important treasure than either
silver or gold, but they did gradually begin to use potatoes as basic rations aboard their ship"
(Chapman). From then on, the expansion of potatoes grew, slowing spreading to other European
countries such as Spain, Italy and Ireland. Especially in Ireland, often potato has been the only food
and many Irish survived on those and milk alone. "What the eight million people who lived in
Ireland at the time did not realize was that the potato crops would fail for the next four years and
that the disaster would lead to the deaths and the emigration of millions of its people to strange,
foreign and distant lands" ("The Great Famine"). From 1845 to 1849, the Irish potato famine
affected many people and crops, creating the greatest disaster in Irish history. With the introduction
of the potato, the people of Ireland were doing well as far as survival. Potatoes were very easy to
grow and the yield was very good. A farmer could grow triple the amount of potatoes compared to
grain on the same area of land. With potatoes being a good source of nutrition, about half of
Ireland's population easily survived primarily on potatoes. They were critical to the development of
the peasant farmers, supporting a cheap workforce, but at the price of lower income workers. Then
when the blight hit in

The Irish Potato Famine In Europe
Irish Potato Famine
The Irish potato famine started in 1845 and lasted for 6 years, killed over 1 million men, women ,
and children.The other million people left the country. It was caused by a disease among the
potatoes called late blight that destroys the leaves and roots. The potato famine was the worst
assurance in Europe.People tried to relieve the famine but they failed even the government. The
great hunger started in 1846 a year after the potatoes died.The hunger caused lots of deaths
throughout ireland.Food depots closed and the selling of Indian corn began to get money for the
country. The Irish famine was the worst thing to come to Europe in the 19th century. The farmers
had a hard time to provide for themselves and to supply the

What Is The Connection Between The Irish Potato Famine And...
The Irish Potato Famine and The Holocaust in Literature
Writers often use literature as a means of communicating traumatic events that occur in history, and
such events are recorded by first–hand accounts as well as remembered by people far removed from
the situation. Two traumatic events in history that are readily found in literature are The Irish Potato
Famine and The Holocaust. A literary medium that has been used quite poignantly to convey trauma
is poetry and the poetry from these two historical traumatic events is not difficult to find. Some
wrote poetry to maintain their sanity as they experienced the traumatic event while others wrote
after–the–fact as an outlet for emotional pain. Some wrote in remembrance of what they ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author also benefits from writing about the trauma; a need to express what has happened, is
quenched. It is shown that the "literature of trauma is written from the need to tell and retell the
story of the traumatic experience, to make it 'real' both to the victim and to the community...[as well
as] serving both as a validation and cathartic vehicle for the traumatized author" (Tal 21). The story
is larger than the words of the author. His or her life has been permanently altered by trauma, and by
acknowledging it in the realm of reality, readers can take part in the trauma.
In both of the historical events above, a great many people faced trauma, pain, starvation, disease,
and all for a reason that is difficult, if not impossible to pinpoint. There is no way to determine why
either situation occurred in history, but it is possible to examine the literature–more specifically the
poetry–written during, after, and about those surreal events. Kali Tal has researched the literature of
trauma extensively and states that the "literature of trauma is defined by the identity of its author
[and it] holds at its center the reconstruction and recuperation of the traumatic experience" (16). She
believes that a

The Effects Of The Irish Potato Famine
Ireland was struck by a famine in 1845. It was known as the Irish Potato Famine. Some people also
call it "The Great Famine". This disaster became one of the most terrifying historical events in
Ireland's history but the Potato Famine affected not only Ireland but also the whole Britain. This
paper aims to shed light on a historical background of the Irish Potato Famine and its effects on
Victorian Britain. The potato famine came into the picture in 1845. First of all, a fungus which is
called phythophtora infestans destroyed the potato crops in Ireland. This situation created an awful
atmosphere because most of the population of Ireland was employed as farmers. The livelihood of
Irish people was the potato. They needed potato to survive and maintained their daily life but ...
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During the emigration period, there was a rapid growth in the population of Ireland. It reached over
8,500,000 people. It was paradoxical because there was a famine but population increased in a fast
way (Grada 118). As it was mentioned before, there were too many people in Ireland but there
wasn't enough food or work places. People looked for new jobs during the time of the famine.
Approximately, three million people were in desperate situation because they were farmers and their
staple food was potato but the nature did not allow doing their job. The famine destroyed everything
they had so they supposed to find new jobs at workhouses and soup kitchens. If they did not find
proper place for themselves, they had to make a decision for their future and that decision was the
emigration (Grada 113). It can be referred that Irish society was shocked. They hadn't come across
such a difficult life conditions for years. Their main aim was to seek for a job which kept them alive.
They rushed into every options of working. In other words, they did not want to lose their hope
because they wanted to hold on to life. Otherwise, they wouldn't think of

The Great Hunger And The Irish Potato Famine
Intro– The Great Hunger, Great Famine, the dreaded calamity, or if your outside of Ireland the Irish
Potato Famine. Occurring between 1847–1852, the famine claimed the lives of around one million
people and caused millions to flee Ireland, in order to escape the bleak situation it was. Today I will
be giving some background of life in Ireland before the famine started of the average citizen, I will
briefly discuss the pathogen that killed the potato crop, the government response to the famine, the
overall consequences and reactions of the Irish people, and finally I will discuss the ethical
dilemmas that the famine raise.
Slide one– Land Ownership– Starting off I would like to explain what life was like for the average
Irish citizen in the mid–19th century. Most people were tenant agriculture farmers who worked for
landlords, who owned vast estates, but a great deal of them didn't, in fact, live in Ireland, which lead
to them being commonly referred to as "absentee landlords." The landlords allotted workers small
plots of land to grow their own food in exchange for working the land growing grain cash crops. In
order to sustain a high–calorie diet for themselves and their families, most of these tenant farmers
grew potatoes. This was primarily due to the fact you get a lot of bang for your buck from potatoes
as they yielded quite a bit of calories per acre. Outside of what the tenants ate, Ireland produced
quite a bit of food but this was mostly exported to England where

The Irish Potato Famine In The 1800's
Any form of death is hard on people no matter what type of death it is. During the mid–1800's, the
world was still trading crops, livestock, and objects to each other. The different countries trusted
each other more than what was needed to be trusted of each other. Fighting for independence along
with fighting for their lives may be two different things, but for the Irish it was something horrible
that happened to them during this time. The Irish Potato Famine was an act of genocide that was
committed by the British Empire. Over the course of the seven years that the Potato Famine
occurred, there was a decrease in Ireland's population by twenty to twenty–five percent. This famine
happened during the time that the different countries were trading

Potato Famine Research Paper
The potato famine started in the mid 1800s and lasted for several years, killing over a million irish
people and causing 6 million to flee the country. Potatoes were vital to the irish diet, many irish
people ate mostly potatoes since they were so poor. Many got infected by this epidemic. This report
will talk about the irish potato famine.
The potato blight was originally discovered in Belgium. The potato blight hit Ireland in 1845 in
june. Know it is known that the same infection also hit America in 1843 and 1845. Some experts
believe it migrated in ships sailing from North America to Europe. It also may have been imported
from South America where many European countries got their fertilizer from.
The potato was first cultivated in South America between three and seven thousand years ago by
Incas in Peru, though scientists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In July of 1846 only one fourth of the normal crop was saved. In June of the same year, Lord John
Russell became Prime Minister of a minority Whig government. The Whigs believed in the policies
of laissez faire economics and therefore, were "committed to free trade and were opposed to
interfering with normal commerce, either by importing cheap foodstuffs or, as was the done in
previous crises, by preventing the export of food" (Kissane 45). Under normal circumstances, such
policies would be appropriate, but during the famine they only led to disaster.
One of the most remarkable facts about the famine period is that there was an average monthly
export of food from Ireland worth 100,000 Pound Sterling. Almost throughout the five–year famine,
Ireland remained a net exporter of food.
Potato thrived in damp irish climate. Many farmers from other countries came to farm the potato
and bought land. The potato was a good crop for small parcels of land because of its high yield per
acre. This helped double the population from 4 million to 8

Essay On Irish Potato Famine
Learning about the Irish potato famine of the 1800's that drove millions to America may seem like a
boring topic for most people to learn. Sure, it impacted the job market, but what does it matter to
most? Well, if it wasn't for the potato famine, I would've been born in Ireland. My personal identity
would not be complete without my background as an Irish. My great great great grandfather came
over from Ireland during the potato famine of the 1800's. Later on, he married another Irish
immigrant–a woman younger than him. Due to the fact that my family's ancestors came over from
Ireland, I identify as Irish. This identity has impacted my life. As a child, my parents sang me songs
that I assumed every kid was hearing. It wasn't until much later that I realized that the ... Show more
Excitement was with me as we boarded Aer Lingus and set off for Ireland. It was an indescribable
feeling when we landed at the Shannon Airport and stepped outside. We were in the land of my
ancestors. Driving down the narrow roads and passing so many green fields and sheep, I thought
about what it was like for my ancestors to live here during such a bad time. The entire time we were
there, it was cold, and it rained a bit. If I had been just another tourist on the Cliffs of Moher, the
experience would've been completely different. My irish identity shaped my experience in Ireland.
From birth, my heritage has been ingrained in me, reiterated throughout my childhood. It's a
necessity for me to know where I come from, and being raised the way I was definitely helped that.
Being Irish also gives me a group of people who have also come from Ireland. We can relate to each
other in that we have been to Ireland to visit, but we weren't born there. My Irish identity has given
me a heritage to claim, and with that, shapes my experiences as a

Irish Potato Famine Research Paper
One of the most talked about immigration stories to the United States is the Irish. In the late 19th
and early 20th century, the Irish emigrated from Ireland because of famine and the control the
British had over Ireland reduced the food supply. The Irish emigrated to English–speaking countries,
including the United States. In their new homes, they encountered new conditions, ideas, and
customs. The Irish Potato Famine, combined with the restrictive policies of the English government,
gave Irish no other choice but to emigrate in the 19th and early 20th century. The Irish Potato
Famine was a devastating event that caused a huge amount of emigration from Ireland. By 1840,
approximately one–third of the entire population of Ireland was completely dependent on the potato
as their only supply of food. Because of this dependence on the potato, one could say it was a
ticking time–bomb. These people did not have access to another food source. It started when a
blight rampaged the potato crops in Ireland. The blight began to take over Ireland's potato supply in
September of 1845. This blight was brought ashore from cargo holds of ships arriving into Ireland.
In the year of 1845 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The men, while their families were dying, were forced to find work and pay their rent. Because the
crops were dying, jobs decreased and led to no income of money. If the family could not make their
rent, they state in the same newspaper article from 1852, "the roof is torn from above them, and the
bare walls are leveled to the ground that may no longer give them shelter, by the barons, dukes, or
earls, to whom rent is due from their occupation." These evicted people, mostly peasants, were
forced to live in disease–infected workhouses. In some instances, however, some landlords paid for
their tenants to emigrate. These emigrants ended up mostly in the United States and other English–
speaking countries, such as

What Is The Irish Potato Famine
The Irish potato famine and The Syria migration crisis.
In this essay I will compare the Irish Potato famine with the current migration crisis that is
happening in Syria. I will demonstrate how this two can relate to each other by comparing the
similarities in their history to see what lead them to this dilemma and how they did/can find a
solution to the terrible problem.
We are going to analyze the government of Ireland between the years of 1840–1850. The
government in the winter of 1846 allowed the massive exportation of grain leaving the country with
an absence of food. After that a group called the "The society of friend" opened the "soup kitchens"
which were places as the name says served soup to the poor or the most in need in that ... Show
Before the famine Ireland was made part of the United Kingdom, Anti– catholic movements date
back to the year 1695, when the British started to impose laws designated to punish the Irish who
supported the catholic king James II, in his battle to get the British throne he went into battle with
his catholic army but lost at the hands of the protestant directed by William of Orange in the year of
1690 , in consequence of this battle the resulting penal Laws against Irish Catholics striped them
from their rights , such as to serve in the British army , hold any government post , buy land they
couldn't even practice their religion. The Catholic Church was outlawed.
In the beginning only ten percent of protestant own land in Ireland, but with this new laws by the
end of 1778 they have owned about ninety percent of land. One thing a catholic person could do to
not lose his land was to convert to Protestantism.
Islam plays a very important role to the Syrian history, the people are very proud of their ancient
history. In the current Syria 90% of the population is Muslim and a 10% is Christian, among the
Muslims 74% sects divide are Sunni and the rest. Thru the years conflict has grown between these
various Muslim groups and sects, their fighting is mostly about how to rule the country and who has
the upper hand as it is seen in the recent "civil war" as we call it, many groups have turn their sect
into extremist cells with the excuse to form a new way of ruling, causing havoc and ruining the live
of innocent people

Irish Potato Famine Essay
Maria Zorrilla Mrs. Long Humanities 4.9.15 The Irish Potato Famine The Irish potato famine was a
period between 1845 to 1852 when 1,000,000 people died from starvation and 1,500,000 migrated.
"Give Me Three Grains of Corn, Mother" by Amelia Blandford Edwards. Because the child/poet
knows his mother has no corn to give him, is his pleading senseless? Does that make the poem more
effective? Do you identify more with the mother or the child? Does the last half of the poem
oversimplify the Famine story, or is it the logical way a child would view the issue: plenty vs.
scarcity? The childs pleading are in vain, not because the child is weeping for food means the
mother can just magically get some food. I honestly identify ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
How are they the same and different in the poem? This poem has a rhyming scheme and a repetitive
phrase. Do these poetic devices help make the poem more or less effective? Explain your answer.
Praties are potatoes, praties grow in the ground, we eat the tuber part of the pratie. In the poem
people complain and wish they were geese, because they fly away and take their ease, and they live
and die in peace. The rhyming scheme gives it a little touch, it makes it feel like even though the
thoughts change the second part of the poem. "The Itinerant Singing Girl" By Jane Francesca Wilde
Why does the girl's way of earning a living worsen her sorrow? The girls way of earning a living, is
singing. She has no mother or father and all her sister are in the grave, her tears are made from
loneliness and bitterness, and even though she sings for her food she is still hungry, and she is still
cold and her veins are almost freezed. "The Boreen Side" By James Tighe The poet compares the
starvation deaths of the evicted to the well–being of the animals who replace them. How does he use
it to support the implication that the landlord is not a Christian? Write the definitions for these
words: wrath, kindred, swine, serf,

Research Paper On The Irish Potato Famine
The Irish Potato Famine Have you ever wondered how the Irish Potato Famine started or what
farmers used when they got it. Did the physical environment play a part in the fungus carrying to the
potatoes? What did the people do when all of their potatoes were gone? the answer to the question is
the Irish famine was carried from a ship in the cool, moist environment made the blight thrive for
that reason the potato crops were affected and they needed to import food from different countries.
In 1845 a strain of fungus from North America arrived in Ireland. This is the same fungus that
started the Irish Potato Famine (Joel Mokyl). in 1843 to 1844 The eastern US potato crop was
destroyed by this fungus. Ships leaving Baltimore and other American

Who Is A Irish Potato Famine?
Think back to the days before GMOs even existed. Were human beings living way longer and
healthier lives? No (well to a certain extent), they were far from living that. People were dying left
and right (mostly due to unsanitary conditions and lack of proper medicine). There was also a lot of
starvation and malnutrition as crop harvest was dependent on the weather and luck. Now foods can
be engineered to survive all sorts of famine and weather issues. Does that make them unsafe for
consumption just because a scientist changed the genetic structure? There isn't a 100% clear cut
answer to that and there probably never will be, but we as a community of human beings are much
better off taking our chances on GMOs rather than going back to depending on luck for our crops to
grow. Does anyone really want another Irish potato famine? Another food supply benefit is the
ability to engineer certain crops to contain either more of an already existing vitamin or add one the
crop doesn't normally have. The prime example of this is golden rice, which is genetically modified
to contain higher levels of beta–carotene. The rice was engineered to be given to people in areas
where vitamin A deficiencies are common (goldenrice.org, 2014). There is controversy surrounding
the rice because it's a GMO, and possibly that overconsumption of vitamin A could occur. Many of
the critics seem to be from developed countries who are projecting their own diets onto these
developing counties (further

In the early 1800s life in Ireland wasn't easy, Irish citizens got by day to day by farming and relying
on the potato. The potato was their main source of food and money. With out the potato the Irish
would have nothing. No one was prepared for what was about to happen in 1845, the beginning of
the Great Irish Potato Famine.
The Irish Potato Famine was the worst tragedy in the history of Ireland. The outcome of the famine
would result in hundreds of thousands dead, an failure of the economy in Ireland, and millions of
emigrants forced to leave their home and country just to try to survive. The famine would effect
countries other than Ireland as well. Some of these countries included England, America, Canada,
and Australia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This resulted in more unsanitary conditions.
Eventually the federal government imported Indian corn from America to be distributed to the most
desperate people. Although it was for good intentions, it didn't comply with Irish expectations for
food. The corn was difficult to mill on the small number of mills in Ireland, it was difficult to digest,
and it was not very filling, leaving many Irish hungry. It eventually became accepted and the Irish
learned to deal with it.
In 1846 due to no effort to rid the infected potatoes of the previous year the new season provided
enough food to feed the country for only one month. This caused people to eat what ever they could
get their hands on. People ate dogs, horses, birds, mushrooms, roots, flowers, and anything that was
believed to have a nutritional value. Fish was a food that involved a risk to obtain due to the rough
Irish seas and rocky coast. Shellfish and seaweed were eaten but after many people died from eating
poisonous varieties of both.
Crime rates rose, and because of overcrowed prisons and expensive costs of keeping prisoners alive,
convicted prisoners were sent to Australia. This caused for people to break laws just to escape the
danger of living in Ireland.
Other diseases began such as the typhus fever, bacilli dysentery, ophthalmia, an

The song "Famine" by Sinead O' Connor is based off of the Irish Potato Famine, or also known as
the Black '47. The Great Famine occurred through September 1845 to 1852 in Ireland, sweeping
about approximately a million lives. Individuals either died from starvation, typhus, or other
diseases related to the famine. During the early nineteenth century, tenant Irish farmers had to
supply Britain with cereal crops, while they thrived to fend for themselves. Cereal crops are grass,
for example wheat, oats, corn, or grains of certain grass that can be served as food. In the year of
1845, Phytophthora infestans, was brought to Ireland from North America. With the late blight and
the new disease, the potato crop began to die. The potato crop had become the staple crop of the
country in the eighteenth century because it comprised of nutrients, was able to survive in the
winter, and calorie–dense. Furthermore, the crop was easy to grow in the Irish ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
He empowered the importance of corn from the United States, which filled some starved bellies for
some time. Although this helped, Lord John Russell, under the Liberal (Whig) cabinet, altered this
by making them rely on the Irish for food. The Irish landowners and British absentee landowners
were thrown the financial issues of the country, and when they weren't able to provide the money,
they were evicted. Instead of being provided the relief, the British Poor Law of 1843 involuntary
any "able–bodied" poor individuals to work at workhouses. The Irish had to live off of imported
corn meal, which didn't provide the nutrients they needed. This resulted in people receiving
nutritional deficiencies, which may have played a role in the amount of deaths from the Irish Potato
Famine. In all, Britain spent around £8 million (11,570,000.00 U.S.

The Irish Potato Famine And Primary Sources
The Irish Potato Famine and Primary Sources
More than a million Irish people died during The Irish Potato famine that hit Ireland between 1845
to 1849 (Pollard, pg. 551). Potatoes were the primary diet of the Irish, especially the Irish Lump
potato. When the fungal disease hit, known as "potato blight," the Irish potato crops were lost. After
reading primary sources regarding the Irish Potato Famine, the reader can visualize the horrors that
the Irish people endured during the Irish Potatoes Famine including starvation, the physical and the
mental effects that go along with it, the loss of family members, and especially witnessing their
children starve and die. Both Trench and Bennet had the purpose and intent of recording conditions
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trench's excerpt focused on the housing and the sad, upsetting state of the children to appeal to the
reader. He depicted the inequality between rich and poor illustrated by ". .coffins are only used for
the more wealthy. The majority were taken to the grave without any coffin, and buried in their rags:
in some instances even the rags are taken from the corpse to cover some still living body."
Trench describes seeing children in the home near death and several other children that had died. He
describes the peasant children's condition as "pale as death." The mother and two children that were
still alive had only "one dish of barley for the last four days." Even though his descriptions of what
he witnessed may have been the truth and he was relaying this to the reader, he was known as a
"ruthless" land agent who broke leases, leveled people's homes and banished the poor. "Trench
looked upon such schemes as a cheap and efficient way to improve the estate . . . the population
decreased by 40.3 % during the Trench years, suggesting that in an attempt to clear the estate to
make way for improvements, many people were forced to leave, receiving little or no money from
him" (Offalyhistoryarchives.com). Critics said of Trench, "Even at his worst he gave his tenants the
care that a good stock–breeder gives to his stock" (Irishtimes.com).
William Bennett's Narrative of a Recent Journey of Six Weeks in Ireland was

The Irish Potato Famine and Primary Sources More than a million Irish people died during The Irish
Potato famine that hit Ireland between 1845 to 1849 (Pollard, pg. 551). Potatoes were the primary
diet of the Irish, especially the Irish Lump potato. When the fungal disease hit, known as "potato
blight," the Irish potato crops were lost. After reading primary sources regarding the Irish Potato
Famine, the reader can visualize the horrors that the Irish people endured during the famine
including starvation, the physical and the mental effects that go along with it, the loss of family
members, and especially witnessing their children starve and die. Both W. Stewart Trench and
William Bennett had the purpose and intent of recording ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Tenants were forgiven their debts in exchange for a fare out of Ireland. Trench's excerpt focused on
the housing and the sad, upsetting state of the children to appeal to the reader. He depicted the
inequality between rich and poor illustrated by ". . . coffins are only used for the more wealthy. The
majority were taken to the grave without any coffin, and buried in their rags: in some instances even
the rags are taken from the corpse to cover some still living body." Trench describes seeing children
near death and several other children that had died. He describes the peasant children's condition as
"pale as death." He tells of a mother and two children that were still alive but had only "one dish of
barley for the last four days." Even though his descriptions of what he witnessed may have been the
truth and he was conveying this to the reader, he was known as a "ruthless" land agent who broke
leases and evicted the poor. "Trench looked upon such schemes as a cheap and efficient way to
improve the estate . . . the population decreased by 40.3 % during the Trench years, suggesting that
in an attempt to clear the estate to make way for improvements, many people were forced to leave,
receiving little or no money from him" (Series A – W. S. and T. W. Trench Annual Reports). Critics
said of Trench, "Even at his worst he gave his tenants the care that a good stock–breeder gives to his
stock" irishtimes.com. William Bennett's Narrative of

It was 1845. A farmer checked in on it's potato crops. Nothing seemed wrong with them at first.
When the farmer looked around, he saw other farmers staring at their crops. Confused, he dug up
one of them and noticed brown spots covering the potato. The farmer later was unable to get
potatoes and decided to sail to America. He eventually died This is what happened to everyone in
Ireland. When faced with this problem, many people had a life–changing choice. They could either
try to move or stay in in Ireland and endure it. At least 1,000,000 people died from the famine. The
Irish Potato Famine was a blight that influenced millions of lives and killed many innocent people.
In 1845, a blight started in Ireland. Ireland's prime crop was potatoes, being nutritious and easy to
cook, so they didn't grow much else. About 40% of people in Ireland only ate potatoes and the
occasional dairy product. Nothing could replace it. Because of this famine, people ... Show more
This pathogen was called Phytophthora Infestans, which they figured out from testing a bacteria
sample of a preserved leaf from 1847. Ireland had four social classes. The highest ones were the
landlords. Because of their high wealth, they were able to hire agents who helped them manage their
estates. Because they were only interested in collecting rent, they rarely improved their property.
This problem made many landlords fall into disrepair. Their second class, farmers, made a
comfortable living with dairy. They usually owned 30 or more acres of

Irish Immigrants: The Great Potato Famine
Before the Irish Immigrants affected America, they immigrated to it. About 17% of the Irish
immigrants to come America came before the 1840s. Because of the Irish potato famine, most of the
Irish immigrants came to America between 1845 to 1860. The Irish potato famine, or The Great
Potato Famine, was caused by a late blight on potato crops year after year, starting in 1945 and
slowing down by 1851. The blight, otherwise known as Phytophthora infestans, infects the leaves
and edible roots of the potato plant, leaving the whole crop rotting in the fields. Because at least half
of Ireland at that time, mainly her poor, depended heavily on the potato crop as the main source of
nutrients and the rest of Ireland consumed it in large numbers, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The coldest welcome of all would have been in Boston, Massachusetts; a anti–Catholic, anglo saxon
city with a population of 115,000. Boatloads of Irish settled in the enclaves of the city's slums and
took any job they could find; cleaning yards and stables, unloading ships, or pushing carts. And
once again, the Irish were subject to greedy landlords, who charged up $1.50 a week for lodging in
foul–smelling and dark rooms that were eleven by eight feet across. They usually had no water,
sanitation, ventilation and sunlight. The majority, though, could not get a tenement and the overflow
of Irish would settle anywhere: in gardens, yards, alleyways, and shacks surrounding the buildings.
Typically anyplace where they could lie down and

The Causes And Effects Of The Irish Potato Famine
Imagine if your main source of food was snatched away. Envision if you had to leave your home
and start a whole new life. The Irish had to do just this. The potato completely changed Ireland
when it was introduced to the country in the late 1500s. The nutritious food supported this country
in more ways than one. But disaster struck in the mid 1800s when the Potato Famine, otherwise
known as the Great Hunger, began, causing millions of Irish to emigrate from their country and start
new lives in America. Irish people experienced a huge change as they left their homeland to escape
the starvation and poverty caused by the Potato Famine; changing the lives of the Irish and
Americans forever. Before this devastating time, the Irish had a rich culture, filled with folklore and
ancient tradition. Most Irish were Catholic and spoke the Irish Gaelic language. This was very
different from English, the language that the immigrants would have to adapt to in their new home.
Also, before the Great Hunger, the potato was a staple in the diets of all the Irish people. The article
"Irish Roots: The Potatoes Role in History Goes Far Beyond the Famine" by George Ball says, "For
the Irish tenant farmers, with barely an acre to cultivate, potatoes produced larger and more reliable
yields than grains. The typical Irish peasant ate from eight to 14 pounds of potatoes each day,
providing 80 percent of caloric intake. The potato's broad adoption transformed the Irish. Nearly the
perfect

Irish Immigrants And The Potato Famine
How did the Irish immigrants come? In 1818 there were Irish immigrants,they came on the first
steam service to go to the UK ,this was called the called Rob Roy. Within a decade, ships were also
ferrying passengers,mainly to areas in liverpool.One pull factor for them was that they heard that
England had a lot of isolated area that could be used for growing crops.One push factor is the
potatoe famine.Starting, in 1845 the potato famine killed over a million men, women and children in
Ireland and caused millions to leave the country.Many poor people grew potatoes for food. Potatoes
grew on unhealthy soil, even in winter.When a potato disease called blight arrived, possibly in ships
from America.It was a disaster. Potatoes went rotten, and were

Irish Famine Essay
The Irish Potato Famine was a period of starvation, disease and emigration, and was known as one
of the biggest tragedies from 1845 to 1847. Many people depended on potato crops to survive;
however [comma] the potato crops acquired blight, a disease that caused the potatoes to rot while
still in the ground. No good crops could be grown for two years [comma] causing Irish tenant
farmers unable to pay rent and was forced off their land causing over 21,000 people to die of
starvation. The Irish Potato Famine caused many people to leave Ireland to seek work overseas in
areas such as England and America. The Irish Potato Famine had a big impact on the history and the
economy of Ireland.
The Irish Potato Famine caused great losses and created ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1841 to 1850, the loss of potatoes caused about 1.3 million people to emigrate overseas, 70%
went to the U.S.A., 28% went to Canada, and 2% went to Australia. During the emigration of
Ireland many people had to pay for their own fares to emigrate to the U.S.A., Canada, and Australia.
The Fares that were paid for emigration by landlords were only about 3% and these people were
usually sent to Canada because these were the cheapest fares, and they were usually sent overseas
on coffin ships. To emigrate to the U.S.A was a little more expensive, usually the ones that could
afford to pay a little more to emigrate went to the U.S.A. to seek work. Irish immigrant labor in
America consisted of unskilled factory workers, which also included children; and Irish males
provided much of the labor to construct railroads. Many Irish women could speak English, helping
women get jobs as servants in the homes of wealthy second and third generation Americans. In the
1800's The Irish Potato Famine caused many to die of starvation forcing others to emigrate, leaving
about 5 million people in Ireland; in 1845 about 8.2 million, and in 1851 about 6.2 million.
Presently there are about 5 million people residing in Ireland and another estimated 20 million Irish
scattered throughout the world.
In Ireland some of the Irish could not pay rent to their landlord because of the terrible tragedy of the

Analysis Of Irish Potato Famine By Jonathan Swift
[Category: characterization of the rich and poor] Swift outlines that "(t)hose who are more
thrifty...may flay the carcass; the skin of which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for
ladies, and summer boots for gentlemen," using exaggeration to imply that the rich can use human
skin in a similar way to how crocodile skin is used in boots as a sign of fashion, and show how
obscure the idea can be when used on humans. This is also a comment on the 'poor' (or as he calls it,
the "thrifty"), in that they will use any part they can of an animal in order to save resources. In the
case of the Irish Potato Famine, crop failure drained many families of their necessities, and fashion
in general took too much of the resources that could have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Swift's use of the term 'accidentally' implies that Irish workers were not desired in the first place, not
only criticizing the Irish for the lack of skills or requirements for the job, but mainly the English for
not providing the Irish workers with adequate treatment and resources to succeed. Swift's pause
from the typical satirical nature of his proposal creates a contrast that emphasizes this

What Is The Great Irish Potato Famine
The text under consideration is a letter written by Mr Nicholas Cummins, a magistrate of Cork, on
17 December 1846 imploring the Duke of Wellington to be aware of the precarious conditions in
which Irish people are living and to start acting. This period of "mass starvation" is mostly known
and called as "The Great Irish Potato Famine".
In line with the previous we could say therefore that this text is first addressed to the Duke of
Wellington by taking advantage of his Irish origins but also keeping in mind that he was an
influential person politically speaking. And secondly, this letter is also addressed to the British
nation in general, since Mr Nicholas Cummins himself sent a copy of the letter to "The Times"
which was published none other than on 24 December which is Christmas' Eve.
It is important to say that the text to deal with is a literary– journalistic one since it is letter what is
being analysed but also this letter was in newspapers to let the whole British nation ... Show more
This period is also known as "The Great Hunger" or "The Irish Potato Famine" and began in 1845
and lasted for six years. By looking at the names used to designate this period it is easy to know in a
superficial way what happened, a great hunger. But also the word "Potato" gives us some clues as
"by the 1800s, the potato had become the staple crop in the poorest regions" and as this vegetable is
rich in protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, "it is possible to stay healthy on a diet of
potatoes alone". "By autumn, the potatoes were ready to be harvested and eaten during the long
winter into the spring and early summer. This system worked year after year until a fungus appeared
on potato plants which caused blight spread throughout the fields by cool breezes. In 1845 only one
third of the crop was lost, but in 1846 the fungus reappeared and the failure of the potato harvest
was near

The Irish potato famine has caused an everlasting effect on the US and a variety of other countries.
The potato famine left Ireland a desolate wasteland with millions dead, and no food to feed the
survivors. The US and many other countries were left with the job of taking care and housing the
immigrants trying to escape the hardships of Ireland, leaving a strain on their economy. The Irish
potato famine occurred in the later years of 1845, and even though it only lasted roughly seven
years, it displaced nearly a million Irish and killed a million more. The Irish population dropped by
nearly 2/3 in that short period of time. Many believed at the time that the disease causing all the
crops to die was Phytophthora, but it was later found out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They'd be targeted straight off the boat by "Runners" who specialized in gaining there trust then
leaving them with nothing. The Irish liked be surrounded by other Irish often pushing away any
American willing to help. Shop owners would be notorious for putting signs stating "Irish need not
apply:" putting many Irish in a tough spot of being jobless and homeless.
If you'd think all the racism was from the Americans you'd be wrong, a lot of racism at the time was
between the Irish and freed African American slaves. The main source of conflict between the two
was over jobs. They both competed viguriously over the unskilled job market.
Eventually, the Irish came to the realization how they could fit in the US. Some find freedom
through the national voting systems others inadvertently from war. The civil war often isn't
recognized as a major turning point, but during that time many forgot about the Irish and focusing
more on the issue of slavery. While the nation as a whole was battling over an issue the Irish snuck
into a political force to be reckoned with. The major milestone for the Irish was not just the election
of the first Irish American president, but the election of arguably the most influential US

One of the most known and talked about famines in history was the Irish Potato Famine, or
otherwise known as the Great Famine. The worst famine that occurred in Europe during the 19th
century. The Great famine is characterized as a time of mass starvation and disease. The effects of
this famine were so great that it drove a significant amount of Ireland's population out of their
country. This included my own ancestors. They were forced to migrate to the United States due to a
lack of food. The Great Famine has a direct effect to myself and my family. This assignment gave
me an opportunity to take time and fully comprehend the cause and effects of an event that has a
direct effect to my own family. The Great Famine occurred during 1845 until

With its ability to grow in even the worst soil conditions, potatoes were in abundance in the early
nineteenth century in Ireland. A visit to the countryside would mean seeing endless rows of potato
bushes in fields as far as the eye could see. The potato became the staple of Irish diet, with one–third
of the population depending on the root by 1844. But within a year, more than half of the potato
crops were destroyed by the blight and thus began the Irish Potato Famine. The failure of the potato
crop and its subsequent starvation was attributable to one thing: monocropping. Ireland actually
wasn't alone in fighting blights leading up to the Great Famine. In fact, much of northern Europe
was met with the same disease in their potato crops. The difference was that other countries fought
off the disease by cultivating different varieties of potatoes and other crops whereas Ireland was left
vulnerable to the blight due to its dependence on one strain of the potato, the Irish Lumper. Along
with crop failure and starvation, monocropping leads to numerous other environmental and
nutritional damages, solvable with one easy solution: grow different crops! But as the saying goes:
money is the root of all evil, and in the case of monocropping, the economic profits take control of
the business.
With widespread famines ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remaining amounts of crop are mainly produced into 'unhealthy' foods, which is also
detrimental to human nutrition and diet. Much like the lack of genetic diversity in the plants from
the beginning, the end food products are also low in nutritional diversity, with most of our food
containing corn, soy, or wheat products. Not only is monocropping bad for the environment, but it is
also just as bad for our

First section: History of immigration to the United States It has been said that America is the land of
immigrants.
During the years after the Revolutionary War and the earliest days of the republic there was, on
average, 6000 immigrants per year. The earliest versions of Congress didn't have much power to
control immigration as they left that power to state governments. However in 1790 they passed the
first Naturalization Act, which stated "...any alien, being a free white person, may be admitted to
become a citizen of the United States..." effectively ending any hope at the time for free black
people, indentured servants, or Native Americans of becoming citizens. It also provided for
citizenship for the children of U.S. citizens born abroad, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In 1846, the territorial legislature voted to apply for statehood. That fall, 124 delegates debated the
state constitution. The document produced by this convention was considered extremely progressive
for its time. It banned commercial banking, granted married women the right to own property, and
left the question of African–American suffrage to a popular vote. Most Wisconsinites considered the
first constitution to be too radical, however, and voted it down in an April 1847 referendum. It was
admitted to the Union on May 29, 1848 as 30th

Nearly 41 million immigrants lived in the United States in 2012. A historical high for a country that
has been a major destination for immigrants throughout history. Immigration from the mid–1700's to
modern day has greatly impacted the United States. This essay will inform you about how, why, and
the impacts of immigration from the 1700's up until today.
There were multiple reasons why a profusion of people immigrated. The earliest immigration was in
the colonial period (1700's). The vast majority of the first immigrants moved from England to find
religious and political freedom, and flee oppression for their beliefs. The Irish started to immigrate
because of the potato famine(1740's). In the article, Irish Potato Famine, it states "Beginning in
1845 and lasting for six years, the potato famine killed over a million men, women and children in
Ireland and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people were too poor and could not afford the trip to america. In order to get the money the
immigrants would become indentured servants to wealthier colonists for a period of years in return
for the price of the passage. When they first arrived they came to Ellis Island. Ellis Island was home
to the Ellis Island Immigration Station, which was the largest immigrant processing station in the
United States. It was a place where immigrants from all over the world came to start a new life.
Some were smuggled in illegally by coyotes. Many individuals who get smuggled are escaping
poverty, seeking opportunities, escaping natural disaster, conflict, or persecution.TELL ME MORE
ABOUT THE COYOTES AND WHY THEY CAME ILLEGALLY Today it is a lot more difficult
to illegally get into the country but it still happens. To legally be a U.S citizen you have to take a 3
page back to back test about your understanding of United States history, government and the legal
system. EXPLAIN MORE ABOUT THE PROCESS People immigrate to the United States when
they apply for

The Irish potato famine was the biggest mass starvation of a population to ever hit Irealand. From
1845 to 1850 this was the biggest mass death equivalent to a mass genocide. The potato blight
disease that took over the irish potato was so prevelent that it caused 2 million deaths in Irealand.
The actual famine began in 1846, the blight disease had attacked the potato more aggressively this
particular year than the years prior. The potato stalks blackened the leaves rotted and the stench
became noticable and unbearing. With all of the sights and smells the summer season took off with
devastation of a potato that held such a high standard within the irish population. Shortage of the
irish potato seed began and the decline of profits per square acreage was more paved in the
dissolution of relationships between farmers and their laborers. Due to the blight, money wages then
became a war with the laborers that once were called priveledged, such as, a cabin or a patch of
potato ground in exchange for work performed. This then caused uproar with the farmers who
refused to make cash payments to the laborers to surrender their plots. Massive default by unbound
laborers payment in the autumn taught ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1847 the blight had been kept at bay to bring the potato from being wiped off the earth. This
was a combinatioon effort of poor people fasting for sometimes eight days trying to save the
remenants of their potato for seeds. The sacrifices that were made to help boost the acreage levels to
greater than they were before. But by 1848 the soil was extremely wet and the blight once again set
in and raged sharply all over the country. 1848 was another famine year to due the fraction of the
output in prefamine

The Cause Of The Irish Potato Famine
In this 21st century we are heavily consumed by technology and food. We constantly see
advertisements of eating healthy and what these nutrients that these food provide for our benefits.
Eating fresh organic food nowadays is a crucial part of our daily living. From sowing to harvesting
and selling the produce a lot goes on backstage that not many people are aware about. Rice,
potatoes, milk and eggs are some of the staple foods that most people use. When a staple food is
destroyed is can effect many people economically and by health. An invasive pathogen that was
originated in Central Mexico that was very detrimental for potatoes was Phytophythora infestans.
The disease is also known as potato late blight. Phytophythora infestans are ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They then gradually spread and form ring of necrotizing tissue (Sedlakova et al 2011). At first the
plant will look healthy before the lesions are visible on the outside. This is also a challenge for the
farmers because they will not know if their produce is unhealthy until it is visible. By the time they
can cut of the plant the disease would have spread to the neighboring plants as well. P. infestans are
produced through sexual and asexual mating. The two mating types are known as A1 and A2 (
Nowicki et al 2012). When mycelia of both types interact they produce oospores sexually. Mycelia
is the branched filament of fungi (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2017). Oospores are spores that have a
thick coating that allows them to survive harsh environmental conditions for a long period (Nowicki
et al 2012). When both these types mate they produce a worse isolate compared to only if A1 mating
occurs. The production of these more harmful isolates was detected by researchers in United States
which has made controlling this pathogen more difficult (Fall et al 2015). Sporangia of P. infectans
also produce zoospores through asexual mating. Sexual and asexual mating is influenced by the
environment. Asexual is mating is encouraged when the weather is a warmer and oospores are
produced in cooler weather hence for the thick coating of oospores. Some biosecurities that are
implemented in controlling the pathogens are by spraying fungicides, removing any infected
potatoes from the

The Irish Potato Famine
Research Paper: Irish Potato Famine
"Beginning in 1845 and lasting for six years, the potato famine killed over a million men, women
and children in Ireland and caused another million to flee the country" (The History Place–
Introduction). During the 1840s many Irish citizens lived in poverty. For food, the Irish relied
almost entirely on potatoes because of their low cost and nutritional value. Then a devastating
potato blight began in Europe in 1845 and destroyed the crops every year until 1851. Due to
Ireland's poor government the citizens we not able to recover from the famine quickly.
Before the famine in the mid–1800s, "many English politicians and social reformers began to think
that Ireland was a nation in need of transformation, that it's people now needed to be yanked into the
modern world by tossing out the old Gaelic traditions" (The History Place–Before the Famine). The
English reformers wanted to end Ireland's "cycle" of poverty and misfortune because in the "1800s
poverty was thought to be caused by bad moral character" (The History Place– Before the Famine).
The English politicians and social reformers also wanted to change the laid–back lifestyle of the
Irish peasants. " They professed the virtues of hard work, thrift and self–reliance and regarded the
Irish as totally lacking in these qualities, a point of view also shared by many British officials and
politicians" (The History Place–Before the Famine).
Ireland's population doubled to over 8 million

Irish Potato Famine Essay examples
In the early 1800s life in Ireland wasn't easy, Irish citizens got by day to day by farming and relying
on the potato. The potato was their main source of food and money. With out the potato the Irish
would have nothing. No one was prepared for what was about to happen in 1845, the beginning of
the Great Irish Potato Famine.
The Irish Potato Famine was the worst tragedy in the history of Ireland. The outcome of the famine
would result in hundreds of thousands dead, an failure of the economy in Ireland, and millions of
emigrants forced to leave their home and country just to try to survive. The famine would effect
countries other than Ireland as well. Some of these countries included England, America, ... Show
In 1845 a crop disease known as 'blight' would be introduced to Ireland. It was a disease that would
cause potatoes to rot while they grew. It was from guano, which was part of a fertilizer that was
imported from South America. The contaminated fertilizer was also distributed to other countries in
Europe such as France, Germany, The Netherlands, and England. It was responsible for thousands
of deaths in these countries but was soon eliminated, as these countries were not as dependent on the
potato as the Irish were.
The Irish discovered the problem when they found that they were harvesting black potatoes. At first
they blamed the problem on poor weather, or insects. They just figured that it was another poor
farming season. The actual spreading of the disease was that its pores were carried in the wind and
land in pits where potatoes were to be planted. The disease would not die in the extreme winter cold
and would double the problem for the next spring's crop.
The first year, the Irish only saw it as another crop failure because it only effected a third of the
harvest. It was later that season that they realized that they were about to face a famine. The Irish
government would not give out aid to farmers because they felt that it would make the country look
bad showing other people that the citizens could not care for themselves. The

The Irish Potato Famine And The Population And Social...

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