2. 2
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. What is additive manufacturing?
Functional principle
Advantages & disadvantages
Applications
3. AM Processes
4. Present conditions
5. AM - FutureAspects
6. Gaps & needs
7. Recommendations
8. Conclusion
3. 3
Introduction
Manufacturing is a process in which raw materials are
transformed into finished goods.
Additive Manufacturing
• Technology that can make anything.
• Eliminates many constraints imposed by conventional
manufacturing
• Leads to more market opportunities.
• Increased applications such as 3D faxing sender scans a
3D object in cross sections and sends out the digital
image in layers, and then the recipient receives the
layered image and uses an AM machine to fabricate the
3D object.
4. What is Additive Manufacturing?
4
The process of joining materials to make objects from three-
dimensional (3D) model data, usually layer by layer
Commonly known as “3D printing”
Manufacturing components with virtually no geometric limitations or
tools.
AM uses an additive process
Design for manufacturing to manufacturing for design
Distinguished from traditional subtractive machining techniques
5. Functional principle
The system starts by applying a thin layer of the powder material to the
building platform.
Apowerful laser beam then fuses the powder at exactly the points
defined by the computer-generated component design data.
Platform is then lowered and another layer of powder is applied.
Once again the material is fused so as to bond with the layer below at
the predefined points. 5
6. 6
ADVANTAGES
Freedom of design
Complexity for free
Potential elimination of tooling
Lightweight design
Elimination of production steps
DISADVANTAGES
Slow build rates
High production costs
Considerable effort required for application design
Discontinuous production process
Limited component size.
7. 7
Applications
AM has been used across a diverse array of
industries, including;
Automotive
Aerospace
Biomedical
Consumer goods and many others
8. 8
AM processes are classified into seven categories
1) V
at Photopolymerisation/Steriolithography
2) Material Jetting
3) Binder jetting
4) Material extrusion
5) Powder bed fusion
6) Sheet lamination
7) Directed energy deposition
9. Vat photopolymerization/Steriolithography
9
• Laser beam traces a cross-section of the part pattern on
the surface of the liquid resin
• SLA's elevator platform descends
• A resin-filled blade sweeps across the cross section of the
part, re-coating it with fresh material
• Immersed in a chemical bath
Stereolithography requires the use of supporting structures
10. Material Jetting
10
• Drop on demand method
• The print head is positioned above build platform
• Material is deposited from a nozzle which moves
horizontally across the build platform
• Material layers are then cured or hardened using
ultraviolet (UV) light
• Droplets of material solidify and make up the first layer.
• Platform descends
• Good accuracy and surface finishes
11. Binder Jetting
• Aglue or binder is jetted from an inkjet style print head
• Roller spreads a new layer of powder on top of the previous
layer
• The subsequent layer is then printed and is stitched to the
previous layer by the jetted binder
• The remaining loose powder in the bed supports overhanging
structures
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12. Material Extrusion/FDM
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• Fuse deposition modelling (FDM)
• Material is drawn through a nozzle, where it is heated and is then
deposited layer by layer
• First layer is built as nozzle deposits material where required onto
the cross sectional area.
• The following layers are added on top of previous layers.
• Layers are fused together upon deposition as the material is in a
melted state.
13. Powder Bed Fusion
• Selective laser sintering (SLS)
• Selective laser melting (SLM)
• Electron beam melting (EBM)
No support structures required
PROCESS
• Alayer, typically 0.1mm thick of material
is spread over the build platform.
• The SLS machine preheats the bulk powder
material in the powder bed
• Alaser fuses the first layer
• Anew layer of powder is spread.
• Further layers or cross sections are fused
and added.
• The process repeats until the entire model is
created.
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14. Sheet Lamination
• Metal sheets are used
• Laser beam cuts the contour of each layer
• Glue activated by hot rollers
PROCESS
1. The material is positioned in place
on the cutting bed.
2. The material is bonded in place, over
the previous layer, using the
adhesive.
3. The required shape is then cut from
the layer, by laser or knife.
4. The next layer is added.
14
15. Directed Energy Deposition
• Consists of a nozzle mounted on a multi axis arm
• Nozzle can move in multiple directions
• Material is melted upon deposition with a laser or electron
beam
PROCESS
1. A4 or 5 axis arm with nozzle moves
around a fixed object.
2. Material is deposited from the nozzle onto
existing surfaces of the object.
3. Material is either provided in wire or
powder form.
4. Material is melted using a laser, electron
beam or plasma arc upon deposition.
5. Further material is added layer by layer
and solidifies, creating or repairing new
material features on the existing object. 15
16. 16
Present Condition & Trends
TechnologyAnd Research
• The model data, usually in stereolithography (STL) format, is first
decomposed into a series of 2D, finitely thick cross sections, which
are then fed into anAM machine.
• Used directly and indirectly to produce prototype parts
• Reduce manufacturing and product costs
University–Industry Collaboration and Technology Transfer
More and more companies have begun usingAM technology to;
• Reduce time-to-market
• Increase product quality
• Improve product performance
• Costs
17. 17
• Metal-based AM processes have recently emerged in industrial
applications for manufacturing items such as automotive engines,
aircraft assemblies, power tools, and manufacturing tools including
jigs, fixtures, and drill guides
EducationAnd Training
• Educating the general public about AM empowers people to build
what they dream.
• FormalAM education has already been integrated into curricula at
different levels.
• Educational materials on rapid prototyping have long been a part of
manufacturing engineering courses
18. 18
AM - Future Aspects
TechnologyAnd Research
• “ Third industrial revolution “
• The cost effective mass customization of complex products
• Reduced material waste and energy consumption
• Adapt new product designs without the additional expenses
• In the biomedical field,AM can be used to fabricate tissue scaffolds
that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and bio-absorbable
Education & Training
• AM holds great potential for promoting science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education
• The availability of low-cost 3D printing equipment is creating the
opportunity for AM-enabled, hands-on labs in primary, secondary,
and postsecondary schools across the nation
20. 20
Material
• Intensive materials research and development is needed
• In metallurgy, it takes about 10 years to develop a new alloy, including the
determination of various critical properties such as fatigue strength. This
time frame also applies to developing new materials forAM
• Even with existing materials, advancements are needed
Design
• V
ariousAM-oriented design tools must be developed
• CAD systems should be re-invented to overcome its limitations
Modeling, Sensing, Control, and Process Innovation
• Difficult to predict the microstructures and fatigue properties resulting from
AM processes
• The sensing ofAM processes may require fast in situ measurements of the
temperature, cooling rate, and residual stress
Characterization and Certification
• Real production environments and practices are much more rigorous
than those for prototyping purposes.
• The existing AM systems are still predominantly based on rapid
prototyping machine architectures
21. University–Industry Collaboration and Technology
Transfer.
21
• To compete with conventional mass production processes,AM
technology must advance significantly in order to drastically reduce
the cost of fabrication, improve the performance of fabricated parts
• The price of materials for AM would need to drop substantially in
order to achieve sufficient return on investment to make AM for
mass production a reality
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Education & Training
While numerousAM education resources and training materials are
available, there is still no readily applicable, proven model forAM
education and training
Taking full advantage ofAM will require;
• Educating the current workforce
• Recruiting a new generation of students
• Developing proper design tools
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Recommendations
Technology and Research.
Materials
• Development of new materials forAM processes
• Formation and mixing of materials in desired forms and with desired properties
Design
• Methods and tools for simultaneous multifunctional
• Product design andAM process design
Modeling
• Robust physics-based mathematical models of temperature, stress etc.
• Prediction of microstructures and fatigue properties resulting from extreme
heating and cooling rates inAM processes
Sensing and control
• Fast-response sensors for detecting defects and phase transformations
• Integrated real time sensing and closed-loop control ofAM processes
• The production costs, manufacturing time, and part defects must be reduced
drastically in order forAM to become hugely successful.
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University–Industry Collaboration and Technology
Transfer
• Collaborations incentivized by federal funding programs
• Increased federal research and development (R&D) support
Education and Training
Teaching Factory
In the teaching factory, students are exposed directly to a
manufacturing enterprise where they design products to meet
customer needs and manufacture their designed products for the
market.
Other Training Efforts
Promotion of public awareness
Use of the Internet
Establishment of publicly accessibleAM facilities
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CONCLUSION
• The process of joining materials to make objects from three-
dimensional (3D) model data, usually layer by layer
• Traditional subtractive machining techniques rely on the removal of
material by methods such as cutting or milling
• Has many advantages over traditional manufacturing processes
• Seven processes ofAM
• AM is on the verge of shifting from a pure rapid prototyping
technology
• Manufacturing metal components with virtually no geometric
limitations or tools offers new ways to increase product performance
or establish new processes and revenue streams
27. 27
References
Base Journal ; Additive Manufacturing: Current State, Future Potential, Gaps and
Needs, and Recommendations
1. ASTM, 2009, ASTM International Committee F42 on Additive
Manufacturing Technologies,ASTM F2792–10 Standard Terminology for
Additive Manufacturing Technologies,ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
2. Wohlers Associates, Inc., 2013, Wohlers Report 2013: Additive
Manufacturing and 3D Printing State of the Industry, Wohlers Associates,
Fort Collins, CO.
3. Bourell, D. L., Beaman, J. J., Leu, M. C., and Rosen, D. W., 2009, “ABrief
History of Additive Manufacturing and the 2009 Roadmap for Additive
Manufacturing: Looking Back and Looking Ahead,” Proceedings of
RapidTech 2009: US-TURKEY Workshop on Rapid Technologies, Istanbul,
Turkey, Sept. 24–25, pp. 1–8.
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5. Wikipedia
