The And Sustainability Of The Pioneer River Catchment

The And Sustainability Of The Pioneer River Catchment
1.0 Introduction
Catchments are depended on by the average household person, but even more valuable to the farmers that are supplying the food to our nation.
Therefore, action must be taken to ensure that the catchments in our areas are healthy and will be able to be depended on for years to come. The
panel at Healthy Water Ways program has developed a study to guarantee the management and sustainability of The Pioneer River catchment, by
sending a team out to analyze the health of the water ways and decide on a proposal that best suits the area to ensure future healthiness of the basin.
1.1 Background
The Pioneer River is a 120km river which is located in Northern Queensland, Australia and flows through the city of Mackay. This river ... Show more
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Using the two proposals given; More signage around the catchment area detailing how important the health of the river is and the cause of negative
impact will incur a $1000 fine or the employment of an officer to patrol the wetlands and clean up littler, rubbish control weeds and report back on the
health of the creeks. One will be chosen that best suits this catchment and an outline of details will be provided.
1.3 Methodology
This report is based upon the collected data from scientific tests and different data collection experiments, these diverse range of observations helped
in determining the health of the river and catchment as a whole. The experiments tested a range of variables, some including; the levels of nitrates,
phosphates, temperature of water, pH levels, turbidity of water and dissolved solids. The collection of water and recordings of microorganisms was
examined and also recorded. As well as these scientific tests, simple recordings were also taken of the surrounding area and the amounts of rubbish
and infrastructure that could be seen. The tests conducted in the river system occurred on the 24th of May 2016, to conduct the tests the trail along the
river was walked, furthering the knowledge of the health of the river and how the the catchment area as a whole was fairing. However, some
differences to the data could be assumed as when tested it was not always done by the same person, this could have then limited the accuracy. Another
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Creek Scientific Paper
Exploring Freshwater Streams: Cherry Creek and Bear Creek
Trisha McNiff BIOL 2081В005 Tucker 04/23/2013
Introduction
On April 6th 2013, our Biology II lab evaluated the health of two freshwater streams in the Denver area. Both creeks flow to the South Platte River but
are situated in different environments (urban and suburban) which cause variance in biotic and abiotic indicators of stream health. The presence or
absence of bioindicators is dependent on the water chemistry. Through the study of stream health, we can gain insight on the stress that humans cause
to freshwater habitats. I think that Bear Creek is healthier than Cherry Creek because it is in a less urban environment and is less affected by human
influences. If the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bioindicators of stream health include blackfly larvae, caddisflies, and algae. The presence of blackfly larvae indicates sewage pollution. Caddisflies
indicate higher O2 concentrations. The presences of algae can indicate different things. If algae is absent, there may not be enough nutrients to support
its growth. Thick algae indicates eutrophication. Previous studies by the Colorado Department of Health Water Quality Control Commission in 1981
show comparable amounts of dissolved O2 as well as pH, nitrite, and nitrate levels in both Cherry and Bear creek. The NH 3 levels were much higher
in Cherry Creek at .10 mg/L compared to Bear creek where the NH 3 levels were at .06 mg/L (Colorado 1981). In today's society, it is important to
find a balance between preserving the natural ecosystem and accommodating the wants, needs, and desires of the humans who affect it. (Meyer 1997).
Pollution is inevitable but should be considered and kept as low as reasonably achievable.
Materials and Methods The following procedures were carried out carried out at both Cherry Creek and Bear Creek 04/06/2013. The Colorado
Department of Health Water Quality Control Commission 1981 provide abiotic standards for both creeks will be used as control for the chemical
data collected. The first task was to seek out an area that included a pool and a riffle. The pool was identified as an area that is fairly deep with
slowВflowing water. A riffle was found with fairly

Crim Dell Research Paper
Cleaning the Crim Dell
The synthesized plastic polymer PHA is a natural organic polymer derived from bacteria. These synthesized plastic polymers have a plethora of
functions and benefits, but its most important function is its use in improving water quality.
The College Committee on Sustainability has already invested funds in producing and experimenting with these PHA fibrous mats to improve water
quality. In a laboratory controlled environment, the PHA fibrous mat successfully denitrifies the water at a quick rate. From an incubation completed
in the Keck Lab, the experimental fibrous mat of PHA is shown to be able to drop the nitrate levels in water to about one–fourth of the original
concentration in less than 20 hours. Due to the success in a small scale lab experiment, there is a need for me to test the PHA fibrous mat in a large
scale environment to successfully assess its denitrifying effectiveness. I propose that the most suitable large scale environment to test the PHA's
denitrification would be at the Crim Dell due to its low water quality levels and on–going nonpoint source pollution from college runoff. ... Show more
Chambers is working to develop a proprietary blend of PHA and other chemicals that will be spun into the fibrous mat for testing in Crim Dell this
coming summer. Once the mat is created, it will be placed at the groundwater inlet to the sedimentation basin, where nitrate–rich water discharges into
Crim Dell. I will set up automated water samplers upstream and downstream of the PHA mat, which will collect water continuously at pre–set time
intervals. These water samples will be collected each week for analysis at the Keck Lab for nitrate, ammonium, and dissolved phosphate using standard
spectrophotometric methods. I expect to show that dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are removed from the water column prior to discharge into Crim
Dell, thereby improving water

Chem 112 Technical Abstract
Determination of Cations and Anions through Elimination and Confirmation Tests By: Symantha Resendiz Introduction A topic of great importance to
all scientists is the identification of compounds, which is relevant in all aspects of their work in some way shape or form. Weather it may be
determining what is causing sickness or what is polluting the air, it is very prevalent in the science world. In project 2, identification of cations and
anions was preformed through a series of confirmation and elimination tests that ultimately led to identifying an unknown ionic compound made of
cations and anions. Materials and Methods Part 1– Cation Tests To begin, 5 centrifuge tubes were added 10 drops of one cation and labeled... Show
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The mixture was then transferred to a clean centrifuge tube via pipet, carefully not wetting the upper walls of the tube. Zinc granules were then
added and the tube was immediately plugged with cotton 1/3 of the way into the tube. The tube was then warmed in a hot water bath for about 5
minutes, the folded red litmus paper was inserted at the top of the tube with a wet crease. After a few minutes, nitrate is indicated on the wet crease
of the litmus paper, turning it blue. For the Carbonate test, 25 mg of carbonate sample was added to a centrifuge tube and 3 drops of 6 M H2SO4
was added. A disposable pipet was used to transfer a drop of Ba(OH)2, that hung directly from the pipet over the carbonate solution, and the
observations of the drop were recorded. Part 3–Cation and Anion Analysis For the cation analysis, 0.566 g of an unknown compound was dissolved
completely in 5mL of distilled water in a centrifuge tube, thus confirming this solution as a stock solution. A flame test was performed on the
stock solution to give a general idea of what test was to e preformed on the stock solution deriving the information from our logic trees in part 1.
The logic tree from part 1 and the flame test confirmed that we needed to conduct an ammonia test on the stock solution. To being the ammonia test,
15 M NH4OH was added drop wise (about 20 drops) to the stock and the color of the solution and the color of the solution was recorded. 10 more
drops of 15 M NH4OH

Healthy Septic System
Total: Educate customers on how to maintain a healthy septic system
Total Words in this Document:
Title: Time for Laundry? How to Maintain a Healthy Septic System
Whether you've chosen a septic system because it's an environmentally friendly option for your home or because sewer isn't available where you live,
a healthy septic system is vital for the long–term care of your household wastewater. Properly maintained systems can last for 25 to 30 years, and
help to keep groundwater clean and free of pollution, bacteria and viruses, as well as the nitrates and phosphates that can cause algae bloom in bodies
of water.
Many homeowners, though, want to know the best way to take care of their septic system, and one of the best ways to do so is by understanding how
laundry can affect the overall health of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Certain cleaning agents, like bleach, soaps that aren't biodegradable, and antibacterial soaps, can weaken and even kill the bacteria that maintains septic
system health. Additionally, too much detergent released into the tank can be the cause of cloggedsoil pores, preventing drainage and inciting backups.
Typically, liquid detergents are the best option when it comes to healthy septic systems.
Certain detergents are labeled to be safe for septic tanks, and they are almost liquid, because they have fewer ingredients that can be harmful for
septic tanks. Some dry detergents use clay as a filler, which will cause clogs. Others may include sodium as a filler, which can also cause problems.
Combining good laundry habits with the five most important tips that can protect your tank will help your septic system operate at its best, giving you
and your family peace of mind and a protected investment that will keep the system running for 20 to 30 years. If you have a question about your
system, or want more information about how your laundry habits might affect your tank, call Paradise Valley Septic

Essay On Baldwin Swamp
Baldwin swamp is an urban wetland, located in the heart of Bundaberg, providing a habitat to a range of organisms. The environment is rich in
biodiversity; with more than 150 species of birds, variety of vegetation/plants as wells as creatures and mammals ranging from tiny aquatic wrigglers
to bats, which have recently inhabited the area. Wetlands can be swamps, boys and or areas next to creeks. The Baldwin swamp can be best described
as a network of ponds/swamps that channels into landscapes of grassland. This area has a significant ecological impact as the relationships among the
organisms in relation to their food webs is vital to their survival. Abiotic factors such as humidity, soil, pollution, Ph levels, temperature, dissolved
oxygen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore there was a recorded 8 birds, 1 dove, 5 magpie goose and 2 pacific black duck, 3 weeks after the floods. By 2017 the total of 8 birds, 3 species
have now increased to a total of 25 birds, 6 species in 4 years. Though this being said many of the birds are 'new' to the area such as the 15 Cotton
pygmy Geese and 4 recorded Dusky Moorhen. 6 bird species were seen/recorded in 2017, these being the 2 Black cormorant, 1 pacific black duck,
Cotton pygmy, Dusky moorhen, little egret and willie wagtail. Other bird species such as the magpie goose which had a number of 41 recorded in
2009, 5 in 2013 and now 0. This indicates that the diversity of birds and population has decreased as a result of their habitat loss and or an a adequate
supply of food.
The macroinvertebrates graph (figure 2) represents the diversity of species inhabiting the Baldwin Swamp. In 2009 the Baldwin swamp was
flourishing with a large diversity of species. A total of 33 macroinvertebrates, 8 species were recorded. At this time the baldwin swamp was healthy,
abundant in life and the ecosystem and food webs were unaffected by the floods. Whereas 3 weeks after the floods swept through there were little to
no range of species of macroinvertebrates. There were a recorded amount of 2 Damselfly Nymph and 1 waterboat man. A theory to why these two

The Effects Of Nitrogen On The Dairy Industry
Nitrogen is one of the main biogeochemical elements, around which a cycle supports life on Earth. Nitrogen can be found in many forms, one of
which is nitrite, a toxic chemical that can produce severe abnormalities in animals (Binta and Mushi, 2012). Nitrite is formed from nitrate by
micro–organisms and bacteria present in soil, water, saliva, and the large intestine of most animals. These micro–organisms are present in high amounts
in ruminants such as cows, which poses serious implications on the dairy industry as nitrite poisoning, if nitrate levels are not closely monitored, can
lead to the death of large numbers of livestock as well as birth defects in calves. In ruminants, nitrate is reduced to nitrite, and the rumen microbes utilize
this nitrite by converting it into ammonia as a nitrogenous source important in DNA production and synthesis of amino acids (Robson, 2007). Though,
when levels of nitrogen rise in excess, nitrite accumulates in rumen, and is then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, then reacting with the ferrous
form of haemoglobin to form met–haemoglobin (met–Hb) (Sidhu et al., 2011). This is a serious issue as met–Hb is a poor transporter of oxygen and
the animal suffers from oxygen deficiency. Nitrite poisoning has become more common over the past century as application of nitrogen fertilizer to
farmland improves both quality and yield of milk produced by cattle (Sidhu et al., 2011). Nitrogen increases the levels of crude protein in forage, which

Essay on Effects of Nitrate on Water Quality
Water, water everywhere and not a drop to spare. This is the reality– especially when regarding the amount of freshwater available. Fact: The earth
contains only 3.5% freshwater. Fact: 98.8% of all freshwater is shielded from our grasp in glaciers or groundwater. Fact: Only 0.0003% of the Earth's
water is accessible for consumption. With such a minute quantity of freshwater available, the high amount of pollution contaminating this water is
appalling. Water quality levels are decreasing, hurting us as well as the countless organisms depending on freshwater habitats to be safe homes. One of
the main contaminants, nitrates, which spring from mainly manmade sources, are especially treacherous... Many people are unaware of the impact of...
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The ideal solution is to eliminate the source of contamination, which may not always be practical. Hence, we need to look for ways to intercept and
divert the contaminants from reaching fresh water sources.
One option that is practical and easy to implement are constructed wetlands. Constructed wetlands (CW) are like natural wetlands, but manmade.
Wetlands, rightfully named, love the water and thrive in water–saturated environments. Because of this trait natural wetlands have long helped with
slowing runoff and other water–management techniques including: consuming nutrients, denitrification (converting nitrates into nitrogen gas to release
back into the atmosphere), and breaking down pesticides.
Can we adopt the same techniques to solve manmade nitrate contamination issues? The answer lies in CW. These habitats are perfect for dealing with
excess nutrients from agricultural or septic wastewater runoff like nitrates. By slowing runoff, sediments and nutrients suspended on the waterfall out of
place, thereby, never reaching the rivers or lakes. The bountiful biological life of wetlands consume or utilize excess nutrients. For the remaining
nitrates, denitrification, the removal of nitrates by converting them into nitrogen gas, occurs as well. Finally, wetlands break down pesticides and
fertilizers that enter the wastewater stream before they reach other freshwater habitats. Other processes for managing high concentrations of

Water Quality Analysis Of The Potable And Environmental Water
In this research project I conducted the water quality analysis of both the potable and environmental water at various village sites, and in the New
River Lagoon in Belize. The data collected in this project contributed to the data collected over the past decade by previous McMaster fellows and
scholars. Moreover, we conveyed the results from this study to the community partners in the villages San Carlos, Rancho Dolores, and with the
Programme for Belize–the managing entity of Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area ("RBCMA") which borders the New River Lagoon. In
the project we tested for bacterial contaminants, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorous, dissolved oxygen, pH, free chlorine, and ammonia levels.
In this project we continue to analyze new samples and the baseline data for any trends in high or low levels of chemicals, as well as to keep the
Belizean community appraised of any hazards or precautions they should be taking for their drinking water. By collaborating with our Belize
community partners, we are able to discuss possible solutions as to better techniques for cleaner water or more efficient solutions to using clean safe
drinking water.
Water is a necessity, but, when water becomes polluted with chemicals, both inorganic and organic, it makes it difficult to use water for the health
benefits and sanitation it is normally used for. Good water quality is especially vital for Belize, as they are largely an agricultural country. The data
collected by the McMaster

Identifying Unknown Ionic Salts From Zinc Nitrate
Identifying Unknown Ionic Salts by Precipitation ––– Cindy
Aim: identify three unknown ionic salts from zinc nitrate, barium nitrate, lead nitrate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and magnesium chloride by
precipitation.
Equipment:
6 small test tubes
distilled water
measuring cylinder
3 unknown ionic salts (No.7, 8, 9)
rack
silver nitrate
sodium hydroxide
calcium nitrate
sodium chloride
copper sulphates Method:
1.Pick three unknown ionic salts (NO. 7, 8 and 9)
2.Use the measuring cylinder to get 1.5ml water and pour it into a test tube
3.Use a spatula to remove 3 scoops of the ionic salts powder into the test tube and dissolve them in 1.5 ml water respectively.
4.Put 2 drops of silver nitrate in each of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NO. 7NO. 8NO. 9
Silver nitratePPT
Table 2: Test for unknown solid 7
Table 3: Test for unknown solid 8 and 9 NO. 7
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium nitratePPT

PPT = Precipitation NO. 8N0. 9
Sodium chloride
Copper sulphatesPPT Table 4: Name of solid 7, 8 and 9
Number of the ionic solidNo. 7No. 8No. 9
Name of the solidSodium carbonateZinc nitrateBarium nitrate
Dissociation equations of the ionic solids:
1.Na2CO3 (aq) + aq 2Na+(aq) + CO32–(aq)
2.Zn(NO3)2(aq) + aq Zn2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
3.Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + aq Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Precipitation equation:
1.Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + Ag2CO3 (s)
2.Na2CO3(aq) +Ca(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+ CaCO3(s)
3.Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + BaSO4 (s)
4.Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ BaSO4 (s)
5.MgCl2(aq) + 2Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + MgCO3 (s)
6.MgCl2(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s)
7.Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+Pb(OH)2 (s)
8.Pb(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ PbSO4 (s)
9.2NaCl(aq)+ Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2 (s)
10.NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl (s)
11.Zn(NO3)2(aq) +Na2CO3(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+ ZnCO3 (s)
12.Zn(NO3)2(aq) +2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + Zn(OH)2 (s)
Discussion:
In the method, the first chemical that is used to identify the solids is silver nitrate

Chemical Safety Assignment On The Use Of Potassium Nitrate...
Chemical Safety Assignment
Student's Name:
Institution:
Chemical Safety Assignment
Answer 1
The chemical that will be analyzed in this section is potassium nitrate. There are different types of information related to the chemical the student needs
to gather to ensure proper air sampling is carried out. It is necessary to determine the fire properties of this chemical and the level of damage it might
cause when left in the open. Significantly, the assessment must find out about other processes that affect the usage ofpotassium nitrate in different
environments within the organization (McDermott, 2004). This knowledge will enable the worker to recognize how various control measures can be
used to deal with various hazards associated with the chemical that might cause harm to different people. Therefore, evaluating the real magnitude of
different dangers involved will enable all those involved to come up with appropriate methods that limit workers' exposure to the hazards.
It is important for the student to determine how the risk of fire and explosion after exposure to potassium nitrate can be dealt with. In effect, this
knowledge will equip the student with skills to deal with the dispersal effects of potassium nitrate dust at the workplace when it occurs. More
importantly, it is vital for the analysis to determine if the dust has harmful effects to the respiratory system when inhaled and the levels of protection an
organization can initiate to prevent

Compare And Contrast Ammonium Nitrate And Calcium Chloride
How will the temperature of the water change in reaction to the addition of the ammonium nitrate and the calcium chloride?
Background Information: The experiment deals with cold packs and hot packs and it demonstrates how they work. Cold packs and hot packs are used
to help heal injuries mainly. Cold packs help heal sprained ankles, since they remove heat from the inflicted area and make the blood vessels tighten,
which lowers the inflammation and pain. Cold packs usually include water, ammonium nitrate or some other salt and fertilizer. The water is kept
separate in an inner container separate from the ammonium nitrate until the cold pack is needed. When the cold pack is needed, the cold pack is
squeezed, which makes the inner container of water open and the ammonium nitrate to mix. The ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water and
creates the cold pack. The cold pack is used to decrease the effect of increased blood flow to an area, while a hot pack is used to increase blood
flow to an area, such as an area with deep muscle pain. The hot pack adds heat the affected area and makes the blood vessels dilate. Hot packs usually
contain the same stuff as the cold pack does, but instead of ammonium nitrate, they contain calcium chloride. Therefore, when a hot pack is needed the
pad is squeezed and the water and the calcium chloride mix, which creates the hot pack.
There are new concepts that relate to this lab, such as exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Endothermic reactions

Effects Of Dietary Nitrates On Weight Maintenance
SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Submitted by: Ankita Chhabra
Student ID:16314994
Return address: 3/7 Pannill Place,Oteha,Auckland 0632
Email address:ankita6894@gmail.com
Paper Name:Nutritional Research Methods
Paper no.:151.708
Topic of research: The effect of dietary nitrates on weight maintenance in obese population following a 10% weight loss
TITLE
The effect of dietary nitrates on weight maintenance in obese population following a 10% weight loss
BACKGROUND
Dietary nitrates are inorganic inert anionic compounds in fruits, vegetables and cured meats. About 80–85% of the nitrate in our diets is derived from ...
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We hypothesize the nitrate to have significant implication on the post weight loss RMR and possibly cause relapsing of the weight loss.
STUDY DESIGN AND OUTCOMES
A 6–month randomized three–way crossover trial consisting of three groups: 20 healthy, 20 obese, and 20 mixed participants (placebo group for
nitrate supplementation)is proposed. All groups will be screened for thyroid function, hepatitis A & B and HIV).All participants will be kept on a low
nitrate weight maintenance diet formula till the weight remains constant for 2 weeks (weight change <10 g/d). RMR is measured using indirect
calorimetry. They are then fed a hypocaloric diet(800 kcal/d) until a 10% weight loss is achieved(estimated time–12 weeks).RMR and weight is
measured again. The formula diet is reinstated and 0.1mmol/kg/d inorganic nitrate for a period of 3 weeks is given along with it to the two groups
excluding the placebo group. RMR, plasma and salivary nitrite levels and weight changes are recorded.
SIGNIFICANCE
The only study on effect of nitrates on RMR was on healthy humans and no study has been done to study their effect on weight maintenance. Obesity is
a serious condition and long–term maintenance of target weight by obese individuals is not very successful(Wing & Phelan, 2005). This study aims
study the differences in RMR changes after a nitrate–rich diet between obese and healthy subjects and see the practical implications of a reduced RMR
by dietary nitrates consumption on

Sustainable Development Is Possible For Academic Research
During the last eleven years my work in Belize has evidenced that sustainable development is possible when academic research incorporates
community direction, and recognizes local expertise as a component in the formation of new knowledge. Indeed, we are able to manage problems–and
in many cases improve lives–by collaborating to undertake community driven and academically supported initiatives. What is sometimes
misunderstood in the context of academia, community–based research promotes the creation of new knowledge through multiple sources including
academia, local tacit expertise, and cultural context (Strand, Marullo, Cutforth, Stoecker, & Donohue, 2003). Collaborative solutions to issues and
challenges that work within the parameters of local resources are paramount to sustainability. Moreover, sustainability is critical in effecting a lasting
improvement in the human condition. The projects that I implemented in December of 2014 and December of 2015–particularly those directed at soil
quality–are indicators of the effectiveness and sustainability of these collaborative efforts.
Although these projects may seem diverse, in the context of addressing the challenges of food insecurity, poverty, lack of access to clean water, and
environmental degradation; interdisciplinary solutions in the framework of the integrated natural resource management model could be employed to
resolve these issues (Sanchez, Palm, & Buol, 2003, p. 159). Agricultural communities–especially with

Nitrate Nitrite
However, nitrate reductase can further reduce nitrite to ammonia or molecular nitrogen, which does not react with the reagents and does not produce a
colour change. To verify nitrate has been reduced past nitrite, zinc powder is added to the medium. If the medium does not change colour after the
addition of zinc powder, then the nitrates in the medium have been reduced further. If the bacterium does not use nitrate, then the addition of zinc
powder will reduce the nitrates in the medium to nitrite, changing the medium to a pink or red colour.
I inoculated my bacteria into a tube containing nitrate broth, and waited until the next class day to add the sulfanic acid and
N,N–dimethyl–1–naphthylamine. After adding the two reagents to my tube,

The Effects Of Groundwater Pollution On The World
Groundwater pollution is a prominent problem in most areas of the world. High nitrate concentrations have been identified as one of the main culprits
of groundwater pollution. Agriculture is a primary anthropogenic source involved in the spreading and distribution of nitrates in rural areas. China is
considered one of the largest in terms of agricultural production. As the population of China increased over time, the recycling of plant nutrients could
no longer renew the loss of nutrients from harvesting. The famine between 1960 and 1970 caused radical changes when it came to policies about
population control and large efforts were made to increase agricultural yields. This was encouraged by increasing the application rate of chemical
fertilizers, especially ones that were nitrogen based (Emteryd, Lu and Nykyist, 1998). However, higher irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer inputs results
in decreased water and nitrogen use efficiency (Hu, Li, and Chen, 2010). Currently China is the leading producer of rice, wheat onion cabbage and the
second largest producer of corn (See Appendix). Presently the average annual nitrogen fertilizer application is 200 kg N/ha in China (Zhang, Xu,
XIaomin, Dong and Ballantine, 2013). As a result of this, China unsurprisingly suffers from large amounts of nitrate pollution in its groundwater,
especially in northern China. The main focus of this paper will therefore be on the North China Plain and the provinces surrounding the Yangtze River
as

Wakulla Springs Report : Largest And Deepest Freshwater...
Wakulla Springs Report Wakulla springs is the home of one of the largest and deepest freshwater springs in the world and is listed on the National
Register of Historic Places and is designated as a National Natural Landmark. Wakulla Springs is located 14 miles (23 km) south of Tallahassee,
Florida and 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Crawfordville in Wakulla County, Florida at the crossroads of State Road 61 and State Road 267. Wakulla
Springs is classified as a first magnitude spring and is a major exposure point for the Floridian Aquifer. The spring forms the Wakulla River and
flows 9 miles to the southeast where it joins the St. Mark 's River. After a short 5 miles, the St. Mark 's empties into the Gulf of Mexico at
Apalachee Bay. Sarah smith reported the first ancient fossil of an ancient mastodon at the bottom of the cave. Scientists have identified the remains
of at least nine other extinct mammals that date to the last glacial period, deposited as far as 1,200 feet back into a cave. The aquifer can date back
to as long as 36 million years ago, but the Wakulla Springs lodge was built in 1943 by financer Edward Ball. The springs has an abundance of species
that call Wakulla springs their home, animals that includes alligators, turtles, deer, river otters, and a variety and land and water birds. There are many
activities that take place at Wakulla Springs, such as Swimming, going on boat rides around the spring and even going picnicking. Wakulla springs has
been

The Observation Of Five Years
Results and discussion The observation of five years (From January, 2007 to December, 2011) of the biomanipulation work done in the lake Nainital for
its ecosystem restoration is presented in this paper. In this approach we attempted to manipulate various levels of the food chain, assuming that the
nutrient input is stable and cannot be reduced to limit the primary production. At the start of the work important physico– chemical and biological
parameters were measured to know the present scenario of the lake. Among physico– chemical parameters the water temperature, transparency, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, pH, nitrate and phosphate were taken into consideration while in biotic factors, the qualitative and
quantitative estimation of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fishes was made. The water temperature varied from 10.0 0C in January, 2007 to 23.4 0C
in June, 2011. The Secchy transparency ranged between 35.0 cm during January 2007 and 410 cm during December, 2011. The total dissolved
solids varied between 160 mg/ l in April, 2007 and 536 mg/ l in June, 2008. The dissolved oxygen concentration at water surface varied from 3.0
mg/ l during January, 2007 to 12.5 mg/ l during May, 2009 throughout the experiment period. The total alkalinity of lake water was found between
102 mg/ l during January, 2008 and 240 mg/ l during June, 2011. The pH of lake water varied from 6.9 in April, 2008 to 9.8 July, 2011. The nitrate was
found between 0.12 mg/l

The And Hydroponics Will Change The World Produces Food
Aquaponics and hydroponics will change the way the world produces food. By 2050 the world population is expected to exceed 9 Billion people.
With an increasing population and decreasing farm land, the world is beginning to face a serious problem in food production. Not only is the
quantity of food produced in jeopardy, the quality and variety are declining as well. Four types of plants provide more than half the plant based
calories – wheat, maize, rice, and potatoes. Additionally, 90% of the animal based protein consumed comes from only a dozen different species.
What is the answer to producing quality food at a quantity to sustain the world? Biodiversity. Biodiversity, the interaction between different eco
systems, has been shown to produce more and healthier food. Traditionally the answer to feeding a quickly growing world has been to over fertilize,
use genetic modification, and ban the production of crops for use as biofuel. Unfortunately, there has been very little priority placed on developing
biodiversity as a means of sustainability. The research that has been done on biodiversity, such asaquaponics and hydroponics, has shown that high
quality food can be produced quicker and with less resources than traditional growing. Aquaponics is the process of integrating aquaculture, fish
farming, with hydroponics, growing plants in water. Since use of unnatural products such as chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides could potentially
harm either the fish or the plans,

Nitrates And Nitrites Lab Report
Factors:
There is some variation as to the levels of concentration in urine in regard to age and health status of individuals. Certain disease processes and age,
factor into the excretion of nitrates and nitrites via the urinary tract. For instance, infants pose a greater susceptibility for toxicity. The presence of
bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract elicit a greater conversion percentage of nitrates to nitrites. This conversion creates more nitric oxide metabolites
which can cause a reduction in available oxygen in the blood. The elimination of nitrates and nitrites concentrated in urine may give an indication of
the synthases taking place in the body. Concentration levels may be an indicator for disease processes and may be tested for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nitrate is not combustible and accelerates the burning when in contact with combustible material. A common mistake is to boil water that contains high
levels of nitrate. For example, the (CCAMP, 2013) explains that "if there is a high concentration of nitrate in drinking water, an immediate solution is
to use an alternative source of drinking, cooking, and mixing baby formula." The best recommended source of water would be to use bottled water.
To reduce the chances of exposure of high levels of nitrate concentration the most common way is reverse osmosis. For instance, "treating technologies
that remove nitrate include reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and distillation" (CCAMP, 2013). Using these methods to treat the water will reduce the
levels of nitrate that are in the drinking water. Reverse osmosis will remove 83–92% of nitrates in the drinking water (Linton, 2014). By using this
method, the nitrate levels will be reduced enough so that it can be acceptable to drink.

The New Zealand 's Landscape
New Zealand's landscape is commonly identified by many people worldwide as being clean, fresh and pure. The rivers, lakes, wetlands and pastoral
areas within New Zealand are all unique and allow life to flourish. However, over recent years, in some rural and urban areas, water quality has
slowly become more and more polluted as the need to use land by many growing industries has intensified with one of New Zealand's main land users
being Dairy Farming. This is a huge part of New Zealand with dairy exports contributing $17.6 billion into the national economy in the previous season
of 2013–2014. However, the problem that comes with having a higher population of cows than humans within New Zealand (4.9 million cows) is that
the amount of waste that is deposited into the soils and waters is excessive. Even though nitrates and phosphates within the waste are essential for the
nutrients of plants and soils, immense amounts can eventually be leaked through the soils or runoff into the streams, polluting the ground waters and
rivers creating a vast problem environmentally, socially and economically. This issue summons huge conflict and controversy as contaminated rivers
can cause numerous health issues and cultural distraught that comes with the steady increase of pollution within New Zealand's waterways. However
this doesn't seem to be as much of an issue to many farmers and dairy industries as their farms create a large profit which seems to be their prioritized
focus. Without

Johnson 's Seagrass And Its Effects
Johnson's Seagrass is a small, fragile seagrass that reproduces asexually. As a consequence, it's range is limited to 200 kilometers in length of river
mouths and tidal rivers off the coast of Florida, making it the seagrass with the most limited distribution in the world. It's leaves are about 2–5 cm in
length. This seagrass is tolerant of variations in salinity but is not tolerant of damage caused by human boating activities and actions including
anchoring and dredging. This species of seagrass is so easily moved that it is uprooted by the turbidity caused from boat propellers. Halophila
Johnsonii is also threatened by poor water quality including runoff and low oxygen levels. Johnson's seagrass was declared a threatened species under
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, "Important ecological and economic functions of seagrass beds have been widely acknowledged, notably their importance to
fisheries and their role in preventing coastal erosion and siltation of coral reefs" (Erftemeijer and Lewis. 2006). Coral reefs are already disappearing
at astonishing rates and siltation is even more detrimental to their survival. Since the number of acres of seagrass off the coast of Florida has
decreased significantly in the past 65 years, it is especially concerning that Johnson's seagrass reproduces asexually because " The plant has a reduced
capacity to repopulate an area if lost due to human or environmental perturbations" (Johnson's Seagrass Recovery Team, 12).
The objective of this research is to determine whether or not Johnson's seagrass endangerment is correlated to the amount of detrimental pollutants that
humans are putting in aquatic ecosystems such as excess nitrates and oil from dredging. The critical prediction in this experiment is that as the
concentration of a pollutant in the water Johnson's seagrass grows in increases, the amount of growth decreases over time. The dry weight of the plant
over time would decrease when grown in polluted water when comparing the dry weight of the plant when grown in clean water.
The Flint River located in western Georgia is quite unpolluted and will be fit to reproduce these clean water conditions in the laboratory.

Nitrate-Nitrite
The nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway can have beneficial health effects. Dietary nitrate has been shown to improve the mitochondrial functioning as it
affects proteins involved in uncoupling contributing to an increase performance in exercise. The pathway begins through consumption of dietary
nitrates that are converted to nitrites by bacteria in the oral cavity. The reduction of nitrates to nitrites may affect hemoglobin. Excess nitrites added to
deoxygenated hemoglobin will oxidize to form methemoglobin and nitric oxide (Gladwin & Kim–Shapiro,
2008). This formation can hinder oxygen transport and is the common cause for concern in nitrite toxicity. Formation of nitric oxide allows for its use
and reuse in cellular activities and may carry out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The body must go through chemical processes for healthy cellular function and homeostasis. Human beings not only consume dietary nitrates but, the
body also synthesizes nitrates endogenously. This arises from the oxidation ofnitrogen oxide and its end products. The synthesis of nitrates to nitrites
occurs endogenously and exogenously in the body. Consumption of inorganic nitrates and nitrites will undergo reductive processes for the body's use
and elimination. Nitrates and Nitrites both contain nitrogen in its chemical structure. Nitrogen, in of itself, is often conserved to be reused by the
body's cells. Inorganic nitrates and nitrates that are consumed must be equally eliminated. The metabolism of nitrates and nitrites ultimately result in its
elimination through salivary excretion or urination. Ingestion of inorganic nitrates will first undergo reductive activity in the oral cavity through the
bacteria present on the tongue. The metabolism continues until nitrites are converted to nitric oxide where it enters the circulatory system and
distributed to different target tissues. The concentration of nitrites in the salivary glands account for 25% of total dietary intake of nitrates (Gehle,
2007). The remaining concentration of nitrites are distributed in circulation and eventually eliminated through the urine. Each route of elimination
helps to rid the body of potentially toxic

Effectiveness Of A Patient Applied 10 % Potassium Nitrate
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Reinhart, T. C., Killoy, W. J., Love, J., Overman, P. R., & Sakumura, J. S. (1990)
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient–applied 10% potassium nitrate glycerine–based gel in decreasing dentinal sensitivity on teeth
with exposed dentin apical to the cementoenamel junction. The patients were divided into 3 treatment groups: group 1 was treated with a
glycerine–based–10% potassium nitrate gel; group 2 was treated with a glycerine gel without potassium nitrate; and group 3 received no gel and no
treatment (control). Following brushing and flossing, groups 1 and 2 applied the gel to the test teeth using custom–made soft acrylic trays, for a period
of 5 min/ day for 4 weeks. Patient responses to cold water stimuli were measured at baseline (week 0), then at I–, 2–, 3– and 4–week intervals. Group 1
patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity to cold at week 2 only. The group 2 patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity to cold
after 3 and 4 weeks. A statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was noted between group 2 and group 3 patients at week 3, the most sustained
decrease in sensitivity to cold was found on teeth treated with plain glycerine.
Ide M, Wilson RF, Ashley FP. (2001)
The aim of the study was to investigate the reproducibility of commonly used measurement protocols for dentine hypersensitivity on single or multiple
teeth. In addition, newly developed controlled air and cold fluid stimuli were

The Effect of Pollution on the Distribution of Organisms...
The Effect of Pollution on the Distribution of Organisms Along the River Roding System
Method
Equipment
Pond net
Tray
Pots and lids
Spoons
Hand lens
Wellington boots
Specimen Pots
Freshwater Invertebrate Key
Scrap Paper (note pad)
Gloves
Tape to cover cuts

Pencil
I investigated how the quality, amount of dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and the temperature of the water in the River Roding System affected
the distribution of organisms in the river.
I chose six suitable sites along the river Roding System: Furze Ground, Pyrles Brook, Debdon Brook Downstream, River Roding Upstream, River
Roding Middle Stream, and River ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We waited 1 minute. The colour on the pad was compared with the colour chart to see the nitrate level. The nitrate level was recorded. Then a
phosphate test was carried out. Firstly 5ml of the water from the river was placed in a container. There were two reagents. 5 drops of reagent 1 and
1 micro spoon of reagent 2 was added to the water. The lid was replaced and the container was shaken. We waited 2 minutes and took the lid off.
The colour of the mixture was compared with the colour chart and the phosphate content was recorded. Then the oxygen test was carried out. The
meter was set for air and the probe was placed in the air. His was set as 100%. The probe was then placed in the river and the reading went down or
up comparing its oxygen content with the oxygen in the air. Finally the temperature of the water was measured. This was done using a thermometer.
At each sight we also noted down descriptions of the site e.g. the surrounding land use, the cleanliness of the water, the depth and width of the river.
This was done so that the pollution of the river could be explained.
Safety
While doing the freshwater fieldwork there were a few safety hazards. There was a chance of infection occurring e.g. Weils Disease. Therefore I had
to take precautions: 1) small cuts covered with tape, 2) gloves worn, 3) no eating or drinking in the field, 4) no fooling

Nitrates And Nitrites
The two primary metabolic processes nitrates undergo are through the entero–salivary circulation pathway and the nitrate–nitrate–NO pathway (Nitrate
/Nitrite Toxicity 2013: Biologic Fate of Nitrates and Nitrites, 2013). Inorganic nitrates and nitrites consumed through food and water are first reduced in
the oral cavity by bacteria present on the tongue. This reductive activity converts nitrates to nitrites where it can further be metabolized through the
gastrointestinal tract. After conversion of nitrites to nitric oxide it is absorbed via the small intestine where it is distributed into circulation. Once the
nitrites and nitric oxide enter the circulatory system it reaches target tissues where it may be used for cellular activity. It is found that 25% of nitrites
are concentrated in the salivary... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reductive activity is absent of nitric oxide synthase and is carried out by the bacteria present in the mouth. Bacteria on the tongue is capable of
reducing nitrates to nitrites through its own metabolic activity. This metabolic process is done in situ, or locally. The newly converted nitrites then
enter the gastric stomach where acidic conditions convert the nitrites to nitric oxide. Remaining nitrites and nitrates that were not converted in the
stomach are absorbed via the small intestine where it is distributed to the kidneys and salivary glands. An active uptake of nitrates from the blood
allows entry into the salivary gland where the peptide, sialin, makes transportation and excretion available. The bacteria present in the mouth reduces
nitrates to nitrites and does not require nitric oxide synthase activity (Lundberg, Weitzberg, & Gladwin, 2008). In this metabolic pathway, the
conversion of nitrates to nitrates are a result of the bacteria found on the tongue to carry out reduction activity of the dietary consumption of

Lake Tarpon's Water Quality: Change over an Eight Year Span
IV.Introduction: The purpose of this research is to determine whether there has been a change in the overall water quality of the Lake Tarpon Basin,
and if so, whether the quality has improved or worsened. The variables that will determine whether the quality has changed are: nutrients (phosphates
and nitrates) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The expected changes are lower dissolved oxygen levels (from the already low levels), higher nitrogen
levels (from the already high nitrogen levels), and the state qualifications still are not met for nutrients and dissolved oxygen (Levy, Flock, Burnes,
Myers, Weed, River 2010). This topic relates to environmental management because the changes in water quality would be due to pollution, which
relates to the question "How does human activity lead to the pollution of water stores?" The hypothesis that will be tested is that Lake Tarpon's water
quality will have worsened since the last measurements by Levy, Flock, Burnes, Myers, Weed, and Rivera in 2010.
V.Methodology: The water samples will be collected utilizing sterile plastic water bottles from Lake Tarpon. The location the samples will be
collected from is Anderson Park, by the boat docks, located at 39669 U.S. 19, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The water samples will be brought to
Tarpon Springs High School to be tested, located at 1411 Gulf Rd, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The phosphate,nitrate, and dissolved oxygen levels will
be tested utilizing various LaMotte water testing kits,

Chem Lab Project 2 Essay
Investigating the Determining Characteristics of Cations and Anions
Chem 111 Sec 560
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to study the specific characteristics of cations and anions, and ultimately to be able to identify an unknown
substance based on our studies and tests using the logic trees developed through the experiment. A logic tree is a graphical display of the findings from
this lab which, through a series of yes/no questions, elimination tests, will help us to identify and unknown sample. This lab will result in 2 logic trees,
one for identifying cations and the other, anions.
The lab was broken into three parts: Part 1 dealt with identifying a cation, Part 2 an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting color flashes were recorded. The cation solutions were then disposed of in the appropriate waste containers.
From the information in each of these tests, a Cation logic tree was formed for easy identification of unknown cations.
Part 2: Anion Analysis: The experiment was performed on 4 anions: chloride (ClВ), sulfate (SO42В), nitrate (NO3В), and carbonate (CO32В). A sample
of each anion was prepared by placing 10 drops of each anion solution into a centrifuge tube. The tubes were labeled accordingly. The original color of
the solution was recorded. The first test performed was an Anion Elimination Test, the Silver Nitrate
Test. 0.1 M AgNO3 was added dropwise to each tube until a precipitate was formed or 5 drops of 0.1
M AgNO3 were administered. First, 2 drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 was added to the tube containing ClВand the results recorded, noting the appearance
(texture), color, and shape. This process was repeated for all the anions as follows: SO42В : 20 drops, NO3В: 20 drops, CO32В: 1 drop of 0.1 M
AgNO3 was added.
For each solution which formed a precipitate (ClВ,CO32В) the solution was centrifuged for 5 minutes and the supernatant was decantedНѕ 5 drops of
distilled water were added to both

Water Essay
Water quality management in agricultural catchments, generally, appears to focus on identifying and reducing nutrient losses from the root zone of
intensive farming activities. In recent years, reducing nutrient loss from root zone and minimizing the impact on farming practices of freshwater bodies
has taken centre stage in this debate (Clothier et al., 2007). To fully understand management options of water this study will explore the vicious cycle
of how on the source, the mode of transportation and the impact on water catchments (Clothier et al., 2007). Transportation process that take place on
water surfaces is crucial in assessing the impact on freshwater bodies with respect to root zone losses. Transportation process in this study... Show more
However, the amount of nitrate leached from the root is dependent on how it is transported and transformed on the subsurface. According to Knowles
(1982) dentrification process of nitrates reduces/attenuate flow of nitrates from root zone to water catchment (rivers and lakes). This finding were later
supported by Rivett el., 2008, where he argued that dentrification process minimizes nitrate influx from areas of high concentration beneath the water
table. This process is catalyst by chemical, physical and biological feature. In addition nutrients and oxidation of carbon act as catalyst to this process
(Rivett et al., 2008). Research show that Current nitrogen attenuation exertions in New Zealand are focused on recognizing the thorough farms that
percolate the major amounts of nitrogen from the root zone. The continuous organization and moderation practices to minimize the root zone nitrogen
percolation to achieve specific confines. However, the disadvantage of this approach is that it ignores spatial disparities hydrogeological backgrounds
that might increase or decrease. They might also attenuate leading to a flux in nitrogen level since it moves from the root region to water bodies and
rivers. Nitrogen leached then adds to ground water and influences movement and conversion of nitrogen in the underground environment.
Leaching and cycling of nitrates in different profile of soil is well understood, however

Studying The Chemistry And The Types Of Macro Invertebrates
In previous studies, studying the chemistry and the types of macro invertebrates that live in a pond or stream can indicate how clean the water is;
according to the North Carolina State university water quality group, stoneflies like water rich in dissolved oxygen, cold in temperature and flowing
through rocks (Osmond watersheds page 1). In this lab, we went to two streams, cherry creek and bear creek. We took physical Measurements like the
width, depth, description of substrate and the site. This was done for the upper, middle, and lower transect. and chemical measurements of the streams
like measuring pH, temperature, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, dissolved O2, and dissolved solids. We also counted the macro invertebrates we
found and then we Identified the ones we found. With the data that we collected, we hope to find out how does the water affect the types of macro
invertebrates found in the stream which brings up my hypothesis which is The more dissolved O2 found in the water, we will find bioindicators that
indicate clean water. I predict if there is high amounts of O2 dissolved, then there will be presence of bio indicators that only live in clean water. Our
variables are water quality as our independent and our dependent is the macro invertebrates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To start off the lab, we went to cherry creek first, which is located on Speer and larimer. Then the following week, went to bear creek which was
located on Estes St. The controlled

Nitrogen is used by plants in order to synthesize protein...
Nitrogen is used by plants in order to synthesize protein peptide bonds and for cell growth. Not only is this nutrient required in the largest quantity by
plants, but it is also the most frequently limiting factor when it comes to productivity in crops. Plants cannot use nitrogen in the air and in the soil
system it is lost easily. Because of this plants are forced to obtain nitrogen in the form of nitrate and ammonium from the soil. Too much nitrate can
cause a negative effect on the plant including nitrate toxicity. High levels of nitrate are not only bad for plants but can also be dangerous to animals or
humans in their presence. Here I discuss the scientific evidence of the effects of nitrate accumulation on plants and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the rate at which the nitrate is reduced is lower then uptake, then accumulation of large amounts of nitrate can occur. No accumulation occurs when
the rate of uptake equals the rate of reduction. Accumulation of nitrate usually results from plant stress, such as drought, and is made more prominent
by excessive soil nitrogen. Other forms of plant stress that cause accumulation of nitrate involve the restriction of plant growth while the absorption of
nitrate from soil still continues. Some of these forms include certain herbicides, frost, acid soils, deficiencies of essential nutrients, low growing
temperatures, and finally reduced sunlight. Due to the fact that nitrate accumulation builds up the most in plant stems instead of leaves. (3) Nitrate
content in vegetables is influenced primarily by light intensity and nitrogen fertilization. Diurnal changes in light intensity lead to a diurnal pattern, a
pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the Earth, in nitrate accumulation in plants. (4) When plants receive too much
nitrogen in the form of nitrate through its soil, it can have several detrimental effects on it. Too much nitrogen in plants can deplete the plant's
carbohydrate reserves more rapidly, stimulate rapid shoot growth while slowing down root growth, and result in thinner more succulent leaf tissue,
which increases moisture loss. Other effects include predisposing the plant to greater insect

The Water Quality Of South Creek
Geography Internal Assessment
How does the water quality of South Creek in the Narrabeen catchment vary downstream and what do these variations infer about human influences?
Candidate Number: 003047 0022
Word Count:
Table of Contents
Fieldwork Question and Geographical Context3
Nature and Purpose of this Investigation3
Location of this Investigation 4
Hypothesis5
Methods of Investigation6
Method of Measurement7
The Water Quality Index8
Treatment of Information Collected and Written Analysis 10
Data Collection and Processing–The Headwaters–Point A14
Testing Conditions and Results15
Qualitative Observations15
Interpretation of Results16
Data Collection and Processing–The Midpoint–Point B17
Testing Conditions and Results18 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This investigation is derived from:
Part 1. Patterns and change
1.3 Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability
3. Water and Change
Concerned with both environmental and human factors affecting water quality.
Part 2. Optional themes

Option A: Freshwater issues and conflicts
Which focusses on both the physical geography of freshwater and human impacts on water quality.
Location of this Investigation
South Creek is located in Narrabeen, New South Whales, Australia, within the Warringah area. The Narrabeen basin is approximately 7km from
north to south and 7km from east to west (Entrance from Narrabean Lakes, Forest Way) (Mona Vale at Tumbledown Dick to Warringah road ). South
Creek flows through Oxford falls, Beacon Hill, Cromer, Narraweena, Wheeler Heights before flowing into Narrabeen Lakes. The landscape of the
area is dissected sandstone plateau with some areas of flat land at height, such as Collaroy Plateau with an average height of 42 metres above sea level.
Figure 1.1 Location of South Creek
Figure 1.2 Annoyed Location map of South Creek
Hypothesis
South Creek will start off with good water quality, but the water quality will degrade downstream due to proximity to human influences.
Although South Creek begins adjacent to residential infrastructure, since it is the beginning of the stream, I suspect the stream won't be that polluted

How Does Nitrate Contamination Of Groundwater
Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water
The Earth's surface is covered by massive amounts of water, but only a small measure of it is safe for consumption. With a very limited supply, we
need to focus our energies on preserving its quality and quantity. Nitrates pose a great threat to our preciousgroundwater. There are many ways that
groundwater can be contaminated, but most aren't nearly as detrimental as an increase in the amount of nitrates within our groundwater.
How do nitrates get into the water? We can help you with this answer. Nitrates get into the groundwater from a variety of sources: some involve
pastoral farming, market gardening, application of nitrogenous fertilizers, and industrial and sewage waste disposal. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We know that the results of these practices as well as many others accumulate underground rather quickly and damage the quality of the water supply.
Contamination of groundwater is also affected by weather, soil types, and the depth of the aquifer. If it is less than 100 feet to the water table, the
vulnerability of contamination is increased. In the Midwest, with a sandy to loamy soil, the groundwater will become more susceptible toward nitrate
contamination. In areas where the soil composition is more of a clay compound, no matter if there is an over–use of fertilizer, the vulnerability of the
groundwater is greatly reduced. This is the type of situation that occurs in places like southern Indiana where the soils drain very poorly. Through the
many factors that are involved, we, as a society, have gained a great amount of knowledge on how to reduce the amount of nitrates in the water source.
A couple of the most widely recognized concerns of high nitrates in water is its cause of methemoglobinemia, more commonly referred to as "blue
baby" syndrome, and other blood disorders. If we don't start fixing the problem now, the critical effects of dangerous nitrate levels in the water supply
will be around for decades, and become increasingly difficult to manage.
There are a variety of approaches to avoiding the utilization of inadequate techniques. Individuals can test soils before applying fertilizers, improve
storage of fertilizers, test well

Water Quality Lab
Water Quality Lab Reports: "Water Quality Lab Report– First and Last Name."
Before you begin writing, make a copy of this document and rename it this
Share your document with me, allow editing, UNCHECK "notify people via email," and fill out the Submission Form to share your link with me.
After you copy, share, and submit your Lab Report: Write your lab report in complete sentences and use paragraphs to organize your ideas. Use your
lab handout guide and the Water Quality lab report questions to help you as you write your lab report.
Proofread your work carefully! Check for misspelled words, fragments, and clearly written sentences.
Delete these instructions once you have finished your lab report.
Purpose
The purpose of this lab ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost every experiment had good results. The only to bad results were the pH– using strips and the turbidity. The pH – using trips was a 4 but doing
the pH – using tablets had a 7. So it can go either way. Turbidity was 20 but that isn't that high. The DO was 4ppm and that is almost perfect. That
means that it has plants, but not a lot of them. The temperature of the pond was not cold and not warm. The temperature varies though throughout the
seasons. There were 0 ppm results for the nitrates. That is very good. It doesn't increase the plant growth but also doesn't decrease the plant growth.
The ammonia levels were also 0ppm. That means that the insects and animals don't get sick by drinking the water or swimming in it. There were
many bioindicators in the pond. There were water striders, tadpoles, grass, flowers, algae, gnats, and cat tails. The Voyager pond is very healthy and it
should stay

Ammonium Nitrate
On April 19th, 1995 in downtown Oklahoma City, there was a domestic terrorist bomb attack on the Alfred P Murrah Federal Building. The blast
killed 168 people and hundreds more were injured and before September 11, 2001, it was considered the worst terrorist attack to take place on U.S.
soil (History.com, 2015). The bomb used was an Ammonium Nitrate Truck/Fertilizer Bomb. Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) is a small, colorless
crystal that is made by mixing nitric acid and ammonia salt used all around the world. It is an oxidizing agent, which means that by itself, it isn't
flammable unless put under extreme conditions of heat and pressure in a confined space. However, but if put around something combustible like
wood, paper or oil, it will ignite... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be used for negative things like disasters such as the Oklahoma City bombing, where a truck full of fertilizer bombs blew up the north side of a
federal building, where ammonium nitrate was used in a malicious intent, or the Texas City Disaster where a truck full of Ammonium Nitrate
fertilizer blew up from a stray cigarette. For neutral things such as miners using ANFO to clear rocks so that they can keep mining for resources. Or
for good like farmers use fertilizer to grow crops to eat or laughing gas at dentist

Nitrates In Water
Nitrates in groundwater have become a major issue around the world and have held people back from drinking clean water. One of the many
places being affected by this issue, is a city in the state of Minnesota by the name, Cold Spring.The main issue for such high capacities of nitrate in
water is cropland agriculture. Cold Spring has had to forcefully shut down a couple of their city wells due to these high levels of nitrate in their
water, leaving the city with a very low capacity of water to use, and drink. This issue has gotten very far, to the point that the safest level fordrinking
water is 10 milligrams. Drinking water that contains nitrates can be very harmful to the body and can also develop syndromes in babies. It's not news
that

Misconceptions Of Nitrates And Nitrites
The Misconception Concerning Nitrates and Nitrites With new advances in technology and innovations in the medical field, the implementation of
chemicals and preservatives into consumables has changed the way food is manufactured. Recently, negative light has surrounded the products that
include these additives. More specifically, the consumption of nitrates and nitrites has caught the attention of many and led to further investigations
concerning this topic to decipher the possible health risks or benefits that can come from their ingestion. The usage of nitrates and nitrites in products
has a negative connotation, however, it only poses a threat in specific conditions, and is otherwise proved to have beneficial and common traits. These
specific... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nitrates and nitrites are added to processed meat in order to preserve their color and prolong their shelf life. When exposed to the protein, or amino
acids, in these meats, they are capable of forming compounds called nitrosamines when exposed to high temperatures (Healthy Child Healthy World).
Cooking processed meat creates the perfect conditions for nitrosamines, which can be lethal carcinogens. More recently, the government has mandated
that the manufacturers add Vitamin C, which inhibits nitrosamine formation (National Center for Biotechnology Information). This shows that the
processed meats being manufactured daily have been regulated to significantly decrease the probability of the negative effects of chemicals such as
nitrate and nitrite. By moderation and awareness, these issues can easily be avoided and even seem insignificant. An individual could manage their
consumption of meat and choose organic, lean subsitutes, or even consume more

High Rate of Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels in Children with...
ESTIMATION OF SALIVARY NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
Heart disease is one of the most common developmental abnormalities among children, affecting approximately 6 per 1,000 live births , .Dental
management of children with congenital heart disease requires special attention, because of their increased susceptibility to infectious endocarditis,
associated with bacteraemia induced by invasive dental procedures. Oral health in these patients is not given due importance and thus they often have
poor oral health. These patients also have increased caries risk which may be largely attributed to the developmental enamel defects. , ,
There has been a mounting interest in the role of nitrates and nitrites in protection against oral diseases particularly dental caries in the last few years. ,
There is a constant supply of concentrated nitrates, the metabolic products of nitric oxide (NO) in the human oral cavity. It is generated either directly
from the physiological reduction of dietary nitrates or it originates from L –arginine undergoing the reaction catalyzed by inducible nitric oxide
synthase (iNOS) which is an enzyme expressed in salivary glands and duct epithelial cells when induced by pro–inflammatory stimuli. , , ,
Nitric oxide and its metabolic products, nitrates and nitrites, have been associated with various deleterious effects in humans in the past decades.
However, the recent evidence has suggested that NO has a

The And Sustainability Of The Pioneer River Catchment

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