Airport Privatization 2

Airport Privatization 2
Airport Privatization:
Introduction:
Airport plays a key role of air transport; it has a big impact on development of economics in a
country. Freight passengers and cargo to any part of the world and it allows aircraft to land and take
off. An airport has to have a proper infrastructure, which consists of runaways, taxiways, apron,
terminal for arrival and departure of passengers, terminal for freight and ground interchange. It
should have a wide range of facilities; lounge for passengers, shops and a food court. For safety and
security it has to have an air traffic control to monitor all the incoming and outgoing flights to take
off and land, security personnel requires for baggage checks, individual screening using metal
detectors, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In United states, commercial airports have traditionally been independent of the national control,
operated locally by local or regional authorities and highly influenced by private interests,
specifically the airlines (with enough power to decide major facets of airport management and
development). While the other degree of participation of private interests in airports differs broadly
among states and cities, major U.S. commercial airports are operated through partnerships between
the government, local interests and private firms.
The Australian airport privatization began in 1994 when the Australian government announced the
decision to sell 22 airports that were owned and operated by the Federal Airports Corporation
(FAC). Under a long term leases, airlines are responsible extends to providing and maintaining
terminal infrastructures, with the airport operator only the land for the domestic terminals that are
under lease.
In other Asian countries, many major airports are expected to be privatized in the near future,
including Tokyo, Hongkong, and several airports in India. The ongoing structural reform in airport
sector has provided an opportunity for these airports seek funding from capital markets as well as
strategic investors.
Types of Privatization:
* Share flotation * Trade sale *
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Pros And Cons Of Privatization
The basic focus of this essay will be to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of Government owned
companies becoming Privatized and whether it is desirable for all the inefficient firms to go private
linking it with the real world situation of an international firm gone private. Nowadays firms that
face losses and are inefficient go private. The question is whether privatizing a company is a good
option? Will it be able to meet public demands?
The methodology whereby works that were in the past embraced by government are delegated rather
to the private segment (Stiglits 1997). After privatization a company is controlled completely in a
private entity. The privatization system is a piece of the administration's destination of expanding
effectiveness (Spurling 1988). When a business goes private from public its aim change because
basic aim of a business owned by the government is to work for the welfare of the society at the
minimum cost that is why usually they are inefficient where as in private sector efficiency is
improved because basic purpose of a private sector owner is to maximize profit.
The benefits of privatizing a firm play the role of reasons of the conversion. Privatization is
proposed to profit buyer, workers and the economy as an issue (Whitehead 1996). When a firm is
privatized the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Privatisation of depends from firms to firms or businesses to businesses, for example, If a business
which produces local goods and services for the lower class people shouldn't be privatized because
then its objectives may change which would not be a good thing but privatization of those firms
which compete internationally like the British Airways will always be a good option because they
need to improve efficiency and compete with other international firms. Overall the privatization of
the British Airways was a success till

The Historical View of Privatization and Nationalization...
In the previous years ago, the word privatization was not well–known same as today. Conversely,
word nationalization was popular at that time because of the government at that time owned all of
the important enterprises such as infrastructure businesses while private sector owned in the
diminutive enterprise which not important about the lifestyle of the people that illustrated the
government had more bargaining power than private sector. Almost people knew nationalization but
did not know about privatization. They had negative view point in privatization and thought the
private sector could not develop the services or products like the government. Until 1969 Peter F.
Drucker is the first person who wrote about privatization in the book ... Show more content on
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Concession, the government gives right to private sector for producing or servicing under the
control of the government which private sector is responsible investment and operate the assets that
contract with the government by the contract has long times about twenty or thirty years and income
will depend on fee from the people. Divestiture has three ways to use, the first way is the
government reduces shares by selling to the people but the government sector has shares fifty
percent. The second way is the government reduces proportion of shares no more than forty–nine
percent that cause the status of business is not state enterprises. The Last way is the establishment
affiliate for working instead of the government enterprises. Joint Venture with Strategic Partners, the
state enterprises and private sector jointly own business for extend network of services and the
flexibility of management in this business the government has no more shares fifty percent. Trade
Sale and Liquidation, the government no need to manage this business and more conditions that
private sector manage project better than the government. So the government will sell this business
to private sector. Liberalization, many state enterprises cannot improve the efficiency of work due to
many specifications of the government. So liberalization

Privatization And Privatization Of Privatization
PRIVITIZATION
INTRODUCTION
Privatization basically being the process of transferring ownership of specific property and business
transactions basically from a governed owned operation to a private operation. This focus has been
widely used in the context of the organizations and industrial operations in the capital market. (Cook
& Kirkpatrick, 1988, Cook Paul, 1986; Kay & Thompson, 1986)
There is need to justify the different reasons why privatization is important in the context of the
operations. The main dimension that has lead and facilitated privatization in most of the economies
basically includes dimensions of.
THE IMPACT OF PRIVITIZATION IN TODAYS ECONOMY
In the consideration of the current market in term of the global market its evident that that
privatization being the order of the day it has been associated with dimensions of nullifying and dis–
functioning main function of the state corporate.
This then being the case there is need to consider the history and the main theories relating with
privatization.
THEORIES OF PRIVITIZATION
There have been different developed theories relating and regarding with privatization this is in the
context that privatization offers opportunities and basically enhancing improvements and firms'
performance.
This then being the case its evident that privatization is crucial in ensuring and facilitating
performance gains and strengthening the notion of ownership matters. (Commander & Killick,
1988).
Different theories of privatization

Privatisation in Malaysia
LE 4000
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE
2ND DRAFT
TITLE:
SHOULD CURRENT PRIVATIZATION PRACTICES BEING FURTHER IMPLEMENTED AS
ONE OF THE GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN CATERING PUBLIC NEEDS AND IN
ENSURING SERVICES QUALITY?
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING
KULIYYAH OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
SECTION 15
TUTOR: BRO. SHAHRIZAL
PREPARED BY: MOHD. AIZAT BIN ALI
Introduction
In early decades of the 18th century, privatization had been introduced into the market. This new
economy reforms started in western world, followed further by its implementation in Asian region in
later years. Privatization is a policy whereby the ownership of an entity or controlling right of an
entity being transferred from government to private sector. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This may results to either two conditions –increase in unemployment rate or decreases in standard of
living– due to cost saving policy implemented by the privatized firm.
Secondly, privatization also affects the welfare of the society as a whole. This can be explained by
examining again the orientation of the firm after being privatized. Theoretically, economic
efficiency can be divided into two categories, namely productive efficiency and allocative

efficiency. Productive efficiency is achieved if firms produce goods and services demanded by
consumer, while allocative efficiency is achieved if the goods produced were marketed to the right
people. Right people here means people who demands for the goods and capable to pay for it.
Results from privatization is, the market now will replace the real needs of people with those
demanded item, given that it will yield high profit for the firm. For example, basic needs like tap
water and electricity is not available in certain rural areas, but firms compete with each other to bid
for mega projects in big cities. Here, firms are no longer concern with their social responsibility
towards public, but only interested in making huge profit.
Privatization of Klang Container Terminal (KCT)
In the case of the privatization of the Klang Container Terminal (KCT), some of the employees
complained that they suffer emotional distress from increased workload that almost double from the
usual. Although

Privatization Of The National Economy Of Pakistan
PRIVATIZATION IN PAKISTAN
Name : Tehweel Zehra Jafri
Std Id: 16966[Student Name
Date of Submission: 10th April 2015
Instructor : Sir Nabeel Latif
Privatization in Pakistan
Privatization can be defined as transfer of ownership of business or property to private companies
from the government. When any public company becomes private, then in that company the investor
cannot purchase a stake.
In Pakistan, the process of privatization was a program of policy measures in the economic period of
Pakistan. The Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has first conceived and implemented the idea of
privatization, in order to enable the nationalized companies and industries towards market economy.
It has initiated 1989–90 immediately just after the economic collapse of Soviet Union. The program
has visualized and envisaged, to enhance the growth of GDP of the national economy of Pakistan
(Khan, 2010).
Objective of Privatization:
In Pakistan, since 1991, the privatization has been promoted (Khan et al., 2011). The two main
factors behind privatization were the increasing popularity of the market economy and the
globalization.
Create Opportunities for the Private Sector
The first objective of the privatization is to create better opportunities for the private sectors of
Pakistan, for modernization and promoting expansion.
Improve Productivity and Profitability
By improving of productivity and profitability, would contribute to the better reputation and image
of Pakistan at the

Persuasive Essay On Privatization Of Water
There are certain things in life that people take for granted when living in a first world country.
Some of these include sanitation and water.
Considering that the water supply of the world is becoming more contaminated each day, the
privatization of water is a topic of much controversy. We all know that water is essential for life, but
should this priceless resource be used for windfall profits or should it be considered a human right?
According to most resources by 2025, two–thirds of the world's population will run low on drinking
water. The World Bank Group pushes privatization as a solution to the water issue. World Bank is
the largest funder of water management in the world, with loans and financing fed through the
group's International ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around the biosphere, rivers, lakes, and aquifers are diminishing faster than Mother Nature can
possibly replace them; business and household chemicals are quickly polluting what's left.
Meanwhile, global population is ticking upward. Goldman Sachs guesstimates that global water
intake is doubling every 20 years, and the United Nations considers demand to surpass stock by
more than 30 percent come 2040. In the industrialized world, America particularly, it's easy to take
water for granted. Turn on any tap, and it comes rushing out, sparkling and abundant, even in the
parched Southwest, where the Colorado River Basin is besieged through its 11th year of scarcity; in
most cities a month's stock still costs less than first–rate cable or a lavish cell–phone plan. Many of
us have no knowledge where our water comes from, let alone who retains it. In fact, most of us
would probably reach a decision that water is too valuable for anybody to own. But the privileges to
deter water from a river or lake or underground aquifer are indeed sellable merchandises; as well as
the plants and pipes that clean the water and carry it to our taps. As demand surpasses supply, those
supplies are set to appreciate quickly. According to a 2009 report by the World Bank, "private
investment in the water industry is set to double in the next five years; the water–supply market
alone will increase by 20

Social Security Tax Research Paper
If you are like most people, than you would agree that a house near the coast, off the lake, the ability
to go anywhere in world, or any other type of way to enjoy retirement is a goal that many Americans
have. Do you know the tax that you are paying now that helps those who have reached that goal? It's
Social Security tax; you should know this because it is the largest tax that comes out of your
paycheck. That money taken out of your paycheck is not always being used appropriately when it
goes to the government, but those who work in the government say that the money goes to the
retired, unemployed, disabled, and the Medical care coverage for those who qualify. Actually, a lot
of it is taken out and is used by the government to help fund their ... Show more content on
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When this happens those that depend on Social Security will be in danger of losing their place of
living, could lose healthcare benefits, and much more that would change their lives. That is why I
bring up the problem and try to convince ordinary people to help bring upon this change, because I
care for the well–being of those in the country, and I do not want to see anyone suffer from the
mistakes of our government. If the community could raise awareness and need for change of the
current system, than we can begin voting for those in office to get the process in the works. "Out
with old and in with the new." Looking past helping yourselves and generations to come, you could
also help the government by asking for this change. For everyone to understand, "$906 billion went
towards Social Security" a few years ago, so just imagine the temptation lifted from the government
("Privatizing Social Security – ProCon.org."). My final statement is that with privatization the
money put into an account would be guaranteed unlike now with the government's reputation. There
are already people who agree with this side, some "60% of currently working adults assume they
will not receive Social Security benefits when they retire." ("Working in Retirement."). You can be
like them and join them to help get this change and spread the word. With all this being said I have
to say that if the approach and application of this switch is done right then it can be one of the most
successful decisions for the

The Plan For Implementing Phase Preparation Essay
PC, as requested please find some options that can be made available to the government since its
announcement to sell certain assets in the 2014 Budget. These options based on the assumption that
selling of these assets may not materialized next year. Most of the information provided is based on
qualitative analysis due to lack of information received.
Background
With the 2014 Government Budget now shift towards implementing phase preparation, one of the
main challenges for the government now is the realization of its estimated revenue, particularly from
the sale of government assets worth $475.2 million, equivalent to 17.5 percent of estimated revenue.
This sale of assets is commonly known as privatization , thus involved the selling of some
government–owned and operated businesses to private enterprises.
Total revenue for 2014 is estimated at $2,721.8 million (32.9% of GDP), with a total expenditure of
$2,883.3 million (34.8% of GDP). The overall net deficit is estimated around $161.5 million,
equivalent to 1.9 percent of GDP.
Excluding sale of government assets, total revenue is estimated to decline to around $2,246.6
million (27% of GDP), with overall net deficit increased to $636.7 million, equivalent to 7.7 percent
of GDP. Moreover, assuming 60 percent of asset sales is realized in 2014, the overall net deficit
should be around 5.4 percent of GDP.
According to the Budget Estimates 2014, these assets sales include the $250.0m sale proceeds from
Disposal of Investment

Public Services Privatization Essay
Youness Elhamidi
PADM – 610
Public Management
Research Paper (Week 8)
Privatization of Public Services
Dr. Timothy Bagwell
Department of Public Administration
American Public University
Author Note
Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Youness Elhamidi, Department of
Public Administration, American Public University System, 111 W. Congress Street, Charles Town,
WV 25414. E–mail: yelhamidi@apus.edu.
Abstract
There two main means of providing and producing public services in the United States at the
different levels of government. The first mode is knows as in–house production by direct
government workforce and contracting out to the private sector, which we refer to as privatization.
Privatization in the United States mainly implies contracting out of public services to the public
sector. Examples are local governments like the city or the county contracting out services like street
cleaning, garbage pick up and a disposal, education, healthcare, etc.
During the last three decades, privatization has become increasingly popular in our government.
This noticeable growth of privatization of public services has generated lots of discussions and
debates among many scholars and left many of asking the questions.
In this paper, I will define privatization and explore different published articles that discuss
contracting out to the

The Pros And Cons Of Privatization Initiatives
Savas (2005) argued that privatization initiatives had reached their fruition, realizing that public
interest viewed the public/private partnership were strong opposition among labor unions and
believed that the proposed contracts threaten employment. Situations such as perceived abuse in
political power became a common place for grass root organizations advocating progressive change
to the free enterprise markets by organizing campaigns to block elected officials who supported
public/private partnerships. However, some of the service contracts which dominated the
privatization methods were sheer volume activity; that thirty–two of the sixty–six privatization
contracts were not a mixed of the private–public partnership; out of the $1, 148 million

Persuasive Essay On Privatization Of Water
Water is a utility service for many people since its treatment, distribution, and recycling is funded by
the taxpayer. Water is also a scarce commodity among some communities around the world.
Privatization of water would allow firms to make it a profitable venture. Both domestic and global
business environments have interesting ethical dilemmas to navigate. Peter Brabeck, the former
Nestle CEO noted that water is not a basic human right but a commodity that should be privatized
and controlled. Although the Universal Bill of Human Rights declares that withholding the resource
takes away human dignity it fails to specifically grant the right to water. However, if water is a basic
human right, it should be justly and freely available to all. Therefore, water is a right entitled to all
human beings and thus should not be privatized.
Proponents of water privatization assert that private production of water is advantageous for both
taxpayers and consumers. Brabeck, on his part explains that people do not use water for hydration
and hygiene, which leads to wastage. Privatization of water would lead to price increases thus more
conservation. It would also foster sustainable development among developing regions. Further,
private companies are better at maintaining infrastructure than public companies in addition to
increasing oversight.
Privatization would lead to price increases thus spur conservation. However, as more companies
compete to provide households with water, which would

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mock Group Essay
Mock Group Discussion: Should Indian Railways be privatized?
This document outlines the script for a mock group discussion. This mock group is planned to have
5 participants – Priyanka, Nitin, Lalit, Sonia and Meenu. The group will be moderated by Rajkumar.
Rajkumar: Good morning everyone. I, Rajkumar, am the moderator for this session titled – "Should
Indian Railways be privatized? You all will be judged based upon your involvement in the
discussion and expression of thoughts. Please refrain yourself from commenting dark and loose to
other members.
With this, I welcome you all and all the best to all members. Let's start with introduction from all
you members present here!
Priyanka: Good morning Rajkumar and hello everyone! My name is Priyanka and I am a freelance
writer with a knack to research. With this discussion, I aspire to ... Show more content on
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Am a graduate and am working with a private firm. I enjoy analyzing numbers and drawing
inferences from the available stats.
Lalit: Good everyone. My–self Lalit – am an experienced professional working as Manager in a
private firm. I am a people's person and I have an eye to details which has always brought me
laurels.
Sonia: Hello all. I am Sonia and am a home–maker. Today, I am the face of every single family
which travels through Indian Railways. I hope to have an enjoyable ride with you all today!
Meenu. Hey folks! I am Meenu – a student studying in Delhi University. I will be representing the
today's youth. (–– removed HTML ––) >.
Priyanka: Though, the Railway Minister Mr. Mahesh Prabhu has been constantly ruling out the
prospects of Indian Railways privatization; in my opinion, this is one such possibility which needs
to be dig deeper and analyzed further for practically understanding the possible avenues for its
growth.
Lalit: Priyanka, I think more than about the growth of the railway sector its more about the
redevelopment of the existing infrastructure of Indian

Impact Of Privatization In Sri Lanka
Privatization policy was introduced in Sri Lanka in 1977. The great efforts were taken by the
government after privatization to reform economic policies including allowing private ownership in
the plantation sector, to open the country for foreign direct investment and promoting free trade with
other countries. Three major sectors of the Sri Lankan economy such as agriculture sector, industrial
sector, and service sector were also subjected to economic reforms under this new trend. Several
studies have been conducted to evaluate the impacts of new economic policy in various sectors of
Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka's agriculture export income mainly depends on Tea, Rubber and Coconut
plantations. Further, rice is cultivated as a stable crop of Sri Lanka. 27.1 percent employment is
occupied in Agriculture sector while agriculture sector contributes to 7.1 percent of Gross Domestic
Product of Sri Lanka.

international trade Essay
Privatization of social security
Today, United State is on the edge for a huge change, President George W. Bush second term agenda
to reform the Social Security has left us to think about a question that will have a huge impact on the
future of United State, Should Social Security be privatized? Enacted in 1935, under the
administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and modified many times since–including major
change in 1983–Social Security provides benefits to workers and their family members upon
retirement, disability, or death. Since the program's origin, the size of those benefits always has
depended on the earnings of workers. If the social security is privatized the amount that's collected
from each worker's pay check as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, the economy would be likely to grow more slowly than it would otherwise. Creating
private accounts will increase federal borrowing as at first and would seem unlikely to affect
national savings, but privatization is actually more likely to reduce than increase national savings as
households that will consider the new accounts will try to increases in their retirement wealth and
might well reduce their other saving.
Privatization of social security would lead to another important issue of "individual
choices" as they forecast that the individual accounts will match with the performance of the
stock market. Number of surveys done shows that most people lack the knowledge to make even
basic decisions about investment. Hence the investment in stock market would be like gambling,
leading to more unsecured future of people.
Social Security is a tremendously popular program that have helped to lift millions of elderly
Americans out of poverty and allowed them to retire in dignity and in decent health. Bush's plan to
privatize Social Security would flow money out the National Saving to the economy which would
create a deficit in funds to pay the current retiree, as a result increase in the payroll taxes or increase
in the personal income tax and might as well reduce the benefits. The transition to a privatized
system is costly, since no one advocates ignoring the pensions earned by those already retired or by
those who have

How The Public Opinion Affects, Shapes, And Provides...
Privatizing Sand Castles
Presented by:
Eliane Fahed
Rodrigue Farah
Ziad Hajal
Abstract:
Absences of public spaces affect people except who jump from 5–stars hotels to 5–stars resorts.
Unfortunately, the majority of Lebanon's beaches are being transferred from public to private.
Because this privatization influenced low and medium income people, activists acted toward it so
government took measures but institutions barely amend it.
This paper will tackle how the public opinion affects, shapes, and provides solutions.
Outline
I– Introduction
a. Brief background
II– Problematical issues a– Activists' revolution b– Legal status and statements c– Corruption and
violations
III– Personal synthesis and solutions
IV– Conclusion
V– References
" Cultures and climates differs all over the world, but people are the same. They will gather in public
if u give them a good place to do it." Jan Gehl.
Beaches are public spaces that gathered people to swim, splash the waves, watch, and surf. It is the
place where individuals from all social status meet, while it is being privatized for economic

purpose. Unfortunately, the majority cannot even afford the entrance fees, while public beaches
became countable and away from the city. So how public opinion is dealing with privatizing public
beaches?
Do you remember "Tam Tam beach" located at Byblos seashore with free entrance? It is now only a
memory;

The Impact of Privatization and Commercailization on...
THE IMPACT OF PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION ON NIGERIA'S POWER
SECTOR [A CASE STUDY ON POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA (PHCN)]
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Privatization is the implementation of a decision to sell companies owned by the State to private
individuals/ companies.
Benefits of privatization are making the public sector commercial enterprise survive in competitive
markets through better efficiency, higher productivity, improved product quality and customer
service, and reduction of waste and leakages due to State ownership.
Prior to the enactment of EPSRA, 2005, FGN was responsible for policy formulation, regulation,
operation, and investment in the Nigeria power sector. Regulation of the sector was done through ...
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for operating public enterprises
Efforts to provide answers to these questions led to the following objectives; 1.3 1:3. OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
1:3.1 Main objectives
The aim of the study was to investigate the viability of commercialization and privatization in public
enterprises. Nigeria Electric Power Sector as a case study.
1:3.2 Other objectives
In specific terms, the study would;
(1) Ascertain the potential of Electric Power sector.
(2) Find the constraints to satisfactory performance of the sector.
(3) Determine the relationship between real per capital gross domestic product, tariff trend, total
energy generated and total energy consumption.
(4) Find what mitigating circumstance surrounds the seemingly unreliable nature of Electric power
sector.
Solutions would also be proffered to all the factors based upon the findings
1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY.
In our quest to research on issues surrounding privatization and commercialization in Nigeria Public
Enterprises using Electric Power sector as a case study, the basic and primary focus of this research

work is on the viability of the exercise. However, attention is also focused on capacity utilization.
This study essentially covers the periods 1970–2003; it fundamentally covered pre–
commercialization and post–commercialization Era. This is to enable us have a thorough analysis of
this work.
REVIEW OF STUDY
2.1 PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION CONCEPT

Ethics and Privatization of Public Systems Essay
Ethics problems of privatizing water supply services. Paper submitted for Ethics class, with good
reseach on Chinese market.
Privatization of public systems has been going on in both developed and developing countries for
many years, maybe with more strength on developing countries in the last decade because of their
higher reliance on public companies.
The inefficiency of many public companies and its burden to the countries bearing them has been
probably the reason most commonly used to justify them. Other reasons have also been: expertise of
the private companies, fewer capital funds needed to start the project (in case of new projects) and
less resources needed from the government to control the day–to–day operations from the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For improving the economic results of a firm there are two possibilities a) reducing costs b)
increasing revenues:
a) Reducing costs: This is normally attained in two ways for water companies, utilizing more
efficient modern equipment which per se doesn't imply any ethical problem (but this has an attached
higher investment cost) or reducing labor cost, which could lead to difficult decisions.
Another way of reducing costs, for new projects that require building infrastructure, is by supplying
water only to the sector of the people who can afford paying for the services. The layering of the
pipe network is a very expensive part of the construction of a new water supply system, and thus
private companies could save money by not supplying areas were water consumption is low, or were
they expect to have difficulties collecting the fees.
b) Increasing revenues: to raise the prices of water supply to customers. This has two ethical issues
bound:
a. First, the reduction of the access to water to lower income users due to its higher cost, or at least
the reduction of the amount of water they can use.
b. The quick rise of prices of water before the quality of supply is improved can confuse and irate
the consumers.
Seeing the ethical issues that will arise to private companies in charge of supplying water to people,
should they be left alone to take the

Privatization: Metropolitan Boston Transit Authority...
Privatization: Metropolitan Boston Transit Authority (MBTA) and the California State
Compensation Insurance Fund
According to Robert B. Denhardt, Public Administration an Action Orientation, privatization "is the
use of non governmental agencies to provide goods or services previously provided by
government." (P.95). Privatization comes in various degrees, from the outright selling or transfer of
government ownership of assets (for example public utilities), to, as is more common in the United
States – the contracting of goods or services to private firms.
Contracting is not something new in government. For example the Defense Department procures
new weapons systems from the private sector all the time and the Pentagon oversees ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two common areas of privatization, transportation and garbage collection. In Boston for
example, the Metropolitan Boston Transit Authority undertook a huge effort to privatize public
transportation. The result was a "private company and a coalition of unions each tentatively chosen
to run their own network of MBTA buses, at costs considerably below what the authority now pays
according to a Boston Globe article (Metro, Monday Feb. 3, 1997). How they arrived at this strange
equation is unknown but the stated goal was to cut costs though competition. "Such arrangements
reflect the belief that competition brings out the best among contenders–and that by inserting
government units into a competitive environment, service recipients stand to gain much while
risking little." (Ammons, D. and Hill D. pg. 12).
Opponents of privatization argue that "any cost savings are attributable to reductions in service
quality or to worker exploitation, especially through lower wages and fewer benefits." (Ibid. 14).
They argue further that "the free market has little sensitivity to the issue of equity...and if unfettered
may be expected to exclude nonpaying customers–even if the "public good" would be served by
universal access." (Ibid. 14). In a study on trash collection, while the contractual refuse collections
was found to

Privatization Reform During Latin America
Conclusion
Since the 1980s, transnational actors have disseminated ideas of education privatization throughout
Latin America. Although by similar means, these policy ideas arrived at different historical moments
at Chile and Argentina. Privatization ideas made its way in Chile carried by the influential Chicago
boys, during the critical juncture of the authoritarian regime. The market–based reform served the
interests of the military regime, and faced very little resistance given the repression and dismantling
of the teacher union, and the penetration of the economic logic in the Ministry of Education. Timing,
carriers and weak opposition allowed a complete replacement of the domestic education policy.
Later in democracy, state–oriented education bureaucrats were not able to reverse the policy change.
Although they tried to build on the inherited model and use the state as a way to correct the failures
of the education market, the inconsistency between their goals and their means ended up
reproducing and strengthening the privatized model.
By contrast in Argentina, the economic perspective arrived timidly and late when the country was
making its transition to democracy. The resistance of the teacher union and provincial governments
towards fiscal decentralization, and the reluctance of the ministry of education to market–based
reforms, refrained the government from proposing explicit privatization instruments such as
vouchers. Instead, the government gradually changed

Water Privatization Essay
Water is just as important as air, it is a basic need for life, ever since the beginning when one is
searching for life, water is the first thing to look for, without water there is no life. Everyone
deserves to have access to water.
Yet 1/8th of the worlds population doesn't have access to safe and clean drinking water. Most of
these people are from the developing parts of the world, this translates into 884 million people
without safe and clean drinking water, thats equivalent to the size of north and south America. Over
the course of the year 1.5 million people die each year from water related causes. Poor countries
have been told that private companies, including some of the worlds largest corporations such as
Suez, Veolia, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when the company took over their local wells and informal pumps as well as the system
infrastructure, many consumers were priced out of the market, unable to pay the increased water
rates, which in some case had doubled. To further develop this, the world bank forced Cochabamba
and El Alto's water to be privatised because they said if they didn't, they will cut off Bolivia's water
development loans completely. This explains that once water services are privatised, very little can
be done to ensure that the company will work in the best interest of the
community. Furthermore, if a community is dissatisfied with the performance of the company,
buying back the water rights is a very difficult and costly proposition. Again the prime directive of
the water companies is to minimise profits, not to protect consumers
Water privatisation can also have good affects on the developing parts of the world. This is because
in developing countries their public water facilities and infrastructures are not up to date, damaged
and/or not working properly. By privatising water in these underdeveloped regions, this will ensure
that their water facilities are running adequately because people are paying for it. It will also create
revenue through taxes for the government.
However, around 40% of people in the developing world are living in poverty, they are unable to
afford basic necessities as it is, by

Pros And Consequences Of Privatization
What drives the movement for privatization? In the past few decades, countries around the world
have taken action to privatize their services. It is believed that privatization creates markets that
allow companies to compete, and contribute to the economy. The idea is to cede ownership of public
services to the private sector; where competition will drive innovation, and reduce costs for the
government and the taxpayer alike. That being said, in some cases privatization does not create a
real market where competition occurs, or is even feasible. Privatizing these services can deteriorate
quality and increase costs for those who require their use. This way, it is possible to limit a service to
those who can afford them. While privatization can, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As shown in "Prisons, Privatization, Patronage" by Paul Krugman, privatization can have negative
consequences. These privatized prisons are understaffed and poorly run. There are have been
convicts escaping prison and minor offenders suffering in the hands of other prisoners (Krugman).
These prisons also show very little reduction in costs, as opposed to state funded prisons and the
little savings come from understaffing and underpaying their employees (Krugman). In this case,
privatization was used for the benefit of private companies who are making a profit, as well as the
government who does not have to invest money in prisons. However, this is done at the expense of
those receiving the service.
Moreover, privatization can limit a service to a certain group of people. As argued by Gary Haugen
in "The Privatization of Justice", private services can be limited to the wealthy. In many developing
countries police enforcement is sometimes limited. In some areas, people looking to protect
themselves and their property hire their own protection (Haugen). This is great for companies who
now have access to this new market, allowing them to make money and create jobs. However, many
people cannot afford private protection, making justice available only for the

Privatization of Airports
PRIVATIZATION OF AIRPORTS
Conceptual Understanding of the term 'Privatization'
'Privatization' is a generally a process through which the ownership and control of a government
entity is transferred to a private entity. The transfer can be either in whole or partial. Different
connotations of the term 'privatization' as enumerated in various articles and journals are as follows :
1. Movement of an entity from the federal government to a local or quasi–governmental agency
where a private sector mode would be used.
2. Political policy of the national government.
3. Government entity which is partially owned by private sector.
4. Transfer of state owned enterprises to private economic agents in order to gain the benefits
occurring under private ownership.
5. Contracting out of service delivery to private organisation.
6. Policy of structural change that might cause state owned enterprises to behave like private firms.
7. Expansion of Private sector participation without ownership.
8. Private Sector Financing.
Anne Graham in the book "Managing Airports" has clearly demarcated the differences between
Airport Commercialisation and Airport Privatization as follows: Airport commercialization: The
transformation of an airport from a public utility to a commercial enterprise and the adoption of a
more businesslike management philosophy. Airport privatization: The transfer of the management of
an airport, and in many cases the ownership as well, to the private sector by a variety

Brazil and Privatization Essay
Brazil and Privatization The earliest inhabitants of Brazil were the Indians. However, the country's
recorded history begins with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500. The Portuguese sailor Pedro
Alvares Cabral visited the continent we call South America, eight years after Columbus arrived in
America. Portuguese settlers followed, calling the new colony Brazil, after the brazilwood tree that
they extracted red dye from. The Portuguese did not bring prosperity and progress to the Indians.
Instead, they unintentionally infected and killed thousands of Indians with diseases such as measles
and smallpox. The growing number of settlers spurred the exploration of Brazil. Frontiersmen called
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their most famous sculptor is also one of the world's most remarkable artists, Antonio Francisco
Lisboa. He became known as Aleijadinho, the little cripple, when a disease paralyzed his hands. He
tied a hammer and a chisel to his wrists and continued to work. Brazilians also love sports. There is
8,000 sports clubs all over the country. They enjoy water sports, basketball, volleyball, tennis, and
boxing. But none of these sports rivals their all time favorite, soccer. Brazilian's call it futebol.
Scoring a goal in the world's soccer championship is the dream of every Brazilian boy.
Language
Brazil's national language is Portuguese. Like the United States' English differs from England,
Brazil also developed a character of its own. The difference is mostly from the influence of Brazil's
Indians. Other influences are attributed to the African heritage and German, Italian and Spanish
immigrants. Their alphabet has three fewer letters than English, missing "k", "w", and "y."
Political Makeup During Brazil's 20 years of military rule, the army had almost complete control
and congress had little power. Since 1985 the government has been in the hands of civilians. Brazil
is a federal republic under the leadership of a president whose powers are similar to those of the
president of the United States. A vice–president and the cabinet consisting of state ministers support
the president. The government is divided into

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Privatization
Privatization refers to the transfer of business, property or ownership of the government to the
private sector. The government will not own the entity or the production anymore. By Kosar (2006),
it is a shift of the function from the state to the private sector. Privatization is often used to increase
the revenue of the government, it is a common economic tool. (Addams, 2006). According to Poon
(2004), privatization can be divided into four categories which is sales arrangement: meaning of
transferring ownership of the government to the private enterprises, contracting arrangement: it
involves transfer of service productions from the in–house government to the private contractors,
deregulation: reducing the state regulation by market entry restrictions to increase market
competition, user pay: it assumes people are rational and separate individuals who aim to earn profit
in everyday lives. These are some definitions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The privatization of some government–owned monopolies often occur deregulation, meaning they
will use some policies that can allow more companies of business enter the industry and increase
market competition. (Pettinger, 2017). With increased market competition, shops tend to decrease
their prices so that they can fight for more customers. It also encourage more development on
products, so more new goods can be produced and consumers can have more product choices.
Owners also provide higher quality services in order to keep their old customers and attract more
new customers. (Lau, 2014). They will also increase their productivity under a more competitive
market, they can respond faster to market changes and make better and more flexible market
decisions. When developing the economy, it promotes the private enterprises, increases financial
flexibility and helps with the expansion of the private sector. (Li, 2012). This leads to an overall
better economic

Private Prisons Essay
The concept of the prison has existed for more than two thousand years. It probably goes back as far
in time as practice of cannibalism, where victims had to wait for their turn in contributing to the
chief course in the menu of their captors. Examples of prisons can even be found in the Old
Testament when Joseph was incarcerated in Egypt. It was not until the 19th century that a clear shift
occurred from corporal punishment to imprisonment. As societies prospered and the industrial
revolution began, the formal prison system, as we know it today, developed. Throughout most of the
world, the correctional system is administered by the state, and it is considered a key function that
the government must fulfill: protect its citizens by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Segal and Moore (2002) identified about 23 U.S. cost comparison studies and fewer quality studies.
Many of those studies were of questionable value because they did not comply with specific
characteristics of meta–analysis (did not have explicit comparison of private and public facilities,
the study was based on citations of other studies, few recognizable databases, among others). The
most recent review, a meta–analysis by Lundahl et. al. (2009) only identified 12 studies of cost and
quality meeting their criteria for sound methodology".
According to Alex Tabarrok, privately managed facilities can have cost savings of 15–25% on
prison edification and 15% on administrative expenses. Likewise, private prisons generate
competition and exert pressure towards public prisons. They encourage public prisons to also
innovate and lower costs. Other studies (Lundahl et al. 2009, page 392) argue, "prison privatization
provides neither a clear advantage nor disadvantage compared with publicly managed prisons." The
economic nature of private corporations is to be profit–seeking agents whose sole focus is to
maximize shareholder value. This is a fair reason and a reason that will always exist. Detractors of
privatization and free market systems, argue that

Privatization Of The NHS
NHS PRIVATIZATION
INTRODUCTION
In the post war reconstruction, due to squalors and diseases. The National Health Service (NHS) was
established on 5 July 1948. It was thought that all sectors in health service should be under one
umbrella due to advancement in medicine and pharmaceutical industry, creating new drugs such as
Antibiotics, better Anaesthetic agents, Cortisone and drugs for the treatment of Mental illness and
other ailments. The creation of NHS was a momentous achievement despite earlier professional
opposition to some of the details.
Principles of NHS
The NHS was created out of the ideal that good healthcare should be available to all, regardless of
wealth. When it was launched by the then minister of health, Aneurin Bevan, on ... Show more
Believe that the NHS should not to be privatised but reformed to meet the challenges of the 21st
century while remaining in the public sector. She pointed out that across the country, the NHS is
selling off its land and buildings and closing its services. This is happening at an unprecedented rate
which is switching NHS funds and services away from NHS services to the private sector. The total
debt is £50bn rising to £90bn and will lock–in future governments and future taxpayers for many
decades to come. The NHS currently pays £0.5bn pounds a year in PFI charges and this debt is set to
quadruple to £2.3bn a year by 2010. The beneficiaries are the banks, the shareholders and the
venture capitalists, the construction industry and facilities management. The losers are the service
users, staff and the British public.
(https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/oct/04/thenewprofiteers)
CONCLUSION
I believe the NHS should be privatised as the service (NHS) needs help. Partial or full privatisation
can provide the service with well deserve funds it needs to improve the service.
People are living longer, population is increasing by the day. Public spending is insufficient hence
the infusion of private funds can assist in providing the 1st class health service that the people
required.
Government must however put in place some safety net for check and balances. example protection
of jobs

The Problem Of Water Privatization
Water privatization, the sale and transportation of water supplies to private companies, is becoming
more commonly used and is affecting several populations in negative ways. Jeneen Interlandi, an
author of World Watch Magazine, claims that private companies will not be able to manage water
supplies in an efficient manner and should sale and management of the world 's water supplies to
state and local governments (Interlandi). I believe that water privatization should indeed be put to an
end because it is causing water prices to up and become less affordable, completely cutting off water
access to several communities, and brings contamination and diseases to villages and the
environment.
Poor and developing countries often turn to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bolivian citizens revolted into a violent protest that ended the water contract. Similar situations are
still happening around the world today. The construction that goes into digging and reaching fresh
water supplies is expensive, so China has become open to foreign investments and has raised water
rates to more than the public can afford to pay for, despite water being a necessity (Interladi). If not
protesting, citizens simply skip buying water or cut down on how much of it they buy immensely
because they cannot afford the high rates (Runyan). My point is that charging consumers more than
they can afford for a necessity does not guarantee profit. Private companies and investors assume
the consumers have to buy a necessity like water, so they immorally take advantage and force some
families to choose between water and other necessities. After paying more than they can for so long,
consumers will simply stop buying and many will even revolt. So far, private companies ' main
targets have been developing and poor countries since they could use the financial support to gain
funds and improve their infrastructures and communities. According to Erica Gies, "Developing
countries are often pushed into water privatization deals against their will because they need loans
from international development agencies." (Gies). Countries with already developed infrastructures
like the United

The Role And Role Of Public Administration
Public administrators play a huge role in the government and are the bridge connecting the
government and the public. They are the public's voice and ensure that we as people, have our basic
needs met. This does not go without issues and dilemmas, which are faced almost daily. Multiple
areas of a public administrator's job need to be taken into account such as public interest, the
dilemmas of privatizing government functions, ethical obligations and administrative responsibility.
On the other end of the spectrum, some believe that the needs of the people cannot be accuratley
guaged because our world is ever changing, which would make the job of a public administrator
impossible. When public administrators are chosen for their job, it is believed that they are the best
for the job and that they will hold the public's interest at heart. Public interest is that which is the
best for the majority. While not all decisions will make everyone happy because, that is impossible;
public administrators ensure that the people's best interest is being heard. This group of people make
sure that regulations and services are passed that will help the people. While these might not be the
most relevant and up to date issues, public administrators are placed to make sure the basics such as
social security and where our tax money goes is in favor of the needs of the people. Public
administrators don't get a lot of credit because the things that they ensure are things that we take for
granted

The World Can Benefit From Water Privatization
The concept of race outlives slavery and limits emancipation through the manifested ideals of white
supremacy and white privilege. The criminal justice system sets back colored communities by
arranging political boundaries and looking back on the precedent set by the emancipation
proclamation. With the ideologies shared within the Doctrine of Discovery, the Tenets of the
Eugenics Movement, and Neoliberal Capitalism, some multinational companies attempt to privatize
water. While water has remained an unpriced commodity for most of the world, consumption and
scarcity have raised some questions on whether the world can benefit from water privatization.
The Doctrine of Discovery, elements of the Eugenics Movement and Neoliberal Capitalism are
being practiced individually, however, in the case of water privatization these components come
together. The Doctrine of Discovery is still used today to justify the actions similar to those of settler
colonialists. It is present in the actions of expanding capitalists. Remnants of Manifest Destiny lead
people to believe that it's their god given right to take the resources they need and want. Roxanne
Dunbar–Ortiz wrote, "Awareness of the settler–colonialist context of US history writing is essential
if one is to avoid the laziness of the default position and the trap of a mythological unconscious
belief in manifest destiny." These ideas lead to the concepts of white supremacy and white privilege,
the idea that the white class is

Pros And Cons Of Water Privatization
Rocky Santana
Period 3
4/21/15
The Bad Effects of The Privatization of Water The privatization of water has its pros and cons, like
the quality going down to save money, and like the poor not being able to get access to clean water.
Massive layoffs could happen so the company could save money, this makes them under staffed.
Rate increase can also occur in the company to increase profits. Water privatization in my opinion,
has the cons out weighing the pros in the argument on whether it is good for the public, and the
company itself. To talk about the privatization, first you have to know what it is. Privatization is the
process of transferring the control of an enterprise from the government sector to the private sector
(giving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This being because the company (companies) is driven by profits and not the well being of the
general public. Doing this will usually result in the compromise in the environmental standard. The
NAWC (The National Association of Water Companies), the representors of the U.S. of the private
water industry keeps trying to put a stop to the congress and the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) from raising the water quality standards. I'm sorry if the typing and or grammar isn't right.
And to change the regulations based on cost benefit analysis, which compromises the public health
for the sake of the company getting more money. If a company where to buy the right to water
privatization in a community, and the community were to be dissatisfied, it would be next to
impossible and costly to buy those right back from the company. Once again, the company's goal is
to get profit from this. The community would be putting their trust in that company to provide safe
clean water. Doing so with privatization also will lead to massive layoffs since the companies want
to make the most money that they can. Again, since the company could be under staffed, it would
put the water quality at risk. It would put both workers and consumers at

The Purpose Of Privatization Of Water By Richard Barlow
I think Barlow's reading was important as a whole. It was surprising to learn that a natural resource
like water is something that is not available to many people. People are struggling to get water that
god provided every with equally. The purpose of privatization of water is to make it cheaper for
poor people so they can afford it. Suez and Vivendi is two main role players in privatization of
water. Their job is to make water cheaper and available for everyone but rather they are using water
as a way of making money and becoming rich. They are providing water to poor people but not to
all the poor people only to the ones that can afford to pay for it. Cooperation is not doing everything
they are supposed to be doing to provide everyone with

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Commercialisation In Nigeria
In Nigeria, the issue of mismanagement and underutilization which led to huge wastage of resources
and manpower potentials gave the government of the day no other option but to pursue quickly the
privatization and commercialization program. They are about six hundred (600) public enterprises in
Nigeria, ran by or controlled by the federal government, many are controlled by the state
government. These companies take a sizable portion of the federal budget and account for over 5000
patronage. Transfers into these enterprises ran into billions on Naira. These transfers were in form of
subsidized foreign exchange import duty waves, tax exemptions and/or write off of unrequited
revenues, loans and guarantees and grants/subventions. These companies ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this definition, service delivery is not just viewed as an activity but also an occupation performed
by some individuals who are paid. The service provided are quiet welfare meant to be consumed by
human beings for their well–being. Mishan (1981) contributes that service delivery of that which is
invisible and for which a consumer, firm or government is willing to exchange something of value.
This opinion regards service as indivisible item, which cannot be touched, distributed by a
recognized body (example government). The service can be exchanged for something of value,
which is commonly money. He goes further to state that a public good is a good or service to which
the exclusion principle is not applicable and which is provided by government if it yields substantial
benefits to society. The government solely to leave outstanding impacts on the society provides the
public service or goods. This goes to mean that the evidence of public service delivery should be
seen in the public who are to be served. According to Ogunna (1999), who sees public enterprises as
enterprises set up by government to perform definite social and economic functions for the public .
Public service is a

What Are The Negative Effects Of Thatcher Policy
Negative Effects of Thatcher's Policies to Britain
Introduction
Margret Thatcher was the Prime Minister in the United Kingdom between 1979 to 1990. Although
other people may be of the opinion that her policy reforms were of good intents to Britain, a critical
analysis from a neutral viewpoint may reveal the opposite. As Goodwin puts it, Thatcher`s policies
towards the European integration were pragmatic in practice, but aggressive in tone . The policies
were characterized by public articulation that was thought to be of best interests to the United
Kingdom. Generally, Thatcher`s policies were implemented after the claim that they would promote
small states, free markets, privatization, cut taxes and lower inflation2. However, a more indepth
analysis can reveal how the policies resulted in mass unemployment, social housing crisis,
privatization, reduced powers of trade unions, poverty and inequality and poll tax. As it will be
shown by the evidence presented herein, Thatcher's policies did more damage than good to the
interests of Britain. The following are the various negative consequences that resulted from the
implementation of Thatcher's policies. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In one of her speeches, Thatcher said that inflation was caused by government and was the key
factor that discouraged saving and investments2. She therefore intended to control inflation by
applying a deflationary approach which involved increasing interest rates, implementation of
income policy and increasing value added tax. Increase in interest rates was bound to lower
economic activity and thus control inflation. However, as it turned out, the move led to the closure
of many British Manufacturing Industries which caused a loss of millions of jobs. Additionally, the
manufacturing output was lowered by 30%, leading to reductions in manufacturing base and made
the balance of payment in these goods to be in

The World Can Benefit From Water Privatization
The concept of race outlives slavery and limits emancipation through the manifested ideals of white
supremacy and white privilege. The criminal justice system sets back colored communities by
arranging political boundaries and looking back on the precedent set by the emancipation
proclamation. With the ideologies shared within the Doctrine of Discovery, the Tenets of the
Eugenics Movement, and Neoliberal Capitalism, some multinational companies attempt to privatize
water. While water has remained an unpriced commodity for most of the world, consumption and
scarcity have raised some questions on whether the world can benefit from water privatization.
The Doctrine of Discovery, elements of the Eugenics Movement and Neoliberal Capitalism are ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They share ideology that the Caucasian race is superior and actions should be taken to eliminate or
reduce their existence. There is a Eugenic standpoint present in the privatization of water due to the
views taken against the community whose water is at risk. Those standing to privatize water are
selectively choosing impoverished areas in order to generate a profit and dehumanize the area. They
carefully select the area, their target and how they approach the situation with the most beneficial
outcome. In Walter Rodney's essay, "How Europe Underdeveloped", he discusses how Europe
underdeveloped Africa and those repercussions. Africa's circumstances in the early 1900's are
similar to the water privatization movement. Rodney states, "The combination of being oppressed,
being exploited, and being disregarded is best illustrated by the pattern of the economic
infrastructure of African colonies notably, their roads and railways (110)." Similarly, countries under
scrutiny for privatization of water are under the same pressure of oppression, exploitation and
disregard, however for their unsteady economic state and water.
Key elements of the Eugenics Movement that
Water privatization is being used to establish dominance, exploit, and holds genocidal
characteristics.
Neoliberal Capitalism strongly goes into the movement of privatization because it is an approach
that large corporations share. Under Neoliberal Capitalism corporations

Water Damage : The Privatization Of Water In Africa
Water is a necessary commodity for humans around the globe. People need water in order to
survive, and thankfully water is plentiful in most areas around the globe. For some regions,
however, water access is limited in amount and cleanliness. To combat this issue, some areas have
allowed private companies to take over the water supply and sell the water at a fixed price. The
method, known as water privatization, does not benefit the people living in the area; rather, it
benefits the company owning and operating the water. Water privatization limits the supply of water
and the recipients of the water, but the issue can be resolved with government intervention. The
privatization of water has been an issue in several areas for quite some time. The concern over water
privatization has especially affected the African country of Tanzania. Up until 2005, Tanzania had
allowed a private British company, City Water, control much of the water supply of the country's
capital, Dar es Salaam. The city encountered several issues with the company over the span of the
company's influence in Dar es Salaam. The issues encountered between City Water and Dar es
Salaam highlight the significance of the underlying problems that lie within the privatization of
water. To begin with, one of the major problems with the privatization of water, especially in Dar es
Salaam, is that the recipients of the water are limited. When water becomes privatized, there
becomes a shift in the motive of providing

Service and Asset Privatization Essay example
The rapid interest in privatization stroked when all the levels of government economies were
persistently challenging in running their operations during last two to three decades of twentieth
century (Shirley, 1992). Since then, privatization of public sectors has been a key factor of structural
reform programs in both developed and developing countries (Sheshinski & Lopez–Calva, 2003).
The process of transferring ownership of public services from the public sector (the part which is
controlled by government) to private sectors (the part which is owned and controlled by private
party) is called privatization (Investopia, 2013). According to Sarah E. Gollust and Peter D.
Jacobson, "privatization is the transfer of decision–making authority, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Primarily, privatization is "to achieve higher allocation and productive efficiency and to strengthen
the role of private sector in the economy" (Sheshinski & Lopez–Calva, 2003). They describe that
these two objectives are the main reasons behind government contracting its sectors to private
parties and are associated with microeconomic efficiency. Secondarily, it is "to improve the public
sector's financial health and "to free resources for allocation in other important areas of government
activity–usually related to social policy" (Sheshinski & Lopez–Calva, 2003). For the next ones, they
explain that these reduce the level of borrowing and reallocate the possible expenditure towards
social policy areas, and these are connected to public sector finance.
Literature Review: In this research, I have conducted studies on three important aspect of public
sector where privatization has taken place and from which I could draw a conclusive end. The first
among them is the privatization of state prison. The first privatization of prison in United States was
done in 1986 and soon after, the numbers continue to increase rapidly (Burkhardt, 2009). From
theory–driven historical analysis, he finds out that the rising population, "interventionist federal
courts," and the link between the private contractors and members of state governments are the
causing factors of state prison privatization. In

The European Union And The United States
The European Union and the United States are currently negotiating the Transatlantic Trade and
Investment Partnership (TTIP). The TTIP is labelled a 'free trade' agreement, involving the removal
of non–tariff barriers between the the US and EU, harmonizing and reducing regulatory
requirements and differences in legislation on various goods produced and traded within these
countries. If agreed, it will create the world's largest 'free trade' zone in the world. Serious concerns
have been raised in regards to the effects of the secretive TTIP on various industries and employees
within the EU. TTIP could be seen as another 'neoliberal project' – following Margeret Thatchers
pioneering – that will affect social, health and environmental ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(better thesis???)
Leaked documents about the agreement have revealed the proposed inclusion of Investment State
Dispute Settlements (ISDS), which can be viewed as a neoliberal attack on democracy, resulting in
immeasurable effects on EU governments' such as the UK's. This mechanism is designed to protect
foreign organisations investing in another country, and allows companies to claim and sue against
that country if a conflict arises that will limit their profits. The ISDS lies in the foreign corporations'
favour, but not in the governments, limiting the UK and many other EU countries' governmental
authority, binding them strictly to the rules of the TTIP. "ISDS works like a global legal
straightjacket that makes it very, very difficult and expensive for governments to regulate
corporations ... It is dangerous for democracy," claims Pia Eberhardt, of Corporate Europe
Observatory (CEO), a Brussels–based campaign group. As a result, the UK government may neglect
the rights of workers and domestic organisations in order to avoid conflict with multinational US
corporations; stealthily, the neoliberal theory underhandedly infiltrating through.
This 'neo–liberal approach' of a reduction in the governments authority could threaten organisations
such as the NHS, privatizing the public service to American Investors, the ISDS compensation rules
making it almost impossible

Privatization of Social Services Essay
The Benefits of Privatization of Social Services
Contracting out is the process through which public organizations contract with private sector
organizations to provide services normally provided by public agencies. It is a form of privatization,
which is defined as any shift of activity or functions from the state to the private sector, more
specifically, the shift of production of goods or services from public to private. (Starr, 5)
Privatization reduces the role of government and increases the role of private sector agencies.
However, public agencies maintain ultimate control over the provision of services and they control
government funding.
In an effort to reduce costs, enhance efficiency or improve services, many states ... Show more
Like most public agencies, DPSS operates under the elite model of organizational structure. This
structure dictates that formal rules and process are followed in order to reach the organization's
goals. Therefore, in order to effectively contract out and maintain and effective organization,
management must engage in the practice of well–known management principles (POSDCORB).
Practicing the principles of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and
budgeting, management can make sound decisions about the implementation and management of
contracts. The effectiveness and efficiency in which the agency is run and the manner in which the
contract is managed is grounded in the effective practice of these principles.
In this research paper I will discuss the process of contracting out, issues of cost, credibility,
accountability, and quality and quantity of services. My discussion will also include reasons for
contracting out, opposition, and advantages and problems of contracting out.
REASONS FOR CONTRACTING OUT
Research indicates that there are several valid reasons for contracting out:
To obtain special skills or supplemental staff.
To meet demands beyond current government capacity.
To improve service quality.
To provide clients with more choice of providers and levels of service. (Nightingale

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