The document provides an overview of the internet, detailing its history, structure, and key services, distinguishing it from the World Wide Web. It covers various technical concepts including TCP/IP, IP addressing, network connectivity, and types of websites (static vs dynamic). Additionally, the document discusses internet protocols and the evolution of web browsers.

1. Internet & Hyperlinks WEB Oleh Ahmad Faizar Jaafar Unit Web & Digital Komponen Jabatan Pengurusan Sistem & Teknologi Maklumat (JPSTM) PTAR http://faizar.onestop.net http://faizar.multiply.com http://faizar.ning.com http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

2. What is Internet ? http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] The Internet (also known simply as the Net) is the worldwide, publicly accessible system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail , online chat , and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web . Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) are not synonymous: the INTERNET is a collection of interconnected computer networks , linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections etc.; the WEB(WWW) is a collection of interconnected documents , linked by hyperlinks and URLs , and is accessible using the Internet. The Internet also provides many other services including e-mail , file sharing

3. Internet History • 1957 - The USSR launches Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. In response,the United States forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military. • ARPANET, used Network Control Protocol (NCP) as its transmission protocol from 1969 to 1982, when NCP was replaced with the now widespread TCP-IP (Transmission Control Protocol - Internet Protocol). • 1982: Internet technology protocols are developed, commonly known as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol). This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" being a connected set of networks. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

4. The rest is history http://www.internet-story.com http://ben.home.cern.ch/ben/TCPHIST.html http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/ http://www.davesite.com/webstation/net-history.shtml http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/timeline/index.html http://websearch.about.com/od/whatistheinternet/a/historyinternet.htm?terms=internet+history http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

5. Overview Of Internet Classful IP Addressing Subnetting a Network Planning IP Addressing Assigning TCP/IP Addresses http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

6. Classful IP Addressing IP Addresses IP Address Classes http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

7. Network Connectivity http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Bindings Bindings Network Adapter (0) Protocols Services Client for Microsoft Networks Gateway (and Client) Services for NetWare TCP/IP NWLink Windows Network Novell NetWare Network Windows client

8. IP Addresses http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] 192.168.1.0 192.168.3.0 192.168.1.100 192.168.2.101 192.168.2.100 192.168.3.100 192.168.2.0 Host ID Network ID 192.168.1.100 IP Address

9. IP Address Classes http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] w x y z Class A Network ID Host ID Class B Network ID Host ID Class C Network ID Host ID

10. Subnetting a Network Subnets Subnet Masks Determining Local and Remote Hosts http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

11. Subnets http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Router Subnet 1 Subnet 2 1 2 Hub Hub

12. Subnet Masks http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] IP Address Host ID Network ID 192.168. 2.200 Subnet Mask 255.255. 0.0 192.168. IP Address 10. 50.100.200 Subnet Mask 255. 0.0.0 Network ID 10. 0.0.0 IP Address 10.50. 100.200 Subnet Mask 255.255. 0.0 Network ID 10.50. 0.0 IP Address 10.50.100. 200 Subnet Mask 255.255.255. 0 Network ID 10.50.100. 0

13. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Lab A: Determining Class Addresses and Subnet Masks

14. Planning IP Addressing Addressing Guidelines Assigning Network IDs Assigning Host IDs http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

15. Addressing Guidelines http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] The Host ID Cannot Be All Zeros The Host ID Cannot Be All 255s The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127 The Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network ID

16. Assigning Network IDs http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] 1 2 3 10. 0 . 0 . 0 192.168.2 . 0 172.16 . 0 . 0 Router

17. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] 1 2 172.16. 0.12 172.16. 0.11 172.16. 0.10 10 .0.0.12 10 .0.0.11 10 .0.0.10 192.168.2 .11 192.168.2 .10 192.168.2. 1 10. 0.0.1 172.16. 0.1 3 10 . 0 . 0 . 0 192.168.2 . 0 172.16 . 0 . 0 Assigning Network IDs Router

18. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Lab B: Identifying Valid IP Addresses

19. Assigning TCP/IP Addresses Static IP Addressing Automatic IP Addressing Viewing TCP/IP Configuration Viewing TCP/IP Configuration Using Ipconfig http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

20. Viewing TCP/IP Configuration http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties General You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. O btain an IP address automatically U s e the following IP address: IP address: Us e the following DNS server addresses: P referred DNS server: Obtain DNS server address automatically Ad v anced... A lternate DNS server: 192 . 168 . 1 . 200 192. 168 . 1 . 1 255 . 255 . 255. 0 Subnet mask : Default gateway: OK Cancel

21. Static IP Addressing http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties General You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings. O btain an IP address automatically U s e the following IP address : IP address: Us e the following DNS server addresses: P referred DNS server: Obtain DNS server address automatically Ad v anced... A lternate DNS server: 192 . 168 . 1 . 200 192. 168 . 1 . 1 255 . 255 . 255. 0 Subnet mask : Default gateway: OK Cancel

22. Automatic IP Addressing http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties General You can get IP settings assigned automatically if your network supports this capability. Otherwise, you need to ask your network administrator for the appropriate IP settings . O btain an IP address automatically U s e the following IP address: IP address: Us e the following DNS server addresses: P referred DNS server: Obtain DNS server address automatically Ad v anced... A lternate DNS server: Subnet mask : Default gateway : OK Cancel

23. Configuring TCP/IP to Obtain an IP Address Automatically http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Assign IP address of 192.168.120.133 DHCP Client DHCP Server Request for IP address DHCP Automatically Assigns IP Addresses and Other Configuration Information to DHCP Clients Automatic Private IP Addressing Enables the Configuration of IP Addresses Without Using Static IP Addresses or Installing the DHCP Server Service. Automatic Private IP Addressing Generates IP Address OR If No IP Address Returned

24. Viewing TCP/IP Configuration Using c:\>ipconfig http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Command Prompt Microsoft Windows 2000 [version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-1999 Microsoft Corp. C:\>ipconfig Windows 2000 IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.200 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1 C:\>_

25. Viewing Trace Using c:\>tracert (ip address) http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

26. SPEEDTEST http://www.speedtest.net/ http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] http://speedtest.streamyx.com.my/

27. Viewing Trace Using http://geobytes.com/ http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

28. Overview Identifying Internet Concepts Using Client Technologies Connecting to the Internet Identifying Web Server Concepts http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] The Internet & Web

29. Identifying Internet Concepts The Internet Internet Services Intranets Domain Naming http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

30. Intranets http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Intranet Extranet Internet

31. The Internet & Web http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Client Connection Using TCP/IP Protocol Server Text, Audio, Video, and Graphics Data Internet

32. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) URL (http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.html) Protocol used (http://) DNS address (example.microsoft.com) Path on the server (/tutorial/default.html) http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] http:// example.microsoft.com / tutorial / default.html

33. Domain Naming Domain Name (istudent.uitm.edu.my) Top-level domain (edu) Second-level domain (uitm.edu) Subdomain (istudent.uitm.edu.my) http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] http://www.checkdomain.com/list.html edu Library.uitm.edu.my uitm.edu istudent.uitm.edu.my

34. Static Static vs Dynamic Web Site Static Web Site • HTML page content is same for each request • Change to content requires HTML page edit • No user interaction • No access to live data •“ Web Site” http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

35. Static Static vs Dynamic Web Site http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Dynamic Web Site • HTML pages dynamically enerated for each request • Content changes based on data, user login, etc. • Allows user interaction • Access to data real- time • “ Web Application”

36. Dynamic Web Sites • Web server • responds to HTTP requests and retrieves resources • Expand Web server capabilities by providing a gateway between it and external programs • Common Gateway Interface (CGI) • uses standard I/ O • new process for each request • slow and inefficient http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

37. Dynamic Web Sites cont. • NSAPI, ISAPI • Web Server API • runs in- process, making it faster than CGI • Java Servlets http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

38. History of the Web • Tim Berners- Lee “invented” the Web in 1990 writing the first Web server and browser. • Marc Andreesen exposed the Web to the masses with Mosaic the first GUI Web browser in 1993. • The rest is history... History WWW http://www.netvalley.com/intval1.html http://ben.home.cern.ch/ben/TCPHIST.html http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

39. History Internet & WWW http://www.netvalley.com/intval1.html http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

40. Web Browsers http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Mainstream Browsers (free and not free) Commercial Browsers (not free) Shareware Browsers (not free) Freeware Browsers (free) Browsers for People with Disabilities (semi)Browsers that Require IE 4/5 to Run Other Accessibility Software for the Web Demo Programs/Non-fullfledged Browsers/Mini-Browsers Obsolete browsers ~ rarely used anymore, if at all (free and not free) Clearly Obsolete browsers (free and not free) Browsers under Development Mail Readers & News Clients that Understand HTML Other Programs that can Browse the Web Offline HTML browsers (no http support) Palm-top and Hand-held Browsers (free and not free) http://www.browserlist.fmajor.com/browser-list.shtml Browser Contoh: Internet Explorer

41. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Among Popular Browser Web Browsers

42. Mozilla dir.yahoo.com/.../Browsers/Mozilla Netscape dir.yahoo.com/.../Browsers/Netscape Opera dir.yahoo.com/.../Browsers/Opera Safari dir.yahoo.com/.../Browsers/Safari Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) (29) dir.yahoo.com/.../Browsers/Microsoft_Internet_Explorer__IE Lynx (13) dir.yahoo.com/.../Browsers/Lynx Amaya W3C's testbed browser. www.w3.org/Amaya Konqueror Unix-based Web browser, file manager, and universal viewer from KDE. www.konqueror.org http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Web Browsers

43. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] How World Wide Web works WWW Server Methods to Use to Connect: Home user – Direct Modem Organization - LAN PC Browser Contoh: Internet Explorer

44. EMAIL http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

45. EMAIL Among Popular email http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

46. Multimedia http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

47. Internet Protocols HTTP HTTPS FTP SMTP NNTP HTML DHTML http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] Server Data Client Connection Using an Internet Protocol Internet

48. Hypertext Markup Language http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] < HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Sales Report</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <H2>Q3 Sales by Region</H2> </BODY> </HTML> Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) http://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_intro

49. Hypertext Markup Language Generally text is unformatted in your Web documents. However, to emphasize specific letters, words, or phrases you can use some text formatting options including boldfacing and italicizing. Depending on your browser, you may also be able to add underlining to emphasize characters. The following examples show the code for boldfacing and italicizing. <B> This is bold. </B> <STRONG> This is also bold. </STRONG> <I> This is italics. </I> <EM> This is also italics. </EM> http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

50. How To Make a Hyperlink http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] http://www.hyperlinkcode.com/make-hyperlink.php The following is the most basic hyperlink code. To make a hyperlink, add the href attribute to the Anchor (a) tag. The href attribute can have an absolute value (http://www.hyperlinkcode.com/make-hyperlink.php) or a relative value (make-hyperlink.php). HTML Hyperlink Code Code <a href=&quot;http://www.hyperlinkcode.com&quot;>Hyperlink Code</a> Output > Hyperlink Code Code In Context Make <a href=&quot;http://www.hyperlinkcode.com&quot;>Hyperlink Code</a> easily. Output> Make Hyperlink Code easily.

51. What is Hyperlink A hyperlink , or simply a link , is a reference in a hypertext document to another document or other resource. It is similar to a citation in literature. Combined with a data network and suitable access protocol, it can be used to fetch the resource referenced. This can then be saved, viewed, or displayed as part of the referencing document. The most common type of hyperlink is the URL used in the World Wide Web . A web browser usually displays a hyperlink in some distinguishing way, e.g. in a different colour, font or style. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

52. A mouse pointer may also change into a hand motif to indicate a link. In most browsers, links are displayed in underlined blue text when not cached, but underlined purple text when cached. When the user activates the link (e.g. by clicking on it with the mouse) the browser will display the target of the link. If the target is not a html-file, depending on the file type and on the browser and its plug-ins, an other program may be activated to open the file. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

53. Hypertext In computing , a hypertext system is one for displaying information that contains references (called hyperlinks ) to other information on the system, and for easily publishing, updating and searching for the information. The most well-known hypertext system is the World Wide Web . Timeline of hypertext technology and human-computer interaction projects and developments. This timeline of hypertext technology , including &quot;hypermedia&quot; and related human-computer interaction projects and developments from 1945 on. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] 1945 Memex (concept) 1967 Hypertext Editing System (HES) 1968 FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System) NLS (oN-Line System) 1973 Xerox Alto desktop 1975 ZOG 1976 PROMIS 1978 Aspen Movie Map 1980 ENQUIRE (not released)

54. T imeline of hypertext technology…. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] 1981 Xerox Star desktop 1983 Guide Knowledge Management system (KMS) TIES 1984 Cyc NoteCards 1985 Intermedia Symbolics Document Examiner (Symbolics workstations ) 1987 Authorware Canon Cat (&quot;Leap&quot; function, interface) HyperCard 1989 Macromedia Director 1990 World Wide Web 1991 Gopher 1995 WikiWiki 1998 Everything2 XML 2001 Wikipedia

55. Types of links Inline link An inline link displays remote content without the need for embedding the content. The remote content may be accessed with or without the user selecting the link. For example, the image above is a document that can be viewed separately, but it is included into this page with an inline link. A inline link may display a modified version of the content; for instance, instead of an image, a thumbnail , low resolution preview , cropped section, or magnified section. The full content will then usually be available on demand, as is the case with print publishing software – e.g. with an external link. This allows for smaller file sizes and quicker response to changes when the full linked content is not needed, as is the case when rearranging a page layout . http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

56. Types of links… Anchor A hyperlink anchor is not necessarily a piece of text - for instance, it may also be a hot area in an image ( image map in HTML), a designated, often irregular part of an image. One way to define it is by a list of coordinates that indicate its boundaries. For example, a political map of Africa may have each irregularly shaped country hyperlinked to further information about that country. A separate invisible hot area interface allows for swapping skins or labels within the linked hot areas without repetitive embedding of links in the various skin elements. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

57. How hyperlinks work in HTML A web browser usually displays a hyperlink in some distinguishing way, e.g. in a different colour , font or style . The behaviour and style of links can be specified using the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) language. In a graphical user interface, the appearance of a mouse cursor may change into a hand motif to indicate a link. In most graphical web browsers, links are displayed in underlined blue text when not cached , but underlined purple text when cached. When the user activates the link (e.g. by clicking on it with the mouse) the browser will display the target of the link. If the target is not an HTML file, depending on the file type and on the browser and its plugins , another program may be activated to open the file. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

58. The HTML code contains some or all of the five main characteristics of a link: link destination (&quot;href&quot; pointing to a URL) link label link title link target link class or link id It uses the HTML element &quot;a&quot; with the attribute &quot;href&quot; (HREF is an abbreviation for &quot;Hypertext REFerence&quot; [3] ) and optionally also the attributes &quot;title&quot;, &quot;target&quot;, and &quot; class &quot; or &quot;id&quot;: <a href=&quot; URL &quot; title=&quot; link title &quot; target=&quot; link target &quot; class=&quot; link class &quot;> link label </a> Example: To embed a link into a Page, blogpost, or comment, it may take this form: <a href=&quot;http://example.com/&quot;>Example</a> After publishing, the complex link string is reduced to the following for visualization in typical Web browsers : http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

59. The Google search engine uses PageRank , a measure of link popularity to determine which page should be ranked first. The more pages that have a hyperlink pointing to a page, the higher rank that page gets. It is actually slightly more complicated than that, see PageRank for more information. Some websites claim that linking to them is not allowed without permission, see e.g. [ 1 ] and [ 2 ] (in Dutch). See also deep linking . http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

60. PageRank PageRank is a family of algorithms for assigning numerical weightings to hyperlinked documents (or web pages) indexed by a search engine . Its properties are much discussed by search engine optimization (SEO) experts. The PageRank system is one of the methods that the most successful search engine , Google , uses to determine a page's relevance or importance. It was developed by Google's founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin while at Stanford University in 1998. As Google puts it : PageRank relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value. Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. But, Google looks at more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves &quot;important&quot; weigh more heavily and help to make other pages &quot;important.&quot;In other words, a page rank results from a &quot;ballot&quot; amongst all the other pages on the World Wide Web about how important a page is. A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote of support. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

61. The PageRank of a page is defined recursively and depends on the number and PageRank metric of all pages that link to it (&quot; incoming links &quot;). A page that is linked by many pages with high rank receives a high rank itself. If there are no links to a web page there is no support of this specific page. The Google Toolbar PageRank goes from 0 to 10. It seems to be a logarithmic scale. The exact details of this scale are unknown. The name PageRank ™ is a trademark of Google. Whether or not the pun on the name Larry Page and the word &quot;page&quot; was intentional or accidental remains an open question. The PageRank process has been patented (US Patent number 6,285,999 ). [ more info on the patent ] http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] PageRank

62. The formula uses a model of a random surfer who gets bored after several clicks and switches to a random page. The PageRank value of a page reflects the frequency of hits on that page by the random surfer. It can be understood as a Markov process in which the states are pages, and the transitions are all equally probable and are the links between pages. If a page has no links to another pages, it becames a sink and therefore makes this whole thing unusable, because the sink pages will trap the random visitors forever. However, the solution is quite simple. If the random surfer arrives to a sink page, it picks another URL at random and continues surfing again. http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] PageRank

63. To be fair with pages that are not sinks, these random transitions are added to all nodes in the Web, with a residual probability of usually q=0.15, estimated from the frequency that an average surfer uses his or her browser's bookmark feature. So, the equation is as follows: where are the pages under consideration, is the set of pages that link to , and N is the total number of pages. http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/PageRank/ PageRank… http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

64. The PageRank values are the entries of the dominant eigenvector of the modified adjacency matrix . This makes PageRank a particularly elegant metric: the eigenvector is where R is the solution of the equation Where the adjacency function is 0 if page does not link to , and normalised such that, for each i http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

65. The values of the PageRank eigenvector are fast to approximate (only a few iterations are needed) and in practice it gives good results. As a result of Markov theory , it can be shown that the PageRank of a page is the probability of being at that page after lots of clicks. This happens to equal where is the expectation of the number of clicks (or random jumps) required to get from the page back to itself. The main disadvantage is that it favors older pages, because a new page, even a very good one, will not have many links unless it is part of an existing site (a site being a densely connected set of pages). http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address] http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/PageRank/ http://www.webworkshop.net/pagerank.html

66. Conclusions Hyperlinks are the essence ( inti ) of the World Wide Web (WWW). They provide rapid access to segmented information chunks in non-sequential order, mimicking the associative non-linear process used by an individual looking for information (Conklin,1987). The links between materials on one site and references provided by other sites on the WWW is regarded as a core characteristic of communication (Benkler, 2006). Hyperlinks were a main design feature of the WWW and one of the objectives of the original scheme proposed by Berners-Lee, who wrote that “a ‘web’ of notes withlinks (like references) between them is far more useful than a fixed hierarchical system” (1989: 4). http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

67. http://koleksi.uitm.edu.my/eqps/ http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]

68. Thank You http://faizar.onestop.net/ http://faizar.ning.com/ [email_address]