Hazardous Materials Course in the Republic of the Philippines

1. UNCLASSIFIED
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
CBRN Preparedness Division
Decontamination
Hazardous Materials Operations Course
Manila, Republic of the Philippines
9-13 July 2018
Distribution StatementA
Approved for Public Release: Distribution is Unlimited

2. Unclassified
Course Overview
• Decontamination
• Decontamination Guidelines
• Triage
• Emergency Decontamination
• Technical Decontamination
• Mass Decontamination
• Effectiveness of Decontamination Operations
• Decontamination Implementation Factors
• Decontamination Layout
• Decontamination of Evidence
• Termination and Demobilization
2

3. Unclassified
Objectives(1 of 2)
• Define decontamination
• Identify various decontamination methods
• Discuss the general guidelines for decontamination operations
• Describe the different types of victims that may receive decontamination
• Describe emergency decontamination
• Perform emergency decontamination
• Describe technical decontamination
3

4. Unclassified
Objectives(2 of 2)
• Set up and implement a technical decontamination corridor and undergo
decontamination
• Perform technical decontamination on a non-ambulatory victim
• Discuss mass decontamination
• Perform mass decontamination
• Determine the effectiveness of decontamination operations
• Explain how to implement decontamination
4

5. Unclassified
Decontamination(1 of 2)
• Get it off
• Keep it off
• Contain it
5
U.S.AirForce/SeniorAirmanJanellePatiño

6. Unclassified 6
Decontamination(2 of 2)
• Immediately or can it wait?
• Safe?
• Alternative?
• Adequate resources?
U.S. Air Force / Senior Airman Barry Loo
• Time limit?
• Reusable or disposable?
• Save money or add value?

7. Unclassified
Review
What questions should be answered before initiating decontamination?
7

8. Unclassified
Wet Decontamination
May necessitate collection of runoff water
8
U.S.DefenseThreatReductionAgency

9. Unclassified
Dry Decontamination
• May include several methods of removing the
contaminate
• Removing and containing clothing
• Allowing contaminate to evaporate
• Vacuuming
• Brushing a surface
• Scraping material off
• Sticky tape
• May use dry materials to remove liquid chemicals by
absorption
9
U.S.AirForce/StaffSgt.CharlesDickens

10. Unclassified
Physical Decontamination
Removes the contaminant without changing the material chemically
• Absorption
• Adsorption
• Brushing and scraping
• Dilution
• Evaporation
• Isolation and disposal
• Washing and vacuuming
10

11. Unclassified
Chemical Decontamination
Makes the contaminant less harmful through a
chemical process
• Bleach to sanitize tools
• Degradation
• Sanitization
• Disinfection
• Sterilization
• Neutralization
• Solidification
11
AdinaFirestone

12. Unclassified
Review
What are the different methods of decontamination?
12

13. Unclassified
Decontamination Guidelines(1 of 3)
• Technical decontamination setup before hot zone
entry
• Emergency / mass decontamination speed
determined by material / type of incident
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
• Avoid contact with hazardous materials, including
victims
• Separation of victims
13
U.S.AirForce/Capt.GrantHarwell

14. Unclassified
Decontamination Guidelines(2 of 3)
• Assess all victims decontamination needs from hot zone before moving to
cold zone
• Establish decontamination points clearly
• Remove clothing, but no need for complete disrobing every time
• Decontaminate personnel from hot zone before moving to cold zone
• Decontaminate emergency responders separately from victims
14

15. Unclassified
Decontamination Guidelines(3 of 3)
• Establish treatment and triage outside
decontamination
• Communicate clearly with victims
• Provide privacy, warm water for washing
• Preserve and record belongings
• Provide clean / alternative clothing
15
MagnusMertens

16. Unclassified
Triage
• Procedures should be predetermined in local emergency response plans
• Four simple triage and rapid treatment / transport categories
• IMMEDIATE Red Tag
• DELAYED Yellow Tag
• MINOR Green Tag
• DECEASED / EXPECTANT Black Tag
16

17. Unclassified
Ambulatory Victims
1. Directs patients to decontamination
area
2. Directs patients to disrobe – places
triage tab on patient
3. Provides modesty clothing for victim
and directs them out of
decontamination area
4. Optional – Uses booster line to aid in
decontamination
17
U.S.DefenseThreatReductionAgency
SampleAmbulatory Decontamination Layout
TriageArea
Salvage Cover
Salvage Cover
Safe RefugeArea
Bags of Contaminated
Clothing
Warm Zone
Cold Zone

18. Unclassified
Sample Non-ambulatory Decontamination Layout
Non-ambulatory Victims
1. & 2. Assist with undressing
and log rolling patients
3. Washes patient with garden
hose, brushes, and sponges
4. Optional (if resources allow)
18
U.S.DefenseThreatReductionAgency
TriageArea
Ambulatory
Decon-
tamination
Safe RefugeArea
Warm Zone
Cold Zone

19. Unclassified
Deceased Victims
• Must be handled with the utmost level of respect and dignity
• Delay until all viable victims are removed
• Must include decontamination before transfer
• Preserve incident scene
• Agency with jurisdiction
• Large numbers may be beyond local capability
• May need specialty teams, on-scene morgue
19

20. Unclassified
Review
What are the general guidelines for decontamination operations?
20

21. Unclassified
Emergency Decontamination
• Remove the contaminant from the victim as
quickly as possible
• Necessary in specific instances
• Failure of protective clothing
• Accidental contamination of emergency responders
• Heat illness or other injury
• Immediate medical attention is required for other
injuries
21
MikeStrasser,WestPointPublicAffairs

22. Unclassified
Emergency Decontamination Limitations and Risks
• May not remove all contaminants
• May require additional decontamination later
• May be harmful to environment (runoff)
• Contamination may occur before realized
22
U.S.AirForce/SeniorAirmanJaimiL.Upthegrove

23. Unclassified
Review
• What are the advantages and limitations of emergency decontamination?
• When might it be used?
23

24. Unclassified
Technical Decontamination(1 of 2)
Uses chemical or physical methods to remove contaminants
• Dress in appropriate personal protective equipment
• Establish water supply
• Set up decontamination corridor
• Establish perimeters
• Perform physical decontamination
• Assist in undressing / removal of personal protective equipment
• Assist individuals in decontamination
• Perform other duties per standard operating procedures
24

25. Unclassified
Technical Decontamination(2 of 2)
25
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency

26. Unclassified
Resources for Technical Decontamination Procedures
• National Institute for Safety and Health pocket
guide
• Safety data sheets
• Emergency response centers
• Pre-incident plans
• Technical experts
• Emergency Response Guidebook
• Other reference sources
• Poison Control Centers
26
USDOT,TransportationCanada,SecretariatofCommunications
andTransportationMexico

27. Unclassified
Technical Decontamination Techniques(1 of 4)
• Absorption
• Picking up liquid contaminants
• Adsorption
• Liquid interacts with surface of sorbent material
• Must be compatible
• Brushing and scraping
• Remove large particles
• Not sufficient alone
27
terminalia-catappa.net

28. Unclassified
Technical Decontamination Techniques(2 of 4)
• Chemical degradation
• Another material to change chemical structure
• Dilution
• Water to flush contaminates
• Accessibility, speed, economy
• Evaporation
• Some evaporate quickly and completely
• Not generally used
28
NOAA

29. Unclassified
Technical Decontamination Techniques(3 of 4)
• Isolation and disposal
• Isolates contaminated items
• No decontamination can mean disposal
• Neutralization
• Changing the pH
• Not on living tissue
• Sanitization, disinfection, or sterilization
29
JoelKramer

30. Unclassified
Technical Decontamination Techniques(4 of 4)
• Solidification
• Treats liquid chemically so that it becomes
solid
• Vacuuming
• High efficiency particulate
air filters to vacuum solids
• Not a regular vacuum
• Washing
• Uses prepared solutions
• Accessibility, speed, economy
30

31. Unclassified
Review
What techniques might be used for technical decontamination?
31
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency

32. Unclassified
Technical Decontamination Stations
May vary depending on the needs of the situation
and standard operating procedures
32
U.S.DefenseThreatReductionAgency

33. Unclassified
Mass Decontamination
• Initiated when the number of victims and time
does not allow other in-depth decontamination
• Responders should
• Communicate
• Clear, short, specific directions
• Use highly visible methods to mark corridors
33
U.S.Army/StaffSgt.RichardSherba

34. Unclassified
Mass Decontamination Methods
• Dilution
• Isolation
• Washing
34
U.S. Air Force / Airman 1st Class Lauren Main

35. Unclassified
Shower System
• Method
• Dilutes
• Washes away
• Water
• Large volumes of low-pressure
• Delivered in fog pattern
• Time – varies
• Consider
• Overhead sprinklers
• Wading in public water
35
U.S.MarineCorps/SgtJ.A.LeeII

36. Unclassified
Recommended Items
• Clothing removal and disposal station
• Disposal drums or containers
• Trailers and portable tents
• Portable water heater
• Forced air heater
• Tagging and bagging system
• Scissors
• Trash bags
• Tags
• Property bags
36

37. Unclassified
Victim Priority
37
U.S.DefenseThreatReductionAgency
Sample Mass Decontamination – Small Incident
Hot Zone
Safe RefugeArea
Decontamination
Fire Fighter
Ambulatory
Non-Ambulatory
Warm Zone
HoldingAreaGround
Support
Cold Zone
Triage
Immediate Delay Minor
Transport to Hospital

38. Unclassified
Review
What are the advantages and limitations of mass decontamination?
38

39. Unclassified
Effectiveness of Decontamination Operations
• Evaluation methods
• Victims
• Large numbers checked briefly
• Checked as they exit decontamination corridor
• If contamination is detected, redirect to decontamination
• Victims still complaining of effects
• Tools and equipment
• Stored in decontamination until emergency operations over
• Checked for contamination
• Includes apparatus
39

40. Unclassified
Review
What should be done if the effectiveness of decontamination is called into
question?
40

41. Unclassified
Decontamination Implementation Factors
• Appropriate site
• Number of stations and setup of corridor
• Method for collecting evidence
• Appropriate termination procedures
41

42. Unclassified
Site Selection Factors
• Wind direction
• Weather
• Accessibility
• Terrain and surface material
• Lighting / Electricity
• Drains and waterways
• Water supply
42
U.S.AirForce/Airman1stClassCeairaTinsley

43. Unclassified
Decontamination Layout
Established before performing any work in the hot zone
43
Ensure privacy
• Tents or trailers
allow more
• Use female
responders whenever
possible for female
victims
Bag and tag
• Items in bags labeled with
name
• Items may need
decontamination before
return
• Contaminated clothing
should remain in warm zone
Identified
• With barrier tape,
safety cones, or other
visuals
May require
• Containment basins
• Recovery drums

44. Unclassified
Review
• What factors should be considered when choosing a decontamination site?
• How can you ensure privacy at a decontamination corridor?
44

45. Unclassified
Additional Decontamination Operations Considerations
• Law enforcement and military personnel
• Animals
• Criminal suspects
45

46. Unclassified
Freezing Weather Considerations
• Material reaction to cold weather conditions
• Wet or dry methods
• Wind chill
• Shelter for victims
• Decontamination indoors
• Victim transport
• How can icy conditions be managed?
46
U.S.AirForce/Tech.Sgt.RussellMcBride

47. Unclassified
Review
How does cold weather decontamination differ from normal weather
decontamination?
47

48. Unclassified
Decontamination of Evidence
As per agency standard operating procedures
48
U.S.DefenseThreatReductionAgency

49. Unclassified
Termination and Demobilization
• Debriefings will be held for those involved
• May include exposure records which contain personal information
49
Return
• Personal items
Provide
• Information
about delayed
health effects
May require
• Reports
• Technical
documentation

50. Unclassified
Debriefings
• Activities performed
• Product involved
• Reason for being there
• Equipment failures or malfunctions
• Hazards associated with product
• Symptoms experienced
• Monitoring levels in use
• Circumstances of exposure
• Other pertinent information
50

51. Unclassified
Activity Log
• Chronology of events
• Activities during event
• Activities during decontamination procedure
51
FEMA

52. Unclassified
Review
What types of information are included in an incident termination debriefing?
52

53. Unclassified
Summary
• Contamination must be addressed at all hazardous materials incidents
• Exposure can occur and cause harm
• Decontamination is conducted to prevent the spread of contaminants
53

54. Unclassified 54
Questions?

55. Unclassified
Image Sources
• Slide 5: U.S. Air Forces Central Command, http://www.afcent.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2001569588/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 6: Pacific Air Forces, http://www.pacaf.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2000514119/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 8, 17-18, 25, 31-32, 37, 48: Defense Threat Reduction Agency
• Slide 9: Air Force Special Operations Command, http://www.afsoc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1257687/slick-oil-recycling-program-saves-usaf-over-300k/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 11: Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg (21 June 2018)
• Slide 13: U.S. Air Force, http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/111592/andersen-afb-concludes-asia-pacific-smee/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 15: Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Csa-dekon.jpg (21 June 2018)
• Slide 21: U.S. Army, https://www.army.mil/article/62420/west_point_readiness_tested_in_mock_incident (21 June 2018)
• Slide 22: Homestead Reserve Base, http://www.homestead.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/700778/emergency-management-more-than-just-cbrne-training/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 26: Emergency Response Guidebook, 2016
• Slide 27: Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_activado.png (21 June 2018)
• Slide 28: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/wea00153.htm (21 June 2018)
• Slide 29: Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/75001512@N00/7663553082 (21 June 2018)
• Slide 30: picture (1) Pixabay, https://pixabay.com/en/no-symbol-prohibition-sign-39767/ picture (2) Pixabay, https://pixabay.com/en/vacuum-cleaner-household-appliance-24265/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 33: Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:8th_MPs_flex_muscle_in_certifying_71st_Chem_130425-A-XE780-001.jpg (21 June 2018)
• Slide 34: Joint Base Charleston, http://www.jbcharleston.jb.mil/News/Article/235344/a-race-against-time-to-save-lives-during-mass-casualty-exercise/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 35: Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_020709-M-4213L-001_Decontamination_exercise.jpg (21 June 2018)
• Slide 40: Moody Air Force Base, http://www.moody.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/668522/caution-firefighters-conduct-hazmat-training/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 46: Misawa Air Base, http://www.misawa.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/403127/35-ce-decontamination-drills/ (21 June 2018)
• Slide 51: U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/33551 (21 June 2018)
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