Non carboneous source of energy
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Here I describe the energy source from wind
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Non carboneous source of energy
- 1. Wind Power Clinton Chayan Dhar Course Title: Carbon Management – 0467 School Of Chemical Engineering Yeungnam University
- 2. Currently, renewable is increasing to about 6%, natural gas and petroleum are decreasing, and coal is staying relatively constant. Wind energy makes up 3% of the renewable energy slice of the pie.
- 3. A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. A fossil fuel is an energy resource that is not replaceable or is replaced very slowly by natural processes. Humans use fossil fuels faster than they can be naturally renewed.
- 5. US installed capacity grew 45% in 2007 and 50%in 2008!!!
- 6. KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
- 7. 1979: 40 cents/kWh • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized) 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh
- 9. Technically Advanced Only 2-3 Moving Parts Very Low Maintenance Requirements Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid American Companies are the Market andTechnology Leaders 10 kW 50 kW 400 W 900 W (Not to scale)
- 10. Comparing initial costs is not useful Wind has no fuel cost Generators are cheaper per kW, but not necessarily cheaper at producing energy over the entire life
- 11. •Where is the best location for a wind farm? •Is the farm near the power grid? •Where is the wind consistently strong? •What is the weather like?
- 12. Location, Location, Location! •It is best to build a wind farm where wind speed and direction has been studied for 1-3 years •Strong and steady winds are needed to produce reliable electricity •The site should not be prone to hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. Best sites: •Hilltops •Open plains •Mountain passes •Coasts •Offshore
- 17. Average annual wind speeds may vary as much as 25% from year to year
- 19. Wind varies daily not only because of weather but because of convective heating Winds typically strongest in mid-late afternoon Convective heating is less of an influence in winter, when storms dominate wind patterns
- 20. •When siting a wind farm, developers must consider any possible wildlife impacts. •Though this was not the case in early wind farm development (1980’s), today all proposed wind farms must undergo a strict environmental impact assessment.
- 21. WindTurbines kill very few birds compared to other human activities Estimates are ~1-2 bird deaths per turbine per year Global warming is the single biggest threat to wildlife today A recent study in Nature found that more than 1/3 of species worldwide will be extinct by 2050 if global warming trends continue
- 22. Modern turbines are relatively quiet Noise can be mitigated with setback distance Utility scale wind turbines should be at least ¼ to ½ mile away from residences
- 23. • Environmental benefits • No emissions • No fuel needed • Distributed power • Remote locations
- 25. Power density is very low. Needs a very large number of wind mills to produce modest amounts of power. Cost. Environmental costs. material and maintenance costs. Noise, birds and appearance. Cannot meet large scale and transportation energy needs.
- 26. Future of wind energy can be bright if government policies subsidize and encourage its use. Technology improvements unlikely to have a major impact. Can become cost competitive for electricity generation if fossil energy costs skyrocket.
Editor's Notes
- Wind power has been increasing at a fast rate over the past 15 years.
- The rapid growth in wind power can be attributed to the reduction in cost of the electricity produced due to technologic advances and more people interested in Green Power. I usually ask people here what they pay for their electricity by kwh….typical # are 7-20 cents. Wind has come way down in terms of cost over the last 40 years. The cheapest power out there is coal and wind cannot compete with that…Natural Gas and coal are comparable. The costs for wind listed above are the wholesale rate…do not include transmission etc.
- Wind farms are being built across the country. They provide money to the local economy, jobs, clean energy, and are a domestic source of energy that do not have the political issues that come with foreign oil for example. (There haven’t been any wars over wind energy.)
- You can have a wind turbine in your own backyard. Southwest Windpower here in Flagstaff is a local company that produces small-scale wind turbines. Emphasize high RPM…these things spin fast 300-600 RPM. Many of these are sent to villages or for use offshore as they can provide power for an entire village…here in the US is hard to justify the cost for one household. $$ on small wind turbines 10K-100K
- Wind energy has environmental value that may not be seen economically at first. We may need to put up a lot of money up front, but in the long run, we will protect the environment from further damage from pollution, mining, etc.
- The siting process is complicated and involves many factors. When a wind farm is to be built, a developer must chose a site carefully to cause the least impact possible to the environment and the people who live in the area.
- Wind farms need to be somewhat near transmission lines to get the energy to the people. The wind has to be consistent and strong, long periods of study are needed to understand wind patterns. Wind farms cannot be placed in areas with bad weather, like tornadoes or hurricanes.
- Many developers would like to move windfarms offshore because the wind are faster, smoother and they can be close to major population centers on the coast. This is very controversial in the US….we have a few planned offshore farms…CapeWind and Long Island…but nothing installed. Major complaints about offshore are related visual impact, navigation impact and lack of history. Check http://www.capewind.org/ The Cape Wind project is finally moving forwards after years of debate. It will be the first offshore wind farm in the US.
- There are quite a few offshore wind farms in Europe near Holland, England, Ireland, Sweden and the Denmark. This one is off the coast of Copehagen.
- The higher the turbine gets, the faster and smoother (non turbulent) the wind is. As you move closer to the earth the friction with the surface of the earth causes the wind to slow down and to become more turbulent…bad things if you want to generate energy from the wind. The nacelle of most commercial wind turbines is around 60 to 100 meters off the ground.
- “Micro-Siting” refers to how a wind turbine is placed on a given property. Trees and buildings are significant obstacles to the wind. We can’t see it, but the region of disturbed flow downwind of an obstacle is twice the height of that obstacle and quite long. For example, a 30-ft tall house creates a region of turbulence that is 60 ft high and 600 ft long (2 football fields!). This turbulence reduces power output from a wind turbine, and increases the stress and wear on that turbine. THE SOLUTION Place the turbine upwind of obstacles (in the prevailing wind direction), or use a tower twice the height of the obstacles, or both.
- When siting a wind farm, wind must be studied in many ways to determine if a site will be a strong producer of electricity.
- NEPA and EIS processes are now required for federal wind development projects. The goal is to have the lowest impact on the wildlife in the area of the proposed wind farm.
- The impact of wind farms on wildlife is of great concern. Many people do not approve of wind turbines because birds fly into them and are killed. However, the number of birds killed by wind turbines is very small, compared to the number killed by windshields and windows. Global warming and loss of habitat is a major threat to any species. Hopefully by using renewable sources of energy, such as wind, we can reduce the impact on wildlife from global climate change and protect more species. We must use a cost-benefit analysis, what will end up saving more wildlife in the long run? Many wildlife advocates are pro-wind development, as they recognize the impacts on birds is very small
- Many people think wind turbines are noisy. While this may have been true in the past (it is still somewhat true on older smaller devices)…newer larger devices are much quieter. However, wind turbines still do generate a disturbing level of noise and a repetitive noise, which can be annoying or disturb people’s sleep if the turbines are too close to residences or other occupied buildings. Turbines should be sited at least ¼ to ½ mile away from residences, so that less noise will be heard and also so less drag will be created, causing turbulent wind.
- The visual impact of wind turbines is one of the major reasons for debate. People say that the turbines destroy the view and take away from the landscape. Though many people support wind energy, they are not quick to ask for a wind farm in their neighborhood. Many do not want wind farms where they live, but somewhere farther away. However, it is very expensive and challenging to have wind farms far away from the grid and main cities.