Stomach help

1. BY: AYODEJI ADEYEMI
PRESENTATION
ON THE
STOMACH

2. WHAT IS STOMACH
The stomach
is a muscular
J-shape organ
of the
digestive tract.
It secretes
hormone
called gastrin
into the blood.
It temporarily
store and
mixes food
It secretes
gastric juice
into the lumen

3. DESCRIPTION
The stomach is
located in the upper
left quadrant of the
abdomen, just
beneath the
diaphragm.
It is positioned
between the
esophagus and the
small intestine.
There is a sphincter
between the esophagus
and the stomach, which
allow food to pass into
the stomach and
prevent chyme from
flowing backwards into
the esophagus

4. STOMACH IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PORTIONS
Fundus- upper
portion near
esophagus
Antrumbottom
portion
where pyloric
located
The body- the
middle
section

5. The wall of the stomach
is made up of four layers
The
mucous
The mucous and submucous layers
are made up of ridges called rugae.
Within the ridges are gastric glands
made up of;
Mucous cells
The
submucous
The
muscular
Parietal cells
Chief cells
And G-cells
The
peritoneal
Each of these cells secretes a chemical
that aids the process of digestion.

6. SECRECTION IN THE STOMACH
EXOCRINE
Exocrine glands are located in the fundus and
body of the stomach. The chief cells in these
exocrine glands secrete pepsinogen, the
inactive precursor of pepsin. also contain
parietal cells. These parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid(HCl), which makes the
stomach strongly acidic, with a pH of about 2
or 3. This is an optimal pH for the action of
pepsin
ENDOCRINE
The G-cells are the
only endocrine cells
located in the stomach
and are located
mainly in the antrum
of the stomach where
there are few acid
producing cells.
Gastrin acts on the
parietal cells,
stimulating them to
release hydrocloric
acid
G-cells release the
hormone gastrin into
the bloodstream.

7. Muscular Activity
The stomach must undergo
muscular contractions in order to
mix food and gastric juices
together. These waves of
involuntary muscular contractions
are called peristalsis. When food
is present, peristaltic contractions
pass through the stomach muscles
about two or three times every
minute and continue at a constant
rhythm.
Pressure will begin to develop in
the lower part of the stomach.
When there is sufficient pressure,
a small amount of the stomach's
contents moves through the
pyloric sphincter and into the
duodenum (the first section of the
small intestine). It takes about
two to six hours for the entire
contents of the stomach to empty,
depending on the composition of
the person's diet.
Low-fat meals leave the stomach
more quickly than high-fat meals.
Psychological states also affect the
rate of stomach emptying;
depression and fear may cause the
stomach to empty slowly, while
anger and aggression may cause
the stomach to empty quickly.
After the chyme has entered the
duodenum and the pyloric
sphincter has closed, some of the
food returns to the stomach
through retropulsion.
Retropulsion is a process in which
the stomach contents are squirted
back into the stomach at a rate of
about three times per minute.
Retropulsion mixes the food with
gastric juices and breaks larger
clumps of food into smaller
pieces.

8. Role In Human Health
 The stomach prepares food for digestion in the small
intestine. If the stomach is not functioning properly,
there are many problems that can arise with regard
to digestion. Further, the contents of the stomach are
so acidic and caustic to other organs of the body that
they can cause problems if they leak out of the
stomach, as may happen with perforating ulcers of
the duodenum or penetrating wounds of the
abdomen.

9. COMMON HEALTH PROBLEM
Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
Peptic ulcer disease
Gastroesophageal
reflux
Gastritis : It is an
inflammation of the
gastric mucosal layer
caused by a range of
factors, including
bacterial infections,
medications
(particularly NSAIDs),
acute stress, and spicy
foods or alcohol.
Gastroenteritis is
another common
disorder of the digestive
tract, characterized by
inflammation of the
stomach and the
intestines. is caused by
specific bacteria
(Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, etc.),
amoebae or other
parasites. The
symptoms include
diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting, and
abdominal cramping.
Peptic ulcers can occur
in the stomach,
although they are more
likely to develop in the
small intestine. Small
lesions develop in the
mucosal membrane,
causing bleeding. Other
symptoms include
heartburn and
indigestion.
Gastroesophageal reflux
is caused by a
malfunctioning
sphincter between the
esophagus and the
stomach, resulting in a
release of chyme back
into the esophagus.

10. CONCLUSION
 The stomach is a muscular organ of the digestive
tract. It is located between the esophagus and the
small intestine. The stomach is hollow and sacshaped. It is involved in the second phase of
digestion, following mastication (chewing).The
stomach produces protease enzymes and
hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and gives the
right pH for the protease enzyme to work.

11. THANK YOU!
I HOPE YOU ENJOY
THE PRESENTATION