Liquid Chromatography

Liquid Chromatography
9.1 Orbitals and Theories of Chemical Bonding
1. Which one of the statements concerning valence bond (VB) and molecular orbital (MO) bond
theories is correct? a) MO theory predicts that electrons are localized between pairs of atoms. b) In
VB theory, bonding electrons are delocalized over the molecule. c) MO theory accurately describes
bonding in O2 and NO, VB theory does not. d) VB theory can describe molecular bonding in
excited states. e) MO theory is used to accurately predict the colors of compounds.
Answer: c
9.2 Valence Bond Theory
2. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT? 1. The overlap between an s orbital and a p
orbital is called a pi–bond. 2. The overlap of two s orbitals in H2 is ... Show more content on
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a) tetrahedral b) trigonal–bipyramidal c) square–planar d) square–pyramidal e) see–saw
Answer: d
21. What is the molecular geometry around a central atom that is sp2 hybridized, has three sigma
bonds, and one pi bond? a) trigonal–planar b) trigonal–pyramidal c) bent d) T–shaped e) tetrahedral
Answer: a
22. What is the molecular geometry around a central atom that is sp3d hybridized and has one lone
pair of eletrons? a) trigonal bipyramidal b) trigonal–pyramidal c) see–saw d) tetrahedral e) square–
planar
Answer: c
23. What is the hybridization of a central atom that has four sigma bonds and has no lone pairs of
electrons? a) sp b) sp2 c) sp3 d) sp3d e) sp3d2
Answer: c
24. Upon heating, CaCO3 decomposes to CaO and CO2. What change in the hybridization of

carbon occurs in this reaction? a) sp to sp2 b) sp2 to sp3 c) sp3 to sp d) sp2 to sp e) no change
Answer: d
25. One product of the combustion of ethane, C2H6, is carbon dioxide. What change in
hybridization of the carbon occurs in this reaction? a) sp3 to sp2 b) sp3 to sp c) sp2 to sp3 d) sp2 to
sp3d2 e) sp2 to sp
Answer: b
26. Nitric acid, HNO3, dissociates in water to form nitrate ions and hydronium ions. What change in
hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this dissociation? a) sp2 to sp3 b) sp2 to sp c) sp3 to sp
d) sp to sp3
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nx
Formerly known as UNIGRAPHICS, NX is an advanced high end CAD/CAM/CAE software
package. Owned by Siemens PLM Software, it is used for parametric design, direct solid and
surface modeling and simulation with respect to static, thermal, dynamic and manufacturing aspects.
NX design tools are superior in power, versatility, flexibility and productivity. Fast and intuitive
editing of the profiles has been enabled by incorporating the synchronous technology, thereby
making the job of the designer easy. It ensures improvement in efficiency by implementing tools
which facilitates easy–to–understand design changes. 2.1.1 FEATURES OF NXCAD: Some of the
important features of NX are as follows: 1. Feature–based modeling: The smallest building block in
a part model is known as a feature. A feature based approach for product design is being followed by
NX. It allows building a model incrementally, adding individual ... Show more content on
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Unequalled depth: Ansys provides an unequalled technical depth in any simulation domain whether
it is structural, analysis, fluids, thermal, electromagnetics, meshing or processing and data
management. It provides consistent technology solutions irrespective of being a casual user or an
experienced analyst. 2. Unequalled breadth: Ansys provides functionality across a diverse range of
disciplines ranging from structural analysis right up to electromagnetic, including fluid and thermal
domains. All these are efficiently supported by a complete set of analysis types and backed up by a
powerful set of meshing tools. 3. Adaptive architecture: In today's world of engineering, for the
overall design and development process, a software must have the ability to adapt to a variety of
CAD and PLM solutions. The software must have the ability to be customized to provide for the
inter–operability with other software's. These are the characteristics provided in the Ansys
simulation architecture, making it feasible to be used under any

Evaluation Of Glucosylceramide Synthase ( Gcs )
Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of
glucosylceramide (GlcCer)–related glycosphingolipids (GSLs). In the present report we have used
atom–based 3D–QSAR method to analyze the structural aspect on a series of iminosugar derivatives
as potent inhibitors of glycosylceramide synthase. In this approach the experimental dataset was
divided into training and test sets and the model was chosen based on randomized trial distribution
which has high correlation factors. A ligand–based pharmacophore and atom–based 3D–QSAR
studies were carried out on a set of 65 inhibitors of GCS. After the QSAR studies, a five–point
pharmacophore with two hydrogen bond acceptors (A), two hydrophobic group (H) and one ring
aromaticity (R) was obtained. The pharmacophore hypothesis yielded a 3D–QSAR model with good
partial least square statistics results. The training set correlation has these partial least square factors
(R2=0.92, SD = 0.178, F = 843.9, P = 1.12e–15). The test set correlation has these partial least
square factors (Q2 = 0.25, RMSE = 0.665, Pearson–R =0.54).
After the QSAR studies, docking study is being carried out. The docking study will reveal the
binding orientation of the active ligands on the protein which will be completed in BTP–phase II.
The result for QSAR and docking studies will provide structural characteristics of the active ligands
and also give detailed information about binding features which can useful

The Integration Of Computers And Software Tools
Bioinformatics is the integration of computers and software tools to analyse information associated
with biomolecules on a large scale. Conventionally, biological study examines individual system in
detail and uses the data that is produced to frequently compare similar systems that are related.
However, bioinformatics facilitates scientists to study and conduct global analysis of all the
available data. This allows researchers, to uncover common principles that may be applied across
numerous systems, which results in different features to be highlighted (Luscombe , et al., 2001).
Due to the increased amount of research that has been conducted in association with genes and
proteins, computational methods such as bioinformatics has become ... Show more content on
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Computational biology became popular during the 1970's when the price of computers decreased
and they were easier to use and more readily available. Subsequently, this new technology was
introduced primarily to store and manage data that was produced through genomic research. This
then resulted in investigations to be completed in shorter amounts of time, which lead to larger
investigations, leading to more data being produced. Thus, bigger and better computers were needed
to manage the data that was generated. Hence, bioinformatics was used to create tools, algorithms
and databases, which enabled comprehensive management of data. Therefore, as more and more
data is being produced, the need for more powerful computers are needed in order to manage the
data. Furthermore, due to large amount of data being generated, larger databases are required and
more powerful tools are needed to manage and store the data.
The proteins play a key role in the biological function and their studies make possible to understand
the mechanisms that occur in many biological events. The human genome project enabled the
emergence of proteomics. Proteomics is the large scale study of proteins, particularly the functions
and structure of different proteins. The field of bioinformatics has had a significant effect in
proteomics, as it has introduced new algorithms to handle large and heterogeneous data sets.
Moreover, Bioinformatics has offered the

The Discovery of Transformation by Frederick Grifith in...
The discovery of transformation by Frederick Griffith in Streptococcus pneumonia has played an
important role in how we are now able to introduce plasmid DNA molecules into cells.
Transformation is the uptake of DNA molecules released from the donor cell by the recipient cell. It
is one of the three ways bacteria are able to exchange genetic material. In Griffith's experiment he
introduced mice to two different forms of S. pneumonia, one smooth, pathogenic and encapsulated
and the other rough, nonpathogenic and noncapsulated (Snustad, 193). The mice were injected with
live rough strain and heat killed smooth strain. The deaths of the mice lead Griffith to conclude that
some genes of the killed smooth strain were transformed to the rough strain and the bacteria became
encapsulated and pathogenic, therefore leading to the death of the mice (Snustad, 193).
Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules. They are not essential for survival of the host bacteria.
Some carry genes that allow resistance to antibiotics (Anderson). Plasmid pUC18 is a circular DNA
molecule. It contains portions of the E. coli Lac Z gene, which encodes for the first 146 amino acids
of β – galactosidase. E. coli contains the Lac Z gene, which encodes β – galactosidase . The E. coli
Lac operon digests lactose. Once E. coli is transformed with pUC18, complementation occurs. E.
coli produces active β –galactoidase. The active β –galactoidase hydrolyzes the substrate, X gal ,
which is located on the agar plates.

My Family At Paris France
Image Analysis When I was in 6th grade my family went on a trip to Paris France. While there we
were able to explore the city and visit many well–known places such as the Eiffel Tower, Louvre
and a royal palace called Versailles. The Versailles was originally built by a Louis XIII in 1623 as a
hunting lodge. In the years to come the building went through a few big expansions. After Louis
XIII died his son Louis XIV obtained Versailles and used it as his main residence and for the seat of
the government of the Kingdom of France. Also, the Versailles had enough rooms to be used for
most of the courtiers to stay there. My family and I were able to take a tour of the palace. While I
was on the tour we came into a room known as the Hercules Room. I walked in the room as was
shocked because of a sculpture in the middle of the room. Displayed in the middle of this room in an
immaculate ancient palace was an enormous metal sculpture of a dog shaped balloon animal.
Directly above the dog was a massive painting covering the ceiling named Apotheosis of Hercules
which was the reason the room itself was named Hercules Room. The reason I was surprised when I
walked into the room was because the dog balloon sculpture was extremely different than the ceiling
above it and everything surrounding it making it seem out of place. The Balloon Dog sculpture was
created by a man named Jeff Koons in 1994. The dog is an optimistic piece, it's similar to a balloon
a clown would make for a child at a

Prediction By Komputer Assisted Technology : Lab Analysis
In the materials and methods section; ligand preparation, target protein identification and
preparation, molecular descriptors calculation, ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and
Excretion) and TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) analysis were
carried out according to the previously reported method as briefly stated below.
Ligand preparation
Chemical structures of the ligands i) asperyellone [CID101600052]; ii) asperenone [CID5368642];
iii) hydroasperyellone [CID561143]; iv) CHEMBL1715716 [CID49859207] and v)
CHEMBL2152350 [CID71458428] were downloaded PubMed (www. pubmed.com) database. The
ligands were drawn in ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 (www.cambridgesoft.com) and subsequently
molecular mechanics (MM2) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ADME and TOPKAT analysis
Both ADME and TOPKAT analysis were performed using Discovery Studio® 3.1 (Accelrys, San
Diego, USA). ADME analysis was performed using six descriptors such as human intestinal
absorption (HIA), aqueous solubility (AS), blood brain barrier (BBB), cytochrome P450 2D6
(CYP2D6), plasma protein binding (PPB) and hepatotoxicity (HT). As for the TOPKAT analysis,
five descriptors were used which includes aerobic biodegradability (AB), Ames mutagenicity (AM),
ocular irritancy (OI), skin irritancy (SI), skin sensitization (SS) and oral toxicity (OT) in rat (LD50
in g/Kg of body weight).
Docking studies Docking studies were performed on the protein crystal structures of HMGR, HNE,
SQS, tyrosinase and XO obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) using the CDOCKER protocol
under the protein–ligand interaction section in Discovery Studio® 3.1 (Accelrys, San Diego, USA).
In general, CDOCKER is a grid–based molecular docking method that employs CHARMM force
fields. A protein was firstly held rigid while the ligands were allowed to flex during the refinement.

Dr. Alwine : A Scientist Of Cancer Biology And An...
Dr. Alwine is a Professor of Cancer Biology and an investigator in the Abramson Family Cancer
Research Institute in University of Pennsylvania. He studies DNA viruses and how they react with
the consequences of inducing cellular stress responses. Dr. Alwine received his Bachelors of Science
in Chemistry from Elizabethtown College in 1969 and his Ph. D in Biological Chemistry from
Pennsylvania State University in 1974. He began his interest in research with Simian virus 40 where
he developed the Northern Blot technique, also known as the RNA blotting technique, at a
laboratory in George Stark in the Biochemistry Department of Stanford University. It was named
after the Southern Blot technique, which blots for DNA, and the Western Blot technique, which
blots for proteins. It is not commonly used for clinical or diagnostic purpose but it is mainly used in
research. The Northern Blot technique allows scientists to determine the molecular weight on an
mRNA and to measure the relative amounts of mRNA that are present in different samples on a
single membrane. The mRNA is isolated and hybridized using this technique. It also allows for the
gene to express a pattern between the human system between organs, tissues, environmental stress
levels, developmental stages, and infectious pathogens. It is used to view normal tissues to that of a
down regulation of tumor suppressor genes in cancerous cells. It assists scientists to recognize the
functions of unknown proteins. It varies with

Restriction Enzymes Lab Report
Restricting digestion in DNA
This is a commonly used technique for molecular cloning and is also used to quickly check the
identity of a plasmid. Restriction enzyme digestion uses naturally occurring enzymes that cleave the
DNA. There are many different restriction enzymes allowing us to target a variety of DNA
sequences. The materials needed include; DNA (the amount you cut depends on your application;
diagnostic digests normally includes 500ng of DNA and molecular cloning often involves 1–3μg of
DNA. The total reaction volume usually varies from 10–50μL yet depends on the application and by
the volume of DNA to be cut). Restriction Enzyme (depends on what DNA sequence is used and
where you want it to be cut). Reaction buffer BSA (not always needed) dH2O up to the total volume
The method/ protocol has 6 steps these go as followed;
Select the restriction enzymes you will be using to digest your plasmid. To determine which
restricted enzyme will cut your DNA sequence and where they will cut the sequence, you must use a
sequence analysis program.
You must determine the appropriate reaction buffer, you will be able to find this out by reading the
instructions for the enzyme you are using.
In a 1.5mL tube combine all the materials (stated above). A normal digestion restriction will include
1μg DNA, 1μL of each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
fingerprints). The key to understanding PCR is to know that every human, animal, plant, parasite,
bacterium and virus contains genetic material such as DNA (or RNA) that are unique to their species
and to the individual member of that species. If a sample contains segments of DNA or RNA, PCR
can be used to amplify and make many more identical copies of these unique sequences so they can
then be used to determine the identity of the source (a specific

Statement of Purpose
What is life? Why do people look different? These are questions that I eager to know answers since I
was young. When I view the characteristics of people, I usually think that some traits are inherited,
whereas others are caused by environmental factors. For human diseases, I would like to know the
relative contributions of genetics and the environment. Is a disease caused by a pathogenic
microorganism, a toxic agent in the environment, or a faulty gene? My interest in molecular biology
has been inspired by these questions and led me to the world of genetics.
While I was an elementary student, my mother was diagnosed with cervical cancer. From that
situation, I developed an insatiable curiosity for cancer and molecular medicine. I am ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have also done communities, such as youth volunteer in Tsunami disaster and Thailand's water
crisis. I have developed strong leadership and charitable skills, and have learned to interact with a
wide variety of people.
While doing a good job in learning and doing many activities, I also paid significant attention to
work experiences. During my Bachelor's degree, I frequently tutored high school students by
offering my time after school and during weekend. Currently I am still a private tutor for elementary
and high school students. I teach mainly in Mathematics and Science. I feel that by tutoring students
I am developing intellectual skills, generousness, and patience.
Thanks to my academic performance in the past, course project experiences my internship, and work
experiences, I became aware that I should continue higher education with my fundamental
theoretical studies and improve my experiment skills. After much investigation, I want to continue
my education at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute because of the long history, beautiful campus, and
the unique concentration of the institute. Its education is of high quality and offers my desired
program. Its researches focus on molecular mechanisms that cause diseases and cover the rigorous
methodology of biological from the molecular to the organism, which are absolutely ideal to help
me meet my precise goals. Additionally, your institute also offers a social and cultural experience of
finest

Molecular Visualization With High Throughput Screening (...
The in–silico discovery of drugs saves millions of lives each year. As such, there is extensive
research into drug discovery. Molecular visualization is one of the most important parts of structural
biology and the drug discovery process. Molecular visualization with high–throughput screening
(HTS) has been successful in the discovery of new drugs. Though HTS has been effective it is
expensive and covers a limited space. For these reasons, the high–level visualization of molecules
provides help to cut the work performed in HTS. Together, they offer one of the most effective
methods in structure–based drug discovery. On the whole, my aim is to simulate molecules to find
hidden protein ligand binding sites for the discovery of new drugs. I ... Show more content on
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This analysis follows a shift in genomics from identifying molecules to analyzing interactions in the
molecular network [12]. The effectiveness of each application is found by comparing several
features offered. Features compared include cost, availability, extensibility, difficulty, command line
access, scripting, selection and documentation [14], [15]. By comparing these categories, I decide
the most effective tool to use in structure–based drug discovery. In a classic approach to drug,
discovery testing would begin in–vivo. This would need the analysis of millions of molecules. The
molecular visualization of protein–ligand interaction analysis tools can cut the number of molecules
that need screening by calculating their potential docking scores. I can narrow the scope down to
only those that are most likely to show strong performance. The first tool I look at is Cytoscape [7].
A standalone application that has historically been successful in drug discovery. In addition, I
discuss molecular pathway techniques, proteome scale maps and, chemogenomics which have all
shown potential for drug discovery in the future.
Cytoscape is a popular tool used in molecular visualization. There are hundreds of plugins that can
enhance its functionality. In the analysis I use UCSF Chimera (Chimera), StructureViz2 and
RiNalyzer to uncover the protein–ligand binding pockets contained in

Diffusion Of Osmosis And Diffusion
Osmosis and diffusion are two important processes in the human body that help in the functioning of
cells and homeostasis, or maintaining balance within the body. Osmosis is the movement of water
from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, and its purpose is to maintain stability
between a solvent (water) and a solute. Diffusion is the movement of solutes down their
concentration gradient, toward a lesser concentration of solutes, in order to pass a membrane, such
as the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane (Tortora and Derrickson 2012). Diffusion requires no
energy and is affected by many different aspects including heat, causing the reaction to occur at a
more rapid rate, the size of the particle, and the amount of space in which the diffusion must cover
(Tortora and Derrickson 2012). Osmosis is a form of diffusion that is more so for water, and both
require no energy. The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is a protective barrier against
foreign materials that could harm the cell. The membrane is what is defined as selectively permeable
(Tortora and Derrickson 2012) because it only allows certain materials get into it, while keeping
others from moving out. The bilayer of the membrane has hydrophilic heads, which work well with
water, and hydrophobic tails, which repel water. This difference in the head and tails is what causes
only certain materials to be able to enter the membrane without help. Materials that can get in are
small, gaseous, and

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Merck
Strengths:
Multiple patents on molecular profiling tools.
Exclusive access to molecular profiling tools to enable biomarker development and medicinal
chemistry efforts. Weaknesses:
Geographical Distance from the rest of Merck and Co has proven to exacerbate communication
issues.
High cost structure.
Opportunities:
New technologies (Next generation sequencing) coming on line soon.
Ability to leverage the technology into multiple product development areas if a co–development
deal can be struck with manufacturers. Threats:
New technologies (Next generation sequencing) coming on line soon. Will make our 2 dimensional
assays obsolete within 3 to 5 years.
Robust technology development will increase outsourcing as molecular profiling becomes easier
and cheaper.
Strengths
The franchises strengths are its intellectual property and rapid analytical competencies.
The molecular profiling IP assets including expression profiling, proteomic, and functional
genomics provides Merck and Co with exclusive access to a high information analysis ... Show
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The franchise head upon taking over this unit was able to start fresh with an already productive unit
that has become a key partner in the ongoing success of the corporation at large. This has enabled
acceptance of a charismatic style and devoted following. Perception of legitimacy here has been
fostered by crediting and promoting internal projects, teams and individuals to the larger
organization. The followers in this scenario see the franchise head as somewhat revolutionary and
willing to fight for his people often against the wishes of other executives. Key in this success is the
continued successful projects and franchise goals that add to the profitability and intellectual
property holdings of the corporation.

Quiz Questions On The Properties Of A Protein At Dna Level
BIOT643 Fall 2015– Quiz–3 Answers (60 points)
– Deepa Thamodaran
________________________________________
1. a) SDS–Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis
2. b) Change the properties of a protein at DNA level
3. c) Nuclear magnetic resonance
4. b) Northern blot hybridization
5. Far Western Blot analysis and Protein arrays
Far Western Blot analysis:
Far Western Blot analysis is the technique mostly resembles Western Blot analysis, but differs in
way that proteins are separated on a blot. Biotinylated non–antibody proteins are used for
immobilizing the protein of interest, which are then overlaid with an antibody with streptavidin.
Many proteins show considerable affinity for biotin which is a co–factor in many eukaryotic
biological processes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fluorescent signals are emitted when there is reaction between the immobilized protein and the
probe, which are captured by the laser scanners. Thus they are used in protein expression profiling,
studying protein–protein interactions, enzyme–substrate interactions, protein–ligand interaction and
differentially expressed proteins screening on a large scale.
6. X–Ray Crystallography and NMR are two common methods used to study protein structures. X–
Ray Crystallography NMR
Principle Protein molecules are crystallized and exposed to X–rays. A crystal arranges a large
number of molecules in the same orientation, so the scattered waves add up in phase and raise the
signal. Protein molecules are made soluble in buffered liquid and isotopically labeled. Therefore,
allows thermodynamics, studies of the kinetics aspects of structures and interactions with other
components.
Physical state Frozen solid state Liquid state in buffered solution
Time Longer time in screening and optimization but short time for processing data. Short time for
preparation but long time for data analysis.
Size Any size of macromolecule Small polypeptide (< 50 kDa)
Advantages Well–diffracting crystals achieve high atomic resolution Soluble state favors mere
closer to protein in folding state which is like real functional environments.
Disadvantages Crystallization may change the conformation of proteins due to packing interactions
therefore more

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the...
Aim: In this investigation I will be measuring the effects of temperature on the membrane
permeability of beetroot. I will be measuring the amount of anthocyanin that will diffuse out of the
beetroot. The way in which I will measure the anthocyanin is to check the light absorbency of the
solution using a colorimeter. The higher the reading on colorimeter the more anthocyanin present in
the solution To find out the permeability of the beetroot membrane I will firstly cut out cylinders of
beetroot using a cork borer, I will slice them into a certain width and then place them into distilled
water at different temperatures. Using a colorimeter I will measure the anthocyanin that will diffuse
into the distilled water, the higher the reading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beetroot A beetroot will be used to investigate the affect of temperature on the cell membrane
permeability. I will ensure that all the beetroot pieces used have the same surface area. I can do this
by using equal sized cylinders of beetroot giving a large membrane surface for the anthocyanin to
leak out from. Also to ensure a fair test the beetroot should be from the same batch as different
beetroots may have different membranes but if they are all from the same batch the membranes
should be the same, so I should use beetroot from the same batch. Water bath There will be several
water baths at different temperatures in order to do the tests on at different temperatures. The water
baths may not provide accurate temperature e.g. (20 ºC may be 21 ºC) so I will carry out each test at
each temp on the same day to ensure a fair test. So I will be measuring the actual temperature (using
a thermometer) and the precision of the thermometer is to 1d.p which is 0.5 ºC. White tile A white
tile will be placed underneath the beetroot pieces when cutting them to give me a flat surface to cut
the beetroot on in order for me to be accurately cut the beetroot pieces at a 90 º angle. Also the white
tile will prevent any damage to surface of the beetroot and any stains to the table. Thermometer I
will use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the water in the water baths. This will ensure
the reliability of my results, as it will allow me to make sure the water

Genetic Diversity Analysis Of Chick Pea
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF CHICK PEA
(Cicer arietinum L.) USING SEED PROTEIN PROFILING
(Short Title: PROTEIN PROFILING OF CHICK PEA)
Dipinte Guptaa, Bhardwaj Chellapilab and Rajiv Ranjana* aPlant Molecular Biology Laboratory,
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University),
Dayalbagh, Agra–282005, India, Tel: 0562–2801545, Fax: 0562–2801226 b Division of Genetics,
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012
*Corresponding Author: rajivranjanbt@gmail.com
Abstract
From ancient time onward chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is most important source of nutrients in the
human diet. Along with the nutritional importance it possesses many medicinal values. It is very
much essential to improve the quality of chickpea, an economic important crop, hereby in this study
a biochemical approach had been employed to determine taxonomic and evolutionary information of
chickpea. Forty Five accession of Cicer arietinum were taken for the study of genetic variation
within intragenic varieties based on their seed protein using SDS PAGE. A total of 20 and 16 distinct
bands were detected for albumin and globulin protein respectively, from the obtained band pattern a
binary matrix was created and subjected to combined cluster analysis of albumin and globulin
protein using UPGMA method. Based on analysis of cluster, FLIP–90–160 showed distinct relation
from other cultivars. Present study concluded both globulin and albumin protein

Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction : Evolution Of Plant...
BIOSCI 751 – Molecular Plant Microbe Interaction
Evolution of plant pathogens
Introduction: Plant and microbial interactions are present right from the establishment of land plants.
The plants have co–evolved with the microbes since then (Gehrig et al., 1996). A microbial
interaction with the plant can have both positive and negative effects on the plant. Due to this, it has
gained high agronomic importance in today's plant science research (Stacey et al., 1996).
Plant Immune System: A pathogen in order to invade the host plant should pass through the various
plant immune system. The plants lack the adaptive immune system and have only the first line of
defence. Plants have Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that recognize the Pathogen
Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). This triggers the PAMP–triggered immunity (PTI). PTI
can halt the pathogen from further colonization by activating the disease resistant R protein. In
response to the host immunity some pathogens (for example bacteria) are capable of producing
effector proteins that will enhance the pathogen virulence. These effectors can disrupt the PTI and
induce Effector–triggered susceptibility (ETS). Plants have special receptors called Nucleotide
Binding–Leucine Rich Repeats (NB–LRRs) that can recognize the effector proteins specifically.
This results in the Effector Mediated Immunity (ETI). The ETI results in the Hypersensitive
Reaction (HR) that results in the localized cell death at the

Informative Speech On Balloon Animals
I. Introduction
A. Attention Getter: Have you ever wanted to learn how to make a balloon animal?
B. Credibility: My interest in balloon animals came from a Christmas present from my four–year–
old niece. I started to watch YouTube and found videos by Michael Floyd as the most informative
and easy to follow.
C. Audience Relevancy: Learning how to make balloon animals is cheap, entertaining, and can be
shared with other people.
D. Thesis: Making balloon animals is a fun and interesting hobby.
E. Preview of Main Points: Today, I will explain balloon inflation and tie–off, measuring, and
twisting.
Transition: I will also demonstrate how to make a balloon dog.
II. Body
A. Main Point One: Inflation and tie–off are the first steps in preparing a balloon ... Show more
You will first pinch the balloon, then wrap the end around your first two fingers. Next, thread the
slack behind the beginning of the balloon and through your fingers. Now pull your fingers out of the
loop while holding on the lip of the balloon.
Transition: You will notice that I did not blow the balloon all the way up. I left about four finger
widths at the end.
B. Main Point Two: The measurement of inflated to the uninflated balloon is important throughout
the balloon animal process.
1. Measuring with your fingers helps to make your balloon animal come out in the correct
proportions.
2. You will leave about four finger widths uninflated because as you twist, it will push air into the
end of the balloon and fill it up.
3. I have practiced the balloon dog quite a bit, and have learned if you don't have proper
measurements then your dog can come out with a tail as long as its body.
Transition: Now it is time to twist!
C. Main Point Three: The actual twisting of the balloon is what makes the shape of the animal.
1. I came across some handy tips on a website called Iamnotaclown.com. One of those tips is to
make sure that you always twist in the same direction. This will ensure that none of your bubbles
become untwisted before you lock them into

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability...
Simple Diffusion
Activity 1: Simulating Simple diffusion
1. What is the molecular weight of Na+? 22.99
2. What is the molecular weight of Cl–? 35.45
3. Which MWCO dialysis membranes allowed both of these ions through? 50, 100, and 200
4. Which materials diffused from the left beaker to the right beaker? NaCl, Urea, and Glucose at
MWCO 200
5. Which did not? Why? Albumin, too large to diffuse
Activity 2: Simulating Dialysis
1. What happens to the urea concentration in the left beaker (the patient)? It mixes with the water to
balance out the structure.
2. Why does this occur? Molecules are moving around to make space.
Facilitated Diffusion
Activity 3: Facilitated Diffusion
1. At a given glucose concentration, how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7. Would pressure be generated if solute concentrations were equal on both sides of the membrane?
No because it would be equal on both sides.
8. Why or why not? It would be equal on both sides
9. Would pressure be generated if you had 9 mM glucose on one side of a 200 MWCO membrane
and 9 mM NaCl on the other side? If so, which solution was generating the pressure? It would have
no effect because it would be able to diffuse.
10. Would pressure be generated if you had 9 mM albumin on one side of a 200 MWCO membrane
and 9 mM NaCl on the other side? If so, which solution was generating the pressure? pressure
would be present due to different concentrations which are not equal.
Filtration
Activity 5: Filtration
1. Does the membrane MWCO affect filtration rate? Yes smaller the MWCO smaller the pore size
and this affected the filtration rate

2. Does the amount of pressure applied affect the filtration rate? yes
3. Did all solutes pass through all the membranes? no
4. If not, which one(s) did not? Urea was not present
5. Why? Diffuse is hard for urea to conduct
6. How can the body selectively increase the filtration rate of a given organ or organ system? Blood
supply can be increased or decreased
Active Transport
Activity 6: Active Transport
1. At the end of this experimental run, did the Na+/Cl– move from the left vessel to the right vessel?
no
2. Why? It would need to move from a lower

Investigating The Rate Of The Red Water
The aim of this experiment is to observe and record the rate of the blue water in the dialysis tube
diffusing into the beaker containing different concentrations of salt over 20 minutes to see what
effect the concentrations of salt has on the rate of diffusion. The hypothesized of this experiment is
that the blue water in dialysis tube 3 will have a faster rate of blue dye diffusing into the salt water in
beaker 3. Beaker 1 will have the slowest rate of blue dye diffusing from the dialysis tube into the
salt water and beaker 2 will result in a colour in–between beaker 1 and 3. This is because the
concentration of salt in the beaker is higher than the water in the dialysis tubes so the salt water will
go into the dialysis tube while the blue water in the dialysis tube will diffusion into the beaker. This
experiment was performed by measuring out the same amount of water into each of the 3 beakers
and adding different amounts of salt to each one to change the concentration. 3 dialysis tubes
containing water and 3 drops of blue dye were tied at one end, then tied at the other using cotton
thread before placing them one each into the different concentrated beaker cotton tied end facing
down. After 20 minutes the results were observed and recorded into the results table. The finishing
results were unexpected and not accurate due to the systematic and random errors, rejecting the
hypothesis. One of the most important Functions in biology (providing structure, keeping the cell

Statement Of Biochemistry
I have completed bachelor studies in biotechnology from University of Peshawar Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. During bachelor studies, I have studied core subjects in biotechnology
however, the subject which completely drew my attention was biochemistry. What electrifies me
about biochemistry is that it is multidisciplinary field which bring mathematical, statistical and
computing approaches to solve biological problems by using DNA and amino acid sequences and
related information, therefore, many other fields like molecular medicines, agriculture and
microbiology can get benefits from bioinformatics, which shows the broad range of this field. So I
want to be a part of this field which is creating new approaches towards the biological science ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I know from my personal experience that cross cultural impacts are very thrilling as I was the
member of international society for computational biology Pakistan chapter , these experiences have
helped me to realize how people form diverse background may approach challenges from different
perspectives and by sharing and discussing ideas we all can benefits and resolve difficulty at hand.
Therefore I am convinced that studying masters of bioinformatics at saarland University will be the
optimal gateway for a successful scientific career for

Amplification Of Exons 2 And 4
Amplification Of Exons 2 and 4 To Detect Mutations In The HFE Gene Of Human DNA That Leads
To Iron Overload Causing Hemochromatosis
Introduction
The HFE gene, that causes the disease officially known as hemochromatosis, is found on the short
arm of chromosome six (Dostalikova–Cimburova et al., 2012). This HFE gene codes for a protein
that is found on the surface of liver, intestinal, and immune cells (D'Alessio et al., 2012). The HFE
protein interacts with many other proteins to cooperatively regulate the amount of iron present in the
body. The HFE protein regulates a very important protein called hepcidin. Hepcidin is the main trans
membrane protein that uses hormones to regulate iron in the body (Van Dijk et al., 2008).
When there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second major mutation of the HFE gene is the G845A nucleotide change in exon 4, which alters
the availability of the RsaI restriction sites (Barton et al., 2005). This is because a substitution is
made for the amino acid sequence C282Y in the protein (Trifa et al., 2012).
The purpose of the laboratory experimentation is to screen human genomic DNA for mutations in
the HFE gene, which are linked to hereditary hemochromatosis (Bates et al., 2008). This is
important because by amplifying the exons 2 and 4 within the HFE gene the single nucleotide
mutations will be detected and analyzed to better understand the cause of hemochromatosis. The
mutations of main focus as mentioned previously are the C187G nucleotide change within exon 2
and the G845A nucleotide change within exon 4. These are the main focus because they directly
alter the shape and function of restriction sites necessary for regulation of iron in the body. The
experimentation was completed using common techniques of PCR amplification, restriction digest,
and gel electrophoresis.
Materials and Methods
An important step in detecting the single nucleotide changes within the HFE gene that causes
hemochromatosis is to first use the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification to
amplify specific parts of exons 2 and 4. In the PCR amplification specific primers were used
independently for each exon 2 and

The Experiment On Sarophaga Crassipalpis
The experiment was done on Sarophaga Crassipalpis, a species that enters a period of
developmental/reproductive inactivity called diapause to avoid unfavorable environmental
conditions, regulated by neuroendocrine system in insects. The experiment was performed under
both nondiapause and diapause conditions. During the rearing stage, nondiapause conditions for the
flesh fly pupae were put under long day conditions of 15 hours light and 9 hours dark in 25 degree
Celsius temperatures. Diapause conditions were under short day conditions of 12 hours light and 12
hours dark at that same temperature. Resulting offspring were same light conditions at 20 degrees
Celsius. The total protein was prepared from brains of 25 diapause day 1 pupae as well as 25
nondiapause pupae day 2, then the proteins were extracted during the 5th, 15th, and 25th day after
diapause entrance. The proteins were put back into a protein extraction buffer, then put through
sonication on ice, a one freeze thaw cycle and centrifugation at 14,000 x g at 4 degrees Celsius. The
nuclear protein was prepared by the brains from the nondiapausing and diapause pupae being put
into a hypotonic buffer. The phosphorylated protein was prepared by the collecting samples that
were put into a protein extraction buffer and 0.3 mg PMSF/mL. The phosphorylated proteins were
separated from the complex proteins using MOTC. 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was
performed to resolve protein production patterns of nondiapause

Crime Scenes: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Essay
As seen on many crime shows and in real–life crime scenes, it is necessary to be able to identify
DNA. Most of the time, this is done using a technique known as gel electrophoresis. Gel
electrophoresis is a method used to separate the macromolecules that make up nucleic acids, such as
DNA and RNA, along with proteins. Gel electrophoresis is significant because it has given scientists
insight on what cells cause certain diseases and has led to advancements in DNA and fingerprint
identification. My experiment will use gel electrophoresis to compare the separation of food dye in
different agarose concentrations. The background for this experiment includes the following
subjects: inventors, real–world uses, necessary components, separation, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This theory was formulated in 1970 and is one of the most recent on the topic of gel electrophoresis.
The National Academy of Science states, "The behavior of macromolecules in gel filtration and gel
electrophoresis may be predicted from Ogston's model for random mesh work of fibers. This model
has been generalized to apply to non–spherical molecules and to several gel types. The theory
defines conditions for optimal separation and optimal resolution in gel electrophoresis and gel
filtration" (Unified Theory for Gel Electrophoresis and Gel Filtration). There are a few components
that compose a gel electrophoresis chamber. First of all, there is a chamber used to contain the gel.
The gel used in my experiment will be made from agarose. In order to create an electric field, there
are positive and negative electrodes attached to a power source. My experiment will use alligator
clips as the electrodes and nine–volt batteries as the power source. A buffer solution, in this case a
1% solution of baking soda, submerges the gel to allow the ions to carry through and maintain the
stability of the Ph levels. A comb is used to generate wells inside of the gel to hold the samples. The
comb will be made of styrofoam (Forensic Science: Building Your Own Tool For Identifying DNA).
Proteins, or nucleic acids, are isolated and separated within a gel. The gel is cast in a thin, welled
slab. In this particular experiment, the gel will be

Bacteria And Its Effects On Bacterial Populations
Often in prokaryotes like bacteria, they contain plasmids which are small double stranded rings of
extra DNA. Most of these plasmids contain a small amount of genes which replicated by themselves
rather than with the DNA in the cell. These plasmids could be beneficial or a detrimental to the
bacteria. For the beneficial side, plasmids contain products for toxins that can go on to make their
host immune to that of the toxin along with many infectious diseases have been cured by plasmids
as antibiotic resistances. The world today has seen an increase in antibiotic resistance and due to this
there is an increase in the amount of antibiotic genes in bacterial populations. When an antibiotic is
present in a bacterial cell, they will have an advantage when compared to other bacteria that do not
contain the antibiotic which will help them survive better in their respective environments.
Antibiotics are defined as "a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms." They
do this by attacking the structure of the bacteria and destroying it within the body. Destroying the
bacteria can come in many different ways though. For one instance, the antibiotic will block the
bacteria's growth and reproduction by preventing the cell to multiply by blocking certain nutrients
that the cell would need to divide and reproduce. Another way the antibiotic can fight against the
bacteria is by destroying the cell wall of the bacteria causing it to die. These antibiotics can be
fought

Research Paper On Cornerstone 2-Day 2
Do Now – Cornerstone 2 – Day Two
Directions: Answer the questions below. Then, decide if each scenario is continuous or discrete.
1. Darrin is emptying out his bathtub. There are 28 gallons of water in the tub and it is decreasing at
a rate of 1 gallon per minute.
Write an equation to represent the relationship between the amount of water in the tub, y, and the
number of minutes the tub has been draining, x.
2. Tylia makes balloon animals at a kids' birthday party to earn extra money. The equation, p(b) = 3f,
represents the relationship between all the money she makes, p(b), and the number of balloon
animals she makes, b.
How much does Tylia charge for each balloon animal?
What is the y–intercept? What does it represent?
If Tylia made 21 dollars, how many balloon animals did she make? Represent your response with
function notation.
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justin is learning how to go rock climbing by taking a class. The equation H = 4L + 30 represents
the total height in feet in feet he can climb, D, based on the number of classes he has gone to, L.
How high can Justin climb after he takes 9 lessons?
How high could Justin climb before he started taking classes?
Name:_____________________________________
Date:_____________________Class:____________
Exit Card – Cornerstone 2 – Day Two
1. Compare the functions f(x) = 1x + 5 and g(x) = 5x + 1. Are these functions the same? Does the
order of the numbers matter? Justify your response by completing the tables below. f(x) = 1x + 5 x
f(x) g(x) = 5x +

What Is A Ligand?
Computer–Aided Drug Discovery and Design (CADDD)
X–ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques have been
immensely helpful in unraveling chemical composition and three–dimensional (3–D) geometry of a
small organic molecule, particularly proteins. Such 3–D structures can be assessed at open access
protein databases (http://www.rcsb.org).
These 3–D structures of proteins significantly reveal the information about various physiological
processes based on interactions between proteins or between proteins and ligands. In 1962, Max
Perutz and John Kendrew received Nobel award for the work on structure of myoglobin. Since then,
several Scientists have made considerable contribution for the determination of protein ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tools give useful insight of information regarding the nature of target–ligand interactions,
which consequently predict molecular models which are further used for the lead discovery and
optimization. Ligand–based designing approaches are based on the information about structure of
the active ligand which can interact with biological targets. The efforts for the designing of the novel
drug molecule is based on the concept known as molecular similarity; compounds with high
molecular structural resemblance with pre–existing ligands, are more likely to have similar
pharmacological activity profiles. This approach is considered an indirect methodology as it is
usually followed in absence of the 3–D structure of the target or if the target is unknown or cannot
be predicted.
There are a number of ways to screen a small molecule library in order to identify key pattern
present in a known active molecule or a set of them. The most common and simplest approach is the
use of molecular descriptors or physicochemical properties. Molecular features, such as electronic,
steric and hydrophobic properties, are obtained from practical experiments or theoretical
investigations. Further, these descriptors are compared with the reference molecule or set of
molecules with a large library of compounds at a very low cost.
Another commonly used approach used in the

Pdb Enzyme Lab
The crystal structure of enzyme Plasmodium falciparum enzyme farnesyltransferase was not found
available in Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive, therefore the structure was built using homology
modeling method. In order to predict the structure of enzyme (PfFT), the sequence of enzyme IDs
PF3D7_1242600 [alpha– subunit] and PF3D7_1147500 [beta subunit] were obtained from the web
services (www.gene db.org), protein sequence data bank in swiss prot or uniprock KB (Q8IHP6),
NCBI (AAW78025). The only sequence of the active site (beta–subunit) was taken for homology
modeling. Phyre2 V 2.0 at server available online
(http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id=index). The X–ray crystallographic structure
of farnesyltransferase from aspergillus fumigatus protein ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Atomic charges were assigned to the receptor using AMBER7 FF99 force field. The protein
complex was minimized using AMBER7 FF99 force field. Finally the 3D structure of the prepared
protein was saved as PDB file.
3.4.2. Protomol generation
The protomol is a representation of the enzyme's binding cavity in which putative ligands are
aligned. The complexed ligand from the crystal structure was used to construct the protomol, which
was then stored as MOL2 file. Ligands were docked directly from molecular database or mol2 files.
3.5. Ligands Sources
Compounds used in and docking screening were downloaded as mol2 files from the web–based
databases zinc docking org. (www. zinc.docking.org) The ligand geometries were optimized with
the Powel method using the Tripos force field and Gasteiger–Hückel charges for all atoms, until a
gradient 0.01 kcal/mol/Å was

Gene Technology
Gene Technology
Nelly Solorzano
Strayer University
SCI115008VA016–1158–001
Intro to Biology
Kerry Lee
November 29, 2015
Gene Technology
Biological basis – Genetic engineering is a laboratory process by which an individual genome is
purposely modified. With genetic engineering a gene from one species can be transferred to another
and produce an organism that is transgenic or a gene can be altered and reinserted into an individual
of the same species. Either way resulting in genetically modified organism also known as GMO.
One GMO being used now is genetically modified or engineered animals which are animals in
which modern technology and molecular biology are used to alter their existing characteristics or
traits. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Changes are being made to refine the genetic engineering techniques that are being used such as the
use of less invasive procedures and less creation of large quantities of animals warranting for less
animals exposed to harmful procedures, because out the ones that are created only so many survive
the genetic engineering procedures or actually have the wanted outcome.
There are also concern with the some of the outcomes of experimenting with genetically modified
animals especially with the transplant of animal organs into humans as this may cause catastrophic
results being that all human pandemics have been cause of animal viruses that adapted to replicate in
humans. Also experimenting with the genes of animals raises ethical dilemmas as some animals
have been genetically modified to carry mutations associated with human diseases and often suffer
the same symptoms of these conditions like humans.
My personal view on this matter of genetically modified animals is that if they are used for a good
purpose such as medicine for humans and other animals than this is a good cause.
The first genetically modified animals were mice but now a days they are experimenting with many
more animals I do have some reservations on this matter. While I do know a lot of research has been
accomplished without the need of experimenting on humans. I don't think animals

Personal Statement Of Computational Biology
SOP
In this fast paced ever changing world, there is always a need to increase the efficiency and reduce
the time required for a particular problem to be solved. Most biological experiments, apart from
being time consuming, are unpredictable and difficult to maintain, which results in a wastage of
resources. With the advent of computers and their increased application in many different fields of
study, we can now theoretically test out the hypothesis before proceeding with the practical
experiment. Computational biology, as it is termed, is paving the path towards achieving this. With
the success of the human genome project, the need for biologists equipped with the ability to look at
diseases from a computational and mathematical standpoint ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I was an editorial board member of my college magazine and I enjoyed every aspect of working
with the other members to make the magazine the success that it was. I have also taken part in a
Green Revolution Global Certification Program, a cause supported by the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change. I spent my time raising awareness about the dangers of
global warming and my efforts were rewarded when I saw people using environment friendly

Abb Case
ABB Electric Segmentation – Group Case Analysis
Team Members:
Emeka Ejika
John Marceaux
Brandon McNabb
Todd Teepell
Brandon Woods
Suppose you are the regional sales manager for ABB Electric, and you have been given a budget for
a supplementary direct marketing campaign aimed at 20% of the companies in your region 1. At
present, you have information on the Descriptor Data Tab of the ABB Electric Data (Customer
Choice).xls spreadsheet about the location of customers (districts 1, 2, and 3) and the sales potential
of each account of prospect. Based on this information alone, to what companies would you direct
the new direct marketing program? Specify the accounts and customer or prospect types.
In order to determine which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If ABB is able to convert Customer 35 from Edison to its customer base, the conversion would
expand ABB's total annual revenue in the three Districts by over sixty–five percent. The final step of
our analysis was to narrow those results to the top eighteen Customers using APV as the
measurement (twenty percent of eighty–eight companies equals eighteen). The results of the ABB
District analysis and the eighteen potential marketing targets are illustrated in the tables below.
Firm Abbreviations:
A = ABB B = GE C = Westinghouse D = Edison
| | Ann. Purchase | | Firm | | | | Customer | Volume ($ K) | District | Chosen | | | 1 | 24 | $322 | 1 | A | | |
2 | 41 | $444 | 1 | A | | | 3 | 42 | $752 | 1 | A | | | 4 | 45 | $415 | 1 | A | | | 5 | 54 | $660 | 1 | A | | | 6 | 57 |
$736 | 1 | A | | | 7 | 69 | $528 | 1 | A | Total in D1 | $3,857 | 8 | 3 | $643 | 2 | A | | | 9 | 13 | $466 | 2 | A | | |
10 | 37 | $767 | 2 | A | | | 11 | 38 | $182 | 2 | A | | | 12 | 44 | $10,997 | 2 | A | | | 13 | 87 | $395 | 2 | A |
Total in D2 | $13,450 | 14 | 11 | $1,722 | 3 | A | | | 15 | 21 | $749 | 3 | A | | | 16 | 50 | $584 | 3 | A | | | 17 |
58 | $700 | 3 | A | | | 18 | 61 | $462 | 3 | A | Total in D3 | $4,217 |
Customer | Volume ($ K) Annual Purchase | District | Chosen Firm

Latex Balloon Speech
Introductory Paragraph
Thesis: Latex balloons should not be banned due to their possibility of harming the environment,
considering that the latex balloon has become essential for balloon decor and much more, such as
latex creations presented as art.
Body of Argument Paragraph 1:
Background Info: The first balloon art creation is known as the balloon dog. It is not known when
balloon art began, but several historians believe the art may have gotten its start with Herman
Bonnert from Scranton, Pennsylvania, who some believe started twisting balloons into animal
shapes at magicians' conventions in the late 1930s ("Who Invented Balloon Animal?"). The balloon
animal shapes are created by balloon benders, or balloon twisters. This special talent consists of
using one balloon that will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refutation: Balloons function for art and ordinary celebrations without the requirement of helium
(or other gases) which elevate the latex substance.
Many balloon sculptures and businesses promote more balloon sculptures or columns that require no
helium filled balloons.
As well, balloon droppings, or the release of air–balloons previously attached to a ceiling by a net,
are suggested instead of balloon launchings.
Body of Argument Paragraph 3: A career based off latex balloons may seem impossible, more so
now due to regulations on balloon inflation, however many small business have grown into sellers
for corporate buyers seeking balloon art.
Claim: Balloon artistry may be like any other job, yet more suitable because a person may earn an
income from a work he or she enjoys.
Evidence: To execute professional balloon art it takes a college education or at least balloon training

APIs and Future Enterprise Information
APIs and Future of Enterprise Information
Introduction 2
Algorithmic Revolution 2
Stepping Back In Time – Service Orientation 4
From Transactions to Digital Relationships 4
Moving Towards Connected, Composable Businesses 6
Potential Solutions for Governance Issues 6
Singularity – SOA, APIs, and XaaS 8
Conclusion – Enterprise Transformation through XaaS 10
References 11
Introduction
Technology is embedded in almost every aspect of business today. Information technology has now
become a primary driver of market differentiation, business growth, and profitability. This new
Internet led the evolution of the ubiquitous Web 2.0 that is capable of integrating physical and
virtual world entities. Web 2.0 was characterized by specialized, publicly available data sources (e.g.
mapping data, weather information, etc.) accessible via light–weight APIs (Application
Programming Interfaces) that can be used to create value–added services in the form of Mashups.
The propagation of Web APIs has transformed the Web into a platform for collaborative
development and information sharing. The core of this story on the services transformation is not
about the scale of the services nor is it about the revolution in digital technology. Rather, this story is
about how the application of rule–based information technology tools to service activities is
transforming the services component of the economy and mutating the web to become a nimble,
dynamic programming platform.
Algorithmic Revolution

Manipulation And Analysis Of Dna Using Standard Molecular...
SIB2003 Molecular Biology Practicals
Manipulation and analysis of DNA using standard Molecular Biology Techniques.
During the course of the next three practical classes you shall be performing a number of techniques
in order to isolate and manipulate DNA from bacteria. The practicals are spread over three sessions,
the techniques that you will perform are indicated below:
Practical 1 Isolation of plasmid DNA from three cultures of E.coli using a method known as the
alkaline lysis method.
Practical 2
(Part A) Digestion of the plasmid DNA that you have isolated, with restriction enzymes.
Practical 2
(Part B) Transformation of bacterial cells (E. coli) with:
a) No DNA
b) Plasmid DNA
c) digested DNA
Practical 3 Analysis of DNA from practicals 1 and 2 using the technique of agarose gel
electrophoresis and analysis of transfomed E. coli from practical 2 (part B)
Whilst the practical classes deal with different techniques, it is important that you write it up as a
single laboratory report. The write–up should contain a general introduction written as an overview.
The methods and results should be written up as separate sections within the single write–up and the
conclusion should be a general summing up exercise where you can discuss the relative success of
each practical. Please remember that the write–up should be written up in the passive and in past
tense. Further guidelines for the write–up are provided separately and uploaded on Unilearn.
Practical 1

Physioex 9.0 Cell Transport Mechanisms
For Learning Centre use only
Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report
Review Sheet Results
1. 2. Describe two Variables that affect the rate of diffusion.
The two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are:
A. The size of the molecule. The larger molecule will diffuse more slowly than the smaller
molecule. B. The nature of plasma membrane. If the membrane is composed of lipid portion., only
lipid soluble molecules can pass through while water molecules cannot.
3. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through 20 MWCO? How well did the results
compare with your predictions?
The urea was not able to diffuse through 20 MWCO because the size of the pores of 20 MWCO was
too small to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl– concentration has on osmotic pressure and why it has
this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Increasing the Na+ Cl– concentration in the left beaker while keeping the size of MWCO at 20
would result in an increase in osmotic pressure (Run No.2). This was because the high concentration
of Na+ Cl– in the right side of membrane gives a increased force to water (in left beaker) to move
towards the solution with the highest concentration of solutes. Therefore, there was an increase in
osmotic pressure.
However, when the membrane was changed to from 20 MWCO to 50 MWCO, the Na+ Cl–
molecules were able to diffuse through the membrane, the equilibrium would be reached and no
osmotic pressure was generated. If the concentration of Na+ Cl– of both size are equal, the osmotic
pressure would be zero.
I obtained the results from the experiment supported my predictions because as the the concentration
Na+ Cl– was increased from 5 mM to 10 mM (by adding more Na+ Cl–), the osmotic pressure also

increased. However, after the membrane was changed to 50 MWCO, the Na+ Cl– molecules could
diffuse easily through the membrane and did not caused an increase in osmotic pressure.
2. Describe on way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and on way in which is different.
One way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion is that both mechanisms are

The Effects Of Genetically Modified Organisms On The...
An Annotated Bibliography on the Research of the Effects of GMOs Ruf, Andrea. Soil organisms
as an essential element of a monitoring plan to identify the effects of GMO cultivation.
Requirements – Methodology – Standardisation. BioRisk 8: 73–87 (2013) 1–16 Web. 3 Feb. 2016.
This scholarly article gives an in–depth overview of the practice of monitoring the effects of
genetically modified organisms on the environment. A spanning look at the types of soil organisms
best suited for study in relation to GMOs is provided as well as known negative effects on soil
organisms. Studying soil structures and organisms provides researchers with information that can be
used to determine whether or not GMOs interact with the environment differently than non–GMOs.
Andrea Ruf succeeded in presenting largely inaccessible information in a clear and accessible
manner. Her piece is well researched and does not attempt to lead the audience but instead presents
raw, relevant data in an understandable language and format. The investigation of ecosystems and
soil organisms is backed up with charts demonstrating the relationships of specific soil organisms
ecosystems. The insecticidal Bt maize protein is used as an example for how GMOs can negatively
impact the environment through the direct damage they incur on soil organisms. Ruf 's work had no
room for bias as it was composed entirely of unbiased fact and references to reliable research carried
out by

Creating an E. Coli Strain to Produce Antivenom Essay example
Background Each year snakes envenomate 421,000 people, 20,000 of whom die. These injuries are
especially concentrated in developing countries, where snake bites are an occupational hazard.
(Kasturiratne et al. 2008). The negative impact of this could be alleviated by the creation and
production of a low–cost, human–compatible universal antivenom. Lethal Toxin Neutralizing
Factor, henceforth LTNF, is a substance that has been isolated from opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
serum, liquid component of blood. LTNF can neutralize nearly all venoms, by a mechanism not yet
understood, including those never before encountered by the opossum (Menchaca Perez 1981,
Shier 2008). The active site of LTNF has been isolated into a 15 amino acid–long ... Show more
Currently, antivenoms are produced by injecting non–lethal doses of the venom into other animals,
typically large mammals, and collecting the antibodies produced in response (Domont et al. 1991).
In contrast, our project produces LT–15 using genetically manipulated E. coli. There are immense
benefits to our project. Primarily, the benefits derive from the use of LT–15 as a universal antivenom
in medical settings. With LT–15, medical facilities can carry fewer venom–specific antivenoms and
more LT–15, reducing storage costs. Additionally, LT–15 could be used as an initial or booster
antivenom, for when the active venom cannot be immediately identified. Furthermore, use of LT–15
could decrease the per–unit cost of antivenom. Because production of antivenom has high fixed
costs but low variable costs, economies of scale exist and the average cost falls as production
quantity rises. Since LT–15 could be used universally, we anticipate a large demand for it, leading to
a lower cost for per–unit of LT–15 than for each antivenom it replaces (Chen et al. 1995). Finally,
the use of an E. coli to produce antivenom would nearly eliminate the allergic reactions many
patients experience with antivenoms produced in large mammals (Lipps 2000). Current antivenom
production yields a large quantity of animal serum with many antibodies, only some of which are
venom–specific. In order to achieve adequate levels of specific antivenom in the bloodstream, a
large

Genetic Modification Organisms : Testing On Oats, Tortilla...
Genetic Modification Organisms: Testing on Oats, Tortilla Chips, and GMO+ samples Nichole
Wong
Abstract:
In this lab, we tested for the presence of genetically modifications within foods. Specifically, we
investigated genetically–modified oats, genetically–modified tortilla chips, and a genetically
modified GMO+ sample. I hypothesized that the oats would have tested negative for GMOs, the
tortilla chips would have tested positive for GMOs, and the GMO+ sample would have tested
positive for GMOs. During testing, my group mashed the oats and tortilla chips in separate tubes
with InstaGene liquids and water. We then proceeded to perform PCR to multiply the number of
genes for experimentation with PMM and GMM (plant master mix and gene master mix, which both
held the primers used for DNA replication). The samples were finally placed into an electrophoresis
chamber (referred to as a gel box) with loading dye and went under DNA electrophoresis. The
results showed that GMOs were used in the harvesting of oats, the manufacturing of tortilla chips,
and the preparation of GMO+ samples. Moreover, because the sample for the plant DNA in the oats
was destroyed and the tubes that held plant DNA in tortilla chips, GMOs in tortilla chips, and GMOs
in GMO+ samples were mixed up, there is doubt as to whether or not we received accurate results.
Introduction:
In

Using The Latest Trends Of Business Processes
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify and to enumerate the benefits and disadvantages of adopting
the latest trends, especially advancements in technology, in small–scale businesses. A brief summary
of a scenario involving non–fictional characters is included to depict similar real–world conundrums
faced by entrepreneurs. This paper first illustrates the benefits of incorporating the aforementioned
trends into small–scale businesses, and then moves on to list and to discuss its disadvantages. Lastly,
the paper weighs the pros and cons of using the latest trends of business processes. All arguments
provided in the paper are based on the depicted scenario. Other assumptions made by the author of
this paper are included to provide a more elaborate and thorough discussion of the case in study.
Case Study: Going Against the Modern Tide Matt and Grace own a small supermarket in a rural
town. Their target demographics are the growing population of slightly computer–literate elderly in
the town as well as the students of a nearby private liberal arts college. They also don 't experience
any competition from large chain stores because of their remote location. After attending the
Chamber of Commerce meeting, Matt suggested undergoing a project to build a website for their
supermarket in order to boost their sales as well as to make their business more competitive. He was
adamant about adopting the latest trends in business process in order to keep their business

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