Introduction In recent there has been a shift.pdf

Answer: Introduction In recent decades, there has been a shift
Answer:
Introduction
In recent decades, there has been a shift in construction projects background, resulting in
much more sophisticated economic environment. The communication technologies rapid
advancement is indeed used in explaining the same. Sharing of electronic information is
gaining popularity as with the rising demand for swift information alongside working
approaches in international market. This enables transfer of higher volume of data
depending on the prevailing time zone. Such Information And Communication Technologies
(ICT) have helped geographical distribution and change from face-to-face conversation in
favor of more asynchronous communication (Hoch and Kozlowski, 2014). Numerous
academics have linked this transition away from traditional people-centered organizations
to issues difficulties.
In this way, the construction industry is no different from any other. 'Poor communication
has long been a problem in the construction business, with part of the problem being the
way the sector is organized,' according to Fryer. In architectural writings, information and
communication technology (ICT) is described and addressed in a variety of ways, but
Kraemer and Daniziger describe the communication aspect as "the actual hardware
deployed to fulfill a fundamental information processing task." Communication between
and within organizations, according to Emmitt and Gorse (2003), is focused with the
transmission and management of information. In their analysis, Onyegiri et al (2001, p.462)
summarized the many meanings of ICT in a flow chart.
It's important to make the distinction noted of "information technology" and
"communication technology," since as much as information technology is needed in
architecture for storage of data, the usage often does not mean communication. Together
with advancement of computers, computer software (– for example Computer Aided Design
(CAD) as well as Building Information Modelling (BIM), world wide web, cell phones, as well
as other technologies, there is a rising trend in the construction sector to use ICT from
project initiation to completion (Onyegiri et al, 2011)
Problem Statement

The relevance and expanding functions of information and communication technology (ICT)
in construction sector cannot be overlooked, as evidenced by the background information
supplied. Moreover, one of the most visible challenges affecting the world construction
sector currently is that the majority of building process information alongside data
continues to depend heavily on traditional methods of documentation and communication,
such like face-to-face meetings as well as the transfer of paper documents like drawings,
specifications, and site guidelines.
Conventional information and communication channels in the construction sector,
according to Anumba and Ruikar (2002), are primarily manual and slow operations, and so,
Making many copies of documents and drawings on paper.
The additional cost of delivering project documentation to geographically dispersed project
participants.
Document "archives" in libraries must be kept up to date so that data can be accessed as
needed.
Managing "loose" documents can be time-wasting and inconvenient.
Relying on third parties to complete tasks, which is including courier services, might cause
delays.
However, traditional construction industries around the world must innovate their
products, includes improving production processes, in order to create more effective
processes using products and production methods. Additionally, present competition
challenges besides increased client awareness, are driving a demand for immediate
productivity besides competitiveness improvements in construction industry. In impact, as
building becomes more complicated, a more advanced and powerful approach is required
to handle problems such as initiation, planning, financing, designing, approval,
implementation, as well as accomplishing a project, an area wherein the ICT has
demonstrated its biggest effect and incredibly huge application potential.
Despite Sarshar et al. (2004) suggesting contractors may use ICTs in the facilitation of
integration, collaboration, management of knowledge, procurement, site management, as
well as process improvement, Mak(2001) reported that ICT adoption in construction firms
is still "very low" and that only just a handful contractors are wholly having the potential of
integrating ICTs with key business processes. Computer illiteracy besides lack of ICT
comprehension, among other things, have been mentioned as the most often reported
contractor flaws in numerous nations. The concept that contractors' fundamental business
operations are primarily undertaken on building sites, and that applications that assist
actual work on site are difficult to come by, among other things, has been mentioned again.
As a result, despite the fact that the great benefits provided by ICT in the construction sector
seems to be acknowledged, its adoption and be used as a standard section of the

construction process remains low; and contractors, amongst key participants, are
frequently cited as those who utilize ICT the least. Whereas this condition may be real for
the worldwide construction business, particular facts about the scope of applicability and
challenges facing ICT in the worldwide construction industry are still unknown. The goal of
the research is to examine the state of building construction enterprises around the world.
Purpose Of The Study
The goal of the research is to look into the implications of information and communication
technology in the building and construction industry, as well as the issues that it faces.
Aims & Objectives
Aim
The study's goal is to figure out what's preventing the construction industry from using ICT.
Objectives Of Study
The following are the study's particular goals:
To note and assess barriers to ICT adoption in the construction industry on a
worldwide basis.
To find out how much ICT is used in the building business.
Evaluating the building industry's ICT infrastructure operating systems.
Research Questions
What is the condition of the building industry's ICT facilities?
What major roadblocks do you see in the building industry's adoption of ICT?
To what extent does the building business make use of ICT?
Scope Of The Study
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) alongside its implementations in
building projects are the subject of the study. The study focuses on ICT usage from the
standpoint of construction contractors in financial classes D1KI alongside D2K2, as defined
by Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing's categorization rules. It is because of
that kind of businesses typically handle huge volumes of work as well as employ qualified
personnel, allowing them to engage in and appreciate information and communication
technology (ICT) in their operations. This is due to the fact that the distribution of such
contractors is heavily skewed towards metropolitan capitals, with more than 70 per cent of
registered Building and Civil Engineering contractors, particularly large corporations,
operating in the urban environment.
Motivation Of The Study

ICT has seen enormous advancements over the last two decades. PTT, which stands for
Post, Phone line, and Telegram, was the only technology available 20 years ago. The
government and the public services have a lot of influence over ICT. Hardware, software,
internet and telephony content, applications, and support services are now included in the
ICT sector. It should be noted that a wide range of organizations, comprising corporate
behemoths, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), innovators, personal developers,
and open-source networks, are now providing these dynamic services. There has been an
upsurge in broadband internet subscribers and mobile subscriptions from 2005 to 2019..
As a result, constructing a strong internet mobile infrastructure leads to the establishment
of an appropriate and efficient communication flows between partners in many industries.
Currently, ICT is used to improve communication flow in a variety of industries, including
health, education, public services, government-funded organizations, and Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Likewise, businesses are increasingly relying on
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) technologies to streamline their operations and
connect to international supply chains. Furthermore, the amount to which an organization
may gain from ICT relies on its respond to changing work processes when it comes to ICT
spread.
Significance Of The Study
In today's world, the building industry is becoming increasingly reliant on information flow.
As previously said, various parties are participating in a single building project; at some
point, numerous professionals would be working together. It is critical for them to acquire
timely and reliable information about their tasks in order to make good judgments. Murray,
Nkado, and Lai (2001) stated that construction industry operators demand information at
frequent intervals throughout the project's lifecycle.
It may be inferred that documents, drawings, schedules, receipts, orders, and programmes
should indeed be regularly transferred across different partners, and that in order for
professionals to make good judgments, they must have timely and correct information
about their tasks. Because of its particular characteristics, which are addressed more in
section 2.1, construction projects are complicated, dynamic, and involve partners who are
geographically scattered. Massive and complex projects, it has been observed, necessitate a
significant flow of communication amongst partners as well as stakeholders.
Limitations Of The Study
This research is divided into five sections. The very first chapter includes an introduction
that covers the study's history, problem statement, purpose, objectives, research questions,
importance, delimitation, limitations, study assumptions, and definitions of key words.
The study's literature review is presented in Chapter 2. An introduction, a review of

research on research variables, a theoretical framework, a conceptual framework, research
gaps studied, and a summation of the literature are among the subtopics of this chapter.
The third chapter discusses the research methodology in use, as well as the research design,
target population, data collection instrument, sample size and sampling procedures, sample
size, pilot testing of research instruments, data gathering procedures, data analysis
methods, ethical considerations, and variable operationalization. The findings are presented
in this chapter, which includes data analysis, presenting, interpretation, and discussion. The
chapter starts with segment on response rate, then moves on to general information on the
respondents, descriptive statistics based on the study's aims, and inferential statistics such
as correlation and regression analysis. The discussion of findings that was done in
accordance with the study's objectives, is the last part of this chapter. Chapter 5
summarizes the research findings, including the conclusions drawn from them, as well as
recommendations and proposals for further research. The findings, conclusions, and
suggestions were written in accordance with the study's objectives.
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
In order to analyze the basis of research from the ancient times up to date, there has been a
systemic research study carried out on the field of ICT in construction engineering and
management literature as from 1985 up to 2017. This study was on the basis of detailed as
well as comprehensive planning alongside research approaches that was obtained in
advance with an aim of reducing any possible biasness. On the contrary, in order to arrive at
a single quantitative estimate or summary of effects of size through the use of different
statistical techniques as opposed to a technique that employs a meta-analysis approach.
This study report however aim at presenting an overview of the different topics that have
been presented using quantitative as well as qualitative research strategies on occupation
safety alongside their general direction. The approach employed herein has been
established to be similar in format to the one that used in the previous systemic reviews as
was detailed by Benavides and Benach in 2007.
Literature Research
The main aim of this particular research study as from the time of its conception has always
been to capture as much of the existent literature as possible that deals with occupational
safety. As such, the research team decided to settle on search literature through the use of
terms detailed on board search as the reference point. This was on contrary to the
conventional method that entailed citation of networks which culminate in overlooking of
innovative as well as literatures that are normally rarely cited. The bibliographic database
that was used in this literature search included Scopus, web of Science, PsycInfo as well as
Business Source Elite.

Selection Of Article
Figure 1 depicts the sequential steps that were employed in selection of the various articles.
As was stated on the available information, it was stated that there was need to exclude
supplicates, all other articles that were documented in languages apart from English as well
as quality assurance which included no-peer reviewed articles. Due to the exclusion of some
documents, the total number of articles was reduced to 11,200 articles. Also, according to
the information that was provided in the endnote, not all non-peer reviewed articles were
to be excluded. Consequently, all articles that were matching this particular criterion were
removed in the course of multiple phases in the process of selection. This was followed by
completing the final three consecutive steps. Initially, the authors analyzed the titles that
were not in line with the criteria as follows;
Failed to describe the ICT in construction engineering and management expected within an
occupational setting
Failed to put much emphasis on interventions, determinants as well as measurements of
ICT in construction engineering and management as was published within the peer-
reviewed journals
Weren’t published in the peer-reviewed journals
Were written in any other language apart from English
Additional four domains which included construction, offshore petro chemistry,
warehouses as well as manufacturing were integrated depending on the ratio of
combination of elements. Firstly, the construction as well as manufacturing sector were
integrated and was accounting for more than a fifth of all the tragic accidents that have been
encountered in 2015 in European Union.
Figure 1: Theoretical framework for ICT in construction engineering and management
Applications & Platforms For Information & Communication Technology
Computers
Hardware besides software technology in the building sector has come an elongated way
and continues to advance at a rapid pace every day. Construction and architectural
computer systems are substantially quicker nowadays than it were when they initially
appeared in the 1970s. Specifically designed computers can be acquired for a variety of
reasons, spanning from speed to capabilities to greater graphics. Such computers
could sometimes be linked to a variety of gear, including a projector for better
understanding (used when doing presentations), printers, light pens, scanner, cellphones,
as well as fax machines, among other things. Software and apps have had a tremendous
impact on the olden times of ICT besides have revolutionized the way structure plan besides
procurement are done. Distinct solicitations have been designed expressly for different uses
in building, and some of them are interoperable with others. Any architect's AutoCAD

drawings, for example, can be converted to modeling software like 3D studioMAX. There are
further applications mend for free-lancers besides surveyors that encompasses accounting
and processing contract data as well as combining findings for architects as well
as engineers. There are those that include the creation of stipulated drawings and modeling,
accounting and processing, data management, and other tasks all in one package, such as
ArchiCAD. These are usually referred to as building information modeling (BIM) software
because they combine so many of these errands into a single application.
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)
Drawings are by far the most common product of every architectural or even engineering
group, and so such drawings are now mainly generated on computers. Building oriented
CAD, just like every other Computer Aided Design software, is designed on same concepts as
other CAD software, although differs to a certain degree in with regard to design besides
application methodologies. Drawing entities adopt Computer Aided Design technologies in
the creation of diagrams and replicas of what buildings will resemble like after they are
built. They are built on the basis of drawing cavemen.
Additional programs software besides hardware could read alongside save its data in order
to analyze productivity information. The Computer Aided Design system, for instance, might
be applied to create 2D drawings then then connected to another system or even software
for creation a 3D model. This could be saved for forthcoming reference, reproduced,
anticipated, altered, updated, and so on indefinitely. The production of a picture that is a
conceptual plan of elements and appropriately portrays the relative proportions and
connections of the elements is a typical necessity in architectural design and engineering
design. Such speed besides convenience in which a computer-based sketch may be created
and adjusted has a significant advantage over hand-based drawing and approaches.
Walls, beams, columns, slabs, as well as other standard architectural Computer Aided
Design tools could be conveniently be added to the application by simply dragging then
dropping them or drawing over surface. The sketch may also be united across a computer
network by a group of designers who are all experts in different design fields, like
landscape, structural, and mechanical designers, and who are all situated in different parts
of the world. Drawings might also be connected to databases that include material
specifications, pricing, and other information, making it easier to examine everything from
design through construction. If it can be conducted manually with the hand, the kinds of
drawings as well as models that can be made with a CAD system are virtually limitless.
Many CAD models can indeed be improved for deeper indulgent as well as demonstration
by employing sophisticated rendering animations methods to provide crisp visuals as well
as active motion like flythrough and walkthroughs.
Word Processors And Spreadsheets

Spreadsheets, word processors, and minicomputers have revolutionized data processing in
construction industry. They can be used in the solution of complexities and avoid
considerable delays that might occur when working with the outdated manual method of
completing office tasks. Spreadsheets, such as Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint, are
essential office tools because they enable the regular operation of spreadsheets. Because
they can make and alter charts, graphs, as well as tables, they are often adopted for financial
data alongside presentations.
They are a crucial ICT tool in building sector because their design is dome for execution of
broad computing jobs depending on spatial correlations. Spread sheets are adopted for
most paperwork, letters, calculations besides presentations, and they are often compatible
with Computer Aided Design software. Companies can run small-group ICT inventions like
Spreadsheets as well as word processors are used to plan and schedule programmes
separately.
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Computers are utilized in the building industry to mechanize and imitate hand-drafting
approaches, and 3D replicas have aided in demonstrating how a structure will resemble like
after it is completed. BIM (Building Information Modeling) software offers the capacity to
immediately and interactively communicate design concepts in a form that represents
actual and real representations of the building, allowing designers to quickly and effectively
recognize customers' demands and propose solutions to such wants.
They incorporate many personnel from design, management, building, as well as operations
throughout the design phase that greatly aids in the advancement of the design. They can
mimic time by connecting it to other machine-based construction planning programs like
spreadsheets and CAD. They can design a project from start to finish and recognize flaws in
the design on a computer monitor before commencing field work. It's a tool to help
designers and contractors improve communication and collaboration in order to increase
overall efficiency. According to Dace, BIM must have these features.
Digital – allows for design as well as building simulations.
Spatial - 3D, which represents multifaceted building conditions better than 2D drawings.
Measurable data – data which can be quantified, dimensioned, and queried.
Comprehensive – encapsulates and communicates design intent, construction performance,
constructability, and the sequential and monetary aspects of means and procedures.
Accessible - data prepared accessible to a whole project group, together with designers,
engineers, fabricators, contractors, possessors, maintenance facility, and users, via an
interoperable and instinctive boundary.
Long-lasting — documents that represents as-built circumstances and may be used
throughout the life cycle of a facility, Design and planning, fabrication and construction, and
maintenance and support are all included.

BIM Implementation
Illustrations In Pictures
The usage of BIM exemplifies the widely spread application of 3D in the building industry.
To provide an immersive experience, projects may be displayed through stereoscopic
forecast technologies or the well-known cameras that were utilized in universities. This
makes it easier to make judgments based on these models' spatial knowledge, which is
incredibly beneficial because it saves a lot of money in the construction process.
Assistance
BIM would be castoff to help the design and building teams assess and re-evaluate various
ways and procedures in order to certify that the project can be constructed on time and
within budget. It aids in the detection of flaws and mistakes in the design or in the project,
depending on the situation.
Planning And Making Use Of
BIM is castoff to assess a structure's projected site circumstances, existing as well as
proposed neighboring buildings and subterranean utilities, site access, excavation, shoring,
safety hazards, dewatering, appointment of crane, storage, as well as site construction
locating, among other things.
Preparation And Sequencing:
Time might be included as a fourth measurement to BIM modeling to help visualize and
optimize construction schedules and sequences also during construction. The project
manager, for instance, would be at a position to access and compute the desired quantity of
assets at a specific point in the building process. It has a significant effect on ICT
effectiveness in the building industry.
Cost Approximating:
Quantity surveys of construction materials are made easier using BIM, and such numbers
are openly tied to price databases. Construction design changes can be made based on this
knowledge before real construction begins.
Integration Of Subcontractor And Supplier Models
Quantity surveys of construction materials are made easier using BIM, and such numbers
are directly tied to price databases. Construction design changes can be made based on this
knowledge before real construction begins.

Systems Coordination:
BIM integrates entire building systems, including all equipment, fittings, piping, channels,
conduits, organizational members, together other construction materials. Disputes might be
discovered and resolved before systems are placed in the field utilizing tools as well as
commands.
Layout And Fieldwork:
In the field, BIM data aids in the arrangement of materials and systems. This involves the
preparation of "lift drawings," 2D plan and section extractions that explain field research, as
well as the integration of relevant worth as well as safety data.
Prefabrication:
BIM could also be utilized to help with prefabrication of construction methods, allowing for
quicker field assembly. This is really the consequence of combining many of the other
applications outlined above: complete participation by subcontractors, full integration and
synchronization of geometry, and correct registering and field fixing.
Maintenance And Operations
Even during development of the facility, BIM can indeed be updated to generate a "as-built"
record of construction circumstances. After that, the geometry in BIM could indeed be
connected or correlated with non-graphic data gotten in equipment and facility operations
manuals. As such
, BIM develops a full and dynamic record which can be used to support facility management.
BIM graphical overview
Electronic Mail
E-mail, as it is often referred, is merely transmission of data from one people's computer
files to another's computer files. It's a web-based system. Text and images are no longer the
only things that can be sent by email; films, programs, and other media can also be sent.
Electronic mails are particularly beneficial in the construction industry since they are a
swift besides convenient way to transmit and receive messages and data. Third-party
software or the mailing site's hosts can also provide secure ways and encryption. Electronic
mail not only facilitates the communication of information, but it also facilitates the
exchange of new info.
The Internet And World Wide Web

The launch of the visually picture - based World Wide Web in 1993 sparked a surge in
Internet activity amongst non-scientists and paved the door for commercial applications.
The World Wide Web could provide a graphically-based device for sharing data via
computers. Web-based information might vary from presentations to online periodicals to
personal 'home pages,' and it can be accessed from any computer or electronic device with
an internet connection. It's an interactive interface that's a popular way to get information
and connect with others.
Geographical distance separating construction crews creates barriers to communication,
and the range of communication devices and modes used in construction adds to the
difficulty. Simple radio signals could be used to converse with players on the ground,
although messages can be corrupted or delayed. Furthermore, utilizing long distance calls
or international reproduction is highly expensive, and using Internet services is significantly
less expensive than using express courier services. Messages can be delivered to recipients
as soon as they are sent, and they can also be tracked. The Internet is a worldwide network
that is unrestricted by geography, time, or computer operating systems.
Networking
The "distance" connecting alliance participants, according to Cheng (2001), is one of the key
obstacles to the alliance's ability to receive and share information. Networking in generally,
as well as the Internet in particular, offer outstanding communication and data sharing
options among and inside construction enterprises. It is essentially the act of connecting
computers or gadgets in order to facilitate online communications between them. It allows
you to transport data including files, photographs, music, and information without the use
of a disk or storage device. Figure 3.3 depicts a type of networking that could be used by a
construction community.
Elementary networking system between companies within the construction industry
Types Of Networking
A local area network (LAN) is a high-communications system designed to connect computer
systems as well as other information processing gadgets within a small geographic area, or
even in a construction headquarters. To extend connectivity, multiple LANs can really be
coupled within a campus of structures (also known as a Wide Area Network or WAN). This
enables users to share critical computing resources like pricey hardware, application
programs, as well as information electronically. Shared access technology is used in Local
Area Networks. It means that similar information can be communicated between people or
groups on building sites and at headquarter.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A virtual private network (VPN) is a communications environment wherein the peer
connections are permitted well within a defined community of interest, like the global
Internet. VPN connections between private networks are incredibly safe. Many construction
companies utilize VPN because it is the most protected of all of the networking options.
Intranet:
An intranet is an internal or restricted access intranet that has similar capabilities to the
internet but is only available to an organization's internal users. An intranet, for example,
would be used by a construction company to communicate specific information including
such documents, recent announcements, new product details, and so on, but still only
enable computers and devices within the organization to access it.
Extranet:
An extranet is an extension of a corporation's internal network which permits external
users to deliver for and access information in a safe environment. It works similarly to an
intranet in that it is accessed using a web browser, allowing information to be accessed
from any computer without the need for additional software. An extranet, on the other
hand, necessitates a high level of security and may necessitate the deployment of
specialized software to offer user authentication and encrypt data. Extranets might used to
connect suppliers, clients, vendors, customers, and other enterprises to a company's
business applications. They make data exchange easier and less expensive, allowing
employees to work from home.
In light of the significance and necessity for competence and operative usage of ICT, various
government and commercial boards have created regulations and codes of behavior. The
invention and advancement of cellphones, computer, electrical & electronic equipment, and
other technological advancements are all critical in today's building business. Because
building projects entail a huge movement of building documented information
interconnecting project participants in both the design as well as construction phases
(Peansupap and Walker), the value is extremely crucial. This research concludes that the
rapid growth of ICT provides chances to improve communication between building projects
participants and permit more operative and effectual communication in Adriaanse and
Voordijk.
The usage of ICT is a field worth focusing on since it may decrease the quantity of time it
takes to process data and communicate information. ICT applications likewise promote
operative development by communicating construction information for helpful decision-
making as well as collaboration, as Peansupap and Walker (2005) demonstrate. The fact
that data transported from one location to another can include text, numbers, photos,
drawings, video, as well as sound, and that this data can be combined and transmitted as

multimedia has revolutionised the construction business through (ICT).
Howard is a man of many talents. Computer systems have indeed been found to lessen the
requirement for colleagues and being in the same location. The fundamentals of knowledge
as well as understanding of the significance and crucial value of ICT are outlined in this
study by an understanding of current computer and internet technology, as well as the
impression of info exchange, information, and its significance in the building structure
industry.
ICT And Construction Risk Management
It is difficult to change the culture of the business in the construction. The short term
feature the industry arises up the problem of implementing emerging techniques and tools.
In the course of the construction period the activity team become under a pressure to
accomplish the project’s milestone at a very short range of time and budget. For a modern
equipment and a procedure to be welcomed in the industry, it must be determined or shows
evident by it’s’ effectiveness and simplicity.
Especially in the course of construction period, the risk management process in the
construction is relatively a fresh scheme that widely not applied in the implemented plan.
However, unawareness regarding its guaranteed benefit is usually the major cause for delay
in application of the management risk frame work in the industry of construction. While
managing the process of construction, the team mostly tend to exploit the intuitive tactic
that is highly relay on the experience of the team‘s while administering the process of
construction.
Carr together with Tar (2000) analyze the truth of the unformalized approach for taking
management risk in the construction activity. It further elaborated that while applying risk
management this approach would result to the adoption of different terminologies and
methodologies. Even though the intuitive techniques may be positive to some situations, its’
success would just be abundantly dependent on the experience and the capability of
everybody in the team members of the project.
It further emphasized on the demand for a similar language by Carr and Tah (2000) in
explaining risk as a foundation for implementing threat methodologies. Thus, it can be
disputed that having a well programmed approach would help the project team to be with a
standardized measures when handling the project menace, that would increase the chance
of a achieving success of the project with optimum resources and effort. Besides that it is
essential to indicate that for allowing the risk construction management as systematic and
independent management process, it must be effective, systematic and simple.
Implementing the ICT into the procedure of construction, would promote construction
projects as discussed earlier in diverse areas. The ICT can help the construction design team

administering the project perfectly. Thus the ICT can give important tools that would
facilitate the implementation of the construction risk management successfully.
Management system and support tools decision, which uses ICT are beneficial in process of
managing risk. Thus, the locality where the ICT can promote the maximum implementation
of managing risk process may comprised of information processing, web-based
management, data collections, expert/ knowledge-based systems, reporting and controlling
systems. ICT enhance help to the activity team in many areas for proper management of
project risk.
Ashoori and Teymouria (2011) study the result of information technology on management
of risk by considering the effect information technology on the three ways which portray
effectiveness and efficiency of the process that is cost, time and performance. They
elaborate that one of the agenda may be poor information technology enacted or
incomplete management risk execution.
To elaborate in more details, there are many research studies that resembles those of
construction risk management. These educational program have diverse perspectives and
distinctive objectives. Reliable tools and findings proposed by studies that are available
would help qualified professional in the field of constructions. Reliable relevant data
findings need to be efficiently processed to maintain trustworthy risk models. Thus, most of
the studies research that are similar to risk management would contain handling a large
amount of data. Therefore, researcher would have to gather and analyze information
related to market situations, performance organizational and even design specific
information. In additional, the impact of these research learning would propose control
project tool with reliable decision making.
It may be said that utilizing the ICT tools provide the researcher a reliable findings in set
timely manner. However, in fine data review to the studies available would elaborate that
majority focused on analyzing and identifying risk that would help in making decision on
the markup adequate bid or the proactive arrangement before initiating the execution of the
project. Furthermore, other researchers studies tend to focused on implementing model
risk management for the no bid or bid and internationalization decisions.
The subsequent are illustration of these studies which comprise the work of Tiong and Bing
(1999) who formed a risk model management for construction international joint venture.
Birgonual and Dikmen(2004) apply neutral network to form a model that would promote
international market decision entry. Arditi and Gunhan (2005) study as similar to
international expansion making decision for companies’ construction which facilitate the
decision entry into foreign markets. Also a study done by Ock, Han and Diekmann (2004)
worked on a multicriteria portfolio risk managements financial for international projects; to
show their skills, they conduct a study case based on exact projects gathered from most
general multinational contractors.

In another study conducted by the same authors (2005) find out contractor threat behavior
in the appointment of international project construction. Birgonul, Dikmen and Bu-Qammaz
(2009) form a model for a assessment of construction international projects using network
process analytic. In Kuwait, Bhamra, Al-Azema and Salman (2014) proposed risk
management for Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT) Project. Furthermore, Serpella et al.
(2014) apply the idea based approach to investigate the risk of management in the project
of construction. To finalize, determining the numbering examples and many other
researches would show that the need for ICT is necessary to implement the process of risk
management. Also there is a demand to propose management risk models for successful
project construction at the period of construction phase, which is the best one for the
critical phases of the lifecycle of the project.
Research Methodology
Introduction
In this chapter, we'll look at the factors that influence inter-organizational ICT use in a
building project as well as establish a basic theoretical framework for inter-organizational
ICT use. We strive to clarify why people or organizations do not use ICT in the expected
manner as well as how this use varies over time by discovering and analyzing these
mechanisms. We'll use these observations to describe why ICT hasn't lived up to
expectations. The following research question will be addressed in this chapter: what are
the primary processes that impact how actors adopt inter-organizational ICT within a
construction project, and how do such mechanisms vary over time? Because understanding
of the devices is currently lacking, an exploratory inductive approach to developing the
theoretical framework is recommended.
Research Design
Ethnography as well as beached theory were used to manner the research. "An
anthropological study approach that depends on first-hand conclusions drawn by scientist
submerged over extensive period of time in a society which he or she was unique,".
Ethnographers are particularly interested in researching, comprehending, as well as
explaining human behavior and action in social, cultural, as well as organizational contexts.
The ethnographic research method is used "to convert observations into stories members of
the group believe are possible interpretations of what is going on.
Data Collection
Due to the obvious exploratory character of this study, we chose a complicated design-bid-
build construction project in which inter-organizational ICT was being used between the
customer, engineering firm, as well as contractor during the construction phase. The
building location was in the heart of one of the Netherlands' most populous cities. During
the construction stage, the engineering firm acted as the client's representative and kept an

eye on the contractor. The project's building phase began in 2005. The tender value for the
project was around € 26 million, and the construction stage lasted 15 months. Because of
the project's intricacy, there were more opportunity to look at not only ordinary events, but
also unusual and unexpected ones. These proceedings might have an influence on how
actors use inter-organizational ICT. Completely of the participants were unfamiliar with the
ICT application. The project's building phase began in 2005.
The tender value for the scheme is roughly around € 28 million, and the building stage
lasted 15 months. Because of the plan's intricacy, there were more opportunity to look at
not only ordinary proceedings, but also unusual besides unanticipated ones. These
proceedings might have an influence on how actors use inter-organizational ICT. All of the
participants were unfamiliar with the ICT application. The researcher conducted field study
for six months, beginning when ICT was brought into the research (for example, four weeks
later the contract was given to the contractor). The investigator took three days a week in
the fieldwork and one day a week analyzing the data acquired over the course of four
months. In the last two months, the scholar has composed evidence from a greater distance
and has consumed more time analyzing but instead of collecting data.
The investigator worked with an engineering firm. At the outset of the project, the
engineering firm believed that playing a "free" responsibility in it could be unsuitable. Due
to the sheer interests as well as hobbies of participating organizations and the potential of
disseminating secret information, a "free" role would pose tremendous dangers to both the
engineering firm and the contractor. The researcher's data collecting was unrestricted
within the engineering firm. The researcher had unlimited access to the ICT usage, as well
as all internal engineering firm meetings as well as project conferences with the customer
as well as the contractor. If he considered it was necessary, he might also interview besides
witness members of the engineering firm. The researcher was authorized to interview
representatives of the customer as well as the contractor in order to collect the perspectives
of the other organizations involved.
The investigator had numerous informal conversations as well as semi-structured
interviews with the contractor's task manager, who was in charge of using the ICT program
on the contractor's behalf. In furthermore, member observation throughout project
conferences with the contractor and customer, as well as surveillance of actors' ICT
behavior, were permitted, allowing for research of contractor as well as customer members.
It is critical to emphasize the necessity of acquiring the actors' confidence as well as belief.
The researcher had to make sure that neither the contractor nor the client believed that
what they said would be relayed to the engineering firm.
As a consequence, the investigator devoted a significant amount of time at the outset of the
study identifying himself to respondents as well as clarifying the privacy of the findings.
Actors become accustomed to the investigator's existence in the fieldwork after a while. The
scholar used a variety of strategies to collect data throughout the fieldwork study in

command to improve the legitimacy of the found components.
First, he devoted the much of his time observing as well as chatting with participants
casually. Observation of participants took place throughout the day and at meetings. To
limit the scope of his effects on local practices, the researcher took a passive rather than
aggressive role5. In addition, the researcher watched participants' ICT behavior in order to
gain a better considerate of how performers interconnected and used technology. He
attempted to comprehend 'what was going on' in terms of ICT usage. Second, to obtain
participants' perspectives as well as comprehension, the researcher performed extensive
informal as well as semi structured interviews.
The researcher attempted to perceive the world through the eyes of the participants. It
could have not been easy to comprehend why performers acted the way they did without
these views and comprehension. Eventually, the researcher went over all of the materials.
Contract contracts lay out the rules for how persons should interact in writing. In
additional, the researcher gathered as well as analyzed other papers like ICT application
requirements, minutes of meetings, as well as correspondence exchanged between the
engineering firm and the contractor. Documents supplied valuable qualitative data that
could be compared to the respondents' comments and observations. To record his
observations as well as thoughts, the researcher has taken comprehensive notes throughout
all data collection tasks.
Data Analysis
Strauss and Corbin's (1998) analytic coding processes were applied by the researcher;
however, he did not carry out such procedures in order, but rather partly in parallel (ibid.).
When doing the research, the researcher repeated. The processes are described in detail
below. The researcher began by using open coding. He coded the data by going over his field
notes line by line and categorizing it into concepts. These concepts reflected significant
ideas discovered in the data. As quickly as the investigator had a few distinct ideas, he began
to arrange them into more abstract analytic categories and subcategories, which he then
specified.
These groups and subgroups had the probable to clarify and anticipate "what was going on."
The qualities and measurements of the themes and subthemes were then designed by the
researcher. Second, the researcher connected groups and subgroups to create a more
detailed and comprehensive description of how performers employed interorganizational
ICT in building projects.
The investigator wanted to know why, when, where, how, as well as what implications an
actor had when he or she used ICT. To conclude, the researcher combined the major and
subgroups into a bigger theoretical framework. He also double-checked the interior reason
as well as steadiness, besides used theoretical sampling to fill in gaps in poorly established

categories and subcategories. Data analysis happens concurrently with data gathering,
which is a key feature of the grounded theory approach. Theoretical sampling is one of the
most common based theory methodologies. Theoretical sampling, is "[d]ata grouping driven
by principles derived from the emerging theory as well as based on the idea of'making
comparability,' with the goal of going to places, individuals, or activities that will achieve
maximum chance to explore different variants among basic ideas as well as to solidify
categories in terms of properties as well as sizes. Data collection should end when
theoretical saturation is reached. When coding, there should be no new information
emerging at this stage. The investigator was sure that the project had reached capacity after
6 months of fieldwork research since the performers were applying the ICT tender at a close
that was steady and not supposed to alteration.
There were no upcoming ideas being formed from the information at the time. After the
fieldwork, the investigator spent several months going over the data and lettering down the
story. The draft results were provided back to respondents in the field once the investigator
completed his narration. This performed a number of functions. The performers could first
consider the results. They claimed that the findings accurately matched their thoughts and
feelings. Second, the actors could consider the outcomes' confidentially. Only one actor
requested that a brief descriptive section of the story be kept private from the researcher.
We will not offer the complete tale due to the sheer space constraints of this paper; instead,
we will disclose the compressed outcomes.
Results & Discussion
Objective 1: Challenges Facing Adoption Of ICT In The Construction Industry
The use of ICT within the construction industry tends to be substantially low in comparison
with automotive and aeroscope companies. The global construction companies still lie in
the initial stages of ICT adoption and far much behind when compared to other industries.
Numerous construction industries still rely on hand-operated approaches in the completion
of communication including phones, email and faces among others. The resistance of users
to the corporate various ICT applications still present a challenge in the construction
industry.
In as much as numerous construction companies have made heavy investments and attempt
drawing from the advantages of adoption of ICT, the benefits might be limited should just
few individuals embrace and make use of ICT since the achievement of the demands of ICT
calls for substantial number of adopters in gaining enough advantages of communication
and information interchange. A firm might spend on practices pertaining to ICT even as the
employees still achieve communication through paperwork and telephonic conversations.
As such, the potential advantages of ICT communication might not be achieved adequately.
The possible productivity gains are lost should the company work with electronic as well as
hardcopy data.

As such, in as much as certain ICT projects might be technically completed, the expected
benefits are not achieved. Unsuccessful adoption of ICT within the construction industry is
very common. Shifting from paper-based to a fully automated settings calls for the users to
adopt and quickly embrace ICT.
It is agreed by Walker and Peansupap that in as much as numerous construction industries
attempt to achievement the employment benefits, such might be limited in case only few
individuals use and embrace ICT as such would call for user approval. Users are likely to
still think it is not possible despite full ICT approval, to electronically communicate with the
co-workers bypassing ICT use. Hence, the industry might lose potential productivity rises by
using automated and hardcopy data.
Jacobsson et al noted that the workers noted that more improvement practices related to
ICT would promote the competitiveness of the company. Still, they did not make efforts of
developing the ICT application. It was noted by Ding et al that the adoption process of BIM
in china among the various architect professionals substantially differed. An effective BIM
adoption strategy needs to be dependent up the critical factors affecting the purpose of use
of BIM by the architect.
It was noted by Brewer and Gajendram that a temporary project organization members
tends to be skeptical regarding the project ICT benefits and were reluctant to embrace and
as such their subsequent conduct led to an overall ICT fragmentation state. Still, the
researchers noted that differentiation leads to impaired business engagement. In as much
as ICT adoption theoretical benefits have been illustrated, achieving such benefits have
remained to be minimal in real practice. The critical challenges is noted in the aversion of
user in adoption of ICT, since it’s the real users who finally adopt the ICT resources for
optimization of the processes of work. The effect of the current economic decline in the
recent past should be balanced by capital as well as organizational resources which in the
end integrate a comprehensive optimization of the resources of ICT resulting in more
enhanced for more limited results. Adoption activity by individuals has a substantial role to
play in promoting adoption of ICT. Hence, the creation of a system for comprehension of the
factors that influence adoption of ICT is important.
Objective 2: Improving ICT Integration In Today's Construction Industry
Virtual Connection Prior To Procurement
Among the most substantial aspirations within the construction industries has been within
regard to constructing a building within a virtual environment prior to commencement of
the construction process and even prior to commencement of the procurement process
hence allowing a project’s constructability to be taken through tests. This was achieved
between 2006 and 2007 when visual simulations were developed by researchers for the
construction process using CATIA. Such an approach has allowed substantial savings to be
achieved by contractors besides allowing testing of design solutions for their efficiency as

well as viability. Such has been treated as a key step in the direction of challenges as well as
forward the available evaluation approaches which are often locked into historical
precedent which cannot be applied any longer.
Virtual prototyping refers to the use of simulation procedure in testing, evaluating as well
as modifying prototypes within the virtual environment with an aim of obviating the need
for physical models. In virtual prototyping, there is detailed analysis of CAD models for
different end user applications including manufacturability as well as application of the
results in the subsequent steps.
Virtual prototyping makes use of the simulation process in testing, evaluation as well as
modification of designed prototypes derived from conceptual design in the modification of
the final product. In the process of designing different phases of the construction, VP aids
designers in visualization of various interactive results in modification of designs thereby
allowing different tests to be performed in each and every phase of development of the
product. IN addition, it helps managers in identification of risks in programme thereby
enhancing economic competitiveness. On the other hand, rapid prototyping refers to
production of physical models though the use of computer models. In the final stages, rapid
prototyping has been exploited in the designing process of existing models. Different
prototyping technologies have been determined to various suitability as well as
effectiveness in different steps of the design cycle with respect to their relevance in design
and manufacture.
ND Modeling
Building information modeling refers to a compute based database used in designing of
building information and may contain building information on construction, management,
operations as well as maintenance. nD model however refers to an extension of building
information modeling that incorporate all design information that may be required at each
and every stage in the life cycle of the process of construction. From the nD model database,
various views may be accessed automatically. These views may correspond to conventional
design documents which include plans, sections, elevations as well as schedules. The
documents are obtained from the same database and as such they are normally well
coordinated and accurate. In cases of any changes in the model, it will be reflected
automatically into drawings thereby ensuring completeness as well as consistency of the set
documentation.
nD derives its concepts from 2D, 3D as well as 4D dimensions. It has also been established
that 3D modeling goes a long way to visualize the geometric dimensions of the model
thereby replicating such physical attributes as color or texture. The visualization is
normally a common feature in most design packages and helps in enabling simulation of
reality in all the aspects or otherwise provides a medium of rehearsal in strategic planning.
Integration of sequence of time within the visual environment with three dimensional

geometric models results in production of a 4D model. And from the 4D model, it is possible
to demonstrate the entire process involved in construction prior to its commencement.
4D models therefore assist stakeholders in defining any possible faults that may be made in
the initial stages of the project. In addition, it enables prediction of the schedule of the entire
process involved in construction. The method has received a lot of acceptance from
different practitioners in the field. 4D models have been used in many different projects
including Walt Disney Concert Hall Project in the University of Teeside’s among many other
projects. nD modeling has also been established to be building on 4D modeling through the
integration of nth number dimensional designs into a holistic model that is expected to
allow its users to portray and visualize projects in the construction process to its
completion.
Global Engineering Networks (GEN)
Companies are progressively dispersing different engineering operations in supporting
worldwide business in order to able to access global resources thereby enabling them to
attain global efficiency. On top of this, global engineering need to work extra hard in order
to cope up with changes as well as uncertainties, global competition alongside continually
changing markets and technologies. Therefore, in evolving with the surrounding
environment, different techniques of managing operations ought to be altered
fundamentally. As a result of these issues, researcher have embarked on proposing
integration of frameworks thereby presenting essential elements of global engineering
networks (GENs) from perspectives of context, capability as well as configuration. By using
three C frameworks, three patterns including efficient GEN, flexible as well as innovative
GEN.
Collaboration Virtual Teams
All the above mentioned techniques are just some of the specific methods that were
introduced in the construction industry that have been built with capabilities of ICT. In a
more specific way, literature review suggests that the most advantageous possible
strategies in adoption of ICT within the construction industry thereby enhancing
communication management as well as dissemination of information among various
organizations, stakeholders as well as actors in the project.
Reporters and researchers have therefore recommended development of collaborative
vitality in the construction process within the industry. This section of the research has
therefore allocated a section which describes phenomenon of virtual teams within the
construction industry. Virtual teams solely depends on ICT related technologies in fostering
operations and the construction industry has taken some steps in promoting business as
well as manufacturing processes that use ICT.

Objective 4
In comparison to those other industrial industries, building is a highly fragmented industry.
Several people from various organizations must work together on a short term basis in
building projects. Interorganizational communication is indeed critical in such projects in
order to aid cooperation as well as coordination. Despite the importance of communication
in construction manufacturing, the housing industry has significant communication
challenges when it comes to providing information amongst stakeholders. Frequently the
wastage of time besides cash is as a result of insufficient info and message (“deficient,
unsuitable, imprecise, unpredictable, late or a combination of them all”).
The significance of communication amongst involved organizations is projected to grow
even excess in the forthcoming. The growing complication of construction projects, for
instance, as well as the requirement for speedier outcomes, would increase the pace of
interorganizational communication. Furthermore, poor communication is considered as a
major roadblock to more inventive, interconnected building projects. In the setting of
building projects, the use of information as well as communication technology (ICT) might
provide numerous advantages in terms of boosting interorganizational communication,
collaboration, as well as coordination.
Interorganizational ICT is the term used in this study to describe ICT utilized for this
purpose. Many businesses have begun to embrace as well as employ interorganizational
ICT. Nevertheless, in building projects, the utilization of ICT crossways organizational
borders is still restricted, and it is not as productive as well as useful as it could have been.
Frequently, such applications provided little worth to construction projects as well as fell
short of expectations.
The application of ICT among organizations in construction projects appears to be
advantageous except under certain circumstances. Understanding these circumstances
could lead to more predictable, effective, and efficient ICT use in the future. We can draw
the following conclusions from previous research on the usage of inter-organizational ICT in
construction projects. Some many scientists discuss these issues, obstacles, or difficulties
which can be connected to the use of inter-organizational
Even though these studies contribute to a better knowledge of ICT usage, they do not clarify
how and why such factors affect usage or how and why factors interact. Furthermore, most
studies do not look at the changing dynamics of ICT use through time to clarify how and
why specific outcomes are achieved. Second, investigations frequently focus on
technological factors or economic implications of inter-organizational ICT use. The few case
studies that look at actual ICT use do not give a comprehensive in-depth understanding of
the process that influence how ICT is used in its social and inter-organizational context, and
As a result, more research into the mechanisms that influence the usage of inter-
organizational ICT in building projects is required. The present state of affairs, in which

businesses are beginning to embrace as well as employ inter-organizational ICT, is not
peculiar to the building projects. Over the last 25 years, organizations in different industries
have substantially engaged in intra-organizational ICT and are gradually beginning to
extend to inter-organizational ICT as fit. Cooperation, collaboration, as well as
communication within two or more organizations could be promoted by allowing, more
integrated working methods when inter-organizational ICT is used.
Nevertheless, inter-organizational ICT is usually underutilized in today's practice. ICT has
frequently fallen short of expectations because technology has not been used as planned.
The acceptance and use of inter-organizational ICT by potential users is one of the most
significant requirements for its successful implementation. Understanding the factors that
govern these elements is a critical first step toward increasing the worth of ICT and,
ultimately, enlightening future inter-organizational cooperation, coordination, as well as
communication.
“Influential models which were used in the information systems literature are - the Theory
of Reasoned Action, the Technology Acceptance Model, the extended Technology
Acceptance Model, the Motivational Model, the Theory of Planned Behaviour, a model
combining the Technology Acceptance Model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the
Model of PC Utilisation, the Innovation Diffusion Theory, the Social Cognitive Theory, and
the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. “
As a result, during the last few decades, scientists have made tremendous progress in
constructing replicas that might help anticipate ICT acceptance and use. Prevailing models,
on the other hand, have been criticized for their weak explanatory power and inconsistent
results across research in the major links between components. Quite a lot of important
restrictions of previous studies are listed here.
The key methodological views utilized in research assessing the adoption and usage of ICT:
quantitative as well as positivist views, are responsible for the majority of these problems.
The present state of affairs, in which businesses are beginning to adopt and employ
interorganizational ICT, is not peculiar to the construction sector. Over the last 25 years,
organizations in different industries have substantially engaged in intraorganizational ICT
and are gradually beginning to expand to interorganizational ICT too.
Cooperation, collaboration, as well as communication within two or more organizations can
be promoted by allowing, more unified working methods when interorganizal ICT is used.
Nevertheless, interorganizational ICT is usually underutilized in today's practice.
ICT has frequently fallen short of the expectations since technology has not been used as
planned. The adoption and use of interorganizational ICT by potential users is one of the
most significant requirements for its successful implementation. Understanding the factors
that govern these elements is a critical first step toward increasing the value of ICT and,

ultimately, enlightening future interorganizational teamwork, harmonization, as well as
communication. Considerable study has been done on personal adoption as well as the
application of ICT ever since 1970s.
Such investigations yielded a list of elements or circumstances that impacted these aspects.
From the mid-1980s forward, efforts shifted to the creation and testing of models that could
forecast ICT acceptance as well as use. The Theory of Reasoned Action, the Technology
Acceptance Model, the Extended Technology Acceptance Model, the Motivational Model, the
Theory of Planned Behaviour, a model joining the Technology Acceptance Model as well as
the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Model of PC Utilization, the Innovation Diffusion
Theory, the Social Cognitive Theory, as well as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology.
As a result, during the last few decades, scientists have made tremendous progress in
constructing models that might help anticipate ICT acceptance and use. Existing models, on
the other hand, have been criticized for their weak explanatory power and inconsistent
results across research in the major links between components. Several important
restrictions of previous studies are listed here. The central methodological views utilized in
research assessing the acceptance and usage of ICT: quantitative and positivist viewpoints,
are responsible for the majority of these problems.
Objective 5
Imbalance Between Demand And Supply Chain
The initial step that undertaken in commencement of the research project was to do an
investigation as to why new Information Communication Technology is not as often used in
majority of the construction companies. It was therefore established that there existed
imbalance on the view of suppliers and consumers of the ICT technology in the construction
sector. As such it was determined that in cases where suppliers were convinced that the
tailor that had been proposed consisting of a line of software products, the consumers of
such products showed little interest on the available software. It was therefore universally
agreed that hundred percent consensus from both parties was necessary in order to ensure
there was exclusive adoption of the available ICT tools.
Problems With Organization
It was established that the reason behind inadequate adoption of ICT technology in the
construction sector was not only as a result of insufficient software but was also as a result
of other regular factors that were regularly experience in the industry. Some of the common
reasons that explained why people did not fully adopt the ICT technologies include the
following:
High initial capital investment required to set up the new ICT technocrat

Amount of profit earned from the use of new technologies is not certain
The new technologies proved to be inflexible in their operations
It was difficult to predict on the uncertain economic situation
There were a lot of associated technical malfunctions in the use of new technologies
Difficulty in the integration of initially existing processes
Modern technologies are sometimes unreliable
There high cost of maintenance required for the modern technology machines
Modern technologies do not promote innovativeness
There is lack of feedback from the consumers
There is associated limited technical cycle associated with the use of innovative
technologies
Majority of the modern technologies are not adequately acceptable to most employees
There Is Perceived Problems Experienced By Peer Groups
There were also a significant number of the respondents that stated their companies were
adversely affected by adoption of new technologies as compared to others that stuck to the
conventional methods of production. Most of the respondents which were approximately
fifty five percent determined that their companies were using little of modern technologies
whereas there competitors accounting for about sixty nine percent were using medium
technology. It was however important to note that all respondents, suppliers as well as
consumers of ICT all expressed the urgent urge to adopt the use of modern technologies of
ICT solutions in the production processes in the near future.
Most Lucrative Technologies
Prior to determination of appropriate tools that are necessary for enhancing the use of ICT
in construction, researchers invested a lot of time investigating on the most suitable
technologies that could be used most often. A promising technology is one that is readily
available, relatively affordable as well as being easy to handle. Here, affordability refers an
ability to ensure there are returns on investment within the initial three years of
implementation. This duration is practically short but it is the standard upon which most
industries operate. So, the technologies that meet the aforementioned requirements include
modeling technologies such as 2D-CAD, 3D-CAD as well as 4D-CAD. Document management
systems together with modeling-based planning systems as well as estimating have been
established to be part of this group of technologies. There are also such technologies as
satellite enabled position models like GPS and Galileo. Integrated software like ERP systems
popular known by its brand name ASAP has also been identified. Finally there are also data
exchange systems such as project together with E-commerce all of which uses the internet.
Stages Of New Technology Introduction
The process of introducing innovative technologies are normally subdivided into five stages
which include idealization, investigation, decision making, introduction as well as

application into daily use in the industry.
Mobile Internet
Activities Reliant On Internet Availability
It should be visualized that Project web as well as E-commerce are solely reliant on internet
are as such they are non-operation in the absence of stable internet coverage. On the other
hand, document management is capable of operating in the absence of internet. However,
inclusion of internet makes it more valuable. According to the interviewed respondents, it
was established that mobile internet was the most promising innovative technology. This
necessitated performing more in-depth studies of all the possibilities that may be offered by
the use of mobile internet. It was also established that mobile internet could be used in a
number of different activities within the industry which include:
Exchanging of drawings
Exchanging of building plans
Registration of time as well as spreading of worksheets
Identification of materials
Identification of equipment
Accessing different knowledge from experts
Registration of findings from inspection processes
Internet Penetration Within The Construction Industry
In a report that was performed by Economic Institute for Building Industry, it was stated
that more that ninety percent of construction companies were using internet by 2004.
Those companies that were not exclusively using internet were barely small companies that
recruited less five employees per company. Among the institutions that were using internet,
majority of them used internet for only emailing purposes whereas eight percent of the
companies had internet connections installed within the buildings. Also, about thirty
percent of the companies were using internet for electronic commerce purposes to facilitate
trade dealings. Twenty five percent of the companies used internet connectivity in
facilitating communication with external parties who are involved in the process of
construction. In the report, it was therefore concluded that application of internet in
construction industry was growing at an alarming rate in the period between 1999 and
2004. However, it was observed that use of internet in industries was still lagging far below
the expected capacity.
Another report by the Dutch, CPB, established that there was an initial positive profit
margin in cases where internet coverage was adopted. However, lasting positive profit
margin can only be realized by adjusting the work within any organization to suit the new
technology.
The study presented herein describes an urban development that was located in a state

capital that was initiated in an action taken by city council to vacate their premises. The
developer whose design would be most the promising proposal in that particular design
competition would then sell its right to a second developer. The second developer would
then drive the drive to fruition. In addition, the seconder developers would be expected to
be co-tenants of the completed building alongside the city council. All through the
construction process, various designers and construction teams have been employed,
replaced and some were even withdrawn. Consultants have also been recruited by clients
who then nominated to head the construction process. In addition, there was a project
manager who was nominated to perform the supervisory role of liaising with developers,
contractors and different clients. Similarly, the mechanism of performing the procurement
process was modified to form a fixed optimum price in designing and construction process.
An architect was appointed for base building owing to the stiff completion that was evident.
Every tenant was however appointed their own architects who were specialized in their
different areas of specialization. A similar scenario was witnessed among specialist sub-
contractors who were assigned different tenants. The head contractor was however was
assigned the responsibility of initiating the construction management agreement.
This project also included creation of huge civic square that was being built from capital
contributed by the government. The government was therefore performing the role of
acting as tenant and financial stakeholder in the completed building. This kind of contract is
very complex and is often prone to change. An initial relation that was only found here was
that between city council and the in-house design group that eventually culminated in
constructing of a building with public access areas such as libraries and customer care units.
In addition, members of the design team stated that they had to get into several informal
contracts in an effort to maximize their probability of being chosen into the project
construction.
Benefits Of Engaging In This Supply Chain
It is important to note that majority of parties who were involved with project construction
had initially worked together in most of the previous projects. There was however only few
reference points on pre-existing strategies for the mentioned relationships. In certain
circumstances, the parties that participated in the construction did not have any absolute
right to determine the other parties that were to be chosen in future projects. Their opinion
was however very useful even though they were given informally. There was consistent
attitude among all the participants thereby maintaining a positive relationship with all the
project participants for the sake of good business sense. This was particularly useful among
the specialist sub-contractors. Formation of these alliances, even though they are not
intentional strategic motives, they have often proven to be useful in ensuring product
positive experiences.
The impacts of information communication technology was not considerably high but was

an important consideration to be made. More important factors that were put into
consideration include pricing, design as well as expertise. Basic ICT expertise capabilities
were highly relevant in this process. Majority of organizations outlined their readiness to
equip their personnel with ICT infrastructure that was being used by other partners
including CAD. For the sake of contracts, it was important to keep hardcopies for documents
as well as emails communications that were not acceptable to other parties as a valid form
of communication ad making of contract deals. The head contractor however insisted the
organization had undertaken all the appropriate measures necessary for reducing
paperwork and that the only form of communication accepted was the use of e mails. A
project platform was also established in which participants had different levels access
rights to communicated information in an effort to reduce paper trail. Accounting
procedures and pricing had also been updated to have an electronic format in the
developer’s organization. The changes resulted in reduced paperwork within the project.
Challenges Facing Application Of ICT In Supply Chain System
Some of the major barriers that have been established to be hindering application of ICT in
supply chain include legal ramification of electronic communications, lack of proper
understanding among security capabilities, ownership of intellectual items as well as
capturing or management of skills gained from project implementation. In addition, issues
such as trust and organization of ICT system in the supply chain have been identified.
Majority of the respondents noted that they were very certain that electronic
communication was a valid form of communication especially in matters to do with
exchange of documents. Ownership of patent rights was also noted to be a barrier to
electronic communication. For example, documents in the form of PDF could be exchanged
but there were not editing capacities without contacting the relevant partisans. So, the
matters of offering adequate security to intellectual property as well as risks were
important considerations to be made on electronic communication systems. Therefore,
respondents were fully aware that adoption of electronic communication could open a way
of editing received documents and signing them off without having to consult the original
publisher. Trust and control solely remained the factors that were in support retaining
written communications.
As there was continuous flow of documents, different respondents noted increasing
difficulty in keeping up to date with various project details particularly in areas where they
were working in more than one project at the same time. Adoption of ICT prioritized on
electronic storage of documents as well as coding processes. Additional barrier to electronic
communication was identified as lack of urgency in responding to communications
especially emails. It was interesting enough when one of the respondents observed that
email communications were used subversively in deliberately slowing down the supply
chain system activities through the introduction of noise as well as unnecessary
communication traffic among the relevant parties.

Some organizations had lesser technological capacities which hindered electronic
communication. The bandwidth as well as server sizes were so small that could not be able
to handle the degree of usage that the employees were expected to achieve. It was even
much harder to facilitate communication between different companies owing to the minute
technological capacity of the company.
The Future Of ICT
Most companies regarded ICT as a future dream come true in which ICT would be
exclusively used in facilitating supply chain thereby becoming a reality that is advantageous
in most construction projects. This was particularly expected to be seen in exchange of
documents. It was expected that with adoption of ICT in the future, there would be a rapid
revolution on the way documents would be completed, speed as well as efficiency with
which activities were completed. Investing in ICT was also seen as software that would
ultimately model the activities of the companies.
Majority of the respondents were people who had invested in the use of ICT in their web
based projects and therefore noted that they were a feasible means of communication.
Conclusion & Recommendation
Mandate using interorganisational ICT within the settlement: mandating the use of ICT
closer to a contractor offers clarity approximately the use of ICT. Mandating ICT isn't
perceived as some issue terrible. From the observations it follows that a few contractors do
recognize using interorganisationalnICT, others do not. The agreement is an important
steering medium and presents a guard and a normative context for ICT use all through the
challenge.
Be clear with contractors within the tendering segment approximately the important
investments: if contractors have now not blanketed the prices of putting in and the use of
interorganisational ICT, this may bring about resistance if they are faced with more prices
after the settlement is offered. Therefore, being clean gets rid of this resistance and
encourages (or steers) contractors to position cash apart for developing, imposing and
using interorganisational ICT.
Mandate sports activities to rationalise the lifeworld of agencies involved inside the
agreement: the contract can be used to steer companies in the direction of rationalisation of
lifeworld. To accumulate the blessings of interorganisational ICT, taking part organisations
need to align their running practices and to personalize interorganisational ICT to ones
practices. Time desires to be placed apart to conduct the ones activities. For example, an ICT
begin-up may be mandated within the settlement to facilitate coordination amongst taking
element agencies and to set up interorganisational ICT.

Educate collaborating establishments and actors approximately the blessings of
interorganisational ICT: due to fact the life worlds are not rationalised closer to
interorganisational ICT but, actors are regularly not aware about its capacity advantages,
which leads to resistance to its use. Educating taking component organisations
approximately interorganisational ICT, how this ICT can be used, the ability advantages and
downsides, and answers tose, reduces distorted perceptions approximately
interorganisational ICT.
Facilitate the rationalisation of lifeworld: within the subject studies interorganisational ICT
is new to actors involved. Because ofir limited know-how approximately interorganisational
ICT, and the restricted shared heritage information (i.E., lifeworlds) of actors concerned,
actors face problems ofir communicative acts and, therefore, in accomplishing information.
In our vicinity research this restrained the rationalisation of lifeworld and resulted once in a
while in beside the point decisions being made and resistance to using ICT. Rationalisation
of lifeworld need to be facilitated to avoid or reduce those problems. For example,
experienced actors must facilitate the rationalisation approach. However, in this example,
skilled actors need to facilitate communicative motion and not restrict communicative
motion through making claims of authority
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