The Tensions Between The United States And The Middle East

The Tensions Between The United States And The Middle East
Following September 11, 2001, there seemed to be a sense of fear towards Arabs and Muslims in
America. Since then, the tension between the United States and the Middle East has escalated.
Based on the attention terrorist attacks receive, stereotypes tend to arise toward Muslims. Terrorists
can be any ethnicity or religion, but typically jihadist terrorists' gain the most attention in the media
and the press. In America, Arabs, Muslims, and Jihadists tend to all get grouped together, even
though they are not synonymous terms (Amble, 2012, pp. 340, 342). Not every Arab is a Muslim
and not every Muslim is a terrorist. In fact, only a small portion of Muslims partake in terrorist
activities and the Islam religion actually prohibits deliberate murder of unarmed individuals in battle
and suicide (Pratt, 2013). If many stereotypes of Muslims seem to be incorrect, then it is crucial that
Christians become educated on what Muslims actually believe. Critiques of the Islam faith that the
Christian makes cannot be rooted in the actions of a few radicals. Just as certain people do evil
things in the name of Christianity, without truly knowing Christ, I believe terrorists do the same. By
targeting the aspects of violence in Islam I believe the Christian can close doors to witnessing.
Instead, I think there are two core criticisms between the Islam religion and Christianity that can be
analyzed to persuade a Muslim, law and logic. These two categories would allow us to meet with
Muslims at
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Christianity And Islam : The Religions
Christianity and Islam are the two largest religions in the world. Christianity is a belief built on the
life, teachings and death and rebirth of Jesus. He was born as a Jew in Roman–Occupied Palestine
(Fisher, pg. 302). Christians believe Jesus was born in Bethlehem. (Fisher pg. 305) According to the
Gospel Jesus mother is virgin Mary and she conceived him by the Holy Spirt (fisher, pg. 306). Jesus
taught the word of God and he also performed some miracles such as turning water into wine,
healing the sick among many others (Fisher, Pg.308). Jesus was known as the messiah which means
"perfect" or "enlightened one" (Fisher, pg. 314). Jesus teaching did not go well with the authorities
at that time, the Jewish and the Roman and they decided to crucify him (Fisher, pg. 316–317). Many
Christian depict the crucifixion of Jesus, as him sacrificing his blood for the sake of humanity and
Jesus died for their sin. After his death, Jesus was resurrected and then moved up to heaven. The
four book that talks about Jesus life, teaching and death are the Gospels, Mathews, Mark, Luke, and
John.
Islam is a monotheist religion and people who follow this religion are called Muslim. Islam believes
that there is only one God Allah and Muhammad (Pbuh) is his messenger. Like Christianity and
Judaism, Islam traces its ancestry to Abraham (Fisher, pg. 377). According to Muslims Muhammad
(Pbuh) is the last prophet. He was born in Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe. The Quraish tribe
were

Religion Is The Most Important Aspect Of A Person 's Life
For centuries, and just until recently, religion was the most important aspect in a person's life. From
the beginning of times, new communities have emerged as a result of religious battles or
disagreements among those who reject the idea of an imposed religious state. Religion have
predominantly governed the economic, societal and political institutions of our word for decades. It
is so that every nation or community in the world have adopted their rules of law, and societal rules
according to the tenets of their religious views. Although one may think that religion caused humans
to be less technologically advanced, religion has nonetheless brought social changes and shape
communities to live according to moral and ethical guidelines. For example; The Islamic religion
have recently endured high criticism among western nation. Such criticism have been led to
nationalist groups, Islamic terrorist organizations, a widespread of radical groups claiming to fight
for the survival and continuance of the Islamic religion. Nevertheless, the Islamic religion have been
prominent and highly recognized for its contributions in mathematical science, trade and commerce,
and the great teaching of the Quorum. In ancient times where cultural warfare and battles among
various ethnic groups have destroyed important developments in science, Muslims strived to
preserve the heritage of the ancient world. Through a codified, systemized, explained, criticized
system, Muslims took over teachings

Article Review : The List Created By The Runnymede Trust Runs
The list created by the Runnymede Trust runs a stark parallel to the political and social happenings
in this country and around the world. Anti–terrorism legislation in the United States, and to an even
greater extent in other countries like France and Switzerland, has become a vehicle for Islamophobia
and creates even greater hardship for Muslims everywhere. On a social level, the Runnymede Trust's
forewarning of Islamophobia becoming more respectable is actualizing. Intellectual Islamophobia in
the ilk of Bill Maher is becoming increasingly popular in American culture, and it runs largely on
the views the report points out. An important aspect in the discussion about Islam, and one that ties
into why a commentator like Bill ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was exemplified by the treatment of comments made by Ben Affleck when he appeared on Bill
Maher's HBO show, and those of Reza Aslan on CNN. While both argued against anti–Muslim
prejudice, their opinions were viewed very differently by the American media. While Ben Affleck's
visceral anger, calling Maher's ideology "gross and racist," was praised and valued, Aslan, a Muslim
American academic and professor of religion, was forced into an apologetic stance to elicit a
recognition that Muslims are diverse in their outlooks and beliefs before being dismissed anyway.
His opinion was later recast as angry and hostile, invalidating his argument completely by basing it
in emotion rather than rationality, tactics that we see employed over and over again. Compare
Affleck's obvious annoyance and Aslan's polite frustration, and it is easily ascertainable that
Affleck's white privilege allows him to express similar sentiments as Aslan in far cruder terms, and
not be dismissed entirely for it. Muslims, like many other minorities in the United States, have faced
hardship for many years, but their struggle increased exponentially following the attacks on the
World Trade Center. Increasingly, Muslim Americans have had to prove their worth as humans, as
evidenced by the "Not in my Name" campaign. A statement by Audre Lorde encapsulates well what
many Muslim Americans struggle with: "Black and Third world

Islam and Democracy
Throughout the twentieth century and continuing into the twenty–first, a leading question arose
regarding Islam and its traditions. This question asked whether Islam can be compatible with
democracy. Seemed as a simple question, such an inquiry requires an in–depth look at the matter at
hand. When one asks whether Islam is compatible with democracy, one needs to analyze the
definition of democracy. According to Webster's Dictionary, democracy is "a form of government in
which supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or their elected agents
under a free electoral system." Such is the definition that mainly pertains to western democracy and
western thought. What many tend to forget is that democracy should not be ... Show more content
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Secondly; freedom, equality before the law, equity in the treatment of citizens are essential Islamic
values. Consequently, the ideals of democracy lie in the same notion of ideals and values. Such
comparison strengthens the notion that Islam and democracy have quite similar means. Furthermore,
according to Islam in Transition,
Rulers are accountable to the community and are responsible for looking after its affairs. This
responsibility was endorsed, in action, but the Prophet himself. No ruler succeeding the Prophet has
the right to claim immunity that the Prophet himself did not enjoy (Esposito 284)
Such a statement is critical in understanding why Islam is compatible with democracy due to the
important reason that contemporary democracy is mainly focused on accountability of modern day
leaders. With the concept of accountability present in early Islam, it is hard to refute the reasoning
that democracy does not correspond with Islam. Iran's former President Mohammad Khatami
generalized the role of Islam with democracy in quite an ingenious way. President Khatami
suggested that, "today world democracies are suffering from a major vacuum, which is the vacuum
of spirituality, and that Islam, can provide the framework for combining democracy with spirituality
and religious government ." It is arguably understandable that Islam is a religion that focuses on
peace

The Only Thing We Have For Fear Is Fear By President...
"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Inaugural Address (1933)
When the terrorist threat and fear politics are analyzed, there are many approaches that different
school of thoughts has taken. Some of them are unbalanced and primarily critical towards what is
normative in their respective societies, rather than offering a comprehensive reading of the myriad
interconnected issues that relates to the nature of terrorism and political securitization. This essay,
through discussing the conceptual framework of Said (1978), Kumar (2012) and Masco (2014) in
investigating how fear is constructed, harnessed and used to serve the American imperial interests,
will argue that the role of religion is immensely significant in the construction of terrorism/death
industry, and why it is vital to include it in analyzing the war on terror.
To publicly talk about the connection between an ideology, in this case Islam, and the believer's
violence and bigotry has been stigmatized by notions of racism and intolerance towards
multiculturalism. Many leftist academicians, such as Kumar (2012), are involved in a growing
industry of producing an apologetic and uncritical literature that seems to shield Muslims from
facing the sorts of realities that their faith creates, thus Islamic extremism is never what it seems. By
making the discussion lopsided and focused predominantly on the securitization industry as in
Masco (2014), the jihadists cannot

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi Research Paper
On October 26, 1919, in Tehran, Iran, a man was born who would change the course of history
forever. This man fostered some of the best nationalization policies in his country, in addition to new
development programs designed to better the lives of Iranians. His name: Mohammad Reza Shah
Pahlavi (Encyclopaedia Britannica). In 1979, Pahlavi was exiled from his country because of a
political revolution, but it was perhaps his exile more than anything else he did in his life that was
the real turning point, mostly due to the rise of Radical Islam that followed shortly after. Reza
Pahlavi may not seem like an important figure in history, but his banishment changed the course of
history forever.
Born October 26, 1919, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of an army officer who became ruler of
Iran in 1925. Then, after his father's exile on September 16, 1941, Mohammad Reza replaced his ...
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When Pahlavi made it to the United States in October 1979, Islamic militants in Tehran responded
on November 4 by initiating the Iranian hostage crisis (Chun and History.com).
But what did Reza Pahlavi's exile actually do? Some might propose an argument that it did nothing
but allow a gate to open that Khomeini was able to slip through. However, the facts would prove
otherwise. Although the shah had downfalls that led to revolts, his contributions to Iranian society
cannot be missed. During his address to the World Affairs Council, Reza Pahlavi stated,
I invite my fellow Iranians to accept and defend our differences in the spirit of pluralism and
tolerance, and champion the cause of human rights, secularism and democracy as a common
denominating goal, above and beyond our personal, ethnic, religious and ideological variations.
There can only be one real solution: change from within, and at the hand of the Iranian people, is the
only legitimate, and the least costly

Islam Oppression, Muslim Terrorist, Sharia Barbaric
Islam–Oppression, Muslim–Terrorist, Sharia–Barbaric. From the horrors of the 9/11 attacks to the
brutality of ISIS, these connections, these perceptions, and these views have been reinforced and
amplified. These beliefs have come to manifest themselves in actions. In July of 2009, Marwa El–
Sherbini was stabbed to death in a courtroom in Dresden, Germany by Alex Wiens after testifying
against him in regards to verbal abuses over her wearing of the Islamic headscarf, the hijab. In
August of 2012, Wade Michael opened fire on a Sikh temple killing six, while believing they were
Muslim. In November of 2014, four mosques in Quebec were vandalized in one week. This has been
the atmosphere in which Muslims have come to live. Attacked and berated, the Muslim community
has had to deal with the rise of a new wave of discrimination; one that signals out Muslims as
uncivilized, oppressive, barbaric warmongers. It has had to deal with the rise of Islamophobia. And
what is Islamophobia? Is it anything that someone says against Islam? Can anyone criticize the
religion and its doctrine? Does the term infringe on the individual's right to free speech? Does it
stifle public debate and openness, both of which are hallmarks of a democracy, by labelling those
who oppose Islam as irrational, bigots? And so, definitions become important. Islam, in the simplest
sense, is a religion with its own unique traditions and practices. A phobia, as defined by Merriam
Webster, is "an exaggerated, usually

Why Latinos Convert To Islam Essay
*Why are Latinas converting to Islam? What challenges do they face? Many Latins were converting
to Islam because they felt they connected to Islam. It was mentation in the book that from the year
711 to 1492 Andalusia, Spain, grew under the rule of the culturally advanced Islamic empire. Also,
hundreds of Spanish words were taken from Arabic. For example, ojala comes from Insha'Allah
which means God willing. Moreover, Islam offers a very logical and simple message that does not
require people to give up most of their biblical beliefs and also Islam make Latinos feel like they are
at home in the Muslim world. Many Latinos find that the Koran and Islam is very simple and it is
not just a religion but it is a way of life. From the stories that was in the reading I learned that
Latinos convert to Islam because they find more peace in Islam than their original religion.
The challenges that they faced was their families and being accepted with their new religion among
their family. Another challenge was understanding the culture of the religion and the strict
guidelines for women. For example, how women and men are separated at the mosque by a curtain
during prayers. After the September 11 attack the challenge was defending the faith especially
women who wore the scarf. Their faith was severely tested specially in ... Show more content on
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I also noticed that the parents of the girl include the word attractive or beautiful or the height of their
daughters in the description to make her more desirable. I noticed that Muslim Americans that were
in the matrimonials were successful, almost all of them were in Medical school or already doctors
and lawyers. Also, I learned that only the parents who post in the matrimonial not their sons and
daughters and also older women can post there to find a husband or a life

Religion Is A Form Of Government
"Democracy is a form of government, where a constitution guarantees basic personal and political
rights, fair and free elections, and independent courts of law." (Democracy 2004). Religion and
politics have been long viewed as partners for many and yet some find the relationship a struggle.
Religion usually pertains to an individual or a community of like minded members in the private
sector. An example of such a body of individuals includes church or social organizations. As part of
Western civilization, Americans typically embraced the separation of church and state as they
believe that religion has no place in politics at all. Politics usually apply to the public sector where
individuals serve as members of a wider community such as ... Show more content on
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How do they impact each other?
According to Wikipedia 2014, "Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and
world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. It is also the most intensive and
comprehensive method of valuing that is experienced by humankind". Religion is often difficult to
identify or define because it overlaps on many different boundaries in human experience. This
complex phenomenon has led many theorists to attempt to form a cohesive definition, however,
every theory has its limitations thus making this task utterly impossible to complete. Religion can
also resolve matters on the private and public sector such as issues regarding life and death, love and
sex, authority and freedom. Although religious traditions often challenge each other, they also offer
individuals with a sense of security and direction. It can also dictate those who are in power versus
those who are not, and often provides validation for imbalances in social, economic, and political
power, as well as structure for advancement and revolutionary change.
According to Fairlax 2014, "Politics is the art or science of government or governing, especially the
governing of a political entity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and
external affairs", the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to

The Tasks And Traditions Of Interpretation Of The Quran
The Qur'an is one of the most interpreted religious books in existence. The two articles, "The Tasks
and Traditions of Interpretation" and "Western Scholarship and The Qur'an", interpret the Qur'an
from two distinct points of view. The first article, "The Tasks and Traditions of Interpretation" by
Jane McAuliffe introduces a famous commentator named Ali Ibn–al–Jawzī and explains his analysis
on the different Surās within the Qur'an. McAuliffe also introduces other famous commentators and
compares them to Ibn al–Jawzī's view. In the article "Western Scholarship and the Qur'an" by
Andrew Rippin, the author presents interpretations of the Qur'an by Europeans from the 20th
century. This interpretation is presented form a secular perspective, ... Show more content on
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Asabi al–nuzūl is the term for "occasions" or "reasons" for the revelations and "Succinctly put, it
captures the historical and contextual investigations that various verses and suras of the Quran
provoked" (). Some of the verses may have been revealed by Muhammad in response to a question
he was asked, but for many of the verses there is no specific reason for their revelations. In Q109
some grammatical peculiarities can be observed and are questioned. One profound objection "is the
objective pronoun used in the third verse of Q 109, 'what I worship'. Should not, the grammarians
asked, the correct expression be 'You do not worship whom I worship?' After all, God is a 'who', not
a 'what'" (). This question is answered by Al–Tūsi by saying the "what" in this phrase is referring to
an Idol. The next question regarding the repetition in the verses is answered simply as repetition is
used as a rhetorical device to provide emphasis on a statement. This article provides a strong secular
disposition and does answer many common fundamental questions in understanding the verses of
the Qur'an. It provides a better understanding of the setting when these verses were written and why
they were written in such a way. Since Islam is one of the oldest religions, with plenty of
interpretations, it faces opposition when analyzed from a 21st century mind. A weakness I find in
this article is that it doesn't provide a basis for what Islam or the Qur'an represent. It just analyzes
the

Summary Of Racism In The Nation Of Islam
Racism is found in many different forms and to this day there are no ways of abolishing it in society.
James Baldwin, an African American minister, has developed many thoughts and ideas regarding
racism from personal experiences and interactions. He believes in the idea that individuals affected
by racism form, as he calls them, gimmicks in order to escape the discrimination. These gimmicks
are ways of separating from reality and forming beliefs based on fantasies of an individual's "perfect
world." For example, to Baldwin religion is not reality but rather an image of a perfect world. In this
paper I will analyze Baldwin's views and critiques of theses gimmicks, specifically in the Nation of
Islam. In addition to this, the paper will cover Baldwin's solution to racism. In the book, The Fire
Next Time, one can see Baldwin believes the Nation of Islam is using gimmicks in order to avoid
finding a way to extinguish racism in the world, which he believes can be accomplished through
love. In The Fire Next Time, the Nation of Islam's views surround the idea that all whites are the
devil. It is believed that there was once a time when black individuals were superior until the devil
created the white race (page 49). Baldwin rapidly argues this because he is aware of this gimmick
idea. The Nation of Islam is aware of the many discriminations they have faced as African–
Americans. Events such as the 1954 court decision to remove segregations in school, was clearly
passed in order to

Malcolm X Research Paper
Malcolm Little popularly known as Malcolm X was a former member of the Nation of Islam
religious group, known for his outspoken views on segregation and his human rights activism. On
February 21, 1965 Malcolm X was shot to death in the Audubon Ballroom in New York City by
radical members of his former group, the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was killed due to many
peoples dislike of his, at the time, radical opinions; and his, as many members perceived it, betrayal
of the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X had quit the Nation of Islam lead by Elijah Muhammad, and
"had accused Muhammad of infidelity and left the Nation in March 1964" (Drash). Malcolm
claimed that the leader of the Nation of Islam had affairs with several teen mistresses, cheating on
his wife, breaking federal law, and fathering children with his mistresses; Malcolm's claims enraged
many members of the Islamic group which at the time was headed by Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm
X was also in danger due to many white–supremacy supporting ... Show more content on
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Several shots were fired at Malcolm X and, "bullets of two different calibers as well as shotgun
pellets had been removed from his body," (Kihss) during the autopsy which gave police the
conclusion that there had been multiple individuals trying to shoot Malcolm X. Others who were
spectators in the crowd were also injured in the shooting to cause the crowd to panic so that there
would be a diversion and the shooters could get away. Hagan being one of the shooters was the only
man spotted by police as he fired his gun at Malcolm and was found with the same kind of
ammunition in his pocket that was shot into the now dead Malcolm X, incriminating Hagan.
Muhammad Abdul Aziz and Kahlil Islam were also arrested then later freed when Hagan admitted
to the shooting and incriminated two others who he had known were involved in the murder,
clearing the names of the two falsely imprisoned

Improving Women's Rights in Territories under Sharia Law
Introduction
Human Rights Council
Improving women's rights in territories under Sharia law
CHEMUN 2014 Background Notes – HRC
Sharia, a set of laws and rules for self–government, is derived from the Quran. Not only does it
deal in secular fields, such as politics and economics, it also guides hygiene, etiquette, diet, prayer,
etc. In addition, it talks about a woman's role in society. Women are expected to be "obedient," while
men are required to be their "maintainers." It establishes a gender hierarchy, compromising the some
basic freedoms and rights of females. In a speech for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,
Mr. Navi Pillay stated, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights promises a world that is free
and equal, and we will only honor that promise if everyone – without exception – enjoys the
protection they deserve."
!
Definition of Key Terms
Sharia law
(Also called Syaria law or Islamic law) Sharia law refers to a moral code established by the religion
of Islam. It outlines gender roles in Islam and provides guidelines by which to live everyday. In
addition, it lists consequences and punishments for not following said laws.
Islam
Mixed system
A religion whose guiding principles are articulated in the Qu'ran. They believe the purpose of life is
to worship god. Many sectors, with different rules of government, exist.
!2
CHEMUN 2014 Background Notes – HRC
Sharia law is followed by different territories to different extents. One form is where a

What's So Great About America By Dinesh D'souza
What's So Great About America is a novel written by Dinesh D'Souza to defend the constant
criticism of the United States after September 11. Instead of looking at the negatives of this country
and the struggles of terrorism, D'Souza makes clear how important patriotism in America is and how
to avoid fear of future conflict. Dinesh D'Souza, who immigrated from India, was able to share his
optimistic experiences of living in America. Although being a former White House policy analyst,
D'Souza illustrates America for what it is rather than sugarcoating it to make it politically ideal.
America today receives harsh comments regarding problems faced throughout the country along
with citizens accusing America for foreign affairs. American citizens look past how lucky one is to
live in such a country because the main focus seems to revolve around the multiple disputes being
faced. D'Souza emphasizes two concepts in which he explains the reasoning for America to be
considered perfectly imperfect. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this, D'Souza makes his first point: "Much of the world hates the United States and her
citizens" (bookchase.blogspot.com). Throughout the beginning of What's So Great About America,
D'Souza makes the focal point America's enemies along with the reasoning behind the hatred. He
personally reflects on the altercations between America and other countries, stating that they "play–
out in his life" (Dinesh, 2002). Being an immigrant, D'Souza takes full advantage of everything that
is great about America. He administers his criticism towards "terrorists," the "European school," the
"Islamic school," the "Asian school," and the "political movement called multiculturalism"(Dinesh,

Understanding Islam
"Understanding Islam" by Kenneth Jost, pg. 172 – 176
Islam is an ill–perceived religion throughout most of the Western world. Once known as a quiet and
peaceful religion, the general perception of people from other religions and most of the world upon
Islam is quite distorted. Ever since the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, an influx of
discrimination and prejudice towards Islam and Muslims has spread throughout the world. In
"Understanding Islam," by Kenneth Jost, an article about several accounts of how Muslims are
mistreated and stereotyped throughout the world, brings up a recent poll within the United States
says that 45 percent of those surveyed has an unfavorable view of Islam. The article also states that a
CBS poll ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This lack of understanding induces a great amount of prejudice. With this prejudice, perceptions are
exacerbated often times by religious and evangelical leaders. For example, Jerry Vines, former
president of the Southern Baptist Convention, called Islam's founder and Prophet Muhammad, a
"demon–possessed pedophile." Another religious leader, Franklin Graham, called Islam, "a very evil
and wicked religion." Even Pope Benedict XVI drew sharp criticism for his remarks for quoting a
medieval Christian emperor's description of Islam as "evil and inhuman." Remarks such as these can
go such a long way especially with radical leaders making these insensitive comments. These
comments support the aforesaid notions on how society acts as a whole when viewing an outside
culture.
Being part of the Jewish religion and all that its culture entails, I can relate to the Muslims' struggle
against prejudice. In the United States, 78.6 percent of the nation is Christian ("Religious Landscape
Survey" August 2007). As typical Christians are English–speaking Caucasians, it is often unusual to
find someone who looks different and believes in a different faith. Unfortunately, this prejudice that
is faced from most Christians towards Muslims in the United States is all too real. Most Americans
feel uncomfortable or ambivalent towards Muslims

The Phenomenon Of Islamophobia In The United States
The United States, where the grass is greener and dreams are made comes a horror story that is
racism and phobia, where justice cannot be judged because of the unlimited bias towards this
subject. Our fathers who created this great nation have established a constitution which states the
freedom of speech and religion, however recently it has been shown that freedom of religion is a
term used freely until an issue has occurred to alienate the entirety of a culture. Some believe that all
muslims are radical and cannot be reasoned with; however this is not true and the majority of
muslims cause no more threat to the stability to the United States than other ethnicities.
Jane I. Smith the writer of "The Journal of Religion" states that "... Islam is far from being
considered an established American Religion. By informing Americans about the ... Show more
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Writer Abid Ullah Jan, decried Western Islamophobia and stated that it was "paving the way for
Muslim holocaust... towards mainstream fascism: a time when pogrom of Muslims would not
generate any sympathy or reaction in their favour." Pakistan's Permanent Representative to the
United Nations, speaking on behalf of the 57 Islamic countries, declared that the phenomenon of
Islamophobia was on the rise in Europe and urged Western countries to promote tolerance and
respect for all religions. He warned about the dangers of Islamophobia: "If we read the trends
closely and connect the dots, it is obvious Muslims are being dehumanized. This is painful memory
of the jenacide. That dark chapter of history and pogroms must never be repeated, this time
involving Muslims." Jews more than any group, should be sensitive to accusing other people of
what the Nazis accused them: a ruthless people intent on slaughtering and enslaving the German
people. To the even–handed observer, neither group should be subject to such

The Role Of Music Festivals On The Inner City Muslim...
In Iranian jails, artists, musicians and filmmakers are held as prisoners on charges of "insulting
Islamic sanctities" through their work. Coordinated by Amnesty International, the #FreeArtists
social media campaign was recently launched to secure artists' release. Considered the "nail in the
coffin for freedom of expression in Iran," the imprisonment of these artists was an attempt by
Iranian authorities to silence what was considered sacrilegious rhetoric in their works. For most
Americans, the ability to freely practice artistic expression is often taken for granted. For Muslim
Americans, the opportunity for freedom of expression is taken and used to further the aims of their
community. As a community, Muslims in the United States face increasing challenges from anti–
Muslim rhetoric, divisive political speech and negative media portrayals. The arts are used by
organizations like the Inner–City Muslim Action Network (IMAN – the Arabic word for faith) as a
site of opportunity, engagement and representation. Specifically, music festivals are used by Muslim
Americans to assert cultural identity, create and connect communities and establish a positive
cultural presence in the United States. Chicago's 'Takin It To The Streets' event provides a unique
lens through which to view Muslim cultural identities in the United States and allows for analysis of
how these identities form cross–cultural encounters and interfaith connections. Chicago is one of the
most diverse cities in

Islamophobia In The United States
This paper takes a closer look at Islamophobia in the United States. Islamophobia is defined as
irrational fear of Islam and Muslims. Is Islamophobia real or are Muslims, as some suggest, simply
taking advantage of the religious freedoms guaranteed in our Constitution and the tradition of
pluralism and acceptance. Others say Islamophobia exists because Muslims refuse to integrate into
American society. Yet others will say Muslims refuse to integrate because of Islamophobia.
"American Islam" and "mainstream Muslim" are both terms that have become highly politicized and
must be understood specific to time and place. The media also plays a role in catering to the fear of
Islam and Muslims by Americans. In this paper I will go into beliefs, as ... Show more content on
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According to FBI statistics, since 9/11, there have been more hate crimes committed against Jews
than against Muslims (Goldberg, 2010). Fifty–nine percent of hate crimes are anti–Semitic, as
opposed to 14% against anti–Islamic. The ratio hovers around four–to–one. Why are we not hearing
more about Judeophobia? If the United States is so Islamophobic, then why would we troops to
liberate Kuwait, prevent Muslim bloodshed in Bosnia and Kosovo, or protect food supplies for
hungry Somalis (Malik, 2005)? If the United States truly hated Muslims, or Islam, does it make any
sense for us to continue battling the Islamic State in Syria? Some believe the claim of Islamophobia
is used by politicians as part of a political agenda. Others suggest Islamophobia is a convenient label
used to explain why Muslims are not flourishing in American society. Bottom line is that any
criticism of Islam is labeled Islamophobia. It is a term used by Muslim clerics against anyone who
speaks out against Islam. As political satirist Bill Maher once said, "Islamophobic is a word created
by fascists, and used by cowards, to manipulate morons." (Real Clear Politics,

Essay on MLK and Malcolm X
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were very influential civil rights advocates during the
nineteen–fifties and nineteen–sixties, and continue to have an influence on people today. However,
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X have quite different legacies, of which are based on quite
different philosophies and tactics. To understand why Dr. King and Malcolm X had drastically
different thoughts and approaches to civil rights in the United States, their lives must also be looked
at – as their lives leading up to their leadership were drastically different. Martin Luther King, Jr.
was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Being born to a religious family, he eventually
attended a seminary and became a minister, much like his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Also, by declaring Earl's death a suicide, the Little family did not receive his life insurance policy.
This event was tragic for the Little family. Malcolm's mother was so traumatized that when she was
admitted to a mental institution in 1937, she spent the rest of her life there. Because of this, Malcolm
moved in with a friend of his family. Up until 1939, Malcolm was a very successful student (much
like Martin Luther King, Jr.). This changed when he had a conversation with his English teacher.
When asked what Malcolm wanted to be when he grew up, he said a lawyer. Although this never
happened, he did become a very influential figure, which may have still happened had he been a
lawyer. However, the response he received was not great – in fact, it was horrible. The teacher
replied that such an occupation is unreasonable for a black person, and thus he should aim for a job
as a laborer, such as a carpenter. Discouraged, Malcolm began to slack in school, and eventually
dropped out at the age of fifteen, unlike Martin Luther King, Jr., who attended Morehouse College
and the Crozer Theological Seminary. By the time Malcolm was a young adult, his life spiraled out
of control. Instead of being a successful student with a career path in mind, Malcolm got involved in
drugs, prostitution, and many run–ins with the law. In 1946, Malcolm was arrested on charges of
theft,

The Tragic Hero In The Autobiography Of Malcolm X
Despite his extreme radical views, Malcolm X remains a somewhat relatable character throughout
the autobiography. Malcolm reminds us that he is human by reflecting on his mistakes and showing
his transition to the Muslim faith. Beginning with the story of the death of his father and his abuse
he received from his mother, he sets a sympathetic scene, to which we can comprehend. The abuse
he endured as a child for being "whiter" than the other children foreshadows his future beliefs
against the white population. As he goes through his life story, he describes finding Islam as
somewhat of a saving grace. We see that this is true based on his previous crime and drug history
before finding Islam. Later in the novel, Malcolm begins to go through a transition of sorts, to which
his radical beliefs towards all whites lessens and he begins to believe that the white population is not
all made up of devils as he had previously thought. All of these variables and more help ... Show
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Mr.Muhammad's teaching clearly stated that the act of adultery was heavily punishable within the
Nation of Islam. We see the harshness of their punishment through the banishment of Malcolm's
brother, whom Malcolm did not even attempt to engage with despite his brother being the one who
introduced him to the Nation of Islam in the first place. This abundance of faith Malcolm had put in
Mr.Muhammad and his teachings proves misplaced when Malcolm discovers that Elijah
Muhammad has been having relations with as many as six women, some of whom have produced
children. Malcolm had believed that Mr.Muhammad physically could not do any wrongdoing, this
act thus proved him wrong. Following his ordered silence, resulting from his "chicken coming home
to roost" comment referring to the assassination of Kennedy, he decided to leave the Nation of Islam
because he could not condone Elijah Muhammad's

The Views Of The Middle East
The Perspective of Conservatives
From the perspective of many Americans, the Middle East is a world apart, incomparable and
without connection with culture or tradition. The truth of the matter is that Islamic influence has
been pervasive in American society for many years. What were once predominately Christian
institutions, have become more willing to allow Islamic culture and religion influences into their
organizations. While the Muslim community has made substantial contributions in the areas of
science and commerce, the impact of the Islamic religion itself has been much more noticeable on
the social landscape of America.
Changes in religious traditions are difficult for any nation to endure. When you consider that
Christianity has been the primary religion in America since it was founded, it's understandable why
Christians have not been so willing to accept the Islamic faith into American culture.
Furthermore, the majority of Americans still believe in the slogan "Never Forget" or "Always
Remember" which is forever attached to the events of September 11, 2001. With only 14 years
between now and that fateful day, memories of the 19 Islamic radicals crashing two planes into the
World Trade Center still resonate for many Americans. For them, it 's hard to forget that it was
Islamic extremist 's who caused the deaths of over 3,000 fellow American citizens.
To adjust to the new rules of society and conform to rules of so–called "political correctness" is still
a

The Islamic Faith : Born On The Arabian Peninsula
The Islamic faith was born on the Arabian Peninsula. In the sixth century the Arabian Peninsula was
a place of refuge from two major apposing powers the Christian Byzantine kingdom and the
Zoroastrain Persian Kingdom (Allen & Tooraw, 2011). During this time Mohammad Ibn Abadallah
was born. When he was forty years old he had his first vision, proclaiming that Allah was the one
true god and rejecting the idol worship of Mecca and thus began the Islamic faith (Allen & Tooraw,
2011). The Quran is the Islamic book of worship and is believe to be the word of God transcribed by
Muhammad with the guidance of the angel Gabriel (Allen & Tooraw, 2011). The Quran is a center
point for Islamic worship. There are observances and practices in which a Muslim must observe.
Including the Five Pillars of Faith, the confession (there is no God but God), Salat (praying five
times a day facing Mecca), Zakat (almsgiving), fasting (during Ramadan from sun– up until sun–
down), and Hajj (a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime) (Allen & Tooraw, 2011). Both of
these are important aspects and ideas of the Islamic faith. Today there are over 1.5 billion Muslims
in the world and Muslims account for one fourth of the population (Al–Qazwini, 2010). There is no
Islamic state, Muslims are spread throughout the world. This can be problematic because there is no
official place for Muslims to go. There are more than fifty–seven Muslim states around the world
(Al–Qazwini, 2010). Islam is the third

Hypocrisy And Modern Social Justice Culture
Hypocrisy and Modern Social Justice Culture
The past 3–4 years have been very strange for culture regarding Social Justice and civil rights
activism. As if from nowhere we now have feminists who care more about how men sit on a train
than how Women are treated as chattel under certain traditionalist practices of Islam, activists who
proclaim that all whites are inherently racist despite what they or any others do or say, and
Antifascist organizations who brutalize any and all who have views counter to this new movement
in culture; allegedly to prevent some kind of imagined Neo–Nazi take over. Social Justice activism
culture is weird now. The nature of this change in culture regarding activism and Social Justice can
be bewildering to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main criticism of this supposed issue is the fact that most everyday people just simply don 't see
it as important, in comparison to other issues relating to women 's rights/feminism, etc; it doesn 't
stand out and seems as more of a complaint than an actual issue that needs a call to arms for.
However, as stated before; it has been featured on mainstream news sources like Buzzfeed and it has
had public attention paid to it. People have complained enough about the issue to where local
government and organizations have taken an action against manspreading, according to an article
written by Christopher Hooton on The independent; the first arrest for manspreading was made in
may of 2015. This is all following an effort by the New York Metropolitan to spread awareness of
the supposed issue, creating signs to request that passengers refrain from manspreading. A criticism
of Third Wave feminism in the first world is they will campaign and call for awareness to issues
such as manspreading, but will ignore issues like the dehumanizing treatment that women receive
under traditionalist Islam; in fact Third Wave feminists will even go so far as to "ally" with Islam
and proclaim it to be a feminist religion. Writers like Gabby Aossey of the Huffington post write that
"Muslims are the true Feminists" and that Islam is a means to set women free without letting them
degenerate into immoral

Are Representations Of Islam Realistic?
Are representations of Islam realistic in the news?
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/media/countless–stereotypes–and–negative–representations–
media–essay.php http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/politics/6758207/1–in–5–British–
Muslims–have–sympathy–for–jihadis–in–poll.html
Countless stereotypes and negative representations exist about Islam by the Western media in
specific the news. It is known that media is very powerful source that shapes people 's minds and
opinions. For some people, the news is the only source they acquire their information through,
especially when it comes to other cultures and populations.
The only representation in the media that the Islamic nation gets is that of war. Though most Islamic
people are not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patrick Bishop, the senior editor on Middle Eastern affairs, writes: "Western leaders are becoming
increasingly concerned by the threat to democracy posed by the growth of Islamic fundamentalist's
extremism." Other headlines from random British newspapers convey the same message: "Italy on
security alert after Islam terror warning; Clinton to lead summit against Islamic terror; France fears
protracted Islam terror campaign; Islamic fanatic's gun down Briton in terror campaign" (Edward
Mortimer). This is the message that the media is sending to all its readers and watchers about Islam.
As we can see these quotes are from articles published which are predominantly bought by working
class people. Having a majority of a working class audience this means that they won't question
what is being written as much in fact some may take it as the complete truth which can have
devastating effects on society. The reason it can be so devastating is that people who live in less
multicultural areas of the country, who don't mix with Muslims will not question what is being said
as they don't know any better. These newspaper articles have been going on for a while and have
now given Islam this stereotype of being a religion which promotes shocking acts.
A research paper aimed to analyse U.S. and international newspaper articles on Muslim women
from 9/11/01 till 9/11/05, in order to

The Identity Of The Arab Nations National Identity
"Cultures in MENA are traditions, beliefs, and behaviors shaped by history, religion, ethnic identity,
language, and nationality". MENA consists of a mix of ethnic, language, and religious groups. The
diversity of these groups allow for cultures to co–exist in the region. The family is very import and
the values that come from having strength in a solid extended family allows for respect, honor, and
loyalty. Religion plays a huge influence in the daily lives of the people in MENA.
"Language, culture, social, and political, economic interests, and a collective memory of their place
and role in history. The logic of nationhood is frequently being formed and reformed, reflecting
changing conditions and self–conceptions; together these deny total separation as well as complete
incorporation in the way communities relate to one another is fortified by shared images and
origins" (Barakat, Halim). The national identity of the Arab Nations national identity is said to be
focused on language. Albert Hourani stated in his most famous book, "Arabic Thought in the Liberal
Age" by Albert Hourani asserts that Arabic people are more focused on their language more than
any other peoples of the world." This theory is also stated by Jacques Berque, saying "the East is the
home of the word the Arabic language does not really belong to the world of men; rather, it seems to
be lent to them," and that "Arabic writing is more suggestive than informative."
The origin of Arab identity as relating

Why Did Sindi Use Historical Revisionism?
Many anti–Zionists deny the Holocaust ever occurred with logical arguments. Academics such as
Dr. Abdullah Mohammad Sindi argue that the Holocaust was a Zionist myth on Radio Islam. The
Swedish website intended to release this article so that people could at critically reexamine how the
Holocaust was executed. This Holocaust denial website logically argued the denial by refuting
Zionism as well as utilizing historical revisionism. Dr. Sindi must first be discussed, because
Holocaust denial is generally unpopular through academics.
Dr. Abdullah Mohammad Sindi is a well–educated Holocaust denier that was a voice in academia
that appeared legitimate. Sindi was born in Saudi Arabia, but relocated to California in the 1960s
and 1970s, where has got a BA, MA, and PhD at California universities. He completed of a PhD in
International Relations from the University of Southern California. He was later instructed in
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Then, he moved to the US where he taught at Californian universities
including, The University of California at Irvine, California State University at Pomona, Cerritos
College, and Fullerton College. Sindi's education shows his reliability to legitimize his arguments
against the Holocaust to the general public.
This article denies the Holocaust by criticizing Zionism, which is seen by the writer as illegitimate
and illegal. Zionism is publicly accepted, and the article exemplifies the public reactions against
Zionism. The logical refutation of

Islamic Thought: Despotism Replacing Despotism
Princeton Readings in Islamic Thought
Despotism Replacing Despotism
In the introduction to "Princeton Readings in Islamic Thought" by Roxanne Euben and Muhammad
Zaman, the editors give a broad overview of Islamism and what it constitutes as an Islamist. The
conclusion the authors come to is that Islamism is a movement that "attempts to return to the
scriptural foundations of the Muslim community..." (Euben, Zaman page 4). Essentially, Islamism is
a restoration of norms derived from the Quran, called sharia law. As a function of Islam and sharia
law, Islamists are very hands on. Islamists like Ruhollah Khomeini and Hassan al–Turabi aren't
mere theologians but politicians that seek fulfillment of their visions. Islamists believe firmly that
the only true way to realize their vision of "authentic Islam" is through an Islamic state, dominated
by sharia law. Naturally, with the formation of a state, a government is needed to perform a variety
of functions. Islamists go as far to say that the only way to achieve true Islam is through an Islamic
state dominated by sharia law. (QUOTE?) Thus, Islamism and politics are one in the same, and the
Islamism can be seen as a religio–political movement. In the introduction, the editors bring special
attention to the relationship between Islamism and democracy. Because of the tenuous and
complicated relationship between western secular "democratic" governments and the Islamic state's
theocratic government, the editors pay special attention to

Washington Post Argument Paper
The Washington Post article "Newly elected US Congress who swore the oath of office on the
Koran" (Argetsinger, 2007) reported on the criticism by Virginia Republican Virgil H. Goode
Congressman about elections Recent election of Keith Ellison of Minnesota representative.
According to Representative Goode, the election of Keith, Democrat and the first Muslim to sit in
Congress is a serious threat to the traditional values of America warned Goode's, contain in a letter
to the components of his Virginia constituents on December 5, 2006, asked Americans to wake up or
face the possibility of more Muslims elected officials will require to use Koran. He also called for
the application of stricter immigration policies as a step forward in the conservation of both the
confidence of this country and the values and resources. Ellison, a former criminal lawyer and a
convert to Islam, had planned to use the Muslim scriptures in January in his private oath. Goode
elicit criticism of bigotry and intolerance from some Democrats in Congress and the American
people as Muslims, they pointed out that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for the issue of Islam or Muslims is described in the story it is clearly contradictory sides, two
opposing views. The inside of Representative Goode position through which Muslims in this
country or at least the practice of Islam like the use of the Koran, rather than the Christian Bible in
office, posing a significant threat to the background traditional American culture. He even insinuated
that Muslims, along with other immigrants, are a burden to the United States. On the other hand the
coverage of Ellison and sympathizers of He shows that American Muslims can be good citizens, are
welcome in this

Summary Of Fool's Errand By Scott Horton
Conflict between the U.S. and the Middle East has gone on for too long. Starting in the reagan
administration and continuing until now. In the book "Fool's Errand" Scott Horton, the author, writes
about what has caused this conflict to last so long and why the U.S. is involved anyway. Horton
believes that the problem in the Middle East will get worse before it gets better, and that it will last
for generations to come. Horton also states that the public is misinformed about why America is
involved in this conflict. Horton writes, " [The Government] then exploits the population's ignorance
and fear to advance their own unrelated and counterproductive political agenda" (Horton 3). The
article shows how the war in Afghanistan was not really about

Christopher Caldwell 's Reflections On The Revolution Essay
Immigration. Islam. The west. Christopher Caldwell 's book, Reflections on the Revolution in
Europe: Immigration, Islam, and the West, is divided into three neat sections. The structure
represents an equation – immigration multiplied by Islam equals the collapse of the west. The logic
behind it is simple: western Europe has opened its doors to the "adversary culture" of Islam. Put
bluntly Caldwell asks "whether you can have the same Europe with different people?" His equally
blunt answer: "no."
Caldwell argues that "Western Europe became a multi–ethnic society in a fit of absence of mind."
European policymakers imported people from Africa and the middle east to fill short term labor
shortages in post–war Europe, Germany especially. For the first time in modern history, immigrants
have a substantial presence in Europe. Islam is the continent's second largest religion. These
immigrants continued to multiply even as the jobs disappeared: the number of foreign residents in
Germany increased from 3m in 1971 to 7.5m in 2000 And by 2050, the foreign–origin populations
in most European countries will be between 20 and 32%. even though the number of foreigners in
the workforce did not budge. Today immigrants account for about 10% of the population of most
west European countries, and up to 30% in some of Europe 's great cities. These same policymakers
made the assumption that immigrants would quickly adopt the moral and cultural norms of their
host societies. The heavy industries

Analysis Of The Video Pop Goes Islam
Religion is a big part of Islamic people's culture and their beliefs. Islamic people are very respectful
of traditional ways of worshipping and beliefs of their religion. In the video, "Pop Goes Islam', we
are shown how one man tries to bring people together in a non–traditional way. He uses his
knowledge of the younger generation to help bring people together. This raises some criticism and
scrutiny from the Islamic people. I believe though this is a big step in trying to eliminate some
Islamic stereotypes towards Western music and help bring people together all acrossed the world.
In the video, "Pop Goes Islam", an Egyptian entrepreneur, Ahmed Abu Haiba, created a TV channel
called, 4Shbab. 4Shbab was the first Islamic music and art channel. This TV channel was very
similar to America's MTV. They hosted shows that were similar to ... Show more content on
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For example, many of the people living were this channel is broadcasted believed that this was
against their religion because of the similarities to Western culture. I believe that Ahmed's intentions
of this channel were never to go against their religious beliefs but, to bring people together in the
community. The people were able to watch and listen to religious songs in a different way than they
were used too. Even though this channel was mostly popular with the younger generation, I feel it
was a great attempt to bring people together and help destroy stereotypes toward this behavior. In
the video, "Pop Goes Islam", I have been able to learn a lot about Islamic culture and their beliefs.
Their religious beliefs have a big impact on their lives. They stand very true to their traditional ways
of religious values and beliefs. Most Islamic people believe that it would be against their religion to
use non–traditional religious practices. This is why when the channel 4Shbab was first created it
received a lot of criticism from Islamic

Al Wahhab, A Great Man, An Honorable Reformer And A...
To his followers Abd'al–Wahhab was a "great man, an outstanding reformer and a zealous preacher",
proclaiming a message of al–da'wa ila' l–tawhid, (a belief in the unity of God alone), something
which, according to him, Muslims had neglected to their detriment. Like a troubling desert storm he
appeared in the Najd region of Arabia in the eighteenth century fulminating against the idolatrous
practices and customs of the contemporary Bedouin. "The sheikh started preaching the revival of
Islam", states one writer, and "ripped away the heresies and abuses which had grown up around
Islam and . . . preached the faith in its original simplicity". A small number of tribesmen accepted
him as Sheikh–ul–Islam and mujaddid, leader of Islam and renewer of the faith, and began a
movement which quickly spread across Arabia. Presenting Abd'al–Wahhab as "the preacher of
reform", and referring to his "great work", his "powers of persuasion, personal magnetism and the
compelling rightness of his cause", his supporters declare with alacrity how he "hurl[ed] his
doctrines into the teeth of the evildoers". As such Saudis today credit Abd'al–Wahhab as the one
who "uprooted polytheistic views [and] eradicate[d] the heresies and accretions" affecting Islam,
thereby pulling the Islamic faith "out of the darkness of polytheism and error". Although no statues
or monuments are erected in his honour, for such would be shirk, or idolatry, some Saudis name
their sons Abd'al–Wahhab, and, as in the case

Islam : A Threat Of America And The Western World
Islam: A Threat to America and the Western World This paper discusses the threat that Islam poses
to America and the western world. Islam is a very large religion that has increasingly widespread
influence on the world. Countries that are ruled by theocracies of Islam are some of the weakest and
violent countries on Earth. Countries who are enveloped by Islam tend to have the highest
percentage of extremists as well. This paper also discusses the history of Islam, its founding, what it
it teaches, and how the religion has affected the world since its origin. The paper goes on to show
incompatibilities that Islam has with the western world, whether that may be democracy or
individual rights. Further, the dangers of Islamic immigration to ... Show more content on
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"These revelations were subsequently collected and codified as the Quran, the Muslim holy book."
"As the source of Muslim faith and practice, the Quran describes the relationship between an
almighty and all–knowing God and his creations. . . all individuals are responsible for their actions
for which they will be judged by God" (Yalman). In the period of time after Muhammad died, the
Islamic faith spread through practice and force. The Byzantine Emperor from 1391–1425, Manuel II
Palaeologus, has been quoted as saying," ...show me just what Mohammed (sic) brought that was
new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the
sword the faith he preached" (Ibrahim). The Arabs took their conquests to Syria, Palestine, and the
Byzantine empire, imposing the Islamic faith on to all peoples conquered (Yalman). This idea of
conquering still has a place in the Islamic faith today, as the goal of Islam is to be the one sole
religion on Earth. None of the three largest monotheistic religions advocate such a message... except
for Islam. Of them, "... one was started by a lawgiver, one by a man of peace, and one by a warrior"
(Feder). Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was a violent man who advocated for war to spread the
Islamic faith. According to the Quran, he had several wives, was known to have beheaded several
political and religions rivals, and had pedophilistic tendencies. A

The Prophet Muhammad: Faith Sensitive and Critical...
Over the years there have been numerous biographies written about The Prophet Muhammad which
have been open to questions, scrutiny and debates. This is due to different approaches and
perspectives held by different people. The main two approaches are Emic (insider's points of view)
and Etic (outsider's point of view), where Emic is 'faith sensitive' and Etic is a 'critical approach' as
described by Clinton Bennett. In this essay, I will discuss Bennett's theory of the faith sensitive and
critical approach when studying religion. Thereafter I am going to explore the debates set out by
Emic and Etic sources and what they say about the biographies written about The Prophet
Muhammad. The key aim is to concentrate on two critical areas set out ... Show more content on
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However there have been a lot of critics when it comes to approaching the biography of The Prophet
Muhammad. Clinton Bennett says that a critical approach is better for people to understand but not
everyone has this view. Abrahim Khan finds quite a few issues with western biographies which he
has highlighted. The main issue Khan discusses is the problem that western scholars show Prophet
Muhammad as an object in history rather than a subject for belief. Khan implies in his work that
some western writers do show accurate accounts of The Prophet but also show their own prejudices
such as D.M. Macdonald calling The Prophets revelation man made for his own purposes. (Khan,
1978.p375). These are but a few examples of objectivity using bad practise when studying religion.
Khan suggests scholars such as Montgomery Watt who has adopted the critical method show
Muhammad as an object in history "the picture of Muhammad emerging from their works is clearly
that of Muhammad as an object in history. Their studies focus on his actions, which, when judges
against the prevailing seventh century morality in Arabia indicate that he was genuine sincere
compassionate humble trustworthy and principled." (Khan, 1978.p376) Khan says this is what most
western writers describe but do not show a complete picture of the prophet because to do so it
requires a person to see Muhammad outside a humanistic perspective. A humanistic perspective is
that

Maimonides's Series Of Condemnations
Lastly, Maimonides goes on to criticize his hosts, namely those of the Islamic schools of religious
philosophy such as the Muslim Kalamists, as well the Jewish and Karaite Mutakallimun in the
schools of Muslim thought that sprung across Islamic empires at this time, whose identical
argumentation style warrants the respective criticisms explained simultaneously. One issue the
Rambam raises is that of the repudiation of value in all forms of monastic or ascetic life, as they go
against a traditional and rational view of the Law, which includes the Islamic Sufi order, deeming
these orders as ones of "extremism and self–mortification", that is both undemanded of, and advised
against in Jewish Law. R' HaLevi holds a similar kind of criticism of ... Show more content on
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Maimonides offers a brief, yet passionate response, regarding the teacher in question as having
sinned greatly, and having completely misunderstood every mention of avodah zarah in the Torah,
and as previous stated in the criticisms of Christianity, Maimonides follows in the tradition of
HaLevi in sparing the Muslims of being idolaters. In addition to this, Maimonides is seen
championing the practice of "Islamic internalists" whose allegorical tradition allowed for the
rejection of God having a physical form, yet the preservation of biblical Law and prophecy. In his
Epistle Dedicatory it seems that the Rambam has even taught his students the "intentions" of the
Mutakallimun school of thought was, namely logic, mathematics, and format of argumentations and
reasons responsive action, though showing them where the belonged "place" of the Mutakallimin
was, offering what he believed to be sounder grounding in Aristotelian approaches to religious
philosophy, as well as astronomy. On this topic, Maimonides had much in common with the Islamic
thinkers that preceded him, as opposed to the Christians who held by jesus of Nazareth and the
physical embodiment of God, as well as the Karaites, whose textualist tradition led them to

It 's Time With An Honest Talk About Islam
It's time to have an honest talk about Islam. Before I begin in the bulk of this narrative, I feel the
need to just acknowledge the over encumbrance of sensitivity that is essentially expected of me
when speaking on this topic. This narrative is directed specifically towards the ones who charge me
for this sensitivity; and anyone who knows me, knows I won't adhere. As an atheist if I were to say
"religion must be defeated" I am making regular atheist noises, business as usual. But if I were to
assert Islamism must be defeated, I am immediately charged as a bigot or racist, even by other
atheists. What these people need to understand is that this statement, which I stand by, is not
demonizing or attacking "all Muslims". Also these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The moral courage is so bankrupt on the left that they are too scared to even name the ideology.
Because liberals have taken this extreme stance of political correctness and this hostile meme of
Islamophobia, we are leaving the discussion solely in the hands of right wing demagogues. In this
narrative, directed towards regressive liberals, I will reference how an intellectually honest criticism
of Islam is neither baseless, nor is it an attack against all Muslims. I will also explain how the
obscurantism of the regressive religious apologists on the left is what creates the openness to the
demagoguery of Trump, and the fascists in Europe. But more importantly how this phenomena is
most detrimental to the moderate Muslims, or the minorities within the Muslim world.
Now the very first thing I feel needs clarified before I begin is that I am not generalizing these
statements to "all Muslims" or the entire Muslim world. Everything I am going to say about the
problems of Islam or Islamism takes the stance that the area of concern, first and foremost, is for the
people in the Muslim world living under the sword of theocracy. I'm referring to the gays, the
apostates (like Ayaan Hirsi Ali), and the reformers (like Majiid Nawaz) who live under constant
threat

The Importance Of The Quran
The Quran tells people what they should do to please God and how it will be on judgment day. It
also tells people how to worship God and how they should act towards other people. During the
early communities of Islam, reading the Quran and practicing Islam, communities came up with the
'Pillars of Islam'. It was about how there is one God and that Muhammad is the Prophet. It also
included the prayer rituals. Other parts of the pillar were about giving back to the community which
included charity and also the fasting of Ramadan and the Hajj. Al–Shafi'I (767–820) said that the
Quran is Gods words while the sunna of the Prophet is just as important because it is another
demonstration of Gods will and it guided people about topics the Quran ... Show more content on
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Sufis were known to express themselves using these rituals.
4.6 The Path of Reason: During the first century of Islamic rule they did not translate from Greek to
Syriac to Arabic because the Arabic Language wasn't capable of taking in all the information. By the
second to fourth century of the Islamic rule, translating into Arabic had a bigger role under the
Abbasids because it brought power and success to the caliphs. Philosophy and the Islamic religion
go side by side and with reason, man can have knowledge of the universe, but also being Muslim,
man had to believe that knowledge also came from Gods Words.
Chapter 5: The Arab Muslim World
5.1 States and Dynasties:
The Islamic World had a common Religion and language by the end of the tenth century. It also had
three different powers in three different regions, and each region was ruled during a different period.
The Abbasids, Fatimids and Salah al–Din all ruled during different times. During the thirteenth and
fourteenth century, Mongols conquered Iran and Iraq and that's when the Abbasid Dynasty ended. In
this period the Muslim world lost many parts of its region such as Sicily and Spain. But Islam was
still spreading in regions like Africa and northern India. During the fifteenth and sixteenth century,
production and trade had become weaker in the Muslim world and stronger in western Europe.
Changes to the Muslim

Religious Violence in Nigeria
Religious Violence in Nigeria – the Causes and Solutions: an Islamic Perspective
BY
A. O. Omotosho
Swedish Missiological Theme
2003, P. 15–31
Introduction
M. M.C. K. Ajuluchukwu in his rejoinder to Northern Zone of the Christian Association of Nigeria's
booklet Leadership in Nigeria observes: "Ordinary Nigerian know nothing about inter–religious
cleavages except when incited by their respective doctrinal leader. 1" This remark is a challenge and
indictment to Nigerian religious leaders, and worth taking up keeping in mind the recent history of
Nigeria in term of inter–religious harmony. So the purpose of this article is to examine the causes of
inter–and intra–religious violence in Nigeria. It will also examine the role of ... Show more content
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Political violence
These were some other disturbances that were more political or tribal in nature than religious, which
were erroneously described by some people as religious, simply because the two parties involved
belong to a different religion. These include the Zangon Kataf riot of 1992. This involved Hausa
settlers and non–Hausa people of Southern Zaria. The riot spread later to
Kaduna, Zaria ad their environs. Many people died. In April 1994, Aminu Mato, Hausa by tribe, was
appointed as Chairman of the Caretaker Committee of Jos Local Government of plateau State, to the
displeasure of local people. This led to serious violence in which many lives were lost and the
appointment was reversed. The only connection between these two incidences and religion was that
Hausa settlers in the first case were largely Muslims and Aminu Mato in the second case was also a
Muslim, while the opposing sides were largely Christians.
Causes of religious violence
Many factors are responsible for religious violence in Nigeria. However, in order to do justice, it
will be proper to classify these factors according to the nature of the violence. As already pointed
out, Nigeria has experienced both intra ad inter– religious violence. In the case of intrareligious
violence, two major reasons can be identified.

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