2. 22
WWhhaatt iiss PPoollyymmeerr??
• “Polymer” word is derived from Greek roots
“Poly” meaning many and “Meros”
meaning parts.
• Definition :
Polymers are long chain organic
molecules assembled from many smaller
molecules called as monomers.
3. 33
• Copolymer :
Polymers formed from two or
more different monomers are called as
copolymers.
- [A – B – A – B – A – B] –
• Homopolymer :
Polymers formed from bonding of
identical monomers are called as
homopolymers.
- [A – A – A – A – A] -
4. 44
CCLLAASSSSIIFFIICCAATTIIOONN
A. Based on origin :
a) Natural Polymers :
e.g. Proteins – Collagen, Keratin, Albumin
Carbohydrates – starch, cellulose,
glycogen.
DNA, RNA
b) Synthetic Polymers :
e.g. polyesters, polyanhydrides, polyamides.
B. Based on Bio-stability :
a) Bio-degradable Polymers :
e.g. polyesters, proteins, carbohydrates, etc
b) Non – biodegradable Polymers :
e.g. ethyl cellulose, HPMC, acrylic polymers, silicones.
5. 55
C. Based on Reaction mode of Polymerization :
a) Addition Polymers :
Here, the monomer molecules bond to
each other without the loss of any other
atoms.
e.g. Alkene monomers
b) Condensation Polymers :
Usually two different monomers combine
with the loss of small molecule, usually water.
e.g. polyesters, polyamides.
6. 66
D. Based on Interaction with Water :
a) Non – biodegradable Hydrophobic Polymers :
These are inert compounds and are eliminated
intact from the site of application.
e.g. polyethylene – vinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride.
b) Hydrogels :
They swell but do not dissolve when brought in
contact with water.
e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
c) Soluble Polymers :
These are moderate mol. wt uncross-linked
polymers that dissolve in water.
e.g. HPMC, PEG
d) Biodegradable Polymers :
These slowly disappear from the site of
administration in response to a chemical reaction such as
hydrolysis.
e.g. Polyacrylic acid. Polyglycolic acid.
7. 77
AApppplliiccaattiioonnss iinn CCoonnvveennttiioonnaall
DDoossaaggee FFoorrmmss
• Tablets :
- As binders
- To mask unpleasant taste
- For enteric coated tablets
• Liquids :
- Viscosity enhancers
- For controlling the flow
• Semisolids :
- In the gel preparation
- In ointments
• In transdermal Patches
8. 88
AApppplliiccaattiioonnss IInn CCoonnttrroolllleedd
DDrruugg DDeelliivveerryy
• Reservoir Systems
- Ocusert System
- Progestasert System
- Reservoir Designed Transdermal Patches
• Matrix Systems
• Swelling Controlled Release Systems
• Biodegradable Systems
• Osmotically controlled Drug Delivery
9. 99
A. Reservoir System :
Ocusert System :
- Novel means of controlled ocular drug delivery
- Used for max 7 days treatment of Glaucoma
- Consists of core reservoir of pilocarpine &
alginic acid sandwiched between two sheets
of transparent, lipophillic, rate controlling
membrane of ethylene-vinyl acetate
copolymer.
- Inserted in cul-de-sac, lachrymal fluid enters the
system and the dissolved drug slowly gets
released through polymeric membrane.
10. 1100
Progestasert system :
- Used for once-a-year contraception
- Consists of drug saturated liquid medium
encapsulated in a polymeric
membrane.
- Progesterone is released at a constant
rate of 65 μg/day.
- Polymers used are :
Silicone elastomers, polyethylene,
ethylene-vinyl acetate.
12. 1122
Transdermal Patches :
- Drug is sandwiched between drug
impermeable backing and drug
permeable rate controlling polymer.
e.g. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
- In the reservoir, drug is dispersed in solid
polymer matrix.
e.g. Polyisobutylene
- On the external surface, there should
be adhesive polymer.
e.g. Silicone Polymer, Polyacrylates.
14. 1144
BB.. OOssmmoottiiccaallllyy CCoonnttrroolllleedd DDrruugg
DDeelliivveerryy SSyysstteemm
• Drug is coated with semi-permeable
polymer
e.g. Cellulose acetate.
• Water generates osmotic
pressure gradient by
permeating through semi-permeable
membrane.
• Due to that drug pumps
out of delivery orifice over
a prolonged time at a
defined rate.
15. 1155
CC.. BBiiooddeeggrraaddaabbllee SSyysstteemm
• Mainly used for parenteral controlled drug
delivery.
• Drug is encapsulated in biodegradable
microcapsules which are suspended in
aqueous / oleaginous medium and injected
subcutaneously or intra-muscularly.
• Polymers used for microcapsules are :
Gelatin, dextran, polylactate, lactide –
glycolide copolymer.
• The release of drug is controlled by the rate
of bio-degradation of polymer.
16. 1166
DD.. MMaattrriixx SSyysstteemmss
• Drug particles are enclosed in a matrix
environment formed by cross-linking of
polymer chains.
• For the drug to get released, it has to be first
dissolved in surrounding polymer and then
diffuse through the polymer structure.
• Polymers used are :
polyalkyls, polyvinyls, etc.
• Example – Nitroglycerine releasing system for
prophylaxis or treatment of angina pectoris.
17. 1177
EE.. SSwweelllliinngg CCoonnttrroolllleedd RReelleeaassee
SSyysstteemmss
• Drug is enclosed in a collapsible drug
compartment inside a rigid, shape-retaining
housing.
• The shape between external housing and drug
compartment contains laminate of swellable,
hydrophillic cross-linked polymer.
e.g. polyhydroxyalkyl methacrylate.
• This polymer absorbs GI fluid through annular
openings in the bottom of housing.