Christianity Protestant Reformer Research Paper

Christianity Protestant Reformer Research Paper
Christianity: Protestant Reformer Martin Luther
Martin Luther, born into the Catholic Church in 1483, is considered to be the father of
Protestantism. 1 Luther was a devout man who dedicated himself to the study of the bible; in
addition to being a Professor of Biblical Studies at the University of Wittenberg, he was also a priest
and a monk. He spent a lot of his time focusing on what one could do to earn eternal salvation as it
was written about in the Bible. This was especially troubling to him given the actions of his
colleagues at the University of Wittenberg and his fellow priests and monks. He felt the actions of
many of those in the Church that he loved were both immoral and corrupt, and especially in the
midst of his own struggles with the idea of salvation, these actions troubled him deeply. 2 ... Show
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He had issues with abuses of power amongst clergy, especially with regard to church finances. He
disliked the idea of indulgences, which involved members of the congregations paying priests and
other leaders for abolition of their sins, effectively bribing church leaders for their own salvation.
More than this, spiritual merit was attached to donations made to the church, and masses were able
to be purchased for the dead. The University of Whittenberg held many sacred relics, including hairs
said to have been from the Virgin Mary and the "crown" of thorns placed on Jesus' head during
crucifixion. Rather than cherishing these items for their religious worth, they were sold. 3
Because of these things, Martin Luther was "raged with a fierce and agitated conscience". 4 After
intense study, Luther followed the traditional method of protesting within the Catholic church–he
nailed his complaints to the Church door and invited them to meet with him. Because of his refusal
to take back these complaints, and despite his intention to stay in the church, he was
excommunicated in 1521.
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Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, Under The Direction Of...
In 1905, Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, under the direction of Rev. L. L. Downing, erected their
persistently famous Stonewall Jackson memorial window. Each Sunday, Fifth Avenue's pastor still
preaches from the pulpit with this picturesque image in the background, denoting the phrase, "Let us
Cross the River and Rest in the Shade of the Trees." General Jackson was, of course, well known for
his devout Presbyterian faith. What may be most surprising to those unfamiliar with Fifth Avenue
Presbyterian Church, however, is that it is a historically black congregation. As a local historian has
explained:
It was to Gen. Jackson that Downing imputed his conversion to Christ. In the presence of a large
gathering of white and colored people to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flynt's work shows special interest in one man, Walter Lingle, but he attempted to show issues such
as child labor as having been of great concern to more than just Lingle, a Presbyterian leader that
arrived at Union Seminary in Richmond by 1911. Shortly before Lingle's entrance into the Old
Dominion, Flynt states that Presbyterians "had clearly opted for a mixture of spiritual and
educational salvation." Other writers of Presbyterian history have not been so interested in such
themes, however. Don K. Clements, speaking about much broader chronological implications, has
been especially critical of those who adopted a more progressive stance to Presbyterianism. He
stated:
The Southern Church saw herself as holding the Old School position, which gave rise to the
Southern Presbyterian distinctives. With the passing of the first generation of leaders, the Southern
Church was unable to replace them with men of equal soundness and stature. The result is that the
Southern Church lasted as a sound denomination for seventy or eighty years, and then was taken
over by the liberals in the church. This was done very largely through the capturing of the
educational agencies of the church, the seminaries, the colleges, the publications and literature.
Still, others, including Darryl G. hart, have suggested that historians focus

Restoration Church
In 2009, Arthur and Marian Brown, along with their four children, had just unpacked their minivan
after an exhausting twelve–hour trip from Arthur's hometown of Kalamazoo, Michigan to their
current home in Chesapeake, Virginia when Arthur complained of a headache and fell onto the bed
in excruciating pain. Immediately, Marian recognized this as something absolutely unusual and
proceeded to take the steps necessary to get Arthur to the hospital.
Soon after arriving at the hospital, doctors performed a battery of tests and concluded that Arthur, a
48–year–old pastor, had just suffered a brain aneurysm. By the grace of God the aneurysm was not
fatal, yet it was debilitating and created a condition that needed to be surgically addressed. Over the
next few days the parishioners of Restoration Church committed themselves to frequent fasting and
prayer for divine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For many members of Restoration Church, Pastor Art, as his name was often shortened, was the
only pastor they personally knew. At age 27, when he assumed the pastorate of the church, the
congregation consisted of approximately one dozen people who were extremely loyal to the
traditions of church fathers and mothers. To that group of believers, with an average age of 70 years
old, the presence of Arthur and Marian was both a fresh fragrance and a significant stench in the
church. Their youthful ideas, vigor, and potential suggested that the church would experience great
growth and increased vitality. That was refreshing. At the same time, their youthful ideas, vigor, and
potential suggested that the church would experience great change, increased volatility, and major
shifts in structure and power. That

Apush Chapter 5 Guided Reading Essay
CHAPTER 5: COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION: 1700–1775
Conquest by the Cradle
Know: Thirteen Original Colonies
1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American
colonies?
Britain had an advantage over America with their population in 1700. If Americans wanted to revolt,
Britain would outnumber them 25 to 1. However, in 1775, with the population increase (and
continuing to increase), Britain's advantage was weakening. There were now only 3 Europeans for
each American. This essentially meant that Britain was losing power over America. More Americans
= more American power.
A Mingling of Races
Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots–Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement
2. What was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What was important about the difference?
This religion was EMOTIONAL. They preached with fervor, with intensity, and it was a big change
from the old, monotonous drones of preaching in tradition religion. It was important because it
sparked a change in people, got them going again. They were losing their religion, and the Great
Awakening was the jump–start they needed.
Schools and Colleges
Know: Latin and Greek
10. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times?
Learning theology and "dead languages".
A Provincial Culture
Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin
Franklin
11. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain.
Not really – they were still heavily influenced by Britain in this area. Most had to go to England to
fulfill their artsy ambitions, and architecture was simply upgraded to fit the New World's conditions
(however, it still followed the Old World's structure and idea of design).
Pioneer Presses

Know: John Peter Zenger
12. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?
Because they said he was not guilty. This made way for freedom of press, and the fact that the jury
verdict won made way for an upcoming democracy.
The Great Game of Politics
Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self–governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power
of

How Did European Colonization Affect Early America
Impact of European colonization on early America In 1492, colonization started in the New World
with the European country of Spain. In 1607, the first colony in North America was found in
Jamestown, Virginia by the British. Colonies forming in North America led to many impacts for the
Native Americans, such as disease, along with impacts in the environment and to the economy. The
colonies not only impacted the Native Americans, but also the people moving to the New World and
the Mother Country, England. In 1607, when Europeans first came to America, America was already
inhabited with Native Americans. The Native Americans quickly realized the Europeans didn't know
how to hunt for their food and that they were useful because ... Show more content on
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The purpose of a colony is to provide raw materials for a mother country and to sell the good
produced in the mother country. Raw materials were wanted because European countries were
industrializing. The Raw materials were needed to make the products they were making. With the
products that they made like guns and other weapons they sold them to the Native Americans.
During this time, there was a trade route called the triangular trade. This trade route went from
England to Africa then to America. From England to Africa, crops, animals and weapons were
traded. England got crops, gold and slaves from Africa and then sold these things in America.
America traded crops and animals with England. With the trading of all these things, there was an
opportunity for a good economy. The slave trade had a large impact in America. Slaves were used to
harvest crops, and clean houses. They were often abused by the person that owned them. Slaves
helped the economy increase because, with many people doing it, it was faster picking the crops.
They were needed because there was a high demand for labor in the new colonies. Slaves were
traded for European textiles, alcohol, guns, and tobacco. People living in colonies made money by
trading. In Massachusetts, people trapped animals and sold them for furs. People there also fished.
In the south people made money by selling luxury imports for tobacco, rice

The Church Of Trinity Fellowship
The church I decided to study was St. Luke Presbyterian Church in Amarillo, Texas. I selected this
church because my best friend attends this church and I sought to go out of my norm and learn more
about my friend's religious background. I normally attend the non–denominational church of Trinity
Fellowship. I am considered to be a Conservative and my friend is a Liberal. Many Presbyterian
churches in Amarillo are liberal, but the majority of Presbyterian churches are known to be
conservative because of their beliefs. I assumed it would be interesting to visit this church due to the
fact it would help me to keep an open mind of how people worship and have different beliefs than I
do. St. Luke Presbyterian Church was a relaxed church. Presbyterian churches abide by the
sovereignty of God, the scriptures, and grace through faith. The Presbyterian Church members that
attended the service were dressed from casual pants to dresses and suits. The church setting was
considered to be a small, local church with roughly about 30 rows of pews. The choir included 15
women and a teenage boy. The members were very welcoming and seemed eager to get to know the
guests that were new that Sunday morning. The preacher was an older man, in about his late 60's or
early 70's. This was mainly a diverse family church with a few college students. At the beginning of
the sermon they had children's church, which is when they relate the word of God to the younger
kids so they can understand what the

South African American Imperialism
Protestantism was introduced to South Africa earlier in history than China but their encounters were
accepted different ways. The Dutch East India Company's Cape Colony in 1685 was used for trade
and later became the Cape of Good Hope (Jacobsen 52). The Netherlands had supported Protestant
missionaries but in 1687 there was a large influx of Protestants that helped found schools, translate
the Bible, a convert a few South Africans, though generally the South Africans were reluctant to
change their religion. The native people were exposed to many sects of Protestantism including
Methodist, Anglican, Presbyterianism, Baptist, and others. The success of a missionary depended
greatly on the "zeal of the African converts than direct actions of missionaries, ... Show more
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Many Chinese believed the missionaries posed a threat to their society from fears of Western
imperialism and so they were antagonistic. "They expressed their hostility by writing and
disseminating inflammatory anti–Christian literature; issuing threats of retaliation against any who
dared enter the religion and by the direct instigation of, and participation in, anti–Christ riots" (Lutz
34). The Chinese were active in their rejection against Protestantism. They could not understand
much of what Protestantism meant because there were few missionaries fluent in Mandarin and so
they rejected the church doctrine. Additionally in Qing China there was a strong presence of
Confucian beliefs with the civil service examination system and so the coming of this new religion
appeared to challenge the social and political order in China. Although there were a few important
converts such as Liang Fa, a co–worker of Morrison who was ordained as the first Chinese Pastor
devoted the rest of his life travelling around China to spread Protestantism among the Chinese
population (Barnett and Fairbank 40). However Morrison's greatest accomplishments were
composing the

Great Britain Research Paper
Geography of Great Britain Great Britain is an island that comprises most of the area of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, one of the world's leading nations. The island is
divided into three countries: England, Scotland and Wales. It is the ninth largest and third most
populous island in the world. The population is comprised of many different ethnic groups and
religions. Great Britain boasts a strong economy and political parties abound. With an area of 88,745
square miles, Great Britain is the ninth largest island in the world (Maps). The island is located north
of France and west of the Netherlands and is separated from mainland Europe by the English
Channel and the Northern Sea. England, the largest country in Great Britain, claims 56.7% of the
total area with 50,346 square miles and is mostly comprised of gently rolling hills and lowlands.
Scotland follows with 34.1% of the total area and boasts 30,265 square miles of both rugged
highlands and flat lowlands, which are distinctly separated by the Highland Boundary fault line.
Wales is the smallest country in Great Britain with only 8,134 square miles at 9.2% of the total area
and has a varied topography consisting of mountains and hills in the north and plains and valleys to
the south. The lowest point in Great Britain is The Fens at –4m and the highest point is Ben Nevis at
1,343m. The climate across Great Britain is temperate with temperatures between 32 degrees
Fahrenheit and 90

Religion : Religion And Religion
In my thesis essay, I will be discussing the overall religion of what is typically traditional to be
called religion. Religion which is commonly known as the belief in the supernatural naturally
produces a influence of the making of society throughout what is known as history. Commonly as
we know it from day to day many people of different cultures, races are largely structured by
religion. Religion affects more than culture it effects law and politics as well as education and
behavioral norms.
Religion started during the secular nation of what we known as modern western culture this is how
religion was separated between political, many legal and education systems however in reality many
people do not have any type or very little input on organized religion. What is essential (in the
practices and beliefs) for a tradition to be called a religion? For this question to be answered I had to
ask myself what are my beliefs? And how can I incorporate them in my daily life? I thought well
Religion is categorized into organized religion and unorganized religion. How both differ is that an
organized religion is governed by someone of official status, while as regulation is not seen in an
unorganized religion. Many people of an organized religion were started during Roman Catholicism
which thought of religion as a system of single beliefs, based on different practices while
unorganized practices religion based on West Africa.
Organized religions however, are more fracture in time for

Andrew Jackson Slogan
Page semi–protected
Andrew Jackson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation).
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson Daguerrotype–crop.jpg
Daguerreotype of Andrew Jackson
7th President of the United States
In office
March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837
Vice President John C. Calhoun (1829–1832)
None (1832–1833)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Preceded by John Quincy Adams
Succeeded by Martin Van Buren
Military Governor of Florida
In office
March 10, 1821 – December 31, 1821
Appointed by James Monroe
Preceded by José María Coppinger as Governor of Spanish East Florida
Succeeded by William Pope Duval
United States Senator from Tennessee
In office
March 4, 1823 – October 14, 1825
Preceded by John Williams
Succeeded

Mary Mcleod Bethune Short Biography
Dr. Mary Jane McLeod Bethune was born on the 10th of July 1875, in Maysville, South Carolina on
a rice and cotton farm in Sumter County. Dr. Bethune was the fifteenth of seventeen children, her
parents were both slaves. Patsy McLeod, her mother worked for her former master on the cotton
farm while her father, Sam McLeod worked as a cotton farmer near a large house called a
homestead. At a very young age Mary would assist her mother in delivering their masters washed
clothing, which allowed him to me in the 'white' children's nursery often. Over time she became
fascinated with the toys that they had. One day she picked up a book and was amazed by all the
letters, even though at the time she learnt, they were unfamiliar to her at the time. As ... Show more
Upon her relocating to Florida Mary was still determined to fulfill her goal of becoming a teacher. In
October 1964 Mary opened an all girls school in Daytona, in which she rented a house eleven
dollars per month for. The school was called The Literary and Industrial Training School for Nergo
Girls. They studied many subjects such as: Bible study, Home Economics, Math, Sciences and
English. She also taught industrial skills such as: Dressmaking and Cooking. Over time the school
dropped its elementary curriculum and in 1923 The Literary and Industrial Training School for
Nergo Girls made a transition to a college called Bethune. Then in 1931 the Methodist Church helps
the merger of her school with The Boys' Cookman Institute of Jacksonville forming the prestigious
Bethune–Cookman University. This B–CU has been successful ever since. Even through the Great
Depression the university continued to operate and met the education standard of the state of

The Act of Union of 1707 brought together the two...
The Act of Union of 1707 brought together the two independent nations of Scotland and England to
create a new United Kingdom. This new Kingdom in the opinion of the English ensured political
and military stability on the Island of Great Britain, neutralizing the Scottish MP's by absorbing
them into the Westminster system. However, by 1706, the prospect of a parliamentary union with
England intensified the fears of many Scottish Presbyterians for the security of their church. The
actions of the Presbyterian Church in relation to its pre and post Union position can be seen as
inconsistent, divided and littered with ad–hoc decisions in response to the changing political events.
Historians including Jeffrey Stephen claim the General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to acknowledge the importance religion played in eighteenth century society, as
sermons were seen as divine, righteous and promoted God's word on earth. The Church was seen as
a meeting place for many in the community where political, Social and religious ideas could be
communicated freely, while sermons in their own right were blueprints of how one should attempt to
live ones life on earth. With this in mind, the vast account's of sermons on the 1707 Union reflects
how the Church was attempting to indoctrinate its congregations into accepting pro–union ideas,
both before and after it was signed. Biblical comparisons to the Union, made it difficult for the
congregation to question it publically, while it also promoted the idea of social hegemony between
pro and anti Union supporters, using the Ten commandments as the Reverend Charles Bean stated.
This concept was shared by Rev Chandler and Rev Freke who both preached thanksgiving sermons
on how one should attempt to dwell with brethren in unity. However, there is a reoccurring and
consistent narrative present within the sources identified in the bibliography. The vast majority of
sermons were published in London, the communication and linguistic capital were pro–union ideas
could be dispersed amongst the lands. What is also interesting when

Martin Luther And The Reformation
Protestantism is a major division within the Christian faiths. Martin Luther played an outstanding
role in the reformation. He left the Catholic Church to begin the reformation. Luther was the leader
of this movement until his death. He also made the principles of the ninety–five theses in 1517. The
ninety–five thesis was a list of rules and laws for the new churches Martin established. Luther had a
desire for all people to obtain religious freedom. King Henry also helped change the church for
selfish reasons. The Catholic Church refused to give the King a divorce. This was the reason he was
motivated to help with the Protestant Reformation. The reformation allowed people to live
differently in these new religions. "Protestantism itself contains many different denominations. They
include the Lutheran church, the Presbyterian church, and the Baptist church." (Puritan
Reformation) Protestants earn his name by protesting against the papacy and roman rule. He
included every church outside of the Catholic Church. The Roundheads and The Royalists fought
over government power. The Puritans won the war over the Royalists and gained power of the
government for several years. Martin Luther, King Henry, and leaders of the English Civil War were
essential to the creation and development of the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther started and
led the Puritan Reformation. He did not like the ways of the Catholic Church. He started the
Reformation because he wanted free

Biography of J. Gresham Machen Essay
Biography of J. Gresham Machen
John Gresham Machen was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 28th 1881 to parents Arthur
Webster and Mary Hones Gresham. From an early age Machen was taught lessons of the bible and
of Jesus. His family attended a Presbyterian church called Franklyn Street Presbyterian. (Wikipedia)
Machen's father was a lawyer and therefore Machen was considered to be brought up in a rather
privileged home. He attendee a private college where he was educated in classics such a Greek and
Latin.
Machen began his education at John Hopkins University in 1898 where he majored in Classics. In
college he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and was also a member of academic societies.
After graduation he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Machen never identified himself as a fundamentalist because he would not embrace
things such as premillennialism and the anti–intellectual attitude of traditional fundamentals.(Piper)
In 1929, Princeton Seminary was beginning to sway toward liberal theology, which Machen
opposed. In response to the changes at Princeton, Machen went on to found Westminster Theology
Seminary in order to continue reformed orthodox theology. Later, in 1933, Machen , along with
seven others, were suspended from the Presbyterian ministry. They went on to leave the Northern
Presbyterian Church and founded the Orthodox Presbyterian church. Only a few years later, in 1937,
Machen died at age 56. even though he died rather young, Machen helped shape the conservative
movement against Modernists without being a true fundamentalist. His books, sugh as his textbook
on New Testament Greek, are still used today in modern seminaries. (Haykin)
Machen's thoughts about society and Christianity can be found in many of his own books. The book
I found most useful was entitled What is Faith?. Unlike fundamentalists, Machen believed that
education was highly important in society; yet, he still thought that the most significant part of
Christianity was not throught the church or school. In the introduction of what is Faith? Machen
explains:
"The most important Christian educational institution is not the

The Cultural Impacts Of The Reformation On Scotland And...
Scotland, like many other countries throughout the western world, was changed in 1517 when
Martin Luther published his 95 theses. Through his publication, Luther exposed the sins of the
Roman Catholic Church and denounced its credibility. John Knox, a Scottish Reformer, spread the
teachings of Protestantism throughout Scotland. He exposed the truth behind the wealth and riches
of the Catholic Church and helped move the country towards the establishment of the Church of
Scotland. The church in the 16th century, was at the center of the daily lives of the Scottish people.
A reform to the church, meant a reform to the culture of Scotland. One cultural impact on Scotland
as a result of the Reformation was education. The Scottish Reformation broadened the education
system throughout Scotland because of its encouragement to read the Bible.
Before the Scottish reformation, Scotland was ruled by both the King or Queen and the Church. The
church held a powerful position over the lives of the people in Scotland, having influence in their
political, economic, social, and cultural spheres. As a result, the church in Scotland, before and after
the Scottish reformation, held power and influence over the education system.
Before the reformation, there were three types of schools; lecture schools, song schools and
grammar schools. In the grammar schools, which were attached to the cathedrals, boys learned
Latin. As the Bible at this time was only in Latin, this gave the young boys an

John Calvin's Influence In Christianity
John Calvin was born in Noyon, France in 1509 to Jeanne Le France and Gérard Calvin. His father
was the apostolic secretary to the Bishop of Noyon, the proctor in the chapter of the diocese and the
fiscal procurator of the county. His mother was noted for her beauty and piety. John was their second
surviving son. His had an older brother named Charles and younger brother Antoine. His father
wanted all of them to join the church and brought them up accordingly. Calvin's mother died four or
five years after his birth. Shortly after that, his father remarried and he was sent to live with the
Montmors, an influential family in the neighborhood. Calvin had the privilege of going to school
due to the financial profit of his father. He studied law and at the Universities of Paris, Orleans, and
Bourges. Calvin was a Roman Catholic, but became a Protestant around 1534. That same ... Show
He continued bringing home the message of Martin Luther: faith alone brings salvation, which I
could not agree more. Rituals and works should not define Christianity. Having faith in Christ
should be the foundation for every Christian. Calvin virtually created the foundation a new sect of
Christianity: Presbyterianism, and gave the preexisting English Puritans some newfound religious
teachings to base their life on. Though I heavily disagree with predestination, I find it admirable that
his followers were so inspired with his teachings that they gave a concise overview on the Calvinist
interpretation of the Bible and God. He marked the continuation of the Protestant Reformation
abroad in Switzerland from Ulrich Zwingli. Without John Calvin, Roman Catholicism would still
heavily influence Geneva today. Calvin was a remarkable theologian that has made a huge impact
on Christianity by writing such an important work, Institutes of Christian Religion, and continuing
the Protestant Reformation in

Essay on Reflections on Leaders In a Connectional Church
In January 2010, I was privileged to be able to take a class at the Presbyterian Center in Louisville,
KY called "Leaders in a Connectional Church". The course aimed to show how the leadership of the
Presbyterian church connected with the presbyteries and congregations that make up its body
through working intensively with the General Assembly Mission Council (GAMC) and researching
how the current structure had come to be. My assignment was within the Executive Director and
Communications offices, which I was excited to be a part of, given my background in radio and
broadcasting. Much to my surprise, however, the GAMC had only within the past 5 years started to
reach out in a multimedia fashion, and most of the groundwork was still under ... Show more
This is an important distinction because today, "corporate good" too often means "good for the
management/stockholders on a short–term basis", disenfranchising both the "customers" and
"employees". These concerns were present from the beginning of the incorporation period, of
course, as could be seen clearly through the labor union disputes and ruthless tactics of corporate
leaders even in the beginning of corporate culture. But the perceived total good of the corporate
organization – emphasis on efficiency, fund raising, salary for church staff, and availability of
"expert" leaders to a wide range of people – outweighed the devaluation of the individual and the
fragmentation of the body that were not fully observed until after the corporate structure had been in
place long enough to be "tradition". The changes to the church structure were worked by a series of
intelligent, creative and charismatic leaders in the Presbyterian church, both in response to – and
imitation of – the culture of the day.
At its root, the model of the church as a corporation pushes a hierarchical model of ecclesiology,
keeping the same oligarchic control in the hands of a small number of people. It does so
intentionally, but also attempts to balance out the hierarchy by making it representative leadership,
allowing for the

The Scots-Irish People
The Scots–Irish people are one of the most fascinating groups to grace the shores of North America.
Natives of two different countries and always along the borders, these people were fiercely
independent and accustomed to hardship. Protestants who lived along the border of Scotland and
England, they were sent to Ulster during the reign of James I of England. Within a couple of
generations, rising rent costs, difficulty with the native Irish Catholic population and poor crops set
the Scots–Irish on the path towards North America. When they first arrived in the colonies, they
were simply Irish. It wasn't until the Catholic Irish began to arrive after the potato famine that the
term Scotch–Irish came into use to differentiate between the two

The Enlightenment And Its Influence On Scotland's Culture
Before the Scottish Enlightenment which began in the second half of the 18th century, religion was
a centerpiece of many western cultures. Members of Scotland's society viewed the world with a
religious–––specifically Christian–––lense (Dickenson 260). Essentially the highest authority in
Scotland at this time was the Presbyterian Church of Scotland ("Constitution of the.."). Once the
Enlightenment began in Scotland this religious lense was challenged and the idea of viewing
religion and the world as a whole through a rational lense became popular. Great thinkers such as
David Hume challenged the church and the general public with arguments that put the validity of
faith and religion as a whole into question. In addition to there being critics of religion, there were
also thinkers such as George Campbell who actively defended Christianity. It is no doubt that this
shift in thinking significantly impacted Scotland's culture, but in in what ways was this shift to more
rational important? Why was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was during the Enlightenment that there was a great shift in where people found authority–––a
new emphasis was placed on finding authority from personal experiences and rational thinking
(Broadie 298). While many religious members and leaders of the church were angry at this
encouraged shift from finding authority in the church to finding authority in rational thinking
(McGrew), studying religion in the context of the Enlightenment forced Christians to better
understand and articulate their beliefs. This urge to think rationally was not only important for the
religious, but it also gave nonreligious individuals the opportunity to criticize and outwardly assert
that they disagreed with the

Paula Gunn Ann Allen: A Prominent Native American Poet
Paula Gunn Allen (born Paula Marie Francis) was a prominent Native American scholar, poet,
activist, novelist, and literary critic. She collected and interpreted Native American mythology and
was active in American feminist movements and in antiwar and antinuclear organizations. Her list of
publications is long and diverse and includes poetry, essays on feminist thought, and an American
history written from a minority perspective.
Born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on October 24, 1939, Allen grew up in Cubero, New Mexico, a
Spanish land–grant town 50 miles west of Albuquerque. She often referred to herself as a
"multicultural event," and wrote that the culture of this region and the ethnic and religious diversity
of her family combined to

Causes And Consequences Of The English Revolution
The English Revolution or more commonly known as the English Civil War, which occurred during
the years of 1642 till 1651, it is known as a period of armed conflict, and when different political
ideas emerged, a time of transition not only for the people but also for the Crown and parliament. In
this academic composition, we will deal with the causes as well as the consequences of the English
Revolution, and how all of them together affected their political life. The Civil War was mainly a
conflict that between the Parliament and the Royalist who in this specific case were the supporters
of the monarchy and of King Charles I (1600 – 1649). During the period of Charles I in the throne it
was known as "personal rule of Charles", he was recognized ... Show more content on
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"Power of the Kings is just what the law gives him, and effectively the law is what the courts can
enforce" (Sabine, 2009, pág. 448). But according to Charles I ideology he was a strong believer in
the Divine right, and due to this reason he thought that no one could question his decisions a
doctrine which is completely opposite to the what the parliament stands for, he wanted to take away
the power from the people and the authorities, which at the end came to be something that
influenced the Civil War (Causes of the Civil War, 2013). Right before at the beginning of the Civil
War, there was a growing tension of the growing middle class and the King courts when this reached
a breaking point the Civil War occurred. At last, the money was one of the primary factors at the
outbreak of the Civil War, King Charles I had an extravagant lifestyle and also he financed military
campaigns in several countries, but in order to get provided with money, he needed to call the
parliament, and as well as for the imposing of taxes. Charles began to impose fees on landowners
without the permission of the parliament which caused discontent and tensions between

Views Of John Calvinism
The inevitable spilt of Western Christianity thus created two different and unique forms of the
religion, Catholicism and Protestantism. In an effort to reform, many great individuals and
perspectives stepped up in order to cast their beliefs and interpretations of the Christian Bible unto
the world. Among the many individuals was French theologian John Calvin (1509–1564). This is the
most unique form of Protestantism due to its dark perceptions of human nature, strict followings of
the Bible, and drastic change in the religious political system. While many forms of Protestantism
believe in the goodness of God and the goodness of human beings, Calvin's view is much darker and
does not put a positive spin on the nature of the people. While people saw themselves as sinful, ...
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Calvin decided that there would be no ministers, which is a crucial aspect in former Protestantism.
This practice threatened their highly democratic, religious political system at the time, and because
of this many believers of Calvinism were forced into exile. (Molloy, 375) But because of this exile,
Calvinism made its was throughout Europe, and eventually the United States, Asia, and sub–Sahara
Africa. If Calvin were the only one to have these interpretations, than the spread of Calvinism, and
eventually Presbyterianism, would not have been as great. Although Calvinism appears to be
somewhat out–there and strange compared to some of the other reforms, I think they most definitely
have the same goal in mind, and that is to learn about God from the Bible and do their best to
worship and satisfy Him. If I were to live back in this era, I would not choose to follow Calvinism
because I disagree with some of Calvin's interpretations of the Bible, such as the organ–less
congregational singing and the use of symbols and

Villisca Ax Murder House Research Paper
The murder that occurred in the Villisca Ax Murder house has become a very popular tourist
attraction located in Villisca, Iowa. The reason it's so popular is that a family and two of the families
friends all killed one night with an ax. (Villisca Iowa). The Villisca Ax Murder house does give
daytime tours. The tours start at $10 per person that is 12 and up. Children 7–11 are $5.seniors 65
and up are $5. The tours start on March 31th Tuesday–Sunday 1pm–3: 30 pm. Some visitors say
they feel like there being watched, but some fell nothing at all and still visit the house to this day.
School and clubs all over the Midwest visit the house often. (Villisca Iowa). The owner of the house
even allows year–round overnights. If people stay

The Dionne Family
The Dionne family, was started by father Oliva–Eduardo and mother Elzire Dionne, got married on
September 15, 1925.They lived just outside of Corbeil, Ontario, in a farmhouse. The Dionne's were
a family of five previous children: Ernest, Rose Marie, Therese, Daniel and Pauline. The Dionne's
also had three sons after the quintuplets: Oliva Jr, Victor and Claud. The quintuplets were born on
May 28 1934 at approximately 4am. The mother of the quintuplets, Elzire, thought she was carrying
twins because no one at the time thought it was possible to have five babies at once. Elzire gave
birth to five identical girls, there names were (in order of birth) Yvonne, Annette, Cecile, Emilie and
Marie. The quintuplets were born two months premature, weighing approximately 13 lbs and 6 oz.
All the girls were born twenty minutes apart except for Marie, she was born two minutes after
Emilie. The doctor that gave birth to the quintuplets was Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe. He had a theory that
all the girls were made from a single egg cell. Annette and Yvonne shared the same embryonic sac,
Emilie and Marie shared, and it is believed that Cecile shared the same embryonic sac with a
miscarried sixth fetus. Each girl became closest to the sister who they shared the same sac with, and
Cecile tended to be alone most of the time. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parents of the quintuplets were persuaded and agreed to put them on

Essay about George Babbitt of Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt
George Babbitt: Image of a Presbyterian
In Babbitt, Sinclair Lewis portrays religion as a corrupt business. In fact, he emphasizes this by
focusing on his main character George Babbitt. George Babbitt is characterized as a businessman in
Zenith. He is a man preoccupied about his reputation and his image before the main leaders of the
town he lives in. Lewis creates a hypocritical figure for Babbitt through his reasons for being a
Presbyterian. He says that if you were to question Babbitt about his religion he would say, "My
religion is to serve my fellow men, to honor my brother as myself, and to do my bit to make life
happier for one and for all" (199). Of course, if you heard this from Babbitt you would ... Show
His participation within his religious denomination was his stepping stool. Chum Frink and
Mr.Eathorne accepted Babbitt because of his proposals for the Sunday School. He wanted to divide
the school into four armies with militaristic characteristics. This would help the children feel as if
they were doing something worthy. Secondly, he insisted on improvement of the advertising
committee (Lewis 207). This goes to show you how businesslike the Sunday School was becoming.
Babbitt was only thinking of business morals and forgetting the religious morals.
Lewis also draws an image of George Babbitt's sanctimoniousness through his idea of Hell. We see
Babbitt's hypocrisy when he says, "if one was a Bad Man, that is, if he murdered or committed
burglary or used cocaine or had mistresses or sold non–existent real estate, he would be punished"
(199). Notice how everything Babbitt mentions at the time is something he has not done, however as
he continues to live his life he eventually pulls a crooked real estate deal and begins to cheat on his
wife, Myra. Babbitt's flirtatious character is seen when he dates several women and is careless
because of his wife's absence. Lewis practically points out Babbitt's hypocrisy through his failure to
comply with his own criteria of who does and who does not go to Hell.
Lewis portrays the Presbyterian Church

The Most Important Results Of The Reformation
Bryan Cuevas
Professor Acevedo
His211–N02
8 October 2015
The Most Important Results of the Reformation Era There are several results of the Reformation Era
that are important. The Reformation Era made a big impact in recent studies of history. One of the
most important results of the Reformation Era is the Martin Luther 95 theses. Another really
important results that impacted the Reformation Era is religion. Religion is really significant back
then because of how powerful God or God's were. These two reasons are what made the most
significant impact in the history of the Reformation Era. Martin Luther 95 theses was one of the
most important results of the Reformation Era. Martin Luther came up with 95 theses that secured
the church door in Wittenburg. He speaks about the Lord and Jesus word of repent where he longed
his entire life to believers to be one of the remorse. The word repent cannot be understood as
mentioning to the sacrament of self–punishment which would be satisfaction and confessing as
controlled by the clergy. Inner repentance is insignificant except it produces numerous noticeable
embarrassment of the skin. The penalty of sin still remains as long as the hatred of oneself until
granted the entrance to the kingdom of heavens. The pope neither requires or capable to send any
consequences excluding those who imposed by his own power or that of the standards. According to
Martin Luther "God remits guilt to no one unless at the same time he humbles him in all

“Religion was more important than politics in the failure...
"Religion was more important than politics in the failure of King and Parliament to reach a
settlement. 1646–1649", Assess the validity of this statement.
In January 1649, King Charles I was executed after being charged with high treason due to political
and religious reasons, some of which contributed to his refusal in accepting the peace settlements
given to him by Parliament. Charles' refusal to compromise was supported by the division that had
emerged within Parliament on how to fight the civil war between the Political Presbyterians and
Political Independents. The main factors of the failure to reach a settlement were religion, politics,
Charles' intransigence, the New Model Army and the emergence of radical ideas; all of which ...
Still Ireton spoke for the grandees which did include Cromwell and "insisted that the franchise
should be restricted to those with a permanent fixed interest in the kingdom" as Seel 2 says, and that
the vote should go to those who possessed property or there would otherwise be a "disturbance to a
good constitution of the kingdom". This was seen as important because the views of the religious
radicals made settlements more difficult and furthermore increased the tension of division among
those in the army and in parliament.
The politicisation of the New Model Army also played a significant role in the failure to reach a
settlement in the years 1646 to 1649 between Charles and Parliament. What made the army
politicised was the concerns of their wages of £3 million in arrears and the possibility of being faced
with the charges of committing offences from the First Civil War, as Parliament had not passed an
indemnity act. The army presented Charles with the Heads of The Proposals in 1647, which links
back to religious division in parliament, , under Cromwell and Ireton's influence, putting forward
more stricter terms such as religious toleration was to be more effective to a wider degree and that
the army was to be controlled by parliament for only ten years instead of twenty, making the army
seem like a

Joseph Smith And Ethical Relativism
Ethical Relativism takes the position that morality is relative to time periods, cultures, subcultures
within cultures and time periods (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks & Meyers, 1987). Joseph Smith was the
founder of Mormonism also known as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter–day Saints, sometime in
1830 in upstate New York. After God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared to him Joseph Smith told
his mother that he had learned for himself that Presbyterianism was not true (Turner, 2016). The
early members were driven from Ohio, Missouri, and then Illinois on into Utah. Once in Utah,
Mormons spread throughout much of the world (Murphy, 1999). In 1996 there were more than nine
million Mormons worldwide with most of them living outside the United States (Murphy, 1999).
When Joseph Smith wrote the Book of Mormon he gave the readers new scripture that would
explain racial inequality while he attempted to clear the old paradox between a God who was
supposed to be impartial and the imbalanced relations between European immigrants and the
American Indians (Murphy, 1999). Smith claimed that he translated the Book of Mormon from an
ancient Hebrew record that was engraved in Egyptian characters that he found buried in a hillside in
upstate New York (Murphy, 1999). In the book Smith explains the right of the white people to rule
over the dark–skinned people. Smith associated having dark skin with a curse from God, a person
who rejected the truth, filthiness, laziness, illiteracy, and degradation (Murphy, 1999). He wrote
about a positive reward to converts among the American Indians that would include a chosen status
as a covenant Israelite from the Old Testament and promises a glorious future of white skin and the
role of leadership in the true church in the last days (Murphy, 1999). During this time in American
history Indians were thought of as savage dark–skinned people who were unequal to the white
skinned settlers. Ethical relativism allows us to see that in this time and in this culture, it was
acceptable for the white settlers to have feelings of superiority over the Indians. We can also
understand that the Mormons ethical ideas of wanting to convert the Indians would allow the
Indians to have a positive reward

How Did John Calvin Influence The Protestant Reformation
The birth of the Presbyterian Church directly stemmed from the Protestant Reformation, which was
a religious movement led by theologian, Martin Luther. In the year 1517, Luther directly condemned
the Catholic Church by posting his 95 Thesis on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany. With
the launch of the printing press as a new, innovative, and efficient means of distributing documents,
Luther's beliefs were able to reach a larger audience than ever before, thus, causing the Protestant
Reformation. The preeminent figure in the Presbyterian Church was a theologian known as John
Calvin. Calvin was originally trained as a Catholic priest, but then gravitated toward the new
reforms within the Church, namely on the, "doctrines of original sin, justification by faith alone, the
priesthood of all believers, and the sole authority of the Scriptures." However, Calvin differentiated
himself from the new reforms because of certain doctrines that he didn't entirely think were correct,
for example, predestination and eternal security. Ergo, Calvin wrote his beliefs on the new Church
reforms in The Institutes of the Christian Religion, known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Shortly thereafter, the Presbytery of Philadelphia was founded, making it the first official
Presbyterian Church in the United States. Presbyterianism proved to be an influence through early
American politics. This is evident in the fact that a Presbyterian minister known as John
Witherspoon signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. However, nearly a century later, the
American Civil War drove a wedge into the Presbyterian Church in the United States. With differing
ideologies on the future of the church and issues such as slavery and the federal union, the
Presbyterian Church divided into the Presbyterian Church in the U.S. (PCUS), the "southern
stream," and the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (UPCUSA), the "northern

Similarities Between Luthism And Calvinism
After Pope Leo X authorized a friar named Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences in order to gain funds
to complete the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica in 1517, Martin Luther wrote his famous 95
Theses; this disputation ended up creating the religion of Lutheranism and began the Protestant
Reformation. Not only that, Luther's ideas would result in the creation of other Protestant religions
including Calvinism. Lutheranism and Calvinism both began as a result of their founders' religious
crises, shared the doctrines of justification and absolute sovereignty of God, and spread throughout
European nations. Although both religions had similar beginnings and ideals, Lutheranism and
Calvinism differed on the doctrine of the Lord's Supper and their effects on the governments of
European nations. The religious dilemma of their founders is one of the similarities between
Lutheranism and Calvinism. According to page 381 of Jackson J. Spielvogel's' Western Civilization
Since 1300, Martin Luther "spent hours confessing his sins, but he was always doubtful. Had he
remembered all of his sins? Even more, how could a hopeless sinner be acceptable to a totally just
and all–powerful God? Luther threw himself into his monastic routine with a vengeance." The
predicament that Luther faced would develop his doctrine of justification that stated that Christians
received righteousness from God through their faith to him. John Calvin, the founder of Calvinism,
faced a crisis similar to Luther's in 1533 "that determined the rest of his life's work" (Spielvogel, pg.
394). Both of these religious leaders' quandaries motivated them to challenge the Catholic Church
through Luther's 95 Theses and Calvin's Institutes of Christian Religion that would cause a large
influx of people to flock to their ideas. Another similarity between Lutheranism and Calvinism was
their similar beliefs on the doctrines of justification and the absolute sovereignty of God. Martin
Luther developed both of the previously stated beliefs after his tenure as an Augustinian monk when
he constantly questioned his salvation. In the end, he solved his religious dilemma by believing that
"humans are saved not through their good works by through faith in the promises

Presbyterian Church in America
About this Denomination: The Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) was started in December
1973 and their origin can be traced to John Calvin. The theological distinction of PCA is
conservative reformed and the ecclesiology is Presbyterian. "This church was first known as the
National Presbyterian Church but changed its name in 1974 to Presbyterian Church in America."
The PCA became a separate denomination from the Presbyterian Church in the United States
(PCUSA) due to the "opposition of long–developing theological liberalism which denied the deity
of Jesus Christ and the inerrancy and authority of Scripture." The Evangelical Synod and the
Reformed Presbyterian Church joined the PCA in 1982. The belief system of the PCA is based on ...
The vast amount of windows illuminated the inside of the sanctuary which is aligned with plenty of
wooden pews for around 800 people. The art displayed is inside the stained glass windows/panels.
One of the windows was inspired by Revelation 4:7. There is a rather large stage for live music and
worship and a stunning wooden cross on display hanging above the altar. There is another building
located across from the sanctuary with adequate classrooms for all age groups. The children's
playground is massive and filled with fun outdoor activities. The congregation started in 1975 and
there is over 500 multiracial members. I attended the Sunday 10:00 am service, but prior to service
IPC offers an "Education Hour" that focus on a variety of topics to help you engage in Scripture and
look for life applications in a more intimate setting. All worship services are spoken in English.
After the service, the IPC offers coffee, tea, and donuts to its members so they can enjoy fellowship
time on the patio. The bulletin includes weekly interactive ministries such as: music and the arts,
Wednesday night refuel, spiritual mentoring, men's, women's, youth, young adults, and seniors. I
had the opportunity to briefly speak with Lead Pastor Scott Bullock who informed me that the PCA
is one of the faster growing denominations in Orange County. He also specified that all members of
IPC are entitled to vote on the electing of their congregation officers, but neither women

Christianity In The Great Awakening
When Huck in his ignorance tumbles together a discussion about "faith, and good works, and free
grace, and preforeordestination," he cut to the heart of one of the great doctrinal battles of American
Protestantism, the question of human agency in salvation. Methodists by definition believed that
grace was universal, that the "saving remnant" could be quite large if people would simply accept
grace. But even with this one sect's stretch away from the Westminster Covenant, for all sects the
question of justification by faith alone loomed large in doctrinal discussions, much as it had from
the inception of Calvinism. As the Great Awakening aged, relatively liberal Christians, primarily
from the cultural centers of the east, argued that the book of James, with its admonition that faith
without works is a dead faith, had to be at the center of Christian practice. They developed from this
basic precept more figurative interpretations of the Bible, seeing the soul's progress not so much as a
strict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often called sentimental Christianity for its insistence on love, suffering, and gentle pleas for
gradual reform, this is the Christianity that Twain gravitated toward as an alternative to the strict
Calvinist Presbyterianism of his mother. In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Tom's gradual moral
development through his sympathy for Becky Thatcher or Muff Potter, and in Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn, in Huck's gradual development from pure selfishness to caring for Jim, for the
Phelps girls, and for the Grangerfords, Twain shows his affinity for this gentler form of Christianity.
In fact, the Grangerfords's insistence on doctrine over brotherly love is the religious crime Twain's
satire most energetically indicts. Huck, for all that he cannot understand the finer points of doctrine,
understands the heart of

Ireland Distrust In The 19th Century
The main reason for this was that Ireland was distrusted in the other parts of the United Kingdom.
Catholic Ireland was an awkward fit for the predominantly Protestant Britain – Anglicanism in
England, Methodism in Wales and Presbyterianism in Scotland. Ireland remained a religious outlier
on Europe's western off shore islands. Most of its population never subscribed to the Reformation
and, despite centuries of persecution and discrimination, continued to remain faithful to Roman
Catholicism. Protestant distrust of Catholicism in Britain had been manifested in the Gordon Riots
of 1780, and continued to be an issue for much of the nineteenth century. It showed itself in distrust
of Maynooth College (ironically, the recipient of government money

John Calvin Contribution
John Calvin was born in Noyon, France in 1509 to Jeanne Le France and Gérard Calvin.
His father was the secretary to the Bishop of Noyon, which allowed John the privilege to attend
universities later in life. His mother was known for being a beautiful religious woman, who died
about four years after John was born. He had an older brother named Charles and a younger one
named Antoine. His father, a religious man himself, brought up all three children in the church. His
father decided to remarry after his wife's death and made John live with the Montmors, a powerful
family that lived in their neighborhood. Calvin pursued studying theology, Latin, and philosophy.
He used this knowledge to train to become a priest. In the end, he studied law at the Universities of
Orleans and Bourges to become a lawyer. His career path was altered to pursue law, because his
father was paying for his education. Calvin grew up Roman Catholic, but became a Protestant
around 1534. He escaped to France the same year due to the prosecution of Protestants who were
being persecuted for not following the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. According to the
Oxford Dictionary, a protestant is "a member or follower of any of the Western Christian Churches
that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church in accordance with the principles of the
Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran Churches." Calvin's major
contribution to the Protestant Reformation was his writing of The

Tension Of The British Colonies
The seventeenth century was known to be part of the transition period, and as one might concur
there are always complications during a transition. Tensions began to arise as colonies started
growing into vast, very diverse societies establishing their own political stances, trade opportunities,
religious views, and social statuses in both the North and South. Colonies were growing in all
aspects, diversity, sustainability, and independence. The political statue of the colonies experienced
a natural change as England's interference slowly faded and they established their own views on
politics. As the colonies developed their own way of governing themselves, they changed small
details as time progressed. Some of these changes were just slight variations of England's law, for
example they still afforded criminals the right to a trial by jury, but implemented new punishments
other than death and imprisonment. Some of these new punishments included branding, whipping or
public humiliation. This became more popular throughout the colonies as English lawyers became a
rarity amongst the colonies, and while still being able to punish the wrong doings of criminals, they
were able to keep the working force alive. Potential employees were less likely to be executed or
confined to imprisonment. By the time England caught wind of the changes happening in the
colonies, it was far too late to put a stop to it, which further led to the separation of the colonies and
England's rule. As word

Essay On John Knox
Did you know John Knox is famous for his preachings? John Knox left a legacy behind which is one
topic that will be mentioned. Along with his life and career, contributions, and life without the
individual. John Knox was a important figure in the Scottish Reformation and caused the people of
Scotland to live. John Knox was a Scottish minister and founder of the Church of Scotland. John
Knox was born in 1514 near Haddington, East Lothian Scotland. There is not much known about
John Knox before 1540. Knox's mothers name was Sinclair and his father's name was William.
Knox's father William helped John carry on with his international communications. We know that
his family may have been farmers. It is known that John trained for priesthood, ... Show more
For example if he never became a preacher the religious revolution in Scotland would've never been
instigated. Also John Knox was the founder of the Presbyterian Church, so if he never existed it
would never be founded. The Presbyterian church is a community of believers in Jesus Christ that
seek love. The church encouraged people to worship not just in church but in everyday settings. I
don't think that things would be completely different now if he never existed but I do believe that
some things would. For example Knox made worshipping Jesus a everyday task. If it weren't for
that who knows what could be different. John was Scotland's leader for the reformation and the
reformation was the process on how the Papacy broke. Knox lead the Protestant Reformation in
Scotland. For all we know many others things that John had an input on could've changed our world

Church Government Structure
Introduction The aim of this essay is to evaluate three of the main structures the church has used to
govern itself (Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Congregationalism) by looking at the conclusions
drawn by each structure and how these conclusions have shaped their form and practice. The
proposed scriptural basis of each structure will be discussed and conclusions drawn on each form of
government. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn offering reasons why Presbyterianism offers a form
of church government which best demonstrates New Testament principles of polity. Episcopalian
Episcopalian refers to a form of church government in which the office of Bishop is a key
authoritative role. The word episcopal is from the Greek word for bishop. In ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The word Presbyterian is from the Greek word for elder, in the sense of office holder. In this system,
the local church is governed by councils of elders appointed to the task by those who they govern.
As well as governing the church at the local level Presbyterianism exercises connectional
government, this take the form of 3 (or more levels) of government, consisting of the local church
(session), the regional church (presbytery) and national church (general assembly). As has been
noted in looking at Episcopacy the New Testament lays down very few principles of church
government, but it has been suggested that the New Testament describes and provides 3 fundamental
principles. Firstly, parity of elders and bishops. As far as authority, these two roles are equal, in the
New Testament the word elder and bishop mean exactly the same thing.25This parity is evidenced
by (scripture example) and (scripture example). This parity carries with it the idea that pastoral
oversight is concerned, the minister/pastor is on a par with the elders, in spite of his gifts and
calling.26 Secondly, is the principle of plurality of elders. For example, at Ephesus, Paul called
together elders (Acts 20:17), he also defined their function, one of 'overseers' (Acts 20:28). They are
leaders, not 'delegates or shop stewards', their responsibility is to lead, to endeavour 'collegiately' to
do

Personal Narrative: My First Montreat Youth Conference
7am. That was the time I arrived at the parking lot of the First Presbyterian Church in Woodbridge,
New Jersey. The destination was Montreat, North Carolina and I was about to embark on a journey
with twelve other kids to attend my first Montreat Youth Conference, a retreat focused on
strengthening and shaping youth's faith. The number of stories I've heard of what a week in the
black mountain area of North Carolina entailed led me to crave the formation of my own stories.
This trip was reputable for being "life changing," and Montreat was supposedly a "thin place
between heaven and earth," but before going on the trip I was perplexed as to what those words
meant and if they were ever going to hold meaning for me. However, after a twelve–hour ... Show
One does not have to be religious to perform honorable deeds and care for the well–being of others.
Everyone is allowed what, if any, religion they choose to identify with. Whether someone is of
Christian, Islam, Muslim, Buddhist, or any other faith, they are given freedom of religion. Being of
a different religion doesn't make someone your mortal enemy. When truly scrutinizing and
comparing religions one can see that the core values are the same. So when people of a certain
religion are abhorred because of the misdeeds of certain members, the judges are at fault. I went to a
Presbyterian Youth Conference and that's what allowed me to explore and grow in faith, but when
I'm asked what my religion is I say "I'm Roman Catholic". Despite being an avid member in a
Presbyterian youth group, I choose to identify as Roman Catholic because I found that that's where
my beliefs lie. However, I and every other human being is free to explore other religions and hold
them to a high level of respect in doing

Episcopalianism Vs Presbyterianism
As a democratic country, a general way to gauge the feelings of the public is to analyze who the
public elects to represent them. While Article VI of the Constitution mandates that "no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States," an
overwhelming amount of American presidents have been Christians. The two exceptions to this
were Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, though theistic, remain religiously ambiguous.
Within the Christian presidents, the majority of those have been Episcopalian and Presbyterianism.
This is despite the fact that Episcopalianism and Presbyterianism make up a relatively low
percentage of the overall self–identified Christian population. Contrastingly, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
One large example is the legality of homosexuality, or sodomy laws. Even the name, "sodomy" is
Biblical in itself referring to the story in Genesis of the two towns, Sodom and Gomorrah. While the
term sodomy is colloquially used to refer to homosexual acts, sodomy refers to non–procreative
sexual acts, regardless of one's orientation. Sex used solely for procreation is seen in the Bible and
emphasized especially in Catholicism and Mormonism. The first instance is in Genesis. God's first
command to Adam and Eve is to "Be fruitful and multiply". The same biblical often used for the
argument against same–sex marriage before it was legalised, that God made man and woman, not
man and man. Another religious influence on American laws are blue laws, which prohibit certain
activities on Sunday, which range anywhere from the selling of alcohol to the operation of certain
types of stores. In Genesis, it is made very clear that the final day of the week is meant as a day of
rest. While non–religious reasonings behind blue laws exist, such as regulations involving working
hours, these reasons do not fully account for the fact that the origin of blue laws stem from religious
purposes, a day to help enforce the Sabbath and allow for

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