Aula 01 Direitos humanos

Aula 01
Direitos Humanos e Cidadania p/ PRF - Policial - 2014/2015
Professor: Alyson Barros

Curso de Direitos Humanos e Cidadania para a PRF
Professor Alyson Barros
Aula 1
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Professor Alyson Barros 1
PRF -2014/15
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Sumário
Afirmação histórica dos direitos humanos. ....................................................................................................2
Considerações acerca do surgimento dos Direitos Humanos...................................................................2
Código de Hamurabi – XX a.C. .................................................................................................................3
Grécia – VI a.C...........................................................................................................................................3
Roma – V a.C. ............................................................................................................................................4
Idade Média – Séc. XI................................................................................................................................4
Idade Média – Séc. XII...............................................................................................................................4
Magna Carta – 1215 ..................................................................................................................................4
Declaração de direitos (Bill of rights) - 1689..............................................................................................6
Declaração de Independência (1776) e a Constituição dos Estados Unidos da América do Norte (1787)
...................................................................................................................................................................7
Declarações de Direitos da Revolução Francesa - 1789............................................................................8
Constituição Francesa de 1848 .................................................................................................................9
Convenção de Genebra de - 1864 ...........................................................................................................9
Constituição Mexicana - 1917 .................................................................................................................10
Constituição Alemã - 1919 ......................................................................................................................10
Carta das Nações Unidas - 1945 .............................................................................................................11
Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos – 1948 ...............................................................................11
Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos – 1950...............................................................................17
Pactos Internacionais de Direitos Humanos – 1966 ................................................................................18
Convenção Internacional sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação Racial - 1966 ......19
Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos – 1969..............................................................................19
Convenção Contra a Tortura e Outros Tratamentos ou Penas Cruéis, Desumanos ou Degradantes -
1984.........................................................................................................................................................25
Declaração e o Programa de Ação de Viena – 1993...............................................................................27
O Estatuto de Roma - 1998.....................................................................................................................28
Considerações .........................................................................................................................................29
Avaliação da Afirmação Histórica dos Direitos Humanos........................................................................30
Direitos humanos e responsabilidade do Estado ........................................................................................32
Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................................................................40
Questões......................................................................................................................................................41
Questões com Comentários e Gabarito ......................................................................................................50
Considerações Finais ...................................................................................................................................68
: este curso é protegido por direitos autorais (copyright), nos
termos da Lei 9.610/98, que altera, atualiza e consolida a legislação sobre direitos autorais e
dá outras providências.
Grupos de rateio e pirataria são clandestinos, violam a lei e prejudicam os professores que
elaboram o curso. Valorize o trabalho de nossa equipe adquirindo os cursos honestamente
através do site Estratégia Concursos.
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Aula 1
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Afirmação histórica dos direitos
humanos.
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Aula 1
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Aula 1
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Aula 1
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Aula 1
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Χ6Α2,26#!φβ!δ!1,−#>161/1!∗!∋1/#3%,∋∗!01!&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01!0∗!&1%!=1&#3−1!∗,!
,12,!,]0%−∗,<!/∗∋1(#30∗!#!#>∗6%&!∗!,%,−1∋#!∋∗3Α&;2%/∗8!
!∀#∃%Π!Κ∗−16+∗<!ΛΜΜΝ8!
!
[∋! ,2∋#<! #! α#:3#! Χ#&−#! ,1! 1,−#>161/12! 3#! +%,−.&%#! /∗∋∗! ∗! =%6#&! 0#!
01∋∗/&#/%#!∋∗01&3#!#∗!6%∋%−#&!∗!=∗01&!0∗,!:∗51&3#3−1,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,&∋,&%(∋%1∀∃,ΕΦ%ΧΧ,∀Γ,(%/Η1∃Ι,ϑ,≅ΚΛΜ,
Χ∗∋!#!%3−13()∗!01!&11,−#>161/1&!∗!=∗01&%∗!0#!%:&1Τ#!/#−.6%/#!3#!93:6#−1&&#<!
∃∗%! ∗2−∗&:#0#! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! 01! Ε%&1%−∗,! ϑ0+11% 23% 4+#∋)56<! =16∗! ⊥&Γ3/%=1! 01! Ρ&#3:18!
[,,#!01/6#&#()∗!5%,#5#!/∗3−1&!∗!#5#3(∗!0∗!=&∗−1,−#3−%,∋∗!#∗!∋1,∋∗!−1∋=∗!1∋!
;21!/13−&#6%?#5#!∗!=∗01&!=∗6Γ−%/∗!3#,!∋)∗,!0∗!⊥#&6#∋13−∗!1!/∗3−%3+#!∗!%&&1,−&%−∗!
=∗01&!0∗!∋∗3#&/#8![,,#!01/6#&#()∗!=ϕ,!∃%∋!#∗!&1:%∋1!∋∗3Α&;2%/∗!#>,∗62−%,−#!2∋!
,4/26∗!#3−1,!0#!Υ15∗62()∗!χ&#3/1,#8!9,,∗!&1=&1,13−∗2!#!=1&∋#313−1!,1=#&#()∗!0∗,!
=∗01&1,!0∗![,−#0∗<!2∋#!:#&#3−%#!%3,−%−2/%∗3#6<!∗2!,1Τ#<!2∋#!∃∗&∋#!01!∗&:#3%?#()∗!
0∗!1,−#0∗!1∋!;21!,1!>2,/#!=&∗−1:1&!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,!0#!=1,,∗#!+2∋#3#8!!
∀!∃%:2&#!0∗!&1%!#%30#!17%,−1!#−4!+∗Τ1<!∋#,!4!∗!⊥#&6#∋13−∗!;21!1∃1−%5#∋13−1!
:∗51&3#8!Χ#>1!#∗!=#&6#∋13−∗!01∃1301&!∗,!,]0%−∗,!=1&#3−1!∗,!∋#30∗,!0∗!&1%8!Χ∗∋!#!
Ε1/6#&#()∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,<!∗!=∗01&!01!61:%,6#&!1!/&%#&!−&%>2−∗,!=#,,∗2!0∗!∋∗3#&/#!=#&#!
∗!⊥#&6#∋13−∗8![<!=#&#!:#&#3−%&!#!6%>1&0#01!01,−1!.&:)∗<!#,!161%(∆1,!1!∗!171&/Γ/%∗!01!
,2#,! ∃23(∆1,! 1&#∋! /1&/1#0∗,! 01! :#&#3−%#,! 1,=1/%#%,! ϑ=&%5%64:%∗,! #∗,!
=#&6#∋13−#&1,Ο8! [3−&1! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! /&%#0∗,! 1,−#5#! ∗! 01! =1−%()∗! 1! 01! %∋23%0#01!
=#&6#∋13−#&8!
Ζ1:230∗! Χ∗∋=#&#−∗! ϑβιικΟ! ∗! /2&%∗,∗! 3#! Ε1/6#&#()∗! 01! Ε%&1%−∗,! 0#!
93:6#−1&&#<!∃∗%!;21!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!%3∗5#0∗&1,!1!&1615#3−1,!−&#?%0∗,<!,1!/+∗/#∋!/∗∋!#!
=&1−13,)∗!0∗!=#Γ,!1∋!17%:%&!;21!,12,!Τ2&%,0%/%∗3#0∗,!=&#−%/#,,1∋!2∋#!,.!&16%:%)∗<!
6+1,! 31:#30∗! 17=&1,,#∋13−1! ∗! 0%&1%−∗! #! 6%>1&0#01! 1! %:2#60#01! 01! ∋#3%∃1,−#()∗!

Aula 1
!
&16%:%∗,#<! −#651?! =∗&;21! 02&#3−1! −∗0∗! ∗! ,4/26∗! ΩΞ99! #! 93:6#−1&&#! ∃∗%! #:%−#0#! =∗&!
&1>16%∆1,!1!:21&&#,!/%5%,<!#6%∋13−#0#,!=∗&!;21&16#,!&16%:%∗,#,8!
⊥∗&! ∗2−&∗! 6#0∗<! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! %3:61,#! ∃∗%! %∋=∗&−#3−1! =∗&! =&∗/6#∋#&Π! #!
=&∗%>%()∗! 01! =13#,! /&24%,<! 0#! /∗>&#3(#! 01! %∋=∗,−∗,! ,1∋! #! =1&∋%,,)∗! 0∗!
⊥#&6#∋13−∗!1!0#!=&%,)∗!,1∋!/26=#!∃∗&∋#0#<!=16∗!;21!,1!/∗3/62%!;21!−13+#!,%0∗!2∋#!
01/6#&#()∗!01!0%&1%−∗,!%30%5%02#%,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,&∋,<#&∋Ν∋#&Ο#−%),Ε≅ΠΠΚΙ,∋,),!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,,&∀∃,Θ∃1)&∀∃,
Ρ#%&∀∃,&),Σ0:(%−),&∀,Τ∀(1∋,Ε≅ΠΛΠΙ,
! !
! Χ∗∋!#!%301=130Η3/%#!0#,!−&1?1!/∗6ϕ3%#,!>&%−λ3%/#,!0#!∀∋4&%/#!0∗!_∗&−1<!1∋!
βηηφ<!;21!&1,26−∗2!3#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!01!9301=130Η3/%#!0∗,![,−#0∗,!∴3%0∗,<!1!#!10%()∗!
0#!,2#!/∗3,−%−2%()∗<!1∋!βηκη<!+∗251!2∋!#=&%∋∗&#∋13−∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,!
1<!1∋!1,=1/%#6<!#!6%∋%−#()∗!01!=∗01&1,!:∗51&3#∋13−#%,8!
∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!01!9301=130Η3/%#!0∗,![,−#0∗,!∴3%0∗,!δ!βηηφ<!−1∋!2∋!:&#301!
5#6∗&!+%,−.&%/∗<!=&∗02?%0#!=∗&!Ψ+∗∋#,!≅1∃∃1&,∗3<!=&1∗/2=#Σ,1!/∗∋!#!6%∋%−#()∗!01!
=∗01&!1,−#−#6<!1,−#>161/130∗!#!,1=#&#()∗!01!=∗01&1,!1!0%51&,∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!
∃230#∋13−#%,Π! 6%>1&0#01! &16%:%∗,#<! %35%∗6#>%6%0#01! 01! 0∗∋%/Γ6%∗<! 015%0∗! =&∗/1,,∗!
61:#6<!Τ26:#∋13−∗!=16∗!−&%>23#6!0∗!Τ]&%<!#∋=6#!01∃1,#<!%∋=∗,,%>%6%0#01!01!#=6%/#()∗!
01!=13#,!/&24%,!∗2!#>1&&#3−1,8!
! ∀! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! ∀∋1&%/#3#! =&∗=∆1<! 13−&1! ∗2−&#,! /∗%,#,<! ∗! =&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#!
%:2#60#01! Τ2&Γ0%/#! 13−&1! ∗,! +∗∋13,! 6%5&1,! 1! :#&#3−%#! ∃230#∋13−#6! 0#! 6%5&1!
/∗3/∗&&Η3/%#<! #! 01∃1,#! 0#,! 6%>1&0#01,! %30%5%02#%,! 1! #! ,2>∋%,,)∗! 0∗,! =∗01&1,!
:∗51&3#∋13−#%,!#∗!/∗3,13−%∋13−∗!=∗=26#&8!∀!%:2#60#01!=1&#3−1!#!61%!∃#?%#!/∗∋!;21!
17%,−%,,1! #! :#&#3−%#! 0#! 6%5&1! /∗3/∗&&Η3/%#<! ∗2! ,1Τ#<! 2∋#! 01∋∗/&#/%#! >2&:21,#<!
=&16]0%∗!0∗!/#=%−#6%,∋∗8!
! ∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!01!9301=130Η3/%#!_∗&−1Σ∀∋1&%/#3#!4!∗!=&%∋1%&∗!0∗/2∋13−∗!
;21!#∃%&∋#!∗,!=&%3/Γ=%∗,!01∋∗/&Α−%/∗,<!3#!+%,−.&%#!=∗6Γ−%/#!∋∗01&3#8!Ζ1:230∗!16#<!
∗,!Τ2Γ?1,!,2=&1∋∗,!0∗,!#−∗,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,!01%7#5#∋!01!,1&!∗,!∋∗3#&/#,<!∗2!∗,!/+1∃1,!
&16%:%∗,∗,<!1!=#,,#5#∋!#!,1&!−∗0∗,!∗,!+∗∋13,<!%30%,/&%∋%3#0#∋13−18!∀64∋!0%,,∗<!#!
Ε1/6#&#()∗!#∋1&%/#3#!0%∃1&13/%#Σ,1!0#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!93:61,#!3∗!;21!−#3:1!Θ!;21,−)∗!

Aula 1
!
&16%:%∗,#<! =∗%,! 01∃1301! ,2#! 6%>1&0#01! ,∗>! #! 4:%01! 0#! %35∗/#()∗! 0#! 6%>1&0#01! 1!
%:2#60#01!01!−∗0∗,!=1&#3−1!Θ!61%8!
∀=1,#&! 01,,1! 5%4,! 6%>1&−Α&%∗! 1! %:2#6%−Α&%∗<! 4! ,#62−#&! ,#6%13−#&! ;21! #=13#,!
,4/26∗,! 01=∗%,! ;21! 31:&∗,! 1! ∋26+1&1,! =201&#∋! −1&! 0%&1%−∗,! 1;2%=#&#0∗,! #∗,!
+∗∋13,!>&#3/∗,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗+∋∃,&∋,2%(∋%1∀∃,&),=∋Υ∀Χ.∗∆∀,ς()#−∋∃),ϑ,≅ΠΛΜ,
∀! Υ15∗62()∗! χ&#3/1,#! ∃∗%! ∗! 1513−∗! +2∋#3∗! 01! ∋#%∗&! &1=1&/2,,)∗! 3#!
+%,−.&%#!=#&#!#!∋20#3(#!01!=#&#0%:∋#,!#/1&/#!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,8!!∀−&#54,!
0#!=&∗∋∗()∗!0#!−&Γ#01!6%>1&0#01<!%:2#60#01!1!∃&#−1&3%0#01!,2=&%∋%&#∋!∗!,%,−1∋#!
1,−#∋13−#6! /∗3,#:&#30∗! #,! 6%>1&0#01,! %30%5%02#%,! =#&#! −∗0∗,8! Ζ12,! 5#6∗&1,<!
>#,1#0∗,!3#!Υ15∗62()∗!χ&#3/1,#<!∃∗&#∋!0%∃230%0∗,!1∋!=∗2/∗!−1∋=∗!3#!1∋!5Α&%∗,!
=#Γ,1,!0#![2&∗=#<!µ,%#!1!∀∋4&%/#8!
∀! 6%>1&0#01! 6%∋%−#5#Σ,1! #! #/#>#&! /∗∋! ∗,! 1,−#∋13−∗,<! #! ∃&#−1&3%0#01! ,1&%#!
/∗3,1;2Η3/%#!0#!#>∗6%()∗!01!−∗0∗,!∗,!=&%5%64:%∗,!1!#!%:2#60#01!&1=&1,13−∗2!∗!=∗3−∗!
/13−&#6!01,−1!∋∗5%∋13−∗8!⊥∗&4∋<!/∗∋∗!01,−#/#!Κ∗−16+∗<!∗,!∃&#3/1,1,!,1!6%∋%−#&#∋!
#!01/6#&#&!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!,1∋!,1!=&1∗/2=#&!/∗∋!∗,!%3,−&2∋13−∗,!Τ20%/%#%,!
31/1,,Α&%∗,!=#&#!:#&#3−%Σ6∗,8!_)∗!4!=16#!∃#6−#!01,−1,!∋1/#3%,∋∗,!;21!3)∗!,1&%#∋!
&1/∗3+1/%0∗,! −#%,! 0%&1%−∗,8! Ρ! =∗5∗! 1! #! >2&:21,%#! ∃&#3/1,#<! &1,=∗3,Α516! =∗&! 1,−1!
∋∗5%∋13−∗<! =&1∗/2=#5#∋Σ,1! #=13#,! /∗∋! ∗! =&∗>61∋#! 01! 13/∗3−&#&! 2∋! ∗2−&∗!
−%−26#&!0#!,∗>1&#3%#<!1∋!,2>,−%−2%()∗!#∗!∋∗3#&/#8!Ε∗,!−&Η,!1,−#∋13−∗,!17%,−13−1,!
3#!,∗/%10#01!∃&#3/1,#<!∗!/61&∗!1!#!3∗>&1?#!3)∗!−%3+#∋!#!∋13∗&!61:%−%∋%0#01!=#&#!
&1%5%30%/#&!=#&#!,%!#!,∗>1&#3%#!ΤΑ!;21!#=1:#0∗,!#!=&%5%64:%∗,!;21!∗=&%∋%#∋!∗!=∗5∗!
1!&1,−&%3:%#∋!#!6%>1&0#01!1/∗3ϕ∋%/#!0∗,!>2&:21,1,8!Υ1,−#5#!,∗∋13−1<!∗!ν−1&/1%&∗!
1,−#∋13−∗ο!∃∗&∋#0∗!=∗&!−∗0∗,!#;2161,!;21!3)∗!:∗?#5#∋!0∗,!=&%5%64:%∗,!6%:#0∗,!#,!
02#,!∗&013,!,2=1&%∗&1,<!01,1∋=13+#&1∋!−#6!∃23()∗8!
! ∀,,%∋<!3#!χ&#3(#<!,2>%2!#!>2&:21,%#!3∗!62:#&!0∗!∋∗3#&/#8!∀64∋!0%,,∗<!/∗∋∗!
/∗3,1;2Η3/%#,! 01,,#! &15∗62()∗<! ∗! =&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! 6%>1&0#01! ∃∗%! /∗3,#:&#0∗! #∗!
&1=20%#&Σ,1! ;2#6;21&! ∃∗&∋#! 01! %3−1&∃1&Η3/%#! 1,−#−#6! 3#! 5%0#! =1,,∗#6<! ∃#∋%6%#&! ∗2!
=&∗∃%,,%∗3#6!0∗!/%0#0)∗8!Ρ,!=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#!%:2#60#01!1!∃&#−1&3%0#01!−#∋>4∋!∃∗&#∋!
∋#−1&%#6%?#0∗,! 3#! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! χ&#3/1,#! 01! βηιβ<! ;21! #64∋! 01! &1/∗3+1/1&! ∗!

Aula 1
!
∃230#∋13−∗!0#!6%>1&0#01!%30%5%02#6<!&1/∗3+1/12!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!#!=#&−%&!0#!
=1&,=1/−%5#! ,∗/%#68! _1,,#! /∗3,−%−2%()∗! −#∋>4∋! 17%,−1! #! =&15%,)∗! 01! =∗6Γ−%/#,!
=]>6%/#,!1!&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01!0∗!1,−#0∗!/∗∋!#!102/#()∗!0#,!/&%#3(#,!#>#30∗3#0#,<!
∗,!13∃1&∋∗,!=∗>&1,!1!∗!−&#>#6+∗!#∗,!=∗>&1,8!
Χ∗∋=#&#−∗!ϑβιικΟ!&1∃∗&(#!;21!#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!0∗!Φ∗∋1∋!1!0∗!
Χ%0#0)∗! δ! βηκι<! 1∋! 01>#−1! 3#! ∀,,1∋>61%#! _#/%∗3#6! χ&#3/1,#<! 01323/%#5#! ;21!
ν1,,1,! 0%&1%−∗,! ,)∗! 01! −∗0∗,! ∗,! −1∋=∗,! 1! 01! −∗0#,! #,! _#(∆1,8ο! [! ;21! 0#! −&Γ#01!
∃#∋∗,#! Σ! 6%>1&0#01<! %:2#60#01<! ∃&#−1&3%0#01! δ! ∃∗%! ,1∋! 0]5%0#! #! %:2#60#01! ;21!
&1=&1,13−∗2!∗!=∗3−∗!/13−&#6!0∗!∋∗5%∋13−∗<!&1=&1,13−#30∗!∗!∃%∋!0∗!∀∃7+8∃%(−#+/−<!
/∗3,−%−2Γ0∗!=16#!∋∗3#&;2%#!#>,∗62−#!1!=16∗,!=&%5%64:%∗,!∃120#%,8!
!
!
!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,ς()#−∋∃),&∋,≅ΛΩΛ,
_∗! >∗Τ∗! 0#! Υ15∗62()∗! χ&#3/1,#! 1! 3#! #∋=6%#()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! #!
Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!χ&#3/1,#!01!βκεκ!&1/∗3+1/12!∗!0%&1%−∗!#∗!−&#>#6+∗<!#>∗6%2!#!=13#!01!
∋∗&−1!ϑ#=13#,!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!=∗6Γ−%/#Ο<!=&∗%>%2!#!1,/&#5%0)∗!1∋!−1&&#,!∃&#3/1,#,<!
#,,1:2&∗2! ∗! 13,%3∗! =]>6%/∗! ∗&%13−#0∗! =#&#! #! ∃∗&∋#()∗! 1! =#&#! ∗! ∋1&/#0∗! 01!
−&#>#6+∗8![,,#!/∗3,−%−2%()∗!∃∗%!#!>#,1!=#&#!∗!=∗,−1&%∗&!/∗3/1%−∗!01![,−#0∗!01!Κ1∋!
[,−#&!Ζ∗/%#68!
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,&∋,9∋#∋5(),&∋,,ϑ,≅ΛΚΩ,
∀=13#,!1∋!βκφε<!/∗∋!#!Χ∗3513()∗!01!131>&#<!;21!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!
∃∗&#∋! ! &1/∗3+1/%0∗,! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6∋13−18! ∀3−1,! 0%,,∗! 1,,1,! 0%&1%−∗,! 1,−#5#∋!
/%&/23,/&%−∗,!#!3#(∆1,8!∀!=&1∗/2=#()∗!1∋!%3−1&3#/%∗3#6%?#&!−#%,!0%&1%−∗,!,2&:%2!1∋!
01/∗&&Η3/%#! 0#,! :21&&#,! 0#! 4=∗/#! 1! ,1! /∗3,−%−2%2! /∗∋∗! 2∋! /∗3Τ23−∗! 01! 61%,! 1!
/∗,−2∋1,!=#&#!&102?%&!∗!,∗∃&%∋13−∗!0∗,!,∗60#0∗,!0∗13−1,!1!∃1&%0∗,!>1∋!/∗∋∗!0#,!
=∗=26#(∆1,!/%5%,!#−%3:%0#,!=16∗!/∗3∃6%−∗!>46%/∗8!
! Υ1,,#6−∗<!=∗&!∋1&#!/2&%∗,%0#01<!;21!#!Χ∗3513()∗!01!βκφε!−&#3,∃∗&∋∗2Σ,1<!
1∋!βκκΜ<!3#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!93−1&3#/%∗3#6!0#!Χ&2?!Ξ1&∋16+#8!
!
!

Aula 1
!
!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,>∋Ξ%−)#),ϑ,≅Μ≅Π,
Ζ12,!=&∗=.,%−∗,!1&#∋!,%∋=61,!1!0%&1−∗,Π!=&∗%>%&!#!&1161%()∗!0∗!⊥&1,%013−1!0#!
Υ1=]>6%/#<!17=&1,,#&!#,!:#&#3−%#,!=#&#!#,!6%>1&0#01,!%30%5%02#%,!1!=∗6Γ−%/#,<!&102?%&!
∗!=∗01&!0#!9:&1Τ#!Χ#−.6%/#<!17=#30%&!∗!,%,−1∋#!01!102/#()∗!=]>6%/#<!=&∗=∗&!#,!>#,1,!
=#&#!#!&1∃∗&∋#!#:&Α&%#!1!#!=&∗−1()∗!0∗!−&#>#6+∗!#,,#6#&%#0∗8!
! Ζ2#! Η3∃#,1! 3∗! −&#>#6+∗! /∗∋∗! =&1,,2=∗,−∗! >Α,%/∗! 0#! 5%0#! ,∗/%#6! #!
/#&#/−1&%?#&#∋!/∗∋∗!#!=&%∋1%&#!/∗3,−%−2%()∗!#!#−&%>2%&!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!−&#>#6+%,−#,!#!
;2#6%0#01! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! ∃230#∋13−#%,8! _1,,1! 0∗/2∋13−∗! ∃∗&#∋! −&#>#6+#0∗,!
/∗3/1%−∗,! /∗∋∗! #! 6%∋%−#()∗! 0#! Τ∗&3#0#! 01! −&#>#6+∗<! 01,1∋=&1:∗<! =&∗−1()∗! 0#!
∋#−1&3%0#01<!%0#01!∋Γ3%∋#!01!#0∋%,,)∗!01!1∋=&1:#0∗,!1∋!∃Α>&%/#,!1!∗!−&#>#6+∗!
3∗−2&3∗!01!∋13∗&1,!3#!%30],−&%#8!∀64∋!0%,,∗<!#!Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!α17%/#3#!17=&1,,∗2!∗!
=&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! %:2#60#01! 13−&1! 1∋=&1:#0∗! 1! 1∋=&1:#0∗&! 3#! &16#()∗! /∗3−&#−2#6! 01!
−&#>#6+∗!1!/&%∗2!#!&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01!0∗!1∋=&1:#0∗&!=∗&!#/%013−1!01!−&#>#6+∗8!
!
!∀#∃1%1.%∗∆∀,ΣΧ∋0∆,ϑ,≅Μ≅Μ,
∀! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! ∀61∋)<! ∗2! Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗! 01! &%∋()∗<! #∋=6%∗2! ∗,! /∗3/1%−∗,!
#0∗−#0∗,!3#!Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!α17%/#3#!01!βιβη!1!17=&1,,∗2!/∗∋∗!∃230#∋13−∗!01!,2#!
&1=]>6%/#!#!01∋∗/&#/%#!,∗/%#68!Ζ1:230∗!16#<!1&#!31/1,,Α&%∗!01∃1301&!#!0%:3%0#01!0#!
=1,,∗#! +2∋#3#! =#&#! /∗∋=61∋13−#&! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! /%5%,<! ! =∗6Γ−%/∗,<! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,! 1!
,∗/%#%,8![6#!−&∗271!#!%:2#60#01!Τ2&Γ0%/#!13−&1!∋#&%0∗!1!∋26+1&!1!#!1;2%=#&#()∗!0∗,!
∃%6+∗,!%61:Γ−%∋∗,!#∗,!61:Γ−%∋∗,!+#5%0∗,!3#!/∗3,−λ3/%#!0∗!∋#−&%∋ϕ3%∗!δ!#!∃#∋Γ6%#!1!#,!
/&%#3(#,! −#∋>4∋! ,1! −∗&3#∋! ∃∗/∗! 0#! =&∗−1()∗! 0∗! [,−#0∗8! Ψ#∋>4∋! 4!
&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01! 0∗! [,−#0∗! #! 102/#()∗! =]>6%/#<! #! :#&#3−%#! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,!
=&15%013/%Α&%∗,!1!−&#>#6+%,−#,8!Ζ∗>&1!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!−&#>#6+%,−#,!#!=&.=&%#!Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!
∀61∋)!∃#6#Π!ν888!4!0151&!0∗![,−#0∗!01!01,135∗651&!#!=∗6Γ−%/#!01!=613∗!1∋=&1:∗888ο!
! Ζ2#! =&%∋1%&#! =#&−1! 5%,#5#! ∗&:#3%?#&! ∗! [,−#0∗<! 13;2#3−∗! ;21! ,2#! ,1:230#!
=#&−1! #=&1,13−#5#! #! 01/6#&#()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! 1! 0151&1,! ∃230#∋13−#%,<!
#/&1,/13−#30∗! Θ,! 6%>1&0#01,! %30%5%02#%,! 17%,−13−1,! 3∗5∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! 01! /∗3−1]0∗!
,∗/%#68! _∗5#∋13−1! =1&/1>1∋∗,! #! 6%∋%−#()∗! 0∗! =∗01&! 0∗! 1,−#0∗! 1! #! :#&#3−%#! 0#!
6%>1&0#01!%30%5%02#68!
!
!

Aula 1
!
!)(1),&)∃,Τ)∗+∋∃,Ρ#%&)∃,ϑ,≅ΜΩΒ,
! Χ∗∋!∗!∃%∋!0#!Ζ1:230#!21&&#!α230%#6!1!#!1,−#&&1/%∋13−∗!0#!+2∋#3%0#01!
0%#3−1! 0#! /&2160#01! +2∋#3#! δ! #,! #−&∗/%0#01,! 0#! :21&&#! 1∋! ,%! 1! 0#,! Κ∗∋>#,!
∀−ϕ∋%/#,!δ!#!Ρ&:#3%?#()∗!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!ϑΡ_∴Ο!∃∗%!/&%#0#<!1∋!βιεΝ<!!=#&#!23%&!
#,! 3#(∆1,! 1! =∗5∗,! 0∗! ∋230∗! 1∋! ∃#5∗&! 0#! 01∃1,#! 0#! 0%:3%0#01! +2∋#3#8! Ρ!
0∗/2∋13−∗! ;21! /&%#! #! Ρ_∴! 4! #! Χ#&−#! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,! ϑ∗2! Χ#&−#! 01! Ζ)∗!
χ&#3/%,/∗Ο8!!
! ∀! Ρ_∴! ,2&:%2! 3∗! /∗3−17−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! /∗∋∗! #! 13−%0#01! ∋Α7%∋#! 0#!
0%,/2,,)∗! 0∗! Ε%&1%−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! 1! ∃.&2∋! 01! &16#(∆1,! 1! 13−130%∋13−∗,! ,2=&#Σ
3#/%∗3#%,8! χ∗&#∋! ,%:3#−Α&%∗,! 01,,#! /#&−#! Νβ! ∋1∋>&∗,! ∃230#0∗&1,<! 13−&1! 161,! ∗!
Κ&#,%68!
! ∀!/#&−#!0#!Ρ_∴<!13−&1!∗2−&#,!/∗%,#,<!!%3,/26=%2!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!−∗0∗,!∗,!=∗5∗,!01!
1,/∗6+1&!,2#!=&.=&%#!∃∗&∋#!01!:∗51&3∗!ϑ#2−∗Σ01−1&∋%3#()∗!0∗,!=∗5∗,Ο<!>1∋!/∗∋∗<!
#!%3−13()∗!01!62−#&!=#&#!&1,−#2&#()∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!,∗>1&#3∗,!1!01!#6−∗!:∗51&3∗<!=#&#!
−∗0∗,!#;2161,!;21!∃∗&#∋!0161,!=&%5#0∗,!=16#!∃∗&(#8!
! ∀=1,#&!0∗,!=#Γ,1,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,!/∗3/∗&0#&1∋!3#!=&∗∋∗()∗!0#!=#?!∋230%#6<!#!
Χ#&−#!0#!Ρ_∴!3)∗!17−%3:21!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!/161>&#&!#!:21&&#!13−&1!#,!3#(∆1,!1!31∋!
=&15Η!,#3(∆1,!#∗,!=#Γ,1,!1∋!:21&&#<!∗2<!#%30#<!=&∗−1()∗!#!#6:2∋!=#Γ,!31,,1,!/#,∗,8!!
Ρ! /∗∋=&∗∋%,,∗! 0#! Χ#&−#! 4! ;21<! ,1! 2∋! [,−#0∗! ∃∗&! #:&10%0∗! =∗&! ∗2−&∗! [,−#0∗<! ∗!
Χ∗3,16+∗!01!Ζ1:2&#3(#!%&Α!016%>1&#&!,∗>&1!∗!/∗3∃6%−∗!1<!,1!,12,!∋1∋>&∗,!/+1:#&1∋!
#!2∋!#/∗&0∗<!#6:2∋#!∋10%0#!=∗01&Α!,1&!−∗∋#0#8!Ε%#3−1!01!2∋!/∗3∃6%−∗<!/#0#!2∋!
0∗,! /%3/∗! ∋1∋>&∗,! =1&∋#313−1,! =∗01! 51−#&! ∗2! >6∗;21#&! ;2#6;21&! =&∗=∗,−#! 01!
&1,∗62()∗!&1∃1&13−1!#!1,,1!/∗3∃6%−∗8!
! Ρ2−&∗!=∗3−∗!%∋=∗&−#3−1!0#!&1∃1&%0#!/#&−#!4!;21!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!∃∗&#∋!
/∗3/1%−2#0∗,!23%/#∋13−1!/∗∋∗!6%>1&0#01,!%30%5%02#%,8!
!
!
2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,Ρ#%Υ∋(∃)Χ,&∀∃,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΩΛ,
∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!∗2!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!0∗,!
Ε%&1%−∗,! 0∗! Φ∗∋1∋<! ∃∗%! #0∗−#0#! 1! =&∗/6#∋#0#! =16#! Υ1,∗62()∗! ΛβηΣ∀! ϑ999Ο! 0#!
+,,%(−.%∋)/0%∗)./1),/2)34%,/5#∋1),<!1∋!βΜ!01!01?1∋>&∗!01!6789<!1∋!⊥#&%,8!∀!
∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!∃#?!=#&−1!0#!Ρ&:#3%?#()∗!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!δ!

Aula 1
!
Ρ_∴! 1! 4! ∗! .&:)∗! %3−1&:∗51&3#∋13−#6! ϑ/∗∋! ∃23()∗! /∗3,26−%5#! 1! 016%>1&#−%5#Ο!
/∗∋=∗,−∗!=∗&!−∗0∗,!∗,!=#Γ,1,!∋1∋>&∗,!0#!Ρ_∴8!_1,,#!#,,1∋>61%#!/#0#!=#Γ,!−1∋!
0%&1%−∗! #! 2∋! 5∗−∗8! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! 1,,#! ∀,,1∋>61%#! 4! 2∋! ∃.&2∋! =∗6Γ−%/∗! ;21<!
%:2#6∋13−1<!,2=1&5%,%∗3#!1!/∗∗&013#!∗!−&#>#6+∗!0#,!#:Η3/%#,8!
+∃%#3:∀! Σ! Ρ! /∗3/2&,1%&∗! 0151! 1,−#&! #−13−∗! 4! ;21! #! Ε∴ΕΦ! ∃∗%! =&∗/6#∋#0#!
ϑ#323/%#0#<!#=&∗5#0#<!01/6#&#0#Ο!1!3)∗!=&∗∋26:#0#<!%3,−%−2Γ0#<!#/6#∋#0#!1!31∋!4!
2∋!−&#−#0∗8!Χ2%0#0∗!/∗∋!/∗3∃2,∆1,π!
! [7%,−1!#6:2∋!∋∗−%5∗!1,=1/%#6!=#&#!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!−1&!,%0∗!=&∗/6#∋#0#!1∋!βιεκΒ!
Ζ%∋<! 2∋! ∋∗−%5∗! ∃230#∋13−#6Π! ∗! ∃%∋! 0#! Ζ1:230#! 21&&#! α230%#68! ∀,! #−&∗/%0#01,!
/∗∋1−%0#,! 31,,#! :21&&#! ∃%?1&#∋! /∗∋! ;21! ∗,! %3−1:&#3−1,! 0#! Ρ_∴<! #−&#54,! 0#!
∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!>2,/#,,1∋!2∋!13−130%∋13−∗!/∗∋2∋!,∗>&1!
∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!Ρ!0∗/2∋13−∗!4!#!>#,1!0#!62−#!23%51&,#6!/∗3−&#!#!∗=&1,,)∗!1!#!
0%,/&%∋%3#()∗<!01∃1301!#!%:2#60#01!1!#!0%:3%0#01!0#,!=1,,∗#,!1!&1/∗3+1/1!;21!∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! #,! 6%>1&0#01,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! 0151∋! ,1&! #=6%/#0∗,! #! /#0#!
/%0#0)∗! 0∗! =6#31−#8! Ε1,,1! ∋∗0∗<! #! Ε∴ΕΦ! 4! 2∋#! 3∗&∋#! /∗∋2∋! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6!
ϑ13−&1!∗,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,Ο!#!,1&!#6/#3(#0#!=∗&!−∗0∗,!∗,!=∗5∗,!1!3#(∆1,!1!1,−#>161/12<!
=16#!=&%∋1%&#!51?<!#!=&∗−1()∗!23%51&,#6!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!
Ζ∗>&1!∗!=&∗/1,,∗!01!16#>∗&#()∗!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ<!4!5Α6%0∗!01,−#/#&Π!
Ε2&#3−1! #! ,1,,)∗! 01! βφ! 01! ∃151&1%&∗! 01! βιεφ! 0∗! Χ∗3,16+∗! [/∗3ϕ∋%/∗! 1!
Ζ∗/%#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!∃%/∗2!#,,13−#0∗!;21!#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!#!
,1&! /&%#0#<! 0151&%#! 01,135∗651&! ,12,! −&#>#6+∗,! 1∋! −&Η,! 1−#=#,8! _#! =&%∋1%&#<!
%3/2∋>%&Σ6+1Σ%#! 16#>∗&#&! 2∋#! 01/6#&#()∗! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! 01! #/∗&0∗! /∗∋! ∗!
0%,=∗,−∗! 3∗! #&−%:∗! ΝΝ! 0#! Χ#&−#! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,8! [∋! ,1:2%0#<! 0151&Σ,1Σ%#!
=&∗02?%&<!3∗!0%?1&!01!2∋!0∗,!0161:#0∗,!=&1,13−1,!Θ;216#!&123%)∗<!ν2∋!0∗/2∋13−∗!
Τ2&%0%/#∋13−1!∋#%,!5%3/26#3−1!0∗!;21!2∋#!∋1&#!01/6#&#()∗ο<!0∗/2∋13−∗!1,,1!;21!
+#51&%#!01!,1&<!∗>5%#∋13−1<!2∋!−&#−#0∗!∗2!/∗3513()∗!%3−1&3#/%∗3#68!χ%3#6∋13−1<!
#%30#! 3#,! =#6#5&#,! 0∗! ∋1,∋∗! 0161:#0∗<! ,1&%#! =&1/%,∗! /&%#&! ν2∋#! ∋#;2%3#&%#!
#01;2#0#! =#&#! #,,1:2&#&! ∗! &1,=1%−∗! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! −&#−#&! ∗,! /#,∗,! 01!
5%∗6#()∗ο8!
∀!=&%∋1%&#!1−#=#!∃∗%!/∗3/62Γ0#!=16#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,!1∋!βκ!
01!Τ23+∗!01!βιεκ<!/∗∋!2∋!=&∗Τ1−∗!01!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!
#=&∗5#0∗!=16#!∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!1∋!βΜ!01!01?1∋>&∗!0∗!∋1,∋∗!

Aula 1
!
#3∗8!∀!Ζ1:230#!1−#=#!,∗∋13−1!,1!/∗∋=61−∗2!1∋!βιφφ<!/∗∋!#!#=&∗5#()∗!01!0∗%,!
=#/−∗,<!2∋!,∗>&1!0%&1%−∗,!/%5%,!1!=∗6Γ−%/∗,<!1!∗2−&∗!,∗>&1!0%&1%−∗,!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗<!,∗/%#%,!
1!/26−2&#%,8!
∀3−1,!0%,,∗<!=∗&4∋<!#!∀,,1∋>61%#!1&#6!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,!#=&∗5∗2!5Α&%#,!
/∗3513(∆1,! ,∗>&1! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,<! &1∃1&%0#,! ∋#%,! #>#%7∗8! ∀! −1&/1%&#! 1−#=#<!
/∗3,%,−13−1! 3#! /&%#()∗! 01! ∋1/#3%,∋∗,! /#=#?1,! 01! #,,1:2&#&! #! 23%51&,#6!
∗>,1&5λ3/%#! 01,,1,! 0%&1%−∗,<! #%30#! 3)∗! ∃∗%! /∗∋=61−#0#8! ⊥∗&! 13;2#3−∗<! ∗! ;21! ,1!
/∗3,1:2%2!∃∗%!%3,−%−2%&!2∋!=&∗/1,,∗!01!&1/6#∋#(∆1,!Τ23−∗!Θ!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!
Φ2∋#3∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!∗>Τ1−∗!01!2∋!=&∗−∗/∗6∗!∃#/26−#−%5∗<!#317∗!#∗!⊥#/−∗!
,∗>&1!0%&1%−∗,!/%5%,!1!=∗6Γ−%/∗,8!
∀!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!/∗∋∗!,1!=1&/1>1!0#!!61%−2&#!
01!,12!=&1λ∋>26∗<!∃∗%!&10%:%0#!,∗>!∗!%∋=#/−∗!0#,!#−&∗/%0#01,!/∗∋1−%0#,!02&#3−1!#!
Λθ!21&&#!α230%#6<!1!/2Τ#!&1516#()∗!,.!/∗∋1(∗2!#!!,1&!∃1%−#!δ!1!01!∃∗&∋#!∋2%−∗!
=#&/%#6<!∗2!,1Τ#<!/∗∋!∗∋%,,)∗!01!−20∗!∗!;21!,1!&1∃1&%#!Θ!∴3%)∗!Ζ∗5%4−%/#!1!01!5Α&%∗,!
#>2,∗,! /∗∋1−%0∗,! =16#,! =∗−Η3/%#,! ∗/%013−#%,! δ! #=.,! ∗! 13/1&&#∋13−∗! 0#,!
+∗,−%6%0#01,8! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! 31∋! −∗0∗,! ∗,! ∋1∋>&∗,! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,<! Θ! 4=∗/#<!
=#&−%6+#5#∋!=∗&!%3−1%&∗!#,!!/∗35%/(∆1,!17=&1,,#,!3∗!0∗/2∋13−∗Π!1∋>∗&#!#=&∗5#0∗!
=∗&!23#3%∋%0#01<!∗,!=#Γ,1,!/∗∋23%,−#,!ϑ∴3%)∗!Ζ∗5%4−%/#<!∴/&λ3%#!1!Υ],,%#!Κ&#3/#<!
Ψ/+1/∗,6∗5Α;2%#<! ⊥∗6ϕ3%#! 1! 92:∗,6Α5%#Ο<! #! ∀&Α>%#! Ζ#20%−#! 1! µ∃&%/#! 0∗! Ζ26!
#>,−%51&#∋Σ,1!01!5∗−#&8!
!∀#∃%Π! χΑ>%∗! ρ∗301&! Χ∗∋=#&#−∗<! Ζ13−%0∗!Φ%,−.&%/∗!0#! Ε1/6#&#()∗! ∴3%51&,#68!
Ε%,=∗3Γ516!1∋!+−−=ΠΙΙσσσ80+31−8∗&:8>&8!
!
!
χ%;21! #−13−∗! =#&#! ∗! ∃#−∗! ;21<! #=1,#&! 0#! Ε∴ΕΦ! −1&! ,%0∗! #=&∗5#0#! ,1∋!
313+2∋! 5∗−∗! /∗3−&Α&%∗<! #>,−%51&#∋Σ,1! Κ%16∗ΣΥ],,%#<! Ψ/+1/∗,6∗5Α;2%#<! ⊥∗6ϕ3%#<!
∴/&λ3%#<!∴ΥΖΖ<!92:∗,6Α5%#!1!#!∀&Α>%#!Ζ#20%−#8!∀!Ε∴ΕΦ!3)∗!−%3+#!%3−13()∗!01!,1&!2∋!
0∗/2∋13−∗!61:#6∋13−1!5%3/26#3−1<!∋#,!,%∋<!/∗∋∗!=&∗/6#∋#!,12!=&1λ∋>26∗<!ν2∋!
=#0&)∗!/∗∋2∋!01!&1#6%?#()∗!=#&#!−∗0∗,!∗,!=∗5∗,!1!3#(∆1,ο8!!
α#,<!∃%3#6∋13−1<!∗!;21!,)∗!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!=#&#!#!Ε∴ΕΦΒ!Ρ,!0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,! ,)∗! ∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! 1,,13/%#%,! #! −∗0∗,! ∗,! ,1&1,! +2∋#3∗,<! ,1∋! ;21! +#Τ#!
0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!=∗&!&#(#<!/∗&<!:Η31&∗<!%0%∗∋#<!3#/%∗3#6%0#01!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∗2−&∗!

Aula 1
!
∋∗−%5∗8! [61,! =∗01∋! ,1&! /%5%,! ∗2! =∗6Γ−%/∗,<! /∗∋∗! ∗! 0%&1%−∗! Θ! 5%0#<! Θ! %:2#60#01!
=1&#3−1!#!61%!1!Θ!6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗8!⊥∗01∋!−#∋>4∋!,1&!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<!,∗/%#%,!1!
/26−2&#%,<!/∗∋∗!∗!0%&1%−∗!#∗!−&#>#6+∗!1!Θ!102/#()∗!1!/∗61−%5∗,<!/∗∋∗!∗!0%&1%−∗!#∗!
01,135∗65%∋13−∗8! ∀! :#&#3−%#! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 23%51&,#%,! 4! ∃1%−#! =∗&! 61%<! 3#!
∃∗&∋#!01!−&#−#0∗,!1!01!61%,!%3−1&3#/%∗3#%,<!=∗&!171∋=6∗8!
Ζ1:230∗!#!Ρ_∴<!01,01!,2#!#0∗()∗<!1∋!βιεκ<!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!∃∗%!−&#02?%0#!1∋!∋#%,!
01! γφΜ! %0%∗∋#,! δ! ∗! 0∗/2∋13−∗! ∋#%,! −&#02?%0∗! 0∗! ∋230∗! δ! 1! %3,=%&∗2! #,!
/∗3,−%−2%(∆1,! 01! ∋2%−∗,! [,−#0∗,! 1! 01∋∗/&#/%#,! &1/13−1,8! ∀! Ε∴ΕΦ<! 1∋! /∗3Τ23−∗!
/∗∋!∗!;)<∃∀/=#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./1∀,/>∋∗%∋∃∀,/?∋≅∋,/%/;∀.Α∃∋<∀,!1!,12,!0∗%,!⊥&∗−∗/∗6∗,!
Ρ=/%∗3#%,!ϑ,∗>&1!=&∗/10%∋13−∗!01!;21%7#!1!,∗>&1!=13#!01!∋∗&−1Ο!1!/∗∋!∗!⊥#/−∗!
93−1&3#/%∗3#6! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,! [/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<! Ζ∗/%#%,! 1! Χ26−2&#%,! 1! ,12! ⊥&∗−∗/∗6∗!
Ρ=/%∗3#6<!∃∗&∋#∋!#!/+#∋#0#!?)∗∃)/=#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./1∀,/>∋∗%∋∃∀,/ΒΧ()#∀,8!
Ρ,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! ,)∗! 1,,13/%#6∋13−1! ∋#1∋≅∋,Α≅%∋,8! ⊥#&#! #6:23,!
0∗2−&%3#0∗&1,<!/∗∋∗!χ6Α5%#!⊥%∗51,#3<!#!%30%5%,%>%6%0#01!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!1,−Α!
&1=&1,13−#0#!=16#!,2#!23%/%0#01!1!=16#!,2#!%3−1&01=130Η3/%#8!Ε%&1%−∗,!%30%5%,Γ51%,!
,)∗! #;2161,! ;21! 3)∗! ,∗∃&1∋! ;2#6;21&! ∃&#/%∗3#∋13−∗8! _∗! /#,∗! 1,=1/Γ∃%/∗! 0∗,!
Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!−1∋∗,!2∋!/∗3Τ23−∗!01!0%&1%−∗,<!ϑ,∗/%#%,<!/26−2&#%,<!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<!
1−/8Ο! ;21! 3)∗! −Η∋! =&15#6Η3/%#! ∗2! &1∃1&Η3/%#! 2∋! ,∗>&1! ∗! ∗2−&∗8! Ε1,,1! ∋∗0∗<! ∗,!
0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!0151∋!,1&!/∗∋=&1130%0∗,!/∗∋∗!2∋!/∗3Τ23−∗<!/∗∋∗!2∋!>6∗/∗!
]3%/∗<!%30%5%,Γ516!1!%3−1&01=13013−18!!
+∃%#3:∀Π! Ρ,! 0%&1%−∗,! ∃%&∋#0∗,! 3#! Ε∴ΕΦ! =∗,,21∋! =#&%0#01! +%1&Α&;2%/#<! 3)∗!
+#5130∗!+%1&#&;2%#!01!23,!1∋!&16#()∗!#!∗2−&∗,8!
Ψ&#>#6+#&1%!#6:23,!=∗3−∗,!%∋=∗&−#3−1,!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ8!Ρ!=&%∋1%&∗!=∗3−∗<!0#3#0∗!
01!/#%&!1∋!=&∗5#,<!4!#!%3∃62Η3/%#!∃&#3/1,#!3∗!%01#6!01!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!∀64∋!0∗!
%01Α&%∗!,∗/%#6!1!6%>1&#6<!17%,−1!#!−&Γ#01!0#!&15∗62()∗!∃&#3/1,#Π!6%>1&0#01<!%:2#60#01!1!
∃&#−1&3%0#018![,,1,!=&%3/Γ=%∗,!#7%∗6.:%/∗,!1,−)∗!ΤΑ!3∗!=&%∋1%&∗!#&−%:∗!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ!1!
∗&%13−#!−∗0∗,!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∃230#∋13−#%,Π!
Ψ∗0#,!#,!=1,,∗#,!3#,/1∋!.∋≅∗%,!1!∋∆Χ)∋,!1∋!0%:3%0#01!1!0%&1%−∗,8!Ζ)∗!0∗−#0#,!01!
&#?)∗! 1! /∗3,/%Η3/%#! 1! 0151∋! #:%&! 1∋! &16#()∗! 2∋#,! Θ,! ∗2−&#,! /∗∋! 1,=Γ&%−∗! 01!
Ε∗)∃%∗#∋1)1%8!
! Χ∗∋∗!5∗/Η!ΤΑ!,#>1<!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!=∗,,2%!3#−2&1?#!Τ2&Γ0%/#!01!&1,∗62()∗!1!/#&Α−1&!
&1/∗∋130#−%5∗8!9,,∗!,%:3%∃%/#!;21<!#=1,#&!01!−1&!,1:2%0∗!∗,!−&λ∋%−1,!0#!Ρ_∴!=#&#!

Aula 1
!
#=&∗5#()∗! 1∋! ∃∗&∋#! 01! &1,∗62()∗<! ,2#,! &1/∗∋130#(∆1,! 3)∗! :1&#∋! ∗>&%:#()∗!
5%3/26#0#!0∗,!=#Γ,1,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,8![∋!51&0#01<!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!3)∗!=&15Η!∋1/#3%,∋∗,!01!
%∋=61∋13−#()∗! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,! Φ2∋#3∗,! 1! 31∋! &1,=∗3,Α51%,! =16#! %∋=61∋13−#()∗!
01,,1,!0%&1%−∗,8!Ρ2!,1Τ#Π!3)∗!−1∋!/#&Α−1&!/∗∋=26,.&%∗<!#=13#,!&1/∗∋130#−%5∗8!9,,∗!
∗/∗&&12!1∋!∃23()∗!0#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,!−1&!/∗3/1>%0∗!#!01/6#&#()∗!
∗&%:%3#6∋13−1!/∗∋∗!1−#=#!=&16%∋%3#&!Θ!#0∗()∗!=∗,−1&%∗&!01!2∋!=#/−∗!∗2!−&#−#0∗!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6!,∗>&1!∗!#,,23−∗8!
∀,,%∋<! /∗∋∗! ,#6%13−#! Κ∗>>%∗! ϑβιιΛΟ<! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! ∴3%51&,#6! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,!
Φ2∋#3∗,!4!#6:∗!∋#%,!;21!2∋!,%,−1∋#!0∗2−&%3Α&%∗!1!#6:∗!∋13∗,!;21!2∋!,%,−1∋#!
3∗&∋#−%5∗8! Ε∗! =∗3−∗! 01! 5%,−#! 0#! /%Η3/%#! 0∗! 0%&1%−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! =]>6%/∗<! #!
Ε1/6#&#()∗! 3)∗! −1∋! #! ∃∗&(#! 5%3/26#3−1! 0∗,! −&#−#0∗,<! =∗%,! 3)∗! ∃∗%! 16#>∗&#0#! 01!
#/∗&0∗! /∗∋! #,! 3∗&∋#,! 01! =&∗/1,,2#6Γ,−%/#! 01,,1,! %3,−&2∋13−∗,8! Χ∗3−20∗! ∗,!
%3−4&=&1−1,!0#!01/6#&#()∗<!&1/2,#&#∋Σ,1!#!−ΗΣ6#!/∗∋∗!∋1&#!/#&−#!01!=&%3/Γ=%∗,8!
!
+∃%#3:∀Π! ∀! =&1∗/2=#()∗! 0#! Ε1/6#&#()∗! ,2>,%,−%2! 1∋! &1/∗3+1/%∋13−∗! ∃∗&∋#6! 01!
0%&1%−∗,<! ,1∋! =&151&! ∋1/#3%,∋∗,! 01! /∗3−&∗61! ∗2! &1=&1,,)∗! 0%#3−1! #! ,2#! 3)∗!
∗>,1&5λ3/%#8! ∀,,%∋<! 3)∗! +Α! ,1! ∃#6#&! 1∋! ,#3(∆1,! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/#,<! −#∋=∗2/∗! 1∋!
%3−1&513()∗!+2∋#3%−Α&%#8!!
! !
9,,∗! ,%:3%∃%/#! ;21! 3%3:24∋! ,1:2%2<! /∗&&1−∗Β! [&&#0∗<! −∗0∗,! ∗,! =#Γ,1,<! 1∋!
∋#%∗&! ∗2! ∋13∗&! :&#2<! >2,/#&#∋! 01,01! 13−)∗! #! %∋=61∋13−#()∗! 0∗,! 5#6∗&1,! #6%!
%3,/26=%0∗,8!Ρ!Κ&#,%6<!=∗&!171∋=6∗<!,1:2%2!∗,!5#6∗&1,!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ!3#!16#>∗&#()∗!0#!
Χ∗3,−%−2%()∗!χ101&#6!01!βικκ!δ!ΧχΙκκ8!
Ρ2−&∗!=∗3−∗!%∋=∗&−#3−1!;21!5∗/Η!0151!,#>1&!4!;21!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!&1/∗3+1/1!2∋#!
,4&%1! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! ,∗/%#%,! 1! 6%>1&#%,8! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! ,12! −17−∗! =&15Η! 0%&1%−∗,! /%5%,<!
=∗6Γ−%/∗,<!,∗/%#%,<!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,!1!/26−2&#%,<!∗2!,1Τ#<!/∗3−1∋=6#!0%&1%−∗,!01!=&%∋1%&#!1!
,1:230#!:1&#()∗8!!
+∃%#3:∀Π!∀!Ε∴ΕΦ!3)∗!#>#&/∗2!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!01!−1&/1%&#!:1&#()∗8!!
! ∀! ,1:2%&! #=&1,13−∗! 2∋! =1;213∗! &∗−1%&∗! ;21! 5∗/Η! 0151! 2,#&! =#&#!
#/∗∋=#3+#&!#!61%−2&#!,1/#!0#!Ε∴ΕΦ!ϑ1∋!,1:2%0#Ο8!Χ&%1%!1,,1!&∗−1%&∗!=∗&!∗>,1&5#&!
;21! #,! ;21,−∆1,! ,∗>&1! #! Ε∴ΕΦ! 51&,#∋! ;2#,1! ,1∋=&1! ,∗>&1! #! 6%−1&#6%0#01! 0#!
01/6#&#()∗!∗2!,∗>&1!∗,!0%&1%−∗,Ι=&%3/Γ=%∗,!#6%!=&15%,−∗,8!!

Aula 1
!
! Χ∗3∃%&#!∗!&∗−1%&∗!1!#,!]6−%∋#,!=∗3−2#(∆1,!#3−1,!01!61&!#!Ε∴ΕΦ8!
!
?∀#<%∋∃∀,/ +∗∃∋∆∀/
Ε%&1%−∗!#∗!α1%∗!∀∋>%13−1!! ! 2:∀/?∀#,∃)/
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!01!=13,#∋13−∗<!/∗3,/%Η3/%#!1!&16%:%)∗! ∀&−%:∗!Λ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!1!#!,1:2&#3(#!0#!=1,,∗#! ∀&−%:∗!γ!
⊥&∗%>%()∗!0#!1,/&#5%0)∗!1!0∗!−&Α∃%/∗!01!1,/&#5∗,! ∀&−%:∗!ε!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!%:2#60#01!=1&#3−1!#!61%!ϑ%,∗3∗∋%#Ο! ∀&−%:∗!η!
Υ1∋40%∗,!≅2&Γ0%/∗,![∃%/#?1,! ∀&−%:∗!κ!
Ε15%0∗!=&∗/1,,∗!τ1:#6! ∀&−%:∗!ι!1!∀&−%:∗!βΜ!
⊥&∗%>%()∗!0#!Ψ∗&−2&#! ∀&−%:∗!Ν!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!,1&!=&∗−1:%0∗!=16#!61%!/∗3−&#!%3−1&∃1&Η3/%#,!3#!5%0#!
=&%5#0#!
∀&−%:∗!βΛ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!01!6∗/∗∋∗()∗!ϑ%&!1!5%&Ο! ∀&−%:∗!βγ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#∗!∀,%6∗! ∀&−%:∗!βε!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!3#/%∗3#6%0#01! ∀&−%:∗!βΝ!
Ε%&1%−∗!01!17=&1,,)∗! ∀&−%:∗!βι!
Ε%&1%−∗!01!/∗3,/%Η3/%#!1!&16%:%)∗! ∀&−%:∗!βκ!
Ε%&1%−∗!01!&123%)∗! ∀&−%:∗!ΛΜ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#!τ%>1&0#01!ϑ0%∋13,)∗!=∗6Γ−%/#Ο! ! ∀&−%:∗!Λβ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#!τ%>1&0#01!ϑ0%∋13,)∗!930%5%02#6Ο! ∀&−%:∗,!η<!βφ<!βη<!βκ<!βι!1!ΛΜ!
Ε%&1%−∗!#∗!−&#>#6+∗!1!Θ!=&∗−1()∗!/∗3−&#!∗!01,1∋=&1:∗! ∀&−%:∗!Λγ!
Ε%&1%−∗,! −&#>#6+%,−#,! ϑ/∗3−&#−∗! 01! −&#>#6+∗<! ,#6Α&%∗! ∋Γ3%∋∗<!
&1=∗2,∗<!6#?1&!1!&1∋231&#()∗!%:2#6!=∗&!−&#>#6+∗!%:2#6Ο!
∀&−%:∗!Λγ!
Ε%&1%−∗,! −&#>#6+%,−#,! ϑ6%∋%−#()∗! +∗&Α&%#! 0#! Τ∗&3#0#! 01!
−&#>#6+∗!1!#,!∃4&%#,!&1∋231&#0#,Ο!!
∀&−%:∗!Λε!
!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!6%5&1!,%30%/#6%?#()∗!0∗,!−&#>#6+#0∗&1,!! ! ∀&−%:∗!Λγ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!,1:2&%0#01!Ζ∗/%#6! ∀&−%:∗,!ΛΛ!1!ΛΝ!
Ε%&1%−∗!Θ!102/#()∗!ϑ13,%3∗!161∋13−#&!∗>&%:#−.&%∗!1!:&#−2%−∗<!#!
:131&#6%?#()∗!0#!%3,−&2()∗!−4/3%/∗Σ=&∗∃%,,%∗3#6!1!#!%:2#60#01!
01!#/1,,∗!#∗!13,%3∗!,2=1&%∗&Ο!!
∀&−%:∗!Λφ!

Aula 1
!
⊥&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! 01∋∗/&#/%#! ϑ]3%/∗! &1:%∋1! =∗6Γ−%/∗! /∗∋=#−Γ516!
/∗∋!∗!=613∗!&1,=1%−∗!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,Ο!
∀&−%:∗,!Λβ!1!Λι8!
!
! Ζ∗>&1!∗!#&−%:∗!9Ω<!;21!∃#6#!;21!3%3:24∋!,1&Α!#&>%−&#&%#∋13−1!=&1,∗<!01−%0∗!
∗2!17%6#0∗<!4!=&1/%,∗!∃#?1&!#6:2∋#,!>&151,!=∗3−2#(∆1,8!τ1∋>&1!;21!#!Ε∴ΕΦ!,#%2!
,2&:%2!#!=#&−%&!0∗!/∗3−17−∗!3#?%,−#!0#!Λυ!α8!∀!=&%,)∗!0151!&1,=1%−#&!#,!3∗&∋#,!
Τ2&Γ0%/#,! 1! 3)∗! #! 5∗3−#01! 0#;2161,! ;21! 01−4∋! ∗! =∗01&8! _1∋! ∗! +∗∋1∋! ∋#%,!
,2,=1%−∗! =∗01! ,1&! =&1,∗! #&>%−&#&%#∋13−1<! 01−%0∗! ∗2! 17%6#0∗8! ϖ! =&1/%,∗! 2∋!
#&/#>∗2(∗! Τ2&Γ0%/∗! /∗3,∗6%0#0∗<! #3−1&%∗&∋13−1! #∗! #−∗<! ;21! Τ2,−%∃%;21! #! =&%,)∗8!
τ1∋>&∗<!−#∋>4∋<!;21!#!3∗,,#!=&.=&%#!ΧχΙκκ!Φ∗∀Α−%/)/Φ%#)/1%/−)#∋(%#∃∀Γ/
! _∗!>∗Τ∗!0∗!#&−%:∗!9Ω!1,−Α!∗!#&−%:∗!Ω9Ξ<!;21!∃#6#!,∗>&1!∗!#,%6∗8![61!∃#6#Π!
β8Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#<!5Γ−%∋#!01!=1&,1:2%()∗<!−1∋!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!=&∗/2&#&!1!01!:∗?#&!#,%6∗!1∋!
∗2−&∗,!=#Γ,1,8!!!!!
Λ8! [,−1! 0%&1%−∗! 3)∗! =∗01! ,1&! %35∗/#0∗! 1∋! /#,∗! 01! =1&,1:2%()∗! 61:%−%∋#∋13−1!
∋∗−%5#0#! =∗&! /&%∋1,! 01! 0%&1%−∗! /∗∋2∋! ∗2! =∗&! #−∗,! /∗3−&Α&%∗,! #∗,! =&∗=.,%−∗,! 1!
=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,8!
_1,,1!#&−%:∗!1,−)∗!0∗%,!/#,∗,!;21!17/621∋!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!#,%6∗Π!
#Ο =1&,1:2%()∗!61:%−%∋#∋13−1!∋∗−%5#0#!=∗&!/&%∋1,!01!0%&1%−∗!/∗∋2∋ω!
>Ο #−∗,!/∗3−&Α&%∗,!#∗,!∗>Τ1−%5∗,!1!=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,8!
⊥∗&!∗2−&∗!6#0∗<!3)∗!17/62%!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!#,%6∗Π!
#Ο #!#61:#()∗!∃#6,#!∗2!,%∋26#0#!01!/&%∋1!/∗∋2∋!∗2!#−∗!/∗3−&Α&%∗!#∗,!
=&%3/Γ=%∗,!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,ω!
>Ο #! #61:#()∗! 01! /&%∋1! /∗∋2∋<! ∗2! #−∗! /∗3−&Α&%∗! #∗,! ∗>Τ1−%5∗,! 0#,!
_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,<!;2#30∗!∗![,−#0∗!;21!=1&,1:21!3)∗!∗∃1&1/1!;2#6;21&!
:#&#3−%#!01!Τ26:#∋13−∗!Τ2,−∗!1!=]>6%/∗!0∗!#/2,#0∗8!
_#,!02#,!,%−2#(∆1,!&1∃1&%0#,!=16∗!#&−%:∗<!4!%30%,=13,Α516!;21!#!=1&,1:2%()∗!
,1Τ#!61:%−%∋#∋13−1!∋∗−%5#0#!=#&#!%∋=∗,,%>%6%−#&!∗!#,%6∗8!!
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,Θ.(∀Ν∋%),&∀∃,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΒΨ,

Aula 1
!
! ∀! Χ∗3513()∗! =#&#! #! ⊥&∗−1()∗! 0∗,! Ε%&1%−∗,! Φ2∋#3∗,! 1! 0#,! τ%>1&0#01,!
χ230#∋13−#%,! −%3+#! /∗∋∗! ∗>Τ1−%5∗! =&∗∋∗51&! #! 23%0#01! 12&∗=1%#<! =&∗−1:1&! ∗,!
0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,!1!∃∗∋13−#&!∗!=&∗:&1,,∗!1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗!1!,∗/%#68!
Χ∗∋∗! =&161/%∗3#! χΑ>%∗! ρ∗301&<! ∗! #6/#3/1! 0#! /∗3513()∗! 6%∋%−#Σ,1! #∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! %30%5%02#%,! /6Α,,%/∗,<! &1=&1,13−#30∗! 2∋! &1−&∗/1,,∗! 1∋! &16#()∗! Θ!
01/6#&#()∗! 23%51&,#6! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 01! βιεκ8! _)∗! ,1! =∗01! 31:#&<! =∗&4∋<!
;21!∗,!#&−%:∗,!Ν<!φ!1!η!0#!Χ∗3513()∗![2&∗=1%#!#=&∗∃230#∋!#!=&∗−1()∗!0#!6%>1&0#01!
1! 0#! ,1:2&#3(#! =1,,∗#68! _∗! #&−%:∗! Ν! 17=∆1! #,! /∗30%(∆1,! 01! 61:#6%0#01! 01! 2∋#!
01−13()∗!∗2!=&%,)∗<!>1∋!/∗∋∗!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!01!−∗0∗!#/2,#0∗!1∋!=&∗/1,,∗,!/&%∋%3#%,!
1∋!,12!#&−%:∗!φ8!Ζ1∋!0]5%0#<!#!:&#301!/∗3−&%>2%()∗!01,−#!/∗3513()∗!!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,!∃∗%!#!01!/&%#&!.&:)∗,!%3/2∋>%0∗,!01!∃%,/#6%?#&!∗!&1,=1%−∗!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!316#!
01/6#&#0∗,!1!Τ26:#&!,2#,!5%∗6#(∆1,!=16∗,!1,−#0∗,!,%:3#−Α&%∗,<!#64∋!01!&1/∗3+1/1&!∗!
%30%5Γ02∗!/∗∋∗!,2Τ1%−∗!01!0%&1%−∗!%3−1&3#/%∗3#68!
!
Ζ)−1∀∃,<#1∋(#)−%∀#)%∃,&∋,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΚΚ,
! [∋! βιφφ<! #! ∀,,1∋>61%#! 1&#6! 0#,! _#(∆1,! ∴3%0#,! #0∗−∗2! 0∗%,! =#/−∗,!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#%,!;21!01,135∗651&#∋!∗!/∗3−1]0∗!0#!Ε1/6#&#()∗!∴3%51&,#6!01!βιεκΠ!∗!
;)<∃∀/ =#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./ ,∀−∗%/ >∋∗%∋∃∀,/ ?∋≅∋,/ %/ ;∀.Α∃∋<∀,! 1! ∗! ;)<∃∀/ =#∃%∗#)<∋∀#)./
,∀−∗%/>∋∗%∋∃∀,/Η<∀#Ι(∋<∀,ϑ/Κ∀<∋)∋,/%/?Χ.∃Χ∗)∋,8!!
Χ∗∋=61−∗2Σ,1!#,,%∋<!#!,1:230#!1−#=#!0∗!=&∗/1,,∗!01!%3,−%−2/%∗3#6%?#()∗!0∗,!
0%&1%−∗,!0∗!+∗∋1∋!3∗!λ∋>%−∗!23%51&,#6!1!0#5#Σ,1!%3Γ/%∗!#!−1&/1%&#!1−#=#<!&16#−%5#!Θ!
/&%#()∗! 01! ∋1/#3%,∋∗,! 01! ,#3()∗! Θ,! 5%∗6#(∆1,! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,8! ξ2#3−∗! Θ!
−1&/1%&#! 1−#=#<! ∗! /∗∋%−Η! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! &1,−&%3:%2Σ,1! #∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! /%5%,! 1!
=∗6Γ−%/∗,!1!∋1,∋∗!#,,%∋<!,1∋!;21!161!−13+#!=∗01&1,!=#&#!∃∗&∋26#&!2∋!Τ2Γ?∗!01!
/∗3013#()∗!0∗![,−#0∗!&1,=∗3,Α516!=16#!5%∗6#()∗!01,−1,!0%&1%−∗,!ϑΚ∗−16+∗<!ΛΜΜΝΟ8!
! _1,,1! =#/−∗<! 1∋! ∃23()∗! 0∗! =∗01&! 0∗! ,∗/%#6%,∋∗! 3#! 4=∗/#<! ∗! 0%&1%−∗! #!
=&∗=&%10#01!=&%5#0#!∃∗%!∗∋%−%0∗8!Ψ#∋>4∋!∃∗&#∋!∗∋%,,∗,!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!;2#6;21&!,1&!
+2∋#3∗!#!−1&!2∋#!3#/%∗3#6%0#01!,1!#,,%∋!∗!01,1Τ#&!1!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!#,%6∗!∗2!&1∃]:%∗8!
! Ψ1∋∗,!01!0%∃1&13/%#&!∗!#,%6∗!0∗!&1∃]:%∗!=∗6Γ−%/∗8!Ρ!#,%6∗!4!171/2−#0∗!/∗∋∗!
0%&1%−∗! #∗,! =1&,1:2%0∗,! ∗2! /∗3013#0∗,! =∗&! /&%∋1,! =∗6Γ−%/∗,<! ΤΑ! ∗! &1∃]:%∗! 4!
/∗3/10%0∗! 1∋! &#?)∗! 01! =1&,1:2%()∗! =∗&! ∋∗−%5∗,! &16%:%∗,∗,<! &#/%#%,<! 01!
3#/%∗3#6%0#01!1!01!∗=%3%)∗!=∗6Γ−%/#8!

Aula 1
!
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,<#1∋(#)−%∀#)Χ,∃∀5(∋,),ΘΧ%0%#)∗∆∀,&∋,[∀&)∃,)∃,ς∀(0)∃,&∋,
2%∃−(%0%#)∗∆∀,=)−%)Χ,ϑ,≅ΜΚΚ,
! Ξ#∋∗,!0%&1−∗!=#&#!∗!;21!/#%!3#!=&∗5#Π!
∀ΥΨ9Ρ!9!
β8!! _1,−#! Χ∗3513()∗<! #! 17=&1,,)∗! ψ1∋,<∗∋(∋#)3:∀/ ∗)<∋).ψ! ,%:3%∃%/#&Α! ;2#6;21&!
0%,−%3()∗<!17/62,)∗<!&1,−&%()∗!∗2!=&1∃1&Η3/%#!>#,1#0#!1∋!&#(#<!/∗&<!01,/130Η3/%#!
∗2!∗&%:1∋!3#/%∗3#6!∗2!4−3%/#!;21!−1∋!=∗&!∗>Τ1−%5∗!∗2!1∃1%−∗!#326#!∗2!&1,−&%3:%&!∗!
&1/∗3+1/%∋13−∗<! :∗?∗! ∗2! 171&/Γ/%∗! 32∋! ∋1,∋∗! =6#3∗<! ϑ1∋! %:2#60#01! 01!
/∗30%()∗Ο<! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! 6%>1&0#01,! ∃230#∋13−#%,! 3∗! 0∗∋Γ3%∗! =∗6Γ−%/∗!
1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗<!,∗/%#6<!/26−2&#6!∗2!1∋!;2#6;21&!∗2−&∗!0∗∋Γ3%∗!01!,2#!5%0#8!!
Λ8!! [,−#! Χ∗3513()∗! 3)∗! ,1! #=6%/#&Α! Θ,! 0%,−%3(∆1,<! 17/62,∆1,<! &1,−&%(∆1,! 1!
=&1∃1&Η3/%#,!∃1%−#,!=∗&!2∋![,−#0∗!⊥#&−1!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗!13−&1!/%0#0)∗,8!!
γ8!!_#0#!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗!=∗01&Α!,1&!%3−1&=&1−#0∗!/∗∋∗!#∃1−#30∗!#,!0%,=∗,%(∆1,!
61:#%,! 0∗,! [,−#0∗,! ⊥#&−1,<! &16#−%5#,! #! 3#/%∗3#6%0#01<! /%0#0#3%#! 1! 3#−2&#6%?#()∗<!
01,01! ;21! −#%,! 0%,=∗,%(∆1,! 3)∗! 0%,/&%∋%31∋! /∗3−&#! ;2#6;21&! 3#/%∗3#6%0#01!
=#&−%/26#&8!!
ε8!! _)∗! ,1&)∗! /∗3,%01&#0#,! 0%,/&%∋%3#(∆1,! &#/%#6! #,! ∋10%0#,! 1,=1/%#%,! −∗∋#0#,!
/∗∋∗!∗!]3%/∗!∗>Τ1−%5∗!01!#,,1:2&#&!=&∗:&1,,∗!#01;2#0∗!01!/1&−∗,!:&2=∗,!&#/%#%,!
∗2! 4−3%/∗,! ∗2! %30%5Γ02∗,! ;21! 31/1,,%−1∋! 0#! =&∗−1()∗! ;21! =∗,,#! ,1&! 31/1,,Α&%#!
=#&#!=&∗=∗&/%∗3#&!#!−#%,!:&2=∗,!∗2!%30%5Γ02∗,!%:2#6!:∗?∗!∗2!171&/Γ/%∗!01!0%&1%−∗,!
+2∋#3∗,!1!6%>1&0#01,!∃230#∋13−#%,<!/∗3−#3−∗!;21<!−#%,!∋10%0#,!3)∗!/∗302?#∋<!
1∋! /∗3,1;2Η3/%#! <! Α! ∋#32−13()∗! 01! 0%&1%−∗,! ,1=#&#0∗,! =#&#! 0%∃1&13−1,! :&2=∗,!
&#/%#%,!1!3)∗!=&∗,,%:#∋!#=.,!−1&1∋!,%0∗,!#6/#3(#0∗,!∗,!,12,!∗>Τ1−%5∗,8!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,Σ0∋(%−)#),&∋,2%(∋%1∀∃,3.0)#∀∃,6,≅ΜΚΜ,
! !
∀!/∗3513()∗!∀∋1&%/#3#!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,!∃∗%!#=&∗5#0#!3#!/%0#01!01!
Ζ#3!≅∗,4<!1∋!βιφι<!1<!=∗&!1,,#!&#?)∗<!∃%/∗2!/∗3+1/%0#!/∗∋∗!;)<∃∀/1%/Κ)#/Λ∀,Μ/1)/
?∀,∃)/Ν∋<)8![,,1!=#/−∗!=∗2/∗!#6−1&∗2!∗!/∗3513/%∗3#0∗!3∗!⊥#/−∗!93−1&3#/%∗3#6!01!

Aula 1
!
Ε%&1%−∗,! Χ%5%,! 1! ⊥∗6Γ−%/∗,! 01! βιφφ8! Ζ2#! ∃#∋#! 1! ,12! %∋=#/−∗! 3∗! ∋230∗! 0∗! 0%&1−∗!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6!∗/∗&&12!=∗&!−1&!1,−#>161/%0∗!!∗!=&%3/Γ=%∗!0#!=&15#6Η3/%#!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!
∋#%,!5#3−#Τ∗,∗,!=#&#!=1,,∗#!+2∋#3#8!9,,∗!,%:3%∃%/#!;21!3#!/∗6%,)∗!01!3∗&∋#,!,∗>&1!
0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,<!3#/%∗3#%,!1!%3−1&3#/%∗3#%,<!0151!,1&!#=6%/#0∗!Θ;2161!;21!∋16+∗&!
=&∗−1:1!∗!,1&!+2∋#3∗8!
! ∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! 1∋! ,12! #&−%:∗! εζ<! 1,−Α! 17=&1,,#! #! 510#()∗! Θ! %3,−%−2%()∗! ∗2!
&1,−#>161/%∋13−∗!0#!=13#!/#=%−#6!3∗,!=#Γ,1,!;21!#!−13+#∋!#>∗6%0∗8!Ρ!#&−%:∗!ηζ!{!ηζ!
&1,−&%3:1! #! #0∋%,,%>%6%0#01! 01! =&%,)∗! /%5%6! #∗! %3#0%∋=61∋13−∗! 01! ∗>&%:#()∗!
#6%∋13−#&8! Ρ,! {{! γζ! 1! εζ! 0∗! #&−%:∗! βγ! 0∗! =#/−∗! %∋=∆1! &1,−&%(∆1,! %30%&1−#,! Θ!
6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗<!3)∗!,1!−&#−#!0#!6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗!=1,,∗#6<!∋#,!,%∋!0#!
6%>1&0#01!01!17=&1,,)∗!1∋=&1,#&%#6<!1∋!∋#−4&%#!01!%∋=&13,#<!&Α0%∗!1!−1615%,)∗8!
∴∋#! %3∗5#()∗! 01,,1! ⊥#/−∗! ∃∗%! #! /&%#()∗! 0#! ?∀∗∃%/ =#∃%∗)(%∗∋<)#)/ 1%/
>∋∗%∋∃∀,/ ΒΧ()#∀,8! [,,#! Χ∗&−1! −1∋! #! ∃%3#6%0#01! 01! Τ26:#&! /#,∗,! 01! 5%∗6#()∗! 0∗,!
0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! ∗/∗&&%0∗,! 1∋! =#Γ,1,! ;21! %3−1:&#∋! #! Ρ&:#3%?#()∗! 0∗,! [,−#0∗,!
∀∋1&%/#3∗,!ϑΡ[∀Ο<!;21!&1/∗3+1(#∋!,2#!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#8!
Ρ2−&∗! =∗3−∗! ∃230#∋13−#6! 4! ;21<! #=1,#&! 01! 132∋1&#&! 17=&1,,#∋13−1!
0%51&,∗,!0%&1%−∗,<!/∗∋∗!51&1∋∗,!#!,1:2%&<!3)∗!132∋1&∗2!17=&1,,#∋13−1!∗,!0%&1%−∗!
,∗/%#%,<! /26−2&#%,! 1! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/∗,<! 6%∋%−#30∗Σ,1! #! ∋13/%∗3#&! ;21! ∗,! [,−#0∗,Σ=#&−1,!
0151∋!#6/#3(#&!=&∗:&1,,%5#∋13−1!#!=613#!&1#6%?#()∗!01,,1,!0%&1%−∗,8!
! Ξ1Τ#∋∗,!,12,!=&%3/%=#%,!#&−%:∗,Π!
!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/8Γ//>∋∗%∋∃∀/Ο/≅∋1)/
β8!!!!!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!−1∋!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!;21!,1!&1,=1%−1!,2#!5%0#8!![,,1!0%&1%−∗!0151!,1&!
=&∗−1:%0∗!=16#!61%!1<!1∋!:1&#6<!01,01!∗!∋∗∋13−∗!0#!/∗3/1=()∗8!!_%3:24∋!=∗01!,1&!
=&%5#0∗!0#!5%0#!#&>%−&#&%#∋13−18!
Λ8!!!!!!!!!_∗,!=#Γ,1,!;21!3)∗!+∗251&1∋!#>∗6%0∗!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1<!1,−#!,.!=∗01&Α!,1&!
%∋=∗,−#!=16∗,!016%−∗,!∋#%,!:&#51,<!1∋!/2∋=&%∋13−∗!01!,13−13(#!∃%3#6!01!−&%>23#6!
/∗∋=1−13−1!1!1∋!/∗3∃∗&∋%0#01!/∗∋!61%!;21!1,−#>161(#!−#6!=13#<!=&∗∋26:#0#!#3−1,!
01!+#51&!∗!016%−∗!,%0∗!/∗∋1−%0∗8!!Ψ#∋=∗2/∗!,1!1,−1301&Α!,2#!#=6%/#()∗!#!016%−∗,!#∗,!
;2#%,!3)∗!,1!#=6%;21!#−2#6∋13−18!

Aula 1
!
γ8!!!!!!!!!_)∗!,1!=∗01!&1,−#>161/1&!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!3∗,![,−#0∗,!;21!#!+#Τ#∋!#>∗6%0∗8!
ε8!!!!!!!!![∋!313+2∋!/#,∗!=∗01!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!,1&!#=6%/#0#!=∗&!016%−∗,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,<!31∋!
=∗&!016%−∗,!/∗∋23,!/∗317∗,!/∗∋!016%−∗,!=∗6Γ−%/∗,8!
Ν8!!!!!!!!!_)∗!,1!0151!%∋=∗&!#!=13#!01!∋∗&−1!#!=1,,∗#!;21<!3∗!∋∗∋13−∗!0#!=1&=1−&#()∗!
0∗!016%−∗<!∃∗&!∋13∗&!01!01?∗%−∗!#3∗,<!∗2!∋#%∗&!01!,1−13−#<!31∋!#=6%/ΑΣ6#!#!∋26+1&!1∋!
1,−#0∗!01!:&#5%01?8!
φ8!!!!!!!!! Ψ∗0#! =1,,∗#! /∗3013#0#! Θ! ∋∗&−1! −1∋! 0%&1%−∗! #! ,∗6%/%−#&! #3%,−%#<! %3026−∗! ∗2!
/∗∋2−#()∗!0#!=13#<!∗,!;2#%,!=∗01∋!,1&!/∗3/10%0∗,!1∋!−∗0∗,!∗,!/#,∗,8!!_)∗!,1!=∗01!
171/2−#&! #! =13#! 01! ∋∗&−1! 13;2#3−∗! ∗! =10%0∗! 1,−%51&! =13013−1! 01! 01/%,)∗! #3−1! #!
#2−∗&%0#01!/∗∋=1−13−18!
!!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΠΓ//;∗∀∋−∋3:∀/1)/%,<∗)≅∋1:∀/%/1)/,%∗≅∋1:∀/
β8!!!!!!!!!_%3:24∋!=∗01!,1&!,2>∋1−%0∗!#!1,/&#5%0)∗!∗2!#!,1&5%0)∗<!1!−#3−∗!1,−#,!/∗∋∗!∗!
−&Α∃%/∗!01!1,/&#5∗,!1!∗!−&Α∃%/∗!01!∋26+1&1,!,)∗!=&∗%>%0∗,!1∋!−∗0#,!#,!,2#,!∃∗&∋#,8!
Λ8!!!!!!!!! _%3:24∋! 0151! ,1&! /∗3,−&#3:%0∗! #! 171/2−#&! −&#>#6+∗! ∃∗&(#0∗! ∗2!
∗>&%:#−.&%∗8!!_∗,!=#Γ,1,!1∋!;21!,1!=&1,/&151<!=#&#!/1&−∗,!016%−∗,<!=13#!=&%5#−%5#!0#!
6%>1&0#01! #/∗∋=#3+#0#! 01! −&#>#6+∗,! ∃∗&(#0∗,<! 1,−#! 0%,=∗,%()∗! 3)∗! =∗01! ,1&!
%3−1&=&1−#0#!3∗!,13−%0∗!01!;21!=&∗Γ>1!∗!/2∋=&%∋13−∗!0#!0%−#!=13#<!%∋=∗,−#!=∗&!Τ2%?!
∗2! −&%>23#6! /∗∋=1−13−18!! Ρ! −&#>#6+∗! ∃∗&(#0∗! 3)∗! 0151! #∃1−#&! #! 0%:3%0#01! 31∋! #!
/#=#/%0#01!∃Γ,%/#!1!%3−161/−2#6!0∗!&1/62,∗8!
!!
γ8!!!!!!!!_)∗!/∗3,−%−21∋!−&#>#6+∗,!∃∗&(#0∗,!∗2!∗>&%:#−.&%∗,!=#&#!∗,!1∃1%−∗,!01,−1!#&−%:∗Π!
!!
#8!!!!!!!∗,!−&#>#6+∗,!∗2!,1&5%(∗,!3∗&∋#6∋13−1!17%:%0∗,!01!=1,,∗#!&1/62,#!1∋!
/2∋=&%∋13−∗!01!,13−13(#!∗2!&1,∗62()∗!∃∗&∋#6!17=10%0#!=16#!
#2−∗&%0#01!Τ20%/%Α&%#!/∗∋=1−13−18!!Ψ#%,!−&#>#6+∗,!∗2!,1&5%(∗,!0151∋!
,1&!171/2−#0∗,!,∗>!#!5%:%6λ3/%#!1!/∗3−&∗61!0#,!#2−∗&%0#01,!=]>6%/#,<!1!
∗,!%30%5Γ02∗,!;21!∗,!171/2−#&1∋!3)∗!0151∋!,1&!=∗,−∗,!Θ!0%,=∗,%()∗!
01!=#&−%/26#&1,<!/∗∋=#3+%#,!∗2!=1,,∗#,!Τ2&Γ0%/#,!01!/#&Α−1&!=&%5#0∗ω!
!!

Aula 1
!
>8!!!!!!!∗!,1&5%(∗!∋%6%−#&!1<!3∗,!=#Γ,1,!∗301!,1!#0∋%−1!#!%,13()∗!=∗&!∋∗−%5∗,!01!
/∗3,/%Η3/%#<!∗!,1&5%(∗!3#/%∗3#6!;21!#!61%!1,−#>161/1&!1∋!62:#&!0#;2161ω!
!!
/8!!!!!!!∗! ,1&5%(∗! %∋=∗,−∗! 1∋! /#,∗,! 01! =1&%:∗! ∗2! /#6#∋%0#01! ;21! #∋1#/1! #!
17%,−Η3/%#!∗2!∗!>1∋Σ1,−#&!0#!/∗∋23%0#01ω!1!
!!
08!!!!!!!∗!−&#>#6+∗!∗2!,1&5%(∗!;21!∃#(#!=#&−1!0#,!∗>&%:#(∆1,!/Γ5%/#,!3∗&∋#%,8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΘΓ//>∋∗%∋∃∀/Ο/.∋−%∗1)1%/Φ%,,∀)./
!β8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!Θ!6%>1&0#01!1!Θ!,1:2&#3(#!=1,,∗#%,8!
Λ8!!!!_%3:24∋! =∗01! ,1&! =&%5#0∗! 01! ,2#! 6%>1&0#01! ∃Γ,%/#<! ,#65∗! =16#,! /#2,#,! 1! 3#,!
/∗30%(∆1,!=&15%#∋13−1!∃%7#0#,!=16#,!/∗3,−%−2%(∆1,!=∗6Γ−%/#,!0∗,![,−#0∗,!⊥#&−1,!∗2!
=16#,!61%,!01!#/∗&0∗!/∗∋!16#,!=&∗∋26:#0#,8!
γ8!!!!!_%3:24∋!=∗01!,1&!,2>∋1−%0∗!#!01−13()∗!∗2!13/#&/1&#∋13−∗!#&>%−&Α&%∗,8!
ε8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!01−%0#!∗2!&1−%0#!0151!,1&!%3∃∗&∋#0#!0#,!&#?∆1,!0#!,2#!01−13()∗!1!
3∗−%∃%/#0#<!,1∋!01∋∗&#<!0#!#/2,#()∗!∗2!#/2,#(∆1,!∃∗&∋26#0#,!/∗3−&#!16#8!
Ν8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!01−%0#!∗2!&1−%0#!0151!,1&!/∗302?%0#<!,1∋!01∋∗&#<!Θ!=&1,13(#!01!
2∋!Τ2%?!∗2!∗2−&#!#2−∗&%0#01!#2−∗&%?#0#!=16#!61%!#!171&/1&!∃23(∆1,!Τ20%/%#%,!1!−1∋!
0%&1%−∗!#!,1&!Τ26:#0#!013−&∗!01!2∋!=&#?∗!&#?∗Α516!∗2!#!,1&!=∗,−#!1∋!6%>1&0#01<!,1∋!
=&1Τ2Γ?∗! 01! ;21! =&∗,,%:#! ∗! =&∗/1,,∗8!! Ζ2#! 6%>1&0#01! =∗01! ,1&! /∗30%/%∗3#0#! #!
:#&#3−%#,!;21!#,,1:2&1∋!∗!,12!/∗∋=#&1/%∋13−∗!1∋!Τ2Γ?∗8!
φ8!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!=&%5#0#!0#!6%>1&0#01!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!#!&1/∗&&1&!#!2∋!Τ2%?!∗2!−&%>23#6!
/∗∋=1−13−1<!#!∃%∋!01!;21!1,−1!01/%0#<!,1∋!01∋∗&#<!,∗>&1!#!61:#6%0#01!01!,2#!=&%,)∗!
∗2! 01−13()∗! 1! ∗&0131! ,2#! ,∗6−2&#! ,1! #! =&%,)∗! ∗2! #! 01−13()∗! ∃∗&1∋! %61:#%,8!! _∗,!
[,−#0∗,! ⊥#&−1,! /2Τ#,! 61%,! =&15Η1∋! ;21! −∗0#! =1,,∗#! ;21! ,1! 5%&! #∋1#(#0#! 01! ,1&!
=&%5#0#!01!,2#!6%>1&0#01!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!#!&1/∗&&1&!#!2∋!Τ2%?!∗2!−&%>23#6!/∗∋=1−13−1!#!
∃%∋!01!;21!1,−1!01/%0#!,∗>&1!#!61:#6%0#01!01!−#6!#∋1#(#<!−#6!&1/2&,∗!3)∗!=∗01!,1&!
&1,−&%3:%0∗!31∋!#>∗6%0∗8!!Ρ!&1/2&,∗!=∗01!,1&!%3−1&=∗,−∗!=16#!=&.=&%#!=1,,∗#!∗2!=∗&!
∗2−&#!=1,,∗#8!
!η8!!!!!!_%3:24∋!0151!,1&!01−%0∗!=∗&!0Γ5%0#,8!![,−1!=&%3/Γ=%∗!3)∗!6%∋%−#!∗,!∋#30#0∗,!01!
#2−∗&%0#01! Τ20%/%Α&%#! /∗∋=1−13−1! 17=10%0∗,! 1∋! 5%&−201! 01! %3#0%∋=61∋13−∗! 01!

Aula 1
!
∗>&%:#()∗!#6%∋13−#&8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/6ΡΓ//Σ∋−%∗1)1%/1%/Φ%#,)(%#∃∀/%/1%/%ΤΦ∗%,,:∀/
β8!!!!!!Ψ∗0#! =1,,∗#! −1∋! 0%&1%−∗! Θ! 6%>1&0#01! 01! =13,#∋13−∗! 1! 01! 17=&1,,)∗8!! [,,1!
0%&1%−∗!/∗∋=&11301!#!6%>1&0#01!01!>2,/#&<!&1/1>1&!1!0%∃230%&!%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!1!%01%#,!01!
−∗0#!3#−2&1?#<!,1∋!/∗3,%01&#()∗!01!∃&∗3−1%&#,<!51&>#6∋13−1!∗2!=∗&!1,/&%−∗<!∗2!1∋!
∃∗&∋#!%∋=&1,,#!∗2!#&−Γ,−%/#<!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∗2−&∗!=&∗/1,,∗!01!,2#!1,/∗6+#8!
Λ8!!!!!!!Ρ!171&/Γ/%∗!0∗!0%&1%−∗!=&15%,−∗!3∗!%3/%,∗!=&1/1013−1!3)∗!=∗01!1,−#&!,2Τ1%−∗!#!
/13,2&#!=&45%#<!∋#,!#!&1,=∗3,#>%6%0#01,!26−1&%∗&1,<!;21!0151∋!,1&!17=&1,,#∋13−1!
∃%7#0#,!=16#!61%!1!,1&!31/1,,Α&%#,!=#&#!#,,1:2&#&Π!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!#8!!!!!!!!∗!&1,=1%−∗!#∗,!0%&1%−∗,!∗2!Θ!&1=2−#()∗!0#,!01∋#%,!=1,,∗#,ω!∗2!
!!
!!>8!!!!!!!!#!=&∗−1()∗!0#!,1:2&#3(#!3#/%∗3#6<!0#!∗&01∋!=]>6%/#<!∗2!0#!,#]01!∗2!0#!
∋∗&#6!=]>6%/#,8!
γ8!!!!!!!!_)∗!,1!=∗01!&1,−&%3:%&!∗!0%&1%−∗!01!17=&1,,)∗!=∗&!5%#,!∗2!∋1%∗,!%30%&1−∗,<!−#%,!
/∗∋∗! ∗! #>2,∗! 01! /∗3−&∗61,! ∗∃%/%#%,! ∗2! =#&−%/26#&1,! 01! =#=16! 01! %∋=&13,#<! 01!
∃&1;2Η3/%#,! &#0%∗164−&%/#,! ∗2! 01! 1;2%=#∋13−∗,! 1! #=#&16+∗,! 2,#0∗,! 3#! 0%∃2,)∗! 01!
%3∃∗&∋#()∗<!31∋!=∗&!;2#%,;21&!∗2−&∗,!∋1%∗,!01,−%3#0∗,!#!∗>,−#&!#!/∗∋23%/#()∗!1!#!
/%&/26#()∗!01!%01%#,!1!∗=%3%∆1,8!
ε8!!!!!!!!∀!61%!=∗01!,2>∋1−1&!∗,!1,=1−Α/26∗,!=]>6%/∗,!#!/13,2&#!=&45%#<!/∗∋!∗!∗>Τ1−%5∗!
17/62,%5∗! 01! &1:26#&! ∗! #/1,,∗! #! 161,<! =#&#! =&∗−1()∗! ∋∗&#6! 0#! %3∃λ3/%#! 1! 0#!
#0∗61,/Η3/%#<!,1∋!=&1Τ2Γ?∗!0∗!0%,=∗,−∗!3∗!%3/%,∗!Λ8!
Ν8!!!!!!!!∀!61%!0151!=&∗%>%&!−∗0#!=&∗=#:#30#!#!∃#5∗&!0#!:21&&#<!>1∋!/∗∋∗!−∗0#!#=∗6∗:%#!
#∗! .0%∗! 3#/%∗3#6<! &#/%#6! ∗2! &16%:%∗,∗! ;21! /∗3,−%−2#! %3/%−#()∗! Θ! 0%,/&%∋%3#()∗<! Θ!
+∗,−%6%0#01<!#∗!/&%∋1!∗2!Θ!5%∗6Η3/%#8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/6ΘΓ//;∗∀∃%3:∀/1)/Ε)(Α.∋)/
β8!!!!!!!∀!∃#∋Γ6%#!4!∗!161∋13−∗!3#−2&#6!1!∃230#∋13−#6!0#!,∗/%10#01!1!0151!,1&!=&∗−1:%0#!
=16#!,∗/%10#01!1!=16∗![,−#0∗8!
Λ8!!!!!!!ϖ!&1/∗3+1/%0∗!∗!0%&1%−∗!0∗!+∗∋1∋!1!0#!∋26+1&!01!/∗3−&#Γ&1∋!/#,#∋13−∗!1!01!
∃230#&1∋!2∋#!∃#∋Γ6%#<!,1!−%51&1∋!#!%0#01!1!#,!/∗30%(∆1,!=#&#!%,,∗!17%:%0#,!=16#,!61%,!

Aula 1
!
%3−1&3#,<! 3#! ∋10%0#! 1∋! ;21! 3)∗! #∃1−1∋! 1,−#,! ∗! =&%3/Γ=%∗! 0#! 3)∗Σ0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!
1,−#>161/%0∗!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗8!
γ8!!!!!!!Ρ!/#,#∋13−∗!3)∗!=∗01!,1&!/161>&#0∗!,1∋!∗!6%5&1!1!=613∗!/∗3,13−%∋13−∗!0∗,!
/∗3−&#13−1,8!
!
+∗∃∋∆∀/Υ6Γ//>∋∗%∋∃∀/Ο/Φ∗∀Φ∗∋%1)1%/Φ∗∋≅)1)/
β8!!!!!!!!Ψ∗0#!=1,,∗#!−1∋!0%&1%−∗!#∗!2,∗!1!:∗?∗!0∗,!,12,!>13,8!!∀!61%!=∗01!,2>∗&0%3#&!
1,,1!2,∗!1!:∗?∗!#∗!%3−1&1,,1!,∗/%#68!
Λ8!!!!!!!!_13+2∋#!=1,,∗#!=∗01!,1&!=&%5#0#!01!,12,!>13,<!,#65∗!∋10%#3−1!∗!=#:#∋13−∗!
01!%3013%?#()∗!Τ2,−#<!=∗&!∋∗−%5∗!01!2−%6%0#01!=]>6%/#!∗2!01!%3−1&1,,1!,∗/%#6!1!3∗,!
/#,∗,!1!3#!∃∗&∋#!1,−#>161/%0∗,!=16#!61%8!
γ8!!!!!!!!Ψ#3−∗! #! 2,2&#! /∗∋∗! ;2#6;21&! ∗2−&#! ∃∗&∋#! 01! 17=6∗&#()∗! 0∗! +∗∋1∋! =16∗!
+∗∋1∋!0151∋!,1&!&1=&%∋%0#,!=16#!61%8!
!
?+;ςΩ5ΣΞ/===/
>=ΝΗ=ΩΞΚ/Η?Ξ2ΨΖ=?ΞΚϑ/ΚΞ?=+=Κ/Η/?5ΣΩ5Ν+=Κ/
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΥΠΓ//>%,%#≅∀.≅∋(%#∃∀/Φ∗∀∆∗%,,∋≅∀/
!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ρ,![,−#0∗,!⊥#&−1,!/∗∋=&∗∋1−1∋Σ,1!#!#0∗−#&!=&∗5%0Η3/%#,<!−#3−∗!3∗!λ∋>%−∗!
%3−1&3∗! /∗∋∗! ∋10%#3−1! /∗∗=1&#()∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6<! 1,=1/%#6∋13−1! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/#! 1!
−4/3%/#<!#!∃%∋!01!/∗3,1:2%&!=&∗:&1,,%5#∋13−1!#!=613#!1∃1−%5%0#01!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!;21!
01/∗&&1∋! 0#,! 3∗&∋#,! 1/∗3ϕ∋%/#,<! ,∗/%#%,! 1! ,∗>&1! 102/#()∗<! /%Η3/%#! 1! /26−2&#<!
/∗3,−#3−1,! 0#! Χ#&−#! 0#! Ρ&:#3%?#()∗! 0∗,! [,−#0∗,! ∀∋1&%/#3∗,<! &1∃∗&∋#0#! =16∗!
⊥&∗−∗/∗6∗!01!Κ213∗,!∀%&1,<!3#!∋10%0#!0∗,!&1/2&,∗,!0%,=∗3Γ51%,<!=∗&!5%#!61:%,6#−%5#!∗2!
=∗&!∗2−&∗,!∋1%∗,!#=&∗=&%#0∗,8!!
!
[Ν0∴ΞΚ/?ΞΖ;ΗΩΗ2ΩΗΚ/
+∗∃∋∆∀/ΡΡ/
!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ζ)∗! /∗∋=1−13−1,! =#&#! /∗3+1/1&! 0∗,! #,,23−∗,! &16#/%∗3#0∗,! /∗∋! ∗!
/2∋=&%∋13−∗!0∗,!/∗∋=&∗∋%,,∗,!#,,2∋%0∗,!=16∗,![,−#0∗,!⊥#&−1,!31,−#!Χ∗3513()∗Π!
#8!!!!!!!#! Χ∗∋%,,)∗! 93−1&#∋1&%/#3#! 01! Ε%&1%−∗,! Φ2∋#3∗,<! 0∗&#5#3−1!
013∗∋%3#0#!#!Χ∗∋%,,)∗ω!1!

Aula 1
!
!>8!!!!!!!#!Χ∗&−1!93−1&#∋1&%/#3#!01!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,<!0∗&#5#3−1!013∗∋%3#0#!#!
Χ∗&−18!!
!
!
!∀#Υ∋#∗∆∀,!∀#1(),),[∀(1.(),∋,∴.1(∀∃,[()1)0∋#1∀∃,∀.,Ζ∋#)∃,!(.:%∃],
2∋∃.0)#∀∃,∀.,2∋/()&)#1∋∃,ϑ,≅ΜΛΩ,
!
Ε1!#/∗&0∗!/∗∋!Κ1315%01,!1−8!∀68!ϑ,808Ο!/∗∋!#!Χ∗3513()∗!/∗3−&#!#!Ψ∗&−2&#!1!
∗2−&∗,!Ψ&#−#∋13−∗,!∗2!⊥13#,!Χ&24%,<!Ε1,2∋#3∗,!1!Ε1:&#0#3−1<!−1∋Σ,1!∗!/∗3/1%−∗!
01! −∗&−2&#! 3∗! ,12! #&−%:∗! =&%∋1%&∗! ;21! 0%?Π! ν∀&−8! β8ζ! Σ! Ρ! −1&∋∗! ν−∗&−2&#ο! 01,%:3#!
;2#6;21&! #−∗! =16∗! ;2#6! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! #:20∗,<! ∃Γ,%/∗,! ∗2! ∋13−#%,<! ,)∗!
%3∃6%:%0∗,! %3−13/%∗3#6∋13−1! #! 2∋#! =1,,∗#! #! ∃%∋! 01! ∗>−1&<! 016#! ∗2! 01! −1&/1%&#!
=1,,∗#<!%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!∗2!/∗3∃%,,∆1,ω!01!/#,−%:ΑΣ6#!=∗&!#−∗!;21!16#!∗2!−1&/1%&#!=1,,∗#!
−13+#! /∗∋1−%0∗! ∗2! ,1Τ#! ,2,=1%−#! 01! −1&! /∗∋1−%0∗ω! 01! %3−%∋%0#&! ∗2! /∗#:%&! 1,−#!
=1,,∗#!∗2!∗2−&#,!=1,,∗#,ω!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∋∗−%5∗!>#,1#0∗!1∋!0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!01!
;2#6;21&! 3#−2&1?#ω! ;2#30∗! −#%,! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! ,)∗! %3∃6%:%0∗,! =∗&! 2∋!
∃23/%∗3Α&%∗!=]>6%/∗!∗2!∗2−&#!=1,,∗#!3∗!171&/Γ/%∗!01!∃23(∆1,!=]>6%/#,<!∗2!=∗&!,2#!
%3,−%:#()∗<!∗2!/∗∋!∗!,12!/∗3,13−%∋13−∗!∗2!#;2%1,/Η3/%#ο8!ϑ888Ο!∀!Χ∗3513()∗!/∗3−&#!
#!Ψ∗&−2&#!1!Ρ2−&∗,!Ψ&#−#∋13−∗,!∗2!⊥13#,!Χ&24%,<!Ε1,2∋#3∗,!∗2!Ε1:&#0#3−1,!∃∗%!
#=&∗5#0#! =16#! ∀,,1∋>61%#! 1&#6! 0#! Ρ_∴! 1∋! βΜ! 01! 01?1∋>&∗! 01! βικε8! Ε1∃%31! ∗!
/&%∋1!01!−∗&−2&#<!=&15Η!#!=23%()∗!=#&#!#;2161,!;21!∗!/∗∋1−1&1∋!1!/∗3,−%−2%!2∋!
Χ∗∋%−Η!/∗3−&#!#!Ψ∗&−2&#<!∗!;2#6!−1∋!=∗&!∃%3#6%0#01!#3#6%,#&!1!∃%,/#6%?#&!#!=&∗−1()∗!
/∗3−&#!1,,1!/&%∋1!3∗,!0%51&,∗,![,−#0∗,Σ!⊥#&−1,!0#!Χ∗3513()∗8!
! ∀3∗,!#=.,!#!,2#!&#−%∃%/#()∗!=16∗!Κ&#,%6<!∗!⊥&1,%013−1!0#!Υ1=]>6%/#!,#3/%∗3∗2!
#!τ1%!ιεΝΝΙιη!;21!51%∗!#!01∃%3%&!∗,!/&%∋1,!01!−∗&−2&#8!Ζ1:230∗!1,,#!61%<!4!−∗&−2&#!
1∋=&1:#&! 5%∗6Η3/%#! ∗2! :&#51! #∋1#(#<! 01! ∋∗0∗! #! /#2,#&! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗! ∃Γ,%/∗! ∗2!
∋13−#6<! ;2#30∗! #! 5%∗6Η3/%#! ∗2! #∋1#(#! ,)∗! 2−%6%?#0∗,! /∗∋! ∗! ∃%∋! 01! ∗>−1&!
%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!∗2!/∗3∃%,,)∗!0#,!5Γ−%∋#,!∗2!01!−1&/1%&#!=1,,∗#8!Ψ#∋>4∋!4!−∗&−2&#!∗!
2,∗!0#;216#!5%∗6Η3/%#!∗2!#∋1#(#!:&#51<!=#&#!!∗>&%:#&!#6:24∋!#!=&#−%/#&!2∋!/&%∋1<!
∗2!#%30#<!;2#30∗!#!5%∗6Η3/%#!∗2!#∋1#(#!:&#51!=#&#!∗>&%:#&!#6:24∋!#!=&#−%/#&!2∋!
/&%∋1<! ∗2! #%30#! ;2#30∗! #! 5%∗6Η3/%#! ∗2! #∋1#(#! ,)∗! ,%∋=61,∋13−1! ∋∗−%5#0#,! =∗&!
,13−%∋13−∗! 01! 0%,/&%∋%3#()∗! &#/%#6! ∗2! &16%:%∗,#8! ∀! =&%∋1%&#! ,%−2#()∗! 4!

Aula 1
!
/#&#/−1&%,−%/#∋13−1! =&#−%/#0#! =∗&! #:13−1,! 0∗! [,−#0∗8! ≅Α! 1,,#,! 02#,! ]6−%∋#,!
,%−2#(∆1,! #6/#3(#∋! ;2#6;21&! /%0#0)∗<! ∋1,∋∗! 1∋! ;21! 01−13+#! #! /∗30%()∗! 01!
#2−∗&%0#01!=]>6%/#8!∀,,%∋<!#!5%∗6Η3/%#!∗2!#∋1#(#!:&#51<!=#&#!/∗3,−%−2%&!−∗&−2&#!−1∋!
;21!,1&!01!%3−13,%0#01!−#6!;21!=&∗5∗;21!%3−13,#!0∗&!∃Γ,%/#!∗2!%3−13,∗!,∗∃&%∋13−∗!
∋13−#68!
!
⊥∀ΥΨ[!9!
∀&−%:∗! βζ! Σ! ⊥#&#! ∃%3,! 0#! =&1,13−1! Χ∗3513()∗<! ∗! −1&∋∗! ψ∃∀∗∃Χ∗)ψ! 01,%:3#!
;2#6;21&! #−∗! =16∗! ;2#6! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! #:20∗,<! ∃Γ,%/∗,! ∗2! ∋13−#%,<! ,)∗!
%3∃6%:%0∗,! %3−13/%∗3#6∋13−1! #! 2∋#! =1,,∗#! #! ∃%∋! 01! ∗>−1&<! 016#! ∗2! 01! −1&/1%&#!
=1,,∗#<!%3∃∗&∋#(∆1,!∗2!/∗3∃%,,∆1,ω!01!/#,−%:ΑΣ6#!=∗&!#−∗!;21!16#!∗2!−1&/1%&#!=1,,∗#!
−13+#! /∗∋1−%0∗! ∗2! ,1Τ#! ,2,=1%−#! 01! −1&! /∗∋1−%0∗ω! 01! %3−%∋%0#&! ∗2! /∗#:%&! 1,−#!
=1,,∗#!∗2!∗2−&#,!=1,,∗#,ω!∗2!=∗&!;2#6;21&!∋∗−%5∗!>#,1#0∗!1∋!0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!01!
;2#6;21&! 3#−2&1?#ω! ;2#30∗! −#%,! 0∗&1,! ∗2! ,∗∃&%∋13−∗,! ,)∗! %3∃6%:%0∗,! =∗&! 2∋!
∃23/%∗3Α&%∗!=]>6%/∗!∗2!∗2−&#!=1,,∗#!3∗!171&/Γ/%∗!01!∃23(∆1,!=]>6%/#,<!∗2!=∗&!,2#!
%3,−%:#()∗<!∗2!/∗∋!∗!,12!/∗3,13−%∋13−∗!∗2!#;2%1,/Η3/%#8!_)∗!,1!/∗3,%01&#&Α!/∗∋∗!
−∗&−2&#!#,!0∗&1,!∗2!,∗∃&%∋13−∗,!;21!,1Τ#∋!/∗3,1;2Η3/%#!23%/#∋13−1!01!,#3(∆1,!
61:Γ−%∋#,<!∗2!;21!,1Τ#∋!%31&13−1,!#!−#%,!,#3(∆1,!∗2!016#,!01/∗&&#∋8!
!
Ρ!=&1,13−1!#&−%:∗!3)∗!,1&Α!%3−1&=&1−#0∗!01!∋#31%&#!#!&1,−&%3:%&!;2#6;21&!
%3,−&2∋13−∗! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! ∗2! 61:%,6#()∗! 3#/%∗3#6! ;21! /∗3−13+#! ∗2! =∗,,#! /∗3−1&!
0%,=∗,%−%5∗,!01!#6/#3/1!∋#%,!#∋=6∗8!
!
∀&−%:∗! Λζ! Σ! Χ#0#! [,−#0∗! −∗∋#&Α! ∋10%0#,! 1∃%/#?1,! 01! /#&Α−1&! 61:%,6#−%5∗<!
#0∋%3%,−&#−%5∗<!Τ20%/%#6!∗2!01!∗2−&#!3#−2&1?#<!#!∃%∋!01!%∋=10%&!#!=&Α−%/#!01!#−∗,!01!
−∗&−2&#!1∋!;2#6;21&!−1&&%−.&%∗!,∗>!,2#!Τ2&%,0%()∗8!
!
Λ8![∋!313+2∋!/#,∗!=∗01&)∗!%35∗/#&Σ,1!/%&/23,−λ3/%#,!17/1=/%∗3#%,<!/∗∋∗!
#∋1#(#! ∗2! 1,−#0∗! 01! :21&&#<! %3,−#>%6%0#01! =∗6Γ−%/#! %3−1&3#! ∗2! ;2#6;21&! ∗2−&#!
1∋1&:Η3/%#!=]>6%/#<!/∗∋∗!Τ2,−%∃%/#()∗!=#&#!#!−∗&−2&#8!
!
∀&−%:∗!γζ!Σ!!

Aula 1
!
β8!_13+2∋![,−#0∗Σ=#&−1!=&∗/101&Α!Θ!17=26,)∗<!015∗62()∗!∗2!17−&#0%()∗!01!
2∋#!=1,,∗#!=#&#!∗2−&∗![,−#0∗<!;2#30∗!+∗251&!&#?∆1,!,2>,−#3/%#%,!=#&#!/&1&!;21!#!
∋1,∋#!/∗&&1!=1&%:∗!01!#6%!,1&!,2>∋1−%0#!#!−∗&−2&#8!
!
Λ8! ∀! ∃%∋! 01! 01−1&∋%3#&! #! 17%,−Η3/%#! 01! −#%,! &#?∆1,<! #,! #2−∗&%0#01,!
/∗∋=1−13−1,! 615#&)∗! 1∋! /∗3−#! −∗0#,! #,! /∗3,%01&#(∆1,! =1&−%313−1,<! %3/62,%51<! ,1!
∃∗&! ∗! /#,∗<! #! 17%,−Η3/%#<! 3∗! [,−#0∗! 1∋! ;21,−)∗<! 01! 2∋! ;2#0&∗! 01! 5%∗6#(∆1,!
,%,−1∋Α−%/#,<!:&#51,!1!∋#/%(#,!01!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,8!
!
∀&−%:∗! εζ! Σ! Χ#0#! [,−#0∗Σ=#&−1! #,,1:2&#&Α! ;21! −∗0∗,! ∗,! #−∗,! 01! −∗&−2&#! ,1Τ#∋!
/∗3,%01&#0∗,! /&%∋1,! ,1:230∗! #! ,2#! 61:%,6#()∗! =13#68! Ρ! ∋1,∋∗! #=6%/#&Σ,1ΣΑ! Θ!
−13−#−%5#!01!−∗&−2&#!1!#!−∗0∗!#−∗!01!;2#6;21&!=1,,∗#!;21!/∗3,−%−2#!/2∋=6%/%0#01!
∗2!=#&−%/%=#()∗!3#!−∗&−2&#8!
!
Λ8! Χ#0#! [,−#0∗Σ=#&−1! =23%&Α! 1,,1,! /&%∋1,! /∗∋! =13#,! #01;2#0#,! ;21! 6151∋! 1∋!
/∗3−#!#!,2#!:&#5%0#018!
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2∋−Χ)()∗∆∀,∋,∀,Ζ(∀/()0),&∋,Σ∗∆∀,&∋,;%∋#),6,≅ΜΜ⊥,
!
Ζ1:230∗! ∀&?#>1! ϑ,808Ο<! #! Ε1/6#&#()∗! 1! ∗! ⊥&∗:&#∋#! 01! ∀()∗! 01! Ξ%13#! −&#?!
17=&1,,#∋13−1!;21!ψ#!17%,−Η3/%#!01!,%−2#(∆1,!:131&#6%?#0#,!01!17−&1∋#!=∗>&1?#!
%3%>1!∗!=613∗!1!1∃1−%5∗!171&/Γ/%∗!0∗,!0%&1%−∗,!+2∋#3∗,ψ!ϑ9!Σ!βεΟ8!∀∃%&∋#<!−#∋>4∋<!
;21!ψ#!=∗>&1?#!17−&1∋#!1!#!17/62,)∗!,∗/%#6!/∗3,−%−21∋!2∋#!5%∗6#()∗!0#!0%:3%0#01!
+2∋#3#!1!;21!0151∋!,1&!−∗∋#0#,!∋10%0#,!2&:13−1,!=#&#!∗!/∗3+1/%∋13−∗!∋#%∗&!
0∗! =&∗>61∋#! 0#! =∗>&1?#! 17−&1∋#! 1! 01! ,2#,! /#2,#,<! =#&−%/26#&∋13−1! #;216#,!
&16#/%∗3#0#,!#∗!=&∗>61∋#!0∗!01,135∗65%∋13−∗<!5%,#30∗!#!=&∗∋∗51&!∗,!0%&1%−∗,!0#,!
/#∋#0#,!∋#%,!=∗>&1,<!=ϕ&!∃%∋!Θ!17−&1∋#!=∗>&1?#!1!Θ!17/62,)∗!,∗/%#6!1!=&∗∋∗51&!
2∋#!∋16+∗&!0%,−&%>2%()∗!0∗,!∃&2−∗,!0∗!=&∗:&1,,∗!,∗/%#68!ϖ!1,,13/%#6!;21!∗,![,−#0∗,!
1,−%∋261∋! #! =#&−%/%=#()∗! 0#,! /#∋#0#,! ∋#%,! =∗>&1,! 3#,! 01/%,∆1,! #0∗−#0#,! 1∋!
&16#()∗! Θ,! ,2#,! /∗∋23%0#01,<! Θ! =&∗∋∗()∗! 0∗,! 0%&1%−∗,! +2∋#3∗,! 1! #∗,! 1,∃∗&(∗,!

Aula 1
!
=#&#!/∗∋>#−1&!#!=∗>&1?#!17−&1∋#8ψ!∀64∋!01,−1,<!5Α&%∗,!∗2−&∗,!Γ−13,!∋13/%∗3#∋!
,%−2#(∆1,!01!01,%:2#60#01!Τ2&Γ0%/#<!,∗/%#6<!1/∗3ϕ∋%/#!1!=∗6Γ−%/#!01!∋%3∗&%#,!4−3%/#,!
1! &16%:%∗,#,<! ∋26+1&1,<! %0∗,∗,<! /&%#3(#,! 1! =1,,∗#,! 1! :&2=∗,! ;21! ,1! −∗&3#&#∋!
52631&Α51%,8!
!
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∴,Θ∃1)1.1∀,&∋,=∀0),ϑ,≅ΜΜΛ,
!
Ρ! [,−#−2−∗! 01! Υ∗∋#! 4! 2∋! −&#−#0∗! ;21! 1,−#>161/12! #! Χ∗&−1! =13#6!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6! Σ! Χ⊥9! ϑ−#∋>4∋! /∗3+1/%0#! /∗∋∗! Ω∗∋−Χ#)./ Φ%#)./ ∋#∃%∗#)<∋∀#).! Σ!
Ψ⊥9Ο8!Ρ!−&#−#0∗!∃∗%!#0∗−#0∗!1∋!βη!01!Τ26+∗!01!βιικ<!1∋!Υ∗∋#<!3#!9−Α6%#!1!#0∗−#0∗!
=16∗!Κ&#,%6!1∋!ΛΜΜΛ8!
! Ζ12!=&%∋1%&∗!#&−%:∗!∃#6#Π!
!
∀&−%:∗!βζ!
Ρ!Ψ&%>23#6!
ϖ! /&%#0∗<! =16∗! =&1,13−1! %3,−&2∋13−∗<! 2∋! Ψ&%>23#6! ⊥13#6! 93−1&3#/%∗3#6! ϑψ∗!
Ψ&%>23#6ψΟ8!Ρ!Ψ&%>23#6!,1&Α!2∋#!%3,−%−2%()∗!=1&∋#313−1<!/∗∋!Τ2&%,0%()∗!,∗>&1!#,!
=1,,∗#,!&1,=∗3,Α51%,!=16∗,!/&%∋1,!01!∋#%∗&!:&#5%0#01!/∗∋!#6/#3/1!%3−1&3#/%∗3#6<!
01! #/∗&0∗! /∗∋! ∗! =&1,13−1! [,−#−2−∗<! 1! ,1&Α! /∗∋=61∋13−#&! Θ,! Τ2&%,0%(∆1,! =13#%,!
3#/%∗3#%,8! ∀! /∗∋=1−Η3/%#! 1! ∗! ∃23/%∗3#∋13−∗! 0∗! Ψ&%>23#6! &1:1&Σ,1Σ)∗! =16∗!
=&1,13−1![,−#−2−∗8!
!
∀64∋! 0%,,∗<! ∗! [,−#−2−∗! 01! Υ∗∋#! 132∋1&#! 1! −%=%∃%/#! /&%∋1,! 01! /#&Α−1&!
%3−1&3#/%∗3#6!1!;21!#=&1,13−1∋!1,=1/%#6!:&#5%0#01<!=∗&!135∗651&!#(∆1,!01,2∋#3#,!
1!/&24%,Π!
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∀&−%:∗!Νζ8!Χ&%∋1,!0#!Χ∗∋=1−Η3/%#!0∗!Ψ&%>23#6!

Aula 1
!
β8!∀!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!0∗!Ψ&%>23#6!&1,−&%3:%&Σ,1ΣΑ!#∗,!/&%∋1,!∋#%,!:&#51,<!;21!#∃1−#∋!#!
/∗∋23%0#01! %3−1&3#/%∗3#6! 3∗! ,12! /∗3Τ23−∗8! _∗,! −1&∋∗,! 0∗! =&1,13−1! [,−#−2−∗<! ∗!
Ψ&%>23#6!−1&Α!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!=#&#!Τ26:#&!∗,!,1:2%3−1,!/&%∋1,Π!
#Ο!Ρ!/&%∋1!01!:13∗/Γ0%∗ω!
>Ο!Χ&%∋1,!/∗3−&#!#!+2∋#3%0#01ω!
/Ο!Χ&%∋1,!01!:21&&#ω!
0Ο!Ρ!/&%∋1!01!#:&1,,)∗8!
!Λ8!Ρ!Ψ&%>23#6!=∗01&Α!171&/1&!#!,2#!/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!1∋!&16#()∗!#∗!/&%∋1!01!#:&1,,)∗!
01,01!;21<!3∗,!−1&∋∗,!0∗,!#&−%:∗,!βΛβ!1!βΛγ<!,1Τ#!#=&∗5#0#!2∋#!0%,=∗,%()∗!1∋!
;21! ,1! 01∃%3#! ∗! /&%∋1! 1! ,1! 1323/%1∋! #,! /∗30%(∆1,! 1∋! ;21! ∗! Ψ&%>23#6! −1&Α!
/∗∋=1−Η3/%#!&16#−%5#∋13−1!#!1,−1!/&%∋18!Ψ#6!0%,=∗,%()∗!0151!,1&!/∗∋=#−Γ516!/∗∋!
#,!0%,=∗,%(∆1,!=1&−%313−1,!0#!Χ#&−#!0#,!_#(∆1,!∴3%0#,8!
!
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#=13#,!γ!/&%∋1,Π!∗!:13∗/Γ0%∗<!/&%∋1!/∗3−&#!#!+2∋#3%0#01!1!/&%∋1!01!:21&&#8!_)∗!
+∗251!#!−%=%∃%/#()∗!0∗!/&%∋1!01!#:&1,,)∗<!/∗∋∗!#∃%&∋#!∗!#&−%:∗!Νζ<!=#&Α:&#∃∗!Λ<!0∗!
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/∗∋∗!3∗,,∗!∃∗/∗!4!∗!/∗3/2&,∗<!∗=−1%!#=13#,!=∗&!/∗∋13−#&!∗,!∋#%,!,%:3%∃%/#−%5∗,8!
! α1,∋∗!#,,%∋<!4!%∋=∗&−#3−1!=#&#!∗!/13Α&%∗!∋230%#6<!1!=&%3/%=#6∋13−1!=#&!#∗!
Κ&#,%6<!#!=#&−%/%=#()∗!3#,!,1:2%3−1,!01/6#&#(∆1,!1!/∗3513(∆1,Π!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!93−1&3#/%∗3#6!,∗>&1!#!⊥&∗−1()∗!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!01!Ψ∗0∗,!∗,!
Ψ&#>#6+#0∗&1,!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!93−1&#∋1&%/#3#!0∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!Φ2∋#3∗,!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!,∗>&1!∗,!Ε%&1%−∗,!0#!Χ&%#3(#!
Σ!Χ∗3513()∗!=#&#!#!16%∋%3#()∗!01!−∗0#,!#,!∃∗&∋#,!01!0%,/&%∋%3#()∗!
/∗3−&#!#!∋26+1&!

Aula 01 Direitos humanos

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