This document discusses the potential use cases of 5G cellular technology in the construction and industrial automation industries. It begins by outlining the unique challenges of these industries, such as working in dynamic outdoor environments. It then presents several potential use cases of 5G, including autonomous machinery, 3D model presentations using augmented reality, and remote process management and controls. For each use case, the network requirements are discussed, such as bandwidth needs and latency tolerances. Finally, challenges of 5G deployment like data handling capabilities, device availability, frequency allocation, and costs are summarized along with some proposed solutions like 5G New Radio infrastructure and frame structures. The document concludes that 5G could significantly help increase automation and digital transformation in the construction sector.

1. A Review of 5G and its use Cases
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Project report for ELEC341 Spring 2022
Abstract: Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) are helping to drive a new industrial revolution that is
transforming the planet (ICTs). The construction and industrial
automation sector is one of the industry's most important ones.
The majority of the work in these industries is done on sites that
are dynamic, decentralised, time-sensitive, and characterised by
the presence of many employees, subcontractors, machines,
equipment, and supplies. Various qualities make the application
of ICTs in these sectors a major issue. Connectivity between
moving things and equipment in an industrial setting is
becoming more important as production processes become
increasingly digital. There are several advantages to using 5G
cellular services in the construction business, and this article
discusses them. There are a number of ways in which this may
be accomplished, but the most common is by first assessing the
industry's digitization and automation needs and defining
several use cases. For these application cases, 5G's major
properties are specified. A worldwide framework for 5G
technology implementation in the construction sector is also
provided in this document. Finally, some ideas for further
research are given.
Keywords: Use Cases for 5G, industrial Automation,
Digitalization, Communication.
I. INTRODUCTION
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are now
playing a larger role in manufacturing processes throughout the
globe. Business 4.0 is the name given to this new age in the industry.
However, the influence of ICTs on the construction industry has been
less than in other industries like logistics or manufacturing, owing to
the unique working circumstances. In the automation and
construction business, most of the work is done on the job site. This
is a very dynamic workplace, often outdoors, where a large number
of firms and individuals are involved at various phases of the
manufacturing process. To make matters worse, the employment of
large pieces of equipment like forklifts and loaders and potentially
harmful substances like chemicals or heavy materials makes these
workplaces challenging to manage in terms of management,
planning, and safety [1]. Workers and resources can be monitored
remotely, machines can be operated remotely, and tasks at
construction sites can be automated, all thanks to the advent of new
information and communication technologies (ICTs) that make it
possible to monitor workers and resources, operate machinery
remotely, and automate tasks at construction sites. Emerging
technologies for digitalized automation and construction pave the
door to what is known as industrial digitalization 4.0 [2].
ICT deployment in the construction business is difficult
because of the industry's unique requirements. In this study, we
examine the telecommunications sector's needs and restrictions for
network deployment. To begin, the dispersed and, in certain
instances, distant nature of labour sites makes them stand out.
A worker's working environment might significantly differ
depending on where they are located. This case demonstrates
the need of using technology that has a diverse range of
coverage.
As a second point, building projects have a strict timetable.
As a result, the amount of time and money needed to establish
telecommunications technology at a certain workplace is
likewise restricted. Third, there are several resources and
environmental aspects that may be monitored at construction
sites, such as materials, equipment, or machinery. This need a
technology capable of supporting a high number of devices. As
an additional need, a lot of bandwidth is needed to provide
high-definition video monitoring. In addition, work sites are
dynamic places where people and gear are always moving.
Furthermore, as the project continues, the situation may
radically shift, moving from an entirely outside to an interior
one. As a result, a strong technology that can adapt to the
changing conditions is required. A high degree of
dependability and availability, as well as extremely low
latency communications, are critical for automating jobs
involving the remote control of heavy equipment on
construction sites [3].
As of yet, there are just a few of projects that have focused
on 5G networks' potential to improve construction monitoring,
control, and automation. In addition, these studies concentrate
on just a few specialised applications of 5G in building, rather
than giving a comprehensive answer to the issue. An accident-
prevention system for construction sites using 4K cameras was
presented in Reference [4]. The use of 5G networks for remote
control of machines was also discussed. There was an
overview of how 5G may affect construction management
apps in [5]. However, this study did not deal with the whole
scope of the building industry's challenges. When writing
about IoT applications, most writers didn't think about how
much of this industry is already automated. Although the major
benefits of 5G were discussed, no particular 5G features were
suggested to meet the demands of the construction industry's
automation.
Using 5G technology in the construction automation
industry has several advantages, according to this report. As
far as they're aware, Construction 4.0's primary features and
applications have never been so clearly defined. Construction
4.0's use cases are initially established in this manner. Using
telecommunications technology, the needs, features, and limits
of each use case are delineated. In response to these use cases,
the essential features and functions of future 5G mobile
networks are outlined. The integration of 5G mobile networks

2. into the construction industry is suggested in a high-level
system design [6].
Finally, the research community must address some of the
issues raised by the implementation of 5G networks in the built
environment.
Figure 1: Construction Layer for RAMI 4.0 for Communication
The industrial automation technological landscape,
architecture, and market potential are all discussed in Section II.
With the support of 3GPP-agreed industrial automation use cases
and communication needs for 5G. We'll wrap things off with a
look at industrial automation's system models and important
communication aspects [7].
II. USE CASES IN CONSTRUCTION AND
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
To address the difficulty of automating the construction
industry via digital transformation, this section presents many use
cases that may be applied to the construction sector. These use
cases include those components of the building process that may
be aided by the deployment of 5G, such as site preparation.
Throughout this paper, we will take many interconnected use cases
from the construction and automation industries as a starting point
and then go into further depth about them.
I. AUTONOMOUS MACHINARY
Robotic operators or self-driving cranes and remotely operated
equipment like bulldozers and excavators are examples of
autonomous machinery in the first use case. In real time, these
devices collect data such as visual pictures or physical
measurements from their surroundings. The actions to be taken by
this apparatus are determined based on the information gathered.
A control centre or the machine itself often makes decisions in the
case of autonomous items. That choice is normally taken by an
operator in the case of remotely operated equipment. At work
sites, this form of technology avoids employees from being
exposed to harmful circumstances and environments because
operators may manage machines from a safe distance. Automated
technology eliminates the possibility of human mistake.
Additional benefits include enhancing productivity and
sustainability via energy savings and work efficiency, as well as
improving coordination of various activities [8].
Mission-critical communications applications include
remotely operated and autonomous machines.
These applications need a rapid exchange of information
between the machinery and the entity making decisions. If
there is a breakdown in communication or a delay in receiving
data, fatal accidents may occur. Due to this use case's high need
for low latency, 99.9999% service availability, and 106
communication dependability, the primary difficulties are: low
latency transmission and reception between 1 and 10 ms; high
service availability, 99.9999% service availability; and the
necessity for a secure connection. To properly process video
data from linked machines, you'll need a lot of bandwidth, at
least 10 Mbps per connected device.
II. 3D MODEL PRESENTATION
It is the purpose of this use case to demonstrate how
Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) may be
used to offer an on-site view of construction blueprints.
Additionally, the integration of these methodologies with
Building Information Modeling is considered in this use case
(BIM). It will be able to add extra information to the animation
created by AR and VR services, such as work planning,
material pricing, or the characteristics of the various building
pieces, in order to enhance the overall experience. This has the
potential to significantly simplify the scheduling of
construction jobs while also lowering the likelihood of making
execution mistakes [7].
The difficulties encountered in this use case are first and
foremost linked with the need to broadcast high-quality video
in real time. As a result, a high bandwidth of around 25 Mbps
per device [8] is required. For the second time, a latency of less
than 10 milliseconds is necessary in order to give consumers
with a feeling of realism in AR and VR.
III. PROCESS MANAGEMENT AND CONTROLS
This use case focuses on managing building operations
digitally and automatically. Concrete setting, welding, robotic
arm handling, self-driving cars, etc. are all examples of
processes that may be improved. Sensor networks, IP cameras,
and drones will be utilised to capture 4K video pictures in real
time. In addition to saving time and money, this data will
improve productivity and the end product's quality while
preventing short- and long-term issues. Delay in concrete
setting might cause difficulties such as fractures in the
structure. Waiting too long causes time loss and hence
inefficient construction. Sensors may aid in this case by
monitoring the concrete's composition as well as its setting
time. The supply chain may also benefit from better control
over resources and job status. The data acquired might assist
place timely material orders and avoid delays in task planning.
Finally, this form of surveillance may help prevent material
and equipment thefts. An extensive workplace network is
required to suit the use case's needs. A large bandwidth,
roughly 25 Mbps per device [9], is also needed to send the
video pictures with excellent quality in this situation. Drones
may be controlled remotely with a 1-10 ms delay.

3. IV. POSSIBLE CHALLENGES AND PROPOSED
SOLUTIONS
Here are some basic issue generally discuss for the
deployment of 5G to digitalize industry.
A. DATA HANDALING
5G networks must address dramatic increases in traffic flow.
Previously, data handovers to law enforcement were normally
around 1 Gbps, but today they may be up to 5-10 Gbps, with
rigorous latency constraints. Interception and handover of high-
bandwidth user traffic is hindered by a TCP connection's
theoretical limit of 1.47 Gbps, which in reality drops to about 1.2
Gbps even under perfect network circumstances [8].
While UDP provides faster throughput than TCP, its inability
to retry missed packets for guaranteed delivery makes it unsuitable
for real-time communications. To circumvent this constraint, SS8
has created the capacity to aggregate numerous TCP connections,
which is available on both the Xcipio mediation platform for CSPs
and the Intellego XT legal intelligence platform for law
enforcement agencies (LEAs). Also, SS8 is developing the ability
to cache and filter out auxiliary material like Hulu or Netflix while
still delivering metadata summary information.
B. CAPABLE DEVICE’s
5G-enabled smartphones and other gadgets are already
creating a lot of hype. Their availability will be determined by the
cost of production and the speed of network deployment.
Manufacturers have indicated that 5G-compatible mobile handsets
will be available in 2019. Similarly, limited autonomous car
technology is available now, but completely driverless vehicles
remain years away. They are waiting for 5G rollout since they
would be blind without it [10].
The Internet of Things (IoT) idea relies too much on a fast
network to connect objects and services. Analysts expect 5G to
deliver on that promise, but users will first want to see how the
extra speed will improve their lives.
C. FREQUENCY BAND ALLOCATION
Unlike 4G LTE, which uses existing frequencies below 6GHz,
5G needs frequencies up to 300GHz. Some bands, dubbed
mmWaves, may transmit 20 times more data than LTE's
theoretical maximum.
Wireless providers must still vie for higher spectrum bands as
they create and deploy 5G networks. By December 2018, bidding
on the 28GHz spectrum had reached $690 million (€615 million).
D. NETWORK DEPLOYMENT
The increased speed and capacity of 5G will need additional
infrastructure. High-frequency radio waves may be focused or
pointed, a process called beamforming. Although 5G antennas can
handle more users and data, they can only beam out across shorter
distances.
Because 5G antennas and base stations will be smaller, more
will need to be mounted on buildings or residences to make up for
the decreased range. Repeaters will be needed to spread out the
waves and expand range while retaining speed in highly populated
regions. As a result, carriers will likely continue to employ lower-
frequency bands until the 5G network develops [11].
E. BUILD AND BUYING COST FOR 5G
It is costly to construct a network; carriers will obtain the
funds necessary to do so by raising consumer revenue. In the
same way that LTE plans had a higher initial cost, it is likely
that 5G plans will have a comparable pricing. Moreover, it isn't
simply adding a layer on top of an existing network; it is also
laying the framework for the creation of something entirely
new.
Mobile Operator 5G Capex estimates that worldwide
investment on 5G would reach $88 billion (€78.4 billion) by
2023, with the majority of the money going to the United
States. Particularly important will be the ability to link specific
device segments in whole new ways once it becomes
commercially feasible, such as automobiles, appliances,
robotics, and municipal infrastructure [7].
V. 5G DATA PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
A. 5G NR FOR INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
5G NR is often referred to as New Radio. Using 5G cells
for signalling and data transmission is referred to as the
standalone (SA) mode of 5G New Radio (NR) technology. In
instead of depending on the 4G Evolved Packet Core, it
contains the new 5G packet core design, which allows the
deployment of 5G without the need for an LTE infrastructure
[12].
I. NR NETWORK STRUCTURE
However, while a 5G radio frame is designed to be 10
milliseconds in length with a 1 millisecond subframe period,
NR provides the opportunity for slot-based scheduling in
which each slot contains 14 OFDM symbols, with a scalable
slot duration depending on the subcarrier spacing - slot
duration = 1ms/2 with =1,2,4,8, etc. Figure 4 depicts two
different frame structure choices with n=4 and n=8
respectively. Additionally, NR enables non-slot based
scheduling, which takes the form of mini-slots with 7, 4, or 2
OFDM symbols to accommodate applications requiring ultra-
low latency [13].
Figure 2: NR Network Frame Structure
II. ISOCHRONOCITY
5G must provide sub-second synchronization between 50-
100 UEs [14]. Deterministic delay feature is required for high
precision time reference distribution (1µs) in transceiver

4. hardware. The high precision synchronization requirements of
Ethernet [14].
For example, need particular hardware. Synchronization
needs symmetric or known bidirectional delays. There should be a
baseband compensation for the differences in transceiver delays
between the two sides (base station and terminal). More exactly, the
isochronous action may be enabled by two factors:
 The accurate common time reference provided in band.
 More Accurate over the Air (OTA).
VI. APPLICATIONS
This block contains all the applications described for
Construction 4.0 automation, digitalization, and process
optimization. This block has numerous inputs. Worker safety
applications may leverage high-quality video pictures, gas
concentration, humidity, and temperature data. This environmental
data may be utilized for waste management or building process
management. Applications like remote machine control and AR
utilize accurate location data and high-quality photos. This apps will
utilise these input data to automate decision-making, anticipate
future site conditions, identify and diagnose issues, or generate
statistics. Data analytics methods like regression and time series
analysis will be used together with AI approaches like machine
learning, neural networks and reinforcement learning. These
applications' outputs may be applied directly to construction site
components, such as remote-control orders or worker safety sirens
that should notify employees to a potential risk. In other
circumstances, the apps' results will help better manage building
projects and site resources. Applications may leverage cloud, fog,
and edge computing to execute these tasks. These technologies will
be useful for applications that require to manage enormous volumes
of data or have great processing capability.
VII. CONCLUSION
Due to the nature of the construction industry and the limits of
current communications networks, this sector has a low degree of
automation and digitalization. The forthcoming 5G technology was
seen as a key facilitator for industry automation. This technology
strives to cater to a broad range of services with varying needs. This
study presents a detailed overview of the advantages of adopting 5G
networks in building. First, distinct use cases for automation and
digitalization of this industry were established, recognizing the
problems they bring for communications network deployment. The
essential aspects of 5G networks for the construction sector were then
outlined. These features include network slicing, MC, V2X
communications, and massive MIMO. The ITU-R has identified three
service categories: eMBB, mMTC, and URLLC. A high-level
network design with five aspects (information sources, 5G network,
data processing, applications, and network management) was
presented to allow 5G network integration in development. Finally,
future work lines were defined. On the one hand, the usage of 5G
networks in building areas may cause issues.
These issues revolve on network security and privacy, as
well as the usage of low-powered devices.
However, the necessity for further apps that offer automation
and digitalization of this sector, as well as algorithms that enable
proper 5G network management in these circumstances, was
emphasized.
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