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Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for reliable connections?
Answer: The Transport layer of the OSI model is responsible for reliable
connections.
What is the difference between acknowledgments and handshaking?
Answer: Handshaking is used to negotiate the properties of a connection that is
being established. Acknowledgments are used to tell the sender that data has been
successfully received by the destination during the use of a connection.
How many VTP modes are there and what are they?
Answer: Three: Server, Client, and Transparent
What are the two types of Trunk encapsulation protocols?
Answer: IEEE 802.1Q and Cisco’s ISL
What are the four primary no routable protocols?
Answer: SNA, NetBIOS, DEC LAT, DEC MOP

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What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
Answer: The primary difference between TCP and UDP is that TCP is a connection
oriented protocol and UDP is a connection less protocol.
What is HSRP?
Answer: HSRP, or the Hot Standby Routing Protocol, is a Cisco proprietary protocol
that brings routing functionality to end devices that would otherwise not be
capable of taking advantage of redundant network connections. HSRP enables a
pair of Cisco routers to work together to present the appearance of a single virtual
default-gateway to end devices on a LAN segment.
What is the difference between a Public IP address and a Private IP address?
Answer: Public address space is a unique address that is assigned to a company.
Private address space is not recognized by the Internet and can be used by anyone
within their private network.
What does AAA stand for?
Answer: Authentication, authorization, and accounting

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The H.323 protocol is used for what?
Answer: H.323 is used for multi service (multimedia) applications, usually in a
Voice Over IP environment.
What type of routing protocol maintains neighbors?
Answer- Link State
what is the range of values for administrative distance?
Answer: 0-255
Describe the difference between uni cast, multi cast, and broadcast traffic?
Answer: Unicast traffic flows from a single source to a single destination MAC
address. Multicast traffic flows from a single source MAC address to many
destinations and uses a functional MAC address. Broadcast traffic is from a single
source to all devices on the Ethernet segment. This is specified by a destination
MAC address of all ones.

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What are the four different Ethernet encapsulation types?
Answer: From the Cisco IPX encapsulation command they are ARPA, NOVEL-
ETHER, SAP and SNAP
What are the three main tasks of a transparent bridge?
Answer: Learning, Forwarding, Filtering
What type of routing protocol is EIGRP?
Answer: Hybrid
While troubleshooting a connectivity problem on the network, you issue the ping
command from your PC command prompt, but the output shows “request times
out.” At which OSI layer is this problem associated with?
Answer: The Network Layer
What algorithm does OSPF use to compute its route table?
Answer: OSPF uses the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm, which is also known as
the Dijkstra algorithm.

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What is a stub area?
Answer: A stub area is an area that does not accept routing updates from outside its
autonomous system.
What does the TTL field of an IP packet header do?
Answer: The TTL field indicates the maximum time that a packet can be on the
network. Each router that processes this packet decrements the TTL value by 1. If the
value reaches zero, the packet is discarded from the network. The purpose of this field
is to eliminate the possibility of a packet endlessly traversing the network.
What is the primary purpose of a LAN?
Answer: The primary purpose of a local-area network is to allow resource sharing. The
resources may be devices, applications, or information. Examples of shared resources
are files, databases, e-mail, modems, and printers.
What is a protocol?
Answer: A protocol is an agreed-upon set of rules. In data communications, the rules
usually govern a procedure or a format.

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What is the purpose of a MAC protocol?
Answer: A Media Access Control protocol defines how a given LAN medium is shared,
how LAN devices connected to the medium are identified, and how frames
transmitted onto the medium are
What is a frame?
Answer: A frame is a digital “envelope” that provides the information necessary for the
delivery of data across a data link. Typical components of a frame are identifiers
(addresses) of the source and destination devices on the data link, an indicator of the
type of data enclosed in the frame, anderor-checking information.
What feature is common to all frame types?
Answer: A feature common to all frame types is a format for identifying devices on the
data link.
What is a MAC address or MAC identifier?
Answer: A Media Access Control address or identifier is a means by which individual
devices connected to a data link are uniquely identified for the purpose of delivering
data.

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Why is a MAC address not a true address?
Answer: An address specifies a location. A MAC address is not a true address because
it is permanently associated with the interface of a specific device and moves
whenever the device moves. A MAC identifies the device, not the location of the
device.
What are the three sources of signal degradation on a data link?
Answer: The three sources of signal degradation on a data link are attenuation,
interference, and distortion. Attenuation is a function of the resistance of the
medium. Interference is a function of noise entering the medium. Distortion is a
function of the reactive characteristics of the medium, which react differently to
different frequency components of the signal.
What is the purpose of a repeater?
Answer: A repeater is a device that extends the useful range of a physical medium by
reading a degraded signal and producing a “clean” copy of the signal.

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What is the purpose of a bridge?
Answer: A bridge is a device that increases the capacity of a LAN. A bridge divides the
data link into segments, forwarding only traffic that is generated on one segment and is
destined for another segment. By controlling and limiting the traffic on a data link,
more devices may be attached to the LAN.
What makes a transparent bridge transparent?
Answer: A transparent bridge “listens promiscuously” on each of its ports. That is, it
examines all frames on all media to which it is attached. It records the source MAC
identifiers of the frames, and the ports on which it learns the identifiers, in a bridging
table. It can then refer to the table when deciding whether to filter or forward a frame.
The bridge is transparent because it performs this learning function independently of
the devices that originate the frames. The end devices themselves have no knowledge of
the bridge.

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Name three fundamental differences between LANs and WANs?
Answer: Three fundamental differences between local-area and wide-area networks
are:
LANs are limited to a small geographic area, such as a single building or small
campus.WANs cover a large geographic area, from citywide to worldwide.
LANs usually consist entirely of privately owned components. Some components of a
WAN, such as a packet switching network or point-to-point serial links, are usually
leased from a service provider.
A LAN provides high bandwidth at a relatively cheap price. The bandwidth across a
WAN is significantly more expensive.
What is the purpose of a broadcast MAC identifier? What is the broadcast MAC
identifier, in hex and in binary?
Answer: A broadcast MAC identifier, when used as the destination address of a
frame, signifies that the data is for all devices attached to the data link. In binary, the
broadcast MAC identifier is all ones. In hex, it is ffff.ffff.ffff.