Freshman Engineering Seminar Homework 7 Statistical Analysis.docx

Freshman Engineering Seminar Homework 7: Statistical
Analysis
This assignment will be due at the beginning of class on
Wednesday, 4 November 2015
NOTE: For each problem below, you can either solve the
problem using a computer programming
language/application OR you can solve the problem by hand on
engineering paper.
Part 1 Optional
Read ‘Cosmic Web’ or Cosmic Electricity Grid: Observations
on the largescale structure of the
Universe over the past decades have given rise to the notion of
the ‘cosmic web’, which is nothing if
not the cosmic electricity grid of the Electric Plasma Universe
Dr Mae-Wan Ho (ISIS Report 19/10/15)
[http://www.i-
sis.org.uk/Cosmic_Web_or_Cosmic_Electricity_Grid.php]
Part 2 Required
The following information is for Problems 1 and 2:
100 random samples were taken from a large population. A
particular numerical characteristic
of sampled items was measured. The results of the
measurements were as follows:
45 measurements were between 0.859 and 0.900
0.901 was observed once

0.902 was observed three times
0.903 was observed twice
0.904 was observed four times
45 measurements were between 0.905 and 0.958
The smallest value was 0.859, and the largest value was 0.958.
The sum of all 100
measurements was 91.170. Except those noted, no
measurements occurred more than twice.
*1) What is the mean of the measurements?
*2) What is the mode of the measurements?
$ 3) Muscle fatigue can be measured by means of the frequency
spectrum, related to standard
deviation, of electrical signals recorded from the muscle. The
following is a list of values (in
arbitrary units) for the myoelectric signal during isokinetic knee
extension using the rectus
femoris muscle. Compute the standard deviation of the bold
values (by hand) OR all of the
values (by computer program).
0.35 0.15 0.70 -0.65 0.28 -0.10
-0.25 -0.24 -0.80 0.16 -0.35 -0.03
-0.10 0.15 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00
-0.10 -0.13 0.50 0.25 0.08 0.06
0.08 -0.23 0.22 0.01 0.08 0.01
1 of 3
http://www.i-
sis.org.uk/Cosmic_Web_or_Cosmic_Electricity_Grid.php

@ 4) A student received grades 75, 85, 80 and 73 on homework
assignments and a final exam
grade of 68. If the final exam grade is weighted 4 times that of
the homework assignments,
what is the student’s mean score?
5) What is the sample variance in cfs? [Use the bold values if
calculating by hand OR use all values if
done by computer program.]
^ USGS 03431599 WHITES CREEK NEAR BORDEAUX, TN
Agency ID Site Number Date Discharge, cubic
feet per second
Provisional data
subject to revision
USGS 03431599 2013-06-01 18 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-05 11 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-07 7.0 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-09 11 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-11 28 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-15 2.5 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-17 101 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-21 6.6 P
USGS 03431599 2013-06-25 1.7 P

USGS 03431599 2013-06-30 0.49 P
Homework Guidelines
Follow the Problem Solving format discussed in class
For the problems using computer code, provide me with the
input (your computer code) and output
(answer).
Write neatly
SHOW YOUR WORK
2 of 3
* Question source: Lindeburg, PE, M. R., EIT Review Manual,
Belmont, California: Professional
Publications, Inc., 1996.
@ Question source: PPI, 2012, “Online FE Exam / EIT Exam
Study Guide, Organized to NCEES
Handbook”, <http://www.eitexam.com/>, Accessed: 8
September 2013.
$ Question source: Johnson, Arthur T., Biology for Engineers,
New York, New York: CRC Press, 2011,
p. 218.
^ Data source: Unites States Geological Survey (USGS),
Sunday, December 1, 2013, “USGS Current
Conditions for USGS 03431599 Whites Creek near Bordeaux,
TN”,
<http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/tn/nwis/dv?cb_00060=on&form

at=html&period=&begin_date=2012-
11-30&end_date=2013-11-
30&site_no=03431599&referred_module=sw>, Accessed: 01
December
2013.
Works Cited
Johnson, Arthur T., Biology for Engineers, New York, New
York: CRC Press, 2011, p. 218.
Lindeburg, PE, M. R., EIT Review Manual, Belmont,
California: Professional Publications, Inc., 1996.
PPI, 2012, “Online FE Exam / EIT Exam Study Guide,
Organized to NCEES Handbook”,
<http://www.eitexam.com/>, Accessed: 8 September 2013.
Unites States Geological Survey (USGS), Sunday, December 1,
2013, “USGS Current Conditions for
USGS 03431599 Whites Creek near Bordeaux, TN”,
<http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/tn/nwis/dv?
cb_00060=on&format=html&period=&begin_date=2012-11-
30&end_date=2013-11-
30&site_no=03431599&referred_module=sw>, Accessed: 01
December 2013.
3 of 3
http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/tn/nwis/dv?cb_00060=on&forma
t=html&period=&begin_date=2012-11-30&end_date=2013-11-
30&site_no=03431599&referred_module=sw

http://www.eitexam.com/
http://www.eitexam.com/
Title
Water Analysis
Section: 21
Date of submission: 07 / 26 /2015
Introduction &Purpose:
Water is a vital part of both our environment and our
body systems. It covers nearly three quarters of the earth’s
surface and makes up between 60 and 70% of the human body
matter. It is an essential component of nearly everything we eat
and drink. Water, food, air are very essential for human life.
Which make the water one of the most important interest for
many researchers, water properties difference from one place to
another depends on the source of this water. Rivers, well,

desalinated sea water each source unique in its characteristics
from PH to conductivity and dissolved solids amount. Also
these properties specify the uses of water, water with PH more
than 7, basic used as cooling water in many industries due to its
reduced risk of corrosion. However, water pollution now one of
the most common problems in the entire world. Pollutants such
as nitrites and dissolved solids and others can make the water
dangerous for human, animals and plants life. That’s why we
should measure the properties of our drinking water to make
sure that it’s still on specification of human use, ASTM (
American standard testing material) issuing each year a table of
drinking water properties. The main goal for our experiment
3004 is to measure the alkalinity nitrates, PH, conductivity and
total dissolved solids in the drinking water to make sure that the
human use of water in safe side.(2)
Safety:
Safety first and everywhere, before doing any
experiment first you should look at the procedure and the
required material for this experiment. Most of the chemistry lab
deals with dangerous and unfamiliar substances, buffers and the
titrants used in this experiments it could be dangerous if you
don’t have the laboratory technical skills of how to deal with
them. These materials are harmful for the human body,
hydrochloric acid is corrosive and toxic substance, avoid any
direct contact with chemicals and wash your hands with a
sufficient amount of water and detergent in case of any spillage
and when you done before you leave the lab. Wear your
personal protective cloths, eye googles must be worn, and
working under the hood to avoid any inhalation of toxic gases
which emits from some chemicals.
Samples: our group have 4 samples I classified them as
following:
Sample 1:- Nicola Zochowski, the sample obtained from tap
water Monroe MI
Sample 2: William Higgins: sample obtained from well in
Toledo Ohio

Sample 3: Najma Mohamed: sample from tap water Toledo Ohio
Sample 4: ABDULBASET Ali: sample from tap water Sylvania
Toledo Ohio
Chemicals and glassware:
Buffer solutions for the PH meter calibration (buffer PH=4, PH
=7, PH=10)
Buffer solutions for conductivity meter (0 MG/L, 100mg/L)
Buffer solution for Nitrite meter
0.01 M hydrochloric acid solution HCl
Phenolphthalein solution
10% sodium thiosulfate solution
Mixed indictor (bromcrsol green/ methyl red)
50 ml burrte
50 ml Volumetric pipette.
250 ml Erlynmer flask
PH meter
Conductivity meter
Nitrate meter
Procedure:-
The procedure for all the samples are the same, the difference in
data collected which will be clear in calculations.
PH measurement:
Make sure that lab top ready for PH measurement folder
First calibrate the PH meter by using buffers PH=7- 10
Put the PH prop in the sample and wait for the reading to stable
Repeat the PH meter reading for each sample twice to make sure
about the result
Record the optioned result for the calculation part
Conductivity measurement:
Prepare the lab top for the conductivity measurement
Calibrate the meter by using 0, 1000 mg/L buffers to make sure
that the device able to measure from 0 to 100 mg/l salts.
Put the conductivity probe in the sample and wait for the
reading to be stable
Repeat the reading for each sample twice and record it for

calculations
Total alkalinity:
Measure 50 ml of the sample by using volumetric pipette.
Transfer the sample into 250 ernlymer flask
Add 5 drops phenolphthalein solution, if the color changed to
pink titrate the solution by using 0.01 HCL solution until the
color return to colorless again and record the amount off acid
used in titration, if there is no any color change move directly
to the second step.
Add 3 to5 drops sodium thuysufate solution and record if there
is any color change.
Add 3 to 5 drops from mixed indicator bromcrsol green/methyl
red, the color immediately will change to blue color.
Start titration with HCl solution again until you get green color,
record the amount of the acid consumed, add little drops and
observe what will happen( I got yellow color after I add 1ml of
HCl solution after the end point) the background should be whit
to help you getting the proper end point clearly
Start the seconds sample by the same steps, don’t forget to keep
registering the initial and the final buret reading for each
sample you titrate
Total hardness measurement:
Measure 100 ml from the sample by using graduated cylinder
Pour the sample into 250 ml erlnymer flask
Add 3 drops of mixed indicator
Start titration by using EDTA
Balanced chemical equations
Total hardness test chemical equations
Mg2+ (aq) + EDTA4- (aq) = Mg (EDTA) 2- (aq)
CaCO3 + EDTA4– (aq) = Ca (EDTA) 2– (aq) + CO3 2– (aq)
Alkalinity test chemical equation
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) = H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + CaCl2 (aq)

Data and calculations:
Table 1 PH Values:
Sample no.
PH trail 1
PH trail 2
Average PH
1
8.21
8.14
8.18
2
8.57
8.61
8.60
3
7.92
7.95
7.94
4
8.78
8.83
8.81
Table 2 conductivity values:
Sample no.
Conductivity(micro seamen’s/cm) trail 1
Conductivity (micro seamen’s/cm) trail 2
Average Conductivity(micro Siemens/cm)
1
323
329
326
2
924

939
932
3
353
354
354
4
357
362
360
Table 3 nitrate values:
Sample no.
Nitrate(MG/L) trail 1
Nitrate(mg/L) trail 2
Average nitrate(mg/L)
1
2
2
2
2
2.2
2.5
2.4
3
0.3
0.5
0.4
4
16
15.6
15.8
Table 4 total hardness values:
Sample no.
Volume of EDTA ml used

Total hardness
1
16.7
2
10.2
3
3.4
4
4.7
Table 5 alkalinity values:
Sample number
Alkalinity in mole/L
Alkalinity in ppm
1
0.0035
35.035
2
0.00158
158.158
3
0.00027
27.027
4
0.00006
6.006
Table 6 showing the chloride values:
Sample number
chloride

1
8.7
2
6.3
3
9.0
4
8.6
Table1 showing some of mineral water properties in 2012 (3)
Samples calculations:
Alkalinity calculation:
The volume we used for all the four samples was 50 ml and our
calculation for 100ml so 5o *2 = 100 ml * 1 L/1000ml = 0.1 L
From the balanced chemical equation each 1mole CaCO3 equal
to 2 mole HCl
Alkalinity = ml of HCl used in titration * molarity of HCl*
1mol CO3/Volume of sample * 2 mole of HCL
Alkalinity of 1st sample = 0.007 L *0.01 m/L * 1 mole/0.1 L * 2
mole
= 0.00035 mole/L OH
CaCO3 Molar mass = (40+12.01+3*15.999) =100.1 g/ mole
0.00035 mole/L * 100.1g/mole = 0.035035g/L
1 PPM = 1 mg/ L
0.035035g /L *1000 mg/g = 35.035mg/L = 35.035 ppm
Alkalinity for 2nd sample =0.0316L *0.01 M* 1
mole/0.1L*2mole
=0.00158 mole/L
MM CaCO3 as we calculated =100.1 g/mole
0.00158 mole/L *100.1g/mole =0.158158 g/L
Convert to mg which is equal to ppm
0.158158g/L *1000 mg/L =158.158 mg/L = 158.158 ppm

Alkalinity 3rd sample = 0.0054 L *0.01 M *1mole/0.1L *2mole
=0.00027 mole/L
MM CaCO3 =100.1g /mole
0.00027 mole/L * 100.1 g/mole =0.027027 g/L
Concert to mg/L which equal to ppm
0.027027 g/ L *1000mg/L =27.027 mg/ L = 27.027ppm
Alkalinity for 4th sample = 0.0012L *0.01M *1
mole/0.1L*2mole
=0.00006 mole/L
MM CaCO3 = 100.1 g/mole
0.00006 mole/L*100.1g/ mole =0.006006 g/L
Concert to mg which is equal to ppm
0.006006 g/L *1000mg/L= 6.006 mg/L = 6.006PPM

Discussion:
From the results of water samples analysis, it’s clear
that water from different places and sources having different
properties, the first sample from manro MI it has the basic
properties of water, its PH 8.18 which is relatively high, the
specification of drinking water the PH should be between 6.5 to
7.5, this water is good for the industry, it will not cause
corrosion but it will cause another problem in case of working
in high temperature it might blog the tubes after a period due to
the containing of calcium carbonate which is form precipitates
in the entire walls of tubes, the second is from different source
its well water it has relatively high conductivity, further
treatment and filtration for this water is needed to be ready for
human use, it has conductivity of 930 micro seamen’s/cm which
is higher than the international specification of drinking water
which it should be between 250 to 500 micro seamen’s. The
higher the conductivity the higher the total dissolved solids in
the sample, these solids having Avery bad effect on the human
health especially after a long time uses, a lot of people severing
from kidney diseases due to the accumulation of solids inside
the kidney which works as filter, it might causes very series

pain and kidney failed at any age. That’s why the people start
analyzing and interested in their drinking water to be on
specification.to avoid possible dialysis in future. The third
sample is from the university of Toledo campus, this sample it
can be considered on specification from the results of its
analysis this sample has PH close to the neutral range and
conductivity of 354 micro seamen’s /cm which is on
specification and it gives good indication that the sample has a
low amount of dissolved solids, also the nitrate of this sample is
very low, the forth sample from Sylvania Toledo has a high
nitrate content of 15.8 mg/ L, The area of Sylvania is an
agriculture area, due to consumption of nitrogen fertilizers
which is used for the corn crops and another plants makes the
drinking water contaminated with nitrate and its clear from the
result comparing with other samples from an areas which is
away from farms that’s this is the result of fertilizers
contamination. Our goal from these analysis and comparing the
results which obtained to learn the specification of water and
predict the other results of the sample from one or two analysis,
the higher conductivity helps you to predict that all the salts
and other dissolved salts are available in higher amounts in the
sample.
Error discussion:
There are different kinds of possible errors that might happen in
each section of water analysis experiment (PH, Conductivity,
Nitrate, Total hardness, Alkalinity, and chloride) due to poor
technical laboratory skills such as:
1. Inaccurate calibration for the PH meter by versing the buffer
value or using contaminated buffer solution, therefore giving
wrong results.

2. The flask used for the sample might contaminated with strong
acid which the gives low PH reading or strong base which gives
high PH reading, the beaker should be rinsed with deionized
water
3. The new versions of PH meter could measure the PH at any
temperature, but the one we used can only give accurate reading
for the sample which at room tem. 25celsius.
4. The same thing for conductivity meter, inaccurate calibration
yields wrong conductivity result, or frailer to convert the lab
top to the folder which is specified for the conductivity
measurement.
5. Conductivity should be measured in micro seamen’s for all
the samples, not milisemen’s.
6. The beaker used for the sample might contain some salts from
sample having higher conductivity or student forgot to rinse the
beaker with deionized water.
7. The alkalinity test by titration needs some skills of accuracy
and quicker response, the end point should be recognized
precisely to measure how much acid you used in the calibration.
8. The sample should be measured by using graduated cylinder
not beaker.
9. Following the procedure step by step, don’t exchange any
step of adding the chemicals.
10. The reading of the burret must be in the eye level to obtain
the correct reading.
11. During the titration the sample must be stirred by swirling,

to insure that the good mixing of chemicals.
12. The nitrite test, the device should be calibrated, and the lap
top should be open on the nitrate test.
13. The background of your titration should be white to help
you getting the correct end point of titration
14. A final source of error, called a blunder, is an outright
mistake. A person may record a wrong value, misread a scale,
forget a digit when reading a scale or recording a measurement,
or make a similar blunder.(4)
Conclusion:
Finally, comparing different samples from the results
obtained you can realize that some sample of water which was
from Sylvania or the other which obtained from the well it
needs to be treated first before the human uses, these samples
having a high conductivity and nitrate content which make it off
specification, on the other hand sample which was taken from
the university of Toledo main campus was on specification and
good for the drinking, I think the water of the UT main campus
is treated by using the reverse osmosis and another filtration
process, which make it on specification. There are many home
treatment alternatives that can purify drinking water to a greater
extent than city treatment plants. Reverse osmosis and
distillation, two of these alternatives, are moderately successful
at removing some contaminants. The absolute best technology
now available for treating water and removing undesirable
contaminants is water filtration. Water filters, when compared
to any other water treatment alternative, will remove more
contaminants and provide safer, healthier drinking water. (5)

References:
1. Sample reference: Edith P Kipenhan, 2000 chem 1290
Laboratory Manual,
Cengage Learning, P-xx-xx.
2. http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/drinking-water.html
3.
https://www.google.com/search?tbs=sbi:AMhZZivxbWCvz90Dt
ZfvrInjpok9tk-1J1pouFmB-NuUpGqvG1Z-Wnqwc6Bkxd6K4
4.
http://www.physics.nmsu.edu/research/lab110g/html/ERRORS.h
tml
5. http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/conclusion.html
Topic: Water Analysis
I want you to write only these following:

1. Introduction &Purpose. (1-2) pages
2. Safety. (1-2) pages
3. Procedure. (2-3) pages
4. Discussion. (More than 3) pages
5. Error discussion. (2-3) pages
6. Conclusion. (1-2) pages
I want you to use an old report as an example and instructions.
Need to use different way of writing and words.
Thanks

Freshman Engineering Seminar Homework 7 Statistical Analysis.docx

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