This is Data Communication Lecture Assignment. Here discussed about many topics above the subject. I am really learned more from Data Communication subject. Specially thanks to Dear Respectable Sir Pranab Bandhu Nath

2. Data Communication
 Presented To
 Pranab Bandhu Nath
 Assistant Professor of CSE
Department
 City Univeristy
 Presented By
 Md. Sadequl Islam
 Batch: 50
 Department: CSE (eveing)
 Id: 1915002515
 Sub: Data Communication
 Course code: CSE 313

3. Presentation Topics & Answer:
 What is Data Communication & Network
Answer: Basically data communication is a computer connected to the
internet via wifi connection, that is uses wireless connection to send
and received data from one or multiple devices.
Computer Network: Computer network is a connection of two or more
computer that is work transfer data each other electronically. In that
middle via work wifi or internet connections.

4. Different between data communication and network
 Basically computer network is group of computer system that connected each
other and work with internet to passing data . Data communication refers to the
Electronic transmission of information between two devices by using
a communication channel such as a wire pair cable or fiber optics. Delivery,
accuracy, timeliness, and jitter are four important characteristics of a good data
communication system.
 For example, a common example of data communications is a computer connected
to the Internet via a Wi-Fi connection, which uses a wireless medium to send and
receive data from one or more remote servers.

5. What is PAN,Node,LAN,MAN,WAN
A personal area network (PAN) is formed when two or more computers or cell phones
interconnect to one another wirelessly over a short range, typically less than about
30feet.
A node is a connection point inside a network that can receive, send, create, or store
data. Each node requires you to provide some form of identification to receive access,
like an IP address.
A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one
physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large,
ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands
of users and devices in an office or school.
A metropolitan area network features a WAN that's built around a city or a section of
a city. It connects all of the networks in the city into a single larger network.
This network connects employees across the various agencies with shared resources.
A wide area network , is a large network of information that is not tied to a single
location. WANs can facilitate communication, the sharing of information and much
more between devices from around the world through a WAN provider.

6. What is MAC address, NIC, IP, Type of Addressing
❑ A MAC address is a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each
device on a network. The MAC address is manufactured into every network card,
such as an Ethernet card or Wi-Fi card, and therefore cannot be changed.
❑ "Network Interface Card" and is pronounced "nick." A NIC is a component that
provides networking capabilities for a computer. It may enable a wired connection
(such as Ethernet) or a wireless connection (such as Wi-Fi) to a local area network.
❑ An internet protocol (IP) address allows computers to send and receive
information. There are four types of IP addresses: public, private, static, and
dynamic. An IP address allows information to be sent and received by the correct
parties, which means they can also be used to track down a user's physical
location.

7. What is port,HUB,Switch,Router ?
❑ A port is a virtual point where network connections start and end. Ports are software-
based and managed by a computer's operating system. Each port is associated with a
specific process or service.
❑ A network hub is a device that allows multiple computers to communicate with each
other over a network. It has several Ethernet ports that are used to connect two or
more network devices together.
❑ A switch is a device in a computer network that connects other devices together.
Multiple data cables are plugged into a switch to enable communication between
different networked devices.
❑ A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or
subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these
networks by forwarding data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing
multiple devices to use the same Internet connection.

8. What is Bit,Byte,Bridge
❑ A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a
single binary value, either 0 or 1. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above
or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a
memory device. Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.
❑ Byte, the basic unit of information in computer storage and processing. A byte
consists of 8 adjacent binary digits (bits), each of which consists of a 0 or 1. ... The
string of bits making up a byte is processed as a unit by a computer; bytes are the
smallest operable units of storage in computer technology.
❑ A bridge is a network device that connects multiple LANs (local area networks)
together to form a larger LAN. A bridge connects the different components so that
they appear as parts of a single network. Bridges operate at the data link layer of
the OSI model and hence also referred as Layer 2 switches.

9. Class of IP Address
Class Address range Supports
Class
A
1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.
Class
B
128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
Class
C
192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.
Class
D
224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
Reserved for multicast groups.
Class
E
240.0.0.0 to
254.255.255.254
Reserved for future use, or research and development
purposes.

10. OSI Model Definition and
❑ The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework
used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model
characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in
order to support interoperability between different products and software.
❑ Learn the seven layers of OSI model; Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data Link and Physical in detail along with their functions. The OSI (Open
System Interconnection) Reference Model is the comprehensive set of standards
and rules for hardware manufacturers and software developers.

11. OSI Model Definition
 Layer 1 – Physical : At the bottom of our OSI bean dip we have the Physical Layer,
which represents the electrical and physical representation of the system. This can
include everything from the cable type, radio frequency link (as in an 802.11
wireless systems), as well as the layout of pins, voltages and other physical
requirements.
 Layer 2 – Data Link : The Data Link Layer provides node-to-node data transfer
(between two directly connected nodes), and also handles error correction from
the physical layer. Two sublayers exist here as well - the Media Access Control
(MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. In the networking world, most
switches operate at Layer 2. But it's not th at simple.
 Layer 3 – Network: Here at the Network Layer is where you’ll find most of the
router functionality that most networking professionals care about and love. In its
most basic sense, this layer is responsible for packet forwarding, including routing
through different routers. You might know that your Boston computer wants to
connect to a server in California, but there are millions of different paths to take.
Routers at this layer help do this efficiently.

12. OSI Model Definition
 Layer 4 – Transport: The Transport Layer deals with the coordination of the data
transfer between end systems and hosts. How much data to send, at what rate,
where it goes, etc. The best known example of the Transport Layer is the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is built on top of the Internet Protocol
(IP), commonly known as TCP/IP. TCP and UDP port numbers work at Layer 4, while
IP addresses work at Layer 3, the Network Layer.
 Layer 5 - Session: When two devices, computers or servers need to “speak” with
one another, a session needs to be created, and this is done at the Session
Layer. Functions at this layer involve setup, coordination (how long should a system
wait for a response, for example) and termination between the applications at
each end of the session.
 Layer 6 - Presentation: The Presentation Layer represents the area that is
independent of data representation at the application layer. In general, it
represents the preparation or translation of application format to network format,
or from network formatting to application format. In other words, the layer
“presents” data for the application or the network. A good example of this is
encryption and decryption of data for secure transmission.

13. OSI Model
 Layer 7 - Application: To further our bean dip analogy, the Application Layer is the
one at the top--it’s what most users see. In the OSI model, this is the layer that is
the “closest to the end user”. It receives information directly from users and
displays incoming data it to the user. Oddly enough, applications themselves do not
reside at the application layer. Instead the layer facilitates communication through
lower layers in order to establish connections with applications at the other end.
Web browsers (Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.) TelNet, and FTP, are examples
of communications that rely on Layer 7.