Mary And Max Essay

Mary And Max Essay
Mary and Max The first time I saw Mary and Max, I didn't like it as it made me very sad. Mary and
Max is a very deep bittersweet film about the friendship of two very incomplete souls. It brought
tears to my eyes. The second and subsequent times I watch it, I begin to understand the film a little
better and are made more aware of people with mental illness and their world. This world is a rather
cruel place. When people do not fully understand something, they prefer to take the cognitive
shortcut and just brush off the complicated grey areas. In general, people prefer to look the other
way rather than face the awkwardness to deal with individuals who they deemed as "incomplete".
Mary and Max is about the unlikely friendship between an 8–year old girl who lives in Melbourne
and a 44–year old man in New York. They both have their degrees of instability. Their friendship
started when Mary got Max's name and address from a phone book at the post office and writes to
Max to ask him where babies comes from in New York. This started a friendship that lasts decades.
Max is a 6 feet 352 pounds obese man. He goes to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Max would have accepted his shortcomings and have the freedom of will to change for the better.
It's just that people and society in general are not so aware of the many types of disorders and that
help is available. Max is just unfortunate that he is an orphan and did not have anyone to help him.
Mr Erikson say that the Identity vs Role Confusion stage usually ends when the teenager is aged 25
to 30 but underlying causes of each development crisis. Mr Erikson also tends to be somewhat
vague about the difference experiences and events that mark the difference between success and
failure at each stage. Also, the theory lacks any object way to determine if a person has "passed" or
"failed" a particular stage of
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Anna O And The First Of Five People
Anna O was one of the first of five people to be analyzed by Freud. Her real name was Bertha
Pappenheim. She took care of her dying father, whom with she was very close. It was after her
father's death that she developed psychosomatic symptoms and started showing signs of bigger
issues. She developed a severe nervous cough, loss of appetite, weakness and anemia. She continued
to develop new symptoms as the years went by. She developed a severe optic headache and lost the
ability to move her head which led to a paralysis of both of her arms. She also developed mental
issues with schizophrenic type states in which she would become extremely agitated. Hallucinations
also plagued Anna for some time. Her symptoms grew to affect her vision, a loss of ability to focus
her attention, more extreme hallucinations, and a number of suicidal attempts (Hurst, 1982).
Anna was treated by a physician name Josef Breuer for hysterical illnesses, who contacted Freud
after he discovered the psychosis that was present in Anna. Freud believed that the unconscious
mind is what drove Anna to develop symptoms of psychosis. At this point an analyst named Jung
became interested in Anna's situation. Freud's view of the unconscious is on a personal level, while
Jung believes it is a collective view. According to Freud personal unconscious adopts repressed and
forgotten experiences of one particular individual. It contains repressed infantile memories and
impulses, forgotten events and experiences that

Carl Jung's Collective Unconscious
The three pound ball of neurons floating carefully encased within the confinement of the human
skull is surely sheltered from all previous knowledge and understanding of human experience;
perhaps not as collective unconscious, a theory proposed by psychologist Carl Jung, argues
memories may transcend time–defying traditional thought (Saladin 70). Jung makes a bold claim
with his hypothesis in his new found concept, collective unconscious, however it is not without flaw
or even remotely impermeable to counter arguments. This theory asserts that there are "archetypes"
or fundamentally instincts and memories passed down to all humans (939). Jung's collective
unconscious is in gross neglect of following proper scientific method, taking information ... Show
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A simple assessment of his language used is the first indication that Jung has already made up his
mind that his hypothesis is no longer a question of fact, but that of truth. "We are dealing with a
reactivated archetype, as I have elsewhere called these primordial images..It is not a question of
inherited ideas, but of inherited thought patterns. In view of these facts..." is a sentence that Jung
summarizes his whole idea (939). There is no taste of potential error, or any inkling that there may
be any other explanation. In this quote Jung asserts his "archetype", which are completely still in
question as already a truth and furthers his claim as substantiating the whole idea as "fact". It would
be no overstatement to say Jung is guilty of focusing on information that supports his opinion, while
carefully dancing around observable errors (Ruggiero

Relationship Between Shared And Personal Knowledge
Would it be possible to group areas of knowledge in order to create shared knowledge which
replaces personal knowledge? While looking into the arts and human sciences as areas of
knowledge, one will see that the relationship between shared and personal knowledge is actually
bidirectional, since they both shape one another. In Theory of Knowledge (ToK), knowledge is
classified into two groupings: personal and shared. Personal knowledge can be referred to as
individual experiences albeit shared knowledge is highly structured, relying on the systemic
knowledge of several individuals. As a real life example, I will be discussing the interpretation of art
as well as the Jung archetypes and collective subconscious. From these examples, we can question
how personal knowledge does not triumph shared knowledge or vice–versa, but instead we can view
how both personal and shared knowledge work together to shape one another. Art shapes the way in
which both shared and personal knowledge is provided through the use of interpretation. Thus,
proving how interconnected these two spheres are more similar. While looking at the arts, there is
often an interpretation in order to show a bidirectional relationship between shared knowledge and
personal knowledge. An artist' work is a product of many ways of knowing such as imagination and
sense perception. Sometimes, art is tactile, such as the interpretation of American Sign Language
(ASL). Though these people do not have the ability to hear, through sound waves, they can feel
sound vibrations. In a way, this shared knowledge shaped personal knowledge due to the fact that it
provides those who cannot hear with personal knowledge. This example can be related to a Vox
YouTube video that I watched called "How sign language interpreters are bringing music to the
deaf." Vox interviews Amber Galloway Gallego, an ASL interpreter that specializes in interpreting
music and has done interpretations for over 400 artists like Adele and Kendrick Lamar. She
translates from a hearing centric world, into a visual one such as when there is a lower sound such as
a base, she does her signing lower and when there is a higher sound, her signing goes up, using her
facials to interpret the sounds.

Archetype Analysis of Lord of the Flies
Abstract: William Golding won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983, for his first writing Lord of
the Flies, in which symbolism is wildly used and attributes lots of symbolic meanings to the
characters and events. The story thus becomes vivid and profound.
This paper aims at using Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung's collective unconscious and
archetypal theories to interpret the archetypes of characters, natural scenes and themes.
Key words: symbolism, Lord of the Flies, collective unconscious, archetypal theory
0. Introduction
Lord of the Flies is the masterpiece of William Golding. With its medium size, the author exerts his
imagination and creativity, and successfully produces plenty of vivid and appropriate symbols,
which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus he matches with the title of being a hero.
2) Archetype of demon
The antagonist in this novel, Jack, is the archetype of demon. Jack is described by Golding as "tall,
thin, and bony; and his hair was red beneath the black cap. His face was crumpled and freckled, and
ugly without silliness. Out of this face stared two light blue eyes, frustrated now, and turning, or
ready to turn, to anger" (251). His eyes are always used in the novel to depict his emotions, as they
are above. His appearance leaves a bad impression on our readers. He seems to be crazy in hunting
pigs, which turns worse and worse in a situation far away from the civilized society. Gradually, he
becomes an animal without reason, so that sometimes he will disguise himself by the mixture of red,
white and black dirt, like a barbarian. "In the beginning of the story Jack, still conditioned by the
previous society he had been a part of, could not bear to kill a pig that was caught in the brush. As
the plot progresses he becomes less and less attached to any social norms" (Li Xin 104). As structure
breaks down, Jack forms his own separate sect separating from Ralph and the rest of the group. In
the end, he breaks Piggy's glasses and leads the others towards Piggy's murder. He brings the boys
into mass hysteria and eventually hunts Ralph down like an animal. Not seeming to care about being
rescued,

Archetypes In One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest
Ken Kesey's, One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest, is a suspenseful composition with an undertone
theme of the fact that society is controlled and that the physical perception does not determine the
stature of a person. The protagonist, Chief Bromden, is a perfect example of a victim of this theme.
Chief Bromden, immaturely nicknamed "Chief Broom" because the aides (or black boys) make him
sweep the halls, narrates the story. Although he says that he is telling the story about "the hospital,
and her, and the guys–and about McMurphy," he is showing us the real view of people as opposed to
the character they try to portray. When the novel begins, Bromden is paranoid, bullied, and
surrounded much of the time by the fog that represents his want ... Show more content on
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The collective Unconscious is literally the unconscious part of your mind that exhibits your natural
reactions and behavior.
All characters in the book major or minor have been able to display behavior as to where we can
determine their specific archetype. We'll start with Chief Bromden. His characteristics include; quiet
behavior, acting like he is deaf, barely uses his potential but has the physical appearance of a
defender. Bromden's characteristics seem to most fit thought the story, the Threshold Guardian. The
Threshold Guardian endures a test that the hero's courage and worthiness has to be proved to begin
the journey. Bromden's journey from this perspective did not start until he finally responds to his
testing in chapter 25. Bromden's test was to speak. "One night McMurphy finds Chief Bromden
awake and talks to him. He wonders where he gets his chewing gum, for Chief Bromden never visits
the canteen, but then realizes that the Chief chews already–used gum. McMurphy gives Bromden a
new pack of Juicy Fruit; he tries to actually speak the words "Thank you." McMurphy tells
Bromden that he once had a job picking beans. Since he was the only kid there, McMurphy never
said a word, but he listened intently and, on the last day, revealed all that he heard and created a
disturbance. McMurphy wonders if Chief Bromden is doing the same thing, but he admits to
McMurphy that he could not tell

Math Is A Universal Language Essay
Humanity has an unashamedly nature to be curious about life and all things it touches. We long to
break each idea down to the smallest part and then scale back and see how it all fits together. It is
innate to us from our 1st breath. "Mathematics manifests the freedom of the human 'image–making'
relation to the world, which is an indicator of the 'specific difference' in human nature among the
animal kingdom." We crave this freedom, this knowledge. And for that reason, it is at the heart of
storytelling. Mathematics shares the story of where we have been, where we currently are, and
where we could be going. It is our universal language. It brings us to the 'what ' and 'how ' of
explanations. Think about all those protons and neutrons, all those atoms, all those cells and
minerals; then, to the largest of things like planets, solar systems, and quantum physics, which,
possibly could lead to the evidence of multi universes. The universe speaks in numbers. We
communicate on so many platforms through it. Music, a form of art, is spoken through math. That is
all that rhythm is at its basic form. Add in other parts like how the sound moves in a space or how it
works in your ears, you reach a much fuller picture of what is taking place. Einstein once famously
stated "Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas." Nothing really can tell the story
of discovery like mathematics. The concept of infinity is fascinating to many theorists. Karl
Friedrich Gauss, a

Personal and Collective Unconscious
The Personal and Collective Unconscious
To many, the unconscious is a section of our minds that is inconceivable and almost nonexistent.
Like many things in life, what we cannot explain, we cannot accept. Sigmund Freud, mastermind of
the field of psychology, began to theorize and explain the concept of the unconscious and its effects
on our personal lives. Carl Gustav Jung was a young colleague of Sigmund Freud who made the
"exploration of this "inner space" [the unconscious] his life's work (Boeree 1). Jung was not only
knowledgeable on the Freudian theory he was also knowledgeable in mythology, religion,
philosophy and "traditions such as Gnosticism, Alchemy, Kabala, and similar traditions in Hinduism
and Buddhism" (Boeree 1). Jung ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Carl Gustav Jung 76, 77)
Our memories are in fact like a "car" that disappears around a corner. Just because it is no longer
visible it doesn't mean that the car is no longer existent. It is the same with our thoughts and
memories. Once we think or experience something it becomes stored in our minds. This is then what
begins to dictate the way in which we carry out our lives. Our minds are continuously working and
our personal unconscious allows us to store information and experiences that can either be retrieved
or unconsciously applied. The personal unconscious, therefore, is distinguished by the fact that "the
materials contained in this layer are of a personal nature in so far as they have the character partly of
acquisitions derived from the individual's life and partly of psychological factors which could just as
well be conscious" (494). Not only is the personal unconscious different for each individual, it can
easily be recalled or conscious. This is what separates the personal conscious from the collective
unconscious.
The collective unconscious is the part of the unconscious that was never conscious before.
Therefore, "the contents of the collective unconscious have never been in consciousness, and
therefore have never been individually acquired, but owe their existence exclusively to heredity" (C.
G Jung 1). The collective unconscious is the area where we find the kind of knowledge we are all
born

An Analysis Of Carl Jung And His Ideas About...
Carl Jung was a Psychologist and psychiatrist who developed a form of analytic psychotherapy.
Many of his Ideas can be paralleled to religious spirituality and healing in India. In this paper, I hope
to provide information about Carl Jung and his ideas about psychoanalysis, different methods of
religious healing in India, and a comparison of the two.
Carl Jung was a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist born in 1875 in Switzerland. He worked with
Sigmund Freud for a while but branched off because he disagreed with him about the "sexual basis
of neurosis". Jung believed that there is a collective unconscious that is connected to everyone. God
is included in this collective unconscious. His theory included what he called archetypes; pathways
of energy (not things) that are shared in the collective. four main archetypes are: The Self, The
Shadow, The Anima/Animus, and the Persona. The Self is the combination of the conscious, and the
individual's unconscious. the self is usually represented by a square or a circle. The self tries to
make itself known. The shadow is made up of our sexual desires or instincts, and is credited with
being the darker side of our personalities. The Anima/Animus are the masculine and feminine of our
psyche. There are traces of each found in both women and men. The Persona is the face that people
put on for others. The word "persona" comes from the Latin word for mask. This is the personality
the world sees. (Carl Jung Archetypes) Jung coined the word

Carl Jung 's Theory Of Archetypes
Robertson Davies paralleled Carl Jung's theory of archetypes being the model of people in the novel
Fifth Business. Carl Jung is a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist who introduces the concept of
archetypes being the core understanding of human psychology in 1990. According to Jung,
archetypes are images, stories, dreams, and personalities that have universal meaning. Archetypes
represent the collective unconscious, which is part of the psyche that models how a person should
behave in society. Jung emphasizes that the collective unconscious is universally shared by
everyone. In his theory, the psyche was composed of two compounds; the ego which represents the
conscious mind and the unconscious. Jung claimed that the unconscious itself had two folds. The
first is the collective unconscious, this part is where the brain stores memories, knowledge, and
impulses that humans share as a spices. The second is the personal unconscious .This is developed
from an individual's own experiences that had once been a part of the conscious at one time but now
is forgotten or repressed. These archetypes consist of the self, the trickster, the shadow, the persona,
and the wise old man. Robertson Davies displays the self archetype through Dunny who struggles to
finally achieve his individualism and accept himself as Fifth Business. The persona archetype is
revealed through how Percy portrays himself as perfect to public, in reality he is rotten inside. The
wise old man archetype was

Psychology Of Religion : The Mad, Holy And Demonic
VPR – 2209 Psychology of Religion: The Mad, Holy and Demonic
Assessment 1: Essay (3,000 words)
Question 4: What is the unconscious and what is its relevance in understanding religious belief or
religious experience? Answer with reference to either Jung or Freud, or to both Jung and Freud.
It is widely assumed that in the field of psychoanalytic theory there are only two major influential
characters when discussing the effect and importance of religion on the unconscious, these
characters being Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. With marked similarities in definitions of the
unconscious yet obvious argument over religions place in the unconscious and its relevance to the
individual, it makes for an interesting yet thought provoking exploration of the inner psyche.
The definition of the unconscious mind as referred to by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic
theory of personality is understood to be a "reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges and memories that
are outside of our conscious awareness." It is regarded that the majority of the unconscious is
considered to be inappropriate by the conscious mind and as a result is repressed. It harbours
feelings such as anger, panic, discord, painful memories or trauma. Freud believes that we are
inherently influenced by our unconscious, it leaking into our behaviour and experiences although we
are unaware of such an occurrence.
Carl Jung similarly defines the unconscious, using the term "personal unconscious". Jung

Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud
Introduction
Carl Jung (1875–1961) and Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) were two individuals whose theories on
human personality would completely affect the way that people viewed the human mind. Carl
Gustav was a practicing psychotherapist while Sigmund Freud created the discipline of
psychoanalysis. The two men had seemingly identical beliefs about human behavior, but also had
contrasting beliefs about concepts such as the ego, the psyche, and the state of unconsciousness.
Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud's Theories
Sigmund Freud's beliefs about personality were based on past experiences in an individual's
childhood. Freud stated that all human beings had three personality levels. These were the ego, the
id, and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The accuracy of Carl Jung's theory on the Unconscious
Carl Jung was initially Sigmund Freud's student. However, Jung did not believe in Freud's assertions
about past negatives being the only things that affected the unconscious realm of the human thought
process. One of the main reasons why Jung's interpretation of the human collective unconscious is
more practical and constructive than that of Freud's psychoanalysis is because Jung's interpretation
has positive aspects that help rather than heal. For instance, Jung's theory seeks to psychologically
explain the significance of the role that religion plays in the formation of unconscious thoughts.
Jung's theory holds that people are mainly shaped by experiences that they have gone through even
as they strive towards self–actualization.
In addressing the significance of self–actualization within the collective unconscious, Jung
demonstrated that it was his belief that the collective unconscious is an area that has constructive
tools which help individuals to achieve their life goals (Nystul, 2006). Sigmund Freud's belief in
repressed negative memories being held in the collective unconscious was more indicative of the
notion that the collective unconscious was quite destructive because it held all the things that people
did not wish to confront. Another reason why Jung's theory is more useful and believable than that
of Freud is because Freud's psychoanalysis

Carl Gustav 's Collective Unconscious
The Swiss physician and psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung, lived from 1875 to 1961. Jung
corresponded frequently with Sigmund Freud and based much of his early work upon Freud 's ideas.
However, Jung's theories diverged from Freud's ideas in 1913 and he pioneered a new field called
analytical psychology (Young–Eisendrath). Jung 's work in psychology led him to become referred
to as the "Darwin of the Mind" (Ritvo). Jung believed in a collective unconscious, which he defined
as an inherited knowledge shared by all humans in their subconscious. Jung's work in analytical
psychology extensively analyzed myth's roles in psychology. Jung believed that the universal
collective unconscious could explain the similarities amongst the myths of disparate cultures. He
noted that myths arose "autochthonously in every corner of the earth and yet [myths] are identical,"
due to the collective unconscious (Segal 12). Jung hypothesized that the collective unconscious
could explain similarities that exist in the myths of disparate and geographically separate cultures.
Jung defined the "contents and modes of behavior" that continually reoccur in myths as archetypes
(Jung 20). He so extensively used myths to provide evidence for his theory that Jung referred to
mythology as the "textbook of the archetypes" (Walker 17). Specific archetypes repeat in
mythological stories. For example, I have found Jung's archetype of "wise old man" in many figures
like Gandalf and Dumbledore in Lord of the Rings and

The Sermon On The Mount, Plato And The Allegory Of The Cave
Human Knowledge
During the first few weeks of class we've gone through various texts in order to better our
understanding of human knowledge. We have talked about Christianity St. Matthew "The Sermon
on the Mount", Plato and "The Allegory of the Cave", "The Four Idols" of Sir Francis Bacon, Robert
Frost's "Mending Wall", and even Carl Jung and "The Structure of the Psyche". All these texts may
have been written in different eras and different places, but they have one thing in common, and that
is their understandings of human nature and knowledge, and how they demonstrate to us
epistemology (how we know) and metaphysics (what human beings know). To begin with, we have
Christianity of St. Matthew "The Sermon on the Mount".
After that, we have Plato and the Allegory of the Cave. In this text Plato distinguishes between
people who mistake sensory knowledge for the truth and people who really do see the truth. The
story begins in the cave where there are three prisoners, those three prisoners have never seen life
outside the cave and have stayed in the cave since their birth day. Outside the cave people carry
animals, plants, and etc. The only thing the people inside the cave see are the shadows, not the real
object itself. Plato along with the prisoners guess the objects they will see next. Then, one of
prisoners escapes from their bindings and leaves the cave. When he is out he is very surprised to
what is outside the cave and then realizes that his former view of reality

The Child And The Shadow Summary
In the essay "The Child and the Shadow," author Ursula LeGuin utilizes techniques of Jungian
psychology to connect the shadow of a young child to fantasy, and how this specific genre could be
used to further develop this part of humanity. The speech begins with LeGuin summarizing a Hans
Christian Andersen story about a man and his shadow. The man, desiring to enter the House of
Poetry, tells his shadow to go on without him. His shadow departs from him, and both go their
separate ways. Soon after, however, the shadow returns and controls the man, eventually having him
killed. The purpose for the presence of this story is to tie literature and psychology together,
employing the Carl Jung's school of thought to describe the shadow and the man. According to
LeGuin, the shadow symbolizes what is repressed in the man, while the man represents civility. If
the man truly wishes to set foot in the House of Poetry, the symbol for creativity, he must first
acknowledge his shadow as part of himself. Like the man, a child must develop their shadow if they
ever wish to reach their full potential. Ursula LeGuin's "The Child and the Shadow" puts forth a
thorough argument for the use of fantasy to develop a child's shadow and to truly understand their
inner beings in a way that does not damage their young and undeveloped psyche. The use of fantasy
to develop a child's shadow is at the center of her argument. "Fantasy is the medium best suited to a
description of that [exploring the

Carl Jung Collective Unconscious Analysis
Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious goes to explain how certain symbols, pictures, and
memories from ancestors are instilled in the people of today. Examples of the collective unconscious
would be developed within the four main archetypes. These archetypes are the persona, the anima/
animus, the shadow, and the self. The persona is also called the mask. This archetype displays how
the world sees a person. One can choose how they carry themselves on the outside yet think
completely different on the inside. This is what will be judged by the world, is your persona or your
mask. The anima/ animus is the thought that each sex has tendencies of the other. Therefore, a
woman has some masculine aspects and a man has certain feminine ... Show more content on
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Also, I just recently reached out to the athletic trainer at Florida State University, where I am hoping
to attend, to see if there would be any possibility for me to observe with her as a student athletic
trainer as well. Both professional athletic trainers have been impressed with my compassion and
determination for this field of work at my young age and continue to help me with more
opportunities to learn about this career path before I enter college. My persona has not only been
effective for the opportunities I have received, but it has also brought along lifelong friends. I am
always caring for my friends and their needs before my own. When I meet new people, I want them
to know instantly that I care for them. Simply showing people that I care for them and being
compassionate is what has given me the friends I have today. One's persona, their act in society, is
important because it is the key point of what opportunities one will receive and the friends one will
have. Next, the shadow is known as the dark side of a person. It is one's hidden secrets, fears, and
insecurities. One fear that consumed me for most of my life was the fear of disappointing others. I
used to do everything in my power to make sure others were content because I could not live with
the fact that I could possibly be one reason someone was disappointed. I was bullied for many years
in school when I was younger. I felt the reason why people bullied

Analysis Of Cormac Mccarthy 's Suttree Essay
Throughout Cormac McCarthy's Suttree, the title character is constantly evolving throughout
adulthood. We first meet Suttree while he is in prison, a place where he has major conflicts with his
inner self. By the end of his journey, Suttree is more unified and has found inner peace. Carl Jung is
an analytical psychologist who has many theories based on the human unconscious. Jung's premier
psychological theory of archetypes where every person falls into different archetypes help to
identify Suttree. Suttree falls into three different archetypes: the seeker archetype, the innocent
archetype, and by the end of the novel the self–archetype. Most of these characteristics are seen
through his decisions while interacting with others, but his time spent alone also helps to prove that
Suttree has these archetypes more than any others. Also, since he shows to be these three archetypes,
it is easier to sympathize with Suttree, instead of declaring him as a solipsistic being. Another one of
Carl Jung's most popular psychological theories is the belief of multiple layers of consciousness. His
most popularized belief is the idea of the collective unconscious. In Suttree, the collective
unconsciousness is represented through the descriptions of the Reese family. The collective
unconscious represents the primitive nature of humans, and the Reese family is McCarthy's way of
showing his feelings towards the collective mind.
Carl Jung's psychology has been used throughout the years to analyze

Carl Jung Collective Unconscious Essay
Carl Jung was one of few psychologists who argued that Freud's psychoanalytic theory placed too
much emphasis on sexual principles, especially in concerns with young children. Jung renovated
Freud's three components of the brain, he retitled id as personal unconscious, ego as personal
conscious and the superego as the collective conscious (Jung 1912). In addition to this, Jung added
collective unconscious to Freud's structure of personality. The personal unconscious includes
memories that are concealed and those that can be evoked. According to Jung, collective
unconscious is the level of unconscious shared amongst people containing memories from ancestors
and our progressive past. This collective can be divided into various archetypes. As ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jung anticipated that there were two contrasting tendencies concerning the flow of libido:
introversion and extraversion. The idea was that all humans can experience both introversion and
extraversion over time, however individuals may experience either one or the other. Other
oppositions of modes of functioning are, thinking versus feeling, and sensing versus intuition.
Myers and Briggs (1962) developed the Myers–Briggs type indicator, a measure based on Jung's
psychological personality types, adding a fourth opposition: judging versus perceiving. Judging
being the tendency to plan and perceiving being the spontaneous propensity with respects to
relations with other individuals. Myers and Briggs (1962) created a different taxonomy to Jung's.
Myers (1962) MBTI states that everyone obtains a personality profile containing four letters. An
example of this is that someone could be ETSN: extraverted, thinking, sensing and intuitive.
The MBTI method is used premarital therapists who use it as a basis for advising couples about their
combability in concerns with personality. Jung's theory had influences in areas of art, literature,
philosophy and counselling. On the other hand, it is argued that Jung's analytic psychology fails to
provide empirical evidence that archetypes are passed genetically from generation to generation on
to the other.
Alfred Adler was the first psychiatrist to publicly criticise Freud (1905), arguing that Freud over
emphasised sexuality and

Defining Community
Defining Community
What makes a community? To get a better handle on this question, it may be useful to analyze a
specific encounter between the individual and his community(s). Let's take, for example, the much–
publicized soccer match between Mexico and the U.S. in the summer of 1996. This game received a
great deal of media attention because, even though the match was held in Los Angeles, on U.S. soil,
the vast majority of fans were cheering for the Mexican team. The U.S. team members, on the other
hand, were greeted with a chorus of boos and were pelted with various objects on the field. This
trend in urban areas of largely Hispanic support for the teams of other countries was hardly new for
U.S. soccer; the players and coaches ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Implicit in this reaction is our assumption that individuality and community are inversely
proportional. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim seems to support this view:
. . . there are in the consciousness of each of us two consciousnesses: one which is common to our
whole group, which . . . is not ourselves, but is society living and acting within us; the other
represents us at our most personal and distinctive, in everything that makes us an individual. The
solidarity that derives from similarities is at its maximum when the collective consciousness
completely envelops our total consciousness . . . but, at that moment, our individuality is nil. 1
He describes the relationship between individuality and community as a zero–sum. Durkheim argues
that we can become more collective only insofar as we sacrifice our individuality and vice–versa.
And if we agree that the relationship between individuality and community is a zero–sum, is there a
feasible balance between the two? Or must we shy away from community of any type because of the
risk that our individuality will become nil?
I would like to suggest, in response to the original question, "What makes a community?" that we
become a community by virtue of asking the question rather than by any particular answer to it we
give. Our community–by–collective–self–interrogation depends on setting almost nothing beyond

Transformations And Symbols Of The Libido Analysis
When Jung published his pivotal book named Transformations and Symbols of the Libido in 1912,
Jung for the first time proposed the existence of the collective unconscious. The major source of
Jung's new inspiration came from the Miller fantasies interpreted by Theodore Floumoy, a renowned
psychologist and a reverted friend of Jung. Being a young and intelligent student of Floumoy, Miss
Frank Miller wrote a phenomenological dissertation named Some Instances of Subconscious
Creative Imagination describing the fantastical images of her inward journey. During the analysis,
Jung's observation of archetypal images and mythological characters in the Miller fantasies acted as
a catalyst on his stored–up ideas especially after his deep accumulation ... Show more content on
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It is therefore a "representation collective"...The vision is embedded in a religious context of a
distinctly ecstatic nature and describes a kind of initiation into mystic experience of the Deity...The
meaning of the "ministering wind" is probably the same as the procreative pneuma, which streams
from the sun–god into the soul and fructifies it. The association of sun and wind frequently occurs in
ancient symbolism. It must now be shown that this is not a purely chance coincidence of two
isolated cases (p. 56–58).
Secondly, Jung suggested that examples of collective unconsciousness could be found in all
mythologies, fables, literatures and artworks regardless of where they originate from. One concrete
example Jung gave in his collected works was on the interpretation of picture by Leonardo da Vinci:
St. Anne with the Virgin Mary and the Christ–child. Disagreeing with Freud's interpretation that
Leonardo himself had two months, Jung pointed out the existence of an impersonal "motif of dual
mother, an archetype to be found in many variants in the field of mythology and comparative
religion and forming the basis of numerous representations collectives." (Jung, 1969, p. 51).
Exemplified by case of Heracles received immortality through being adopted by Hera, the motif of
the dual descent, which referred to decent from human and divine parents and represented an idea
that underlain all rebirth mysteries, could be easily found in myths and rituals from Greece to Egypt
(e.g. story of Pharaoh), across various religions including Christianity and even appeared as an
infantile fantasy from numberless children (Jung, 1969, P.

Carl Jung 's Theory Of Collective Unconscious
Villa 1
Jesus Villa
Professor Carrera
World Class Literature 4351
09 December 2015
Essay 3 For my last and final essay of this semester I chose to answer questions number five, six and
seven. I simply chose these series of questions due to the fact that I've had all of the Freud I could
possibly take for one semester. All the questions I've selected are involving Carl Jung and not
Sigmund Freud. To begin with my essay let's start with question number five which asks to explain
Jung's notion of "collective unconscious". I very strongly believe that Jung's concept of collective
unconscious is mainly based on his personal experiences with people who suffer from schizophrenia
which he gained form when he worked with them at the Burgholzli hospital. At first Jung chose to
follow the Freudian theory of unconscious, but later on Jung eventually chose to go down his own
path and decided to develop his own theory on unconscious which would feature totally new
concepts. Most importantly being the archetype. Archetypes constitute the structure of the collective
unconscious, which are the psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent the basic human
behavior and situations. For example, Mother and child relationship which is mainly governed by
the mother archetype. The Father and child relationship is mainly governed by the Father archetype.
Birth, death, power and failure are controlled by archetypes.
Villa 2
The religious and mystique experiences are also governed

Collective Unconscious Research Paper
The collective unconscious, refers to a segment of the deepest unconscious mind not shaped by
personal experience. It's genetically inherited and common to all human beings. These collective
unconscious was expressed through 'archetypes', universal thought forms or mental images that
influenced an individual's feelings and action. For example, deep–seated beliefs regarding
spirituality and religion may be partially due to the collective unconscious. They are innate
projections. Like A newborn baby is not a blank slate but comes wired ready to perceive certain
archetypal patterns and symbols. Another explanation that it does exist can be seen by how some
phobias are so common to all of us, even when we never had any bad experience with it. For
instance, A phobia of snakes manifests in children even when there is no apparent traumatic origin
for their fear. There was one study which found that one third of British children at age six are afraid
of snakes even though it's rare to encounter a snake. The children had never come in contact with a
snake in a traumatic situation, but snakes still generated an anxious response. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A symbolic interpretation equates to little more than a belief that all humans share certain behavioral
dispositions, while a literal interpretation indicates that the images of mythology and other cultural
symbols are the inheritance of each person at

Annotated Bibliography : Dostoyevsky 'Demons : A Novel In...
Annotated Bibliography
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Demons: a Novel in Three Parts. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa
Volokhonsky, Vintage Books, 1995. Print.
The author focuses on a group of revolutionaries in nineteenth century Russia. The main character
Stavrogin dominates the text with his looks and charisma. His personality influences his mother,
tutor, and followers. His tutor's son named Pyotr causes mischief through the town and ultimately
kills one of the followers. Stavrogin is a man that has no direction and loses his faith in God. Once
his faith is lost, he commits many crimes and ultimately hangs himself. This Novel represents
nineteenth century Russia that is possessed by revolutionaries.
The archetypes from Frye's Anatomy of Criticism and Jung's Archetypes and the Collective
Unconscious will be used as a tool to label the characters Stavrogin and Pyotr from Demons.
Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.
The author contains a section termed Theory of Modes that contains literary archetypes that
categorize characters by power of action. This mode takes focus away from the readers moral
judgment. The modes include the mythic, romantic, high mimetic, low mimetic, and ironic heroes.
Frye's Theory of Modes will be used to demonstrate what type of archetype can be used on
Stavrogin, Pyotr, and other characters from Demons.
Jung, C. G. Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 9 (Part 1): Archetypes and the Collective

Analysis Of Eugene O 'Neill's PlayThe Emperor Jones'
Eugene O'Neill is widely considered the most influential of American playwrights. He is called the
"founder of modern drama in the United States", and holds the title of the first American playwright
to earn a Nobel Prize in literature. (O' Neill 794) His play, The Emperor Jones, is credited as being
one that provided" several firsts in American theatre history: the Provincetown Players first major
hit, the first major role for an African American actor on the legitimate Broadway stage (in houses
where the audience was still racially segregated), and the play that secured O'Neill's place as a writer
for the high–art, experimental theatre worthy of international attention. (Steen 343) Basically, The
Emperor Jones made Eugene O'Neill.
The play is a psychological study of Brutus Jone's mind, his fears, visions and dream. "Tom– tom is
part and parcel of the psychological action; at first it is the call to war ; then it merges into the
Emperor Jones' vision of the slaves working to its beat; finally it becomes is own throbbing, feverish
temples, all the while it's our heart beating more and more rapidly as we follow his fate. "lastly the
Tom– tom is a symbol of man's last heart beat, death the consciousness of Jones has been presented
through the cinematographic technique of the flashback fusing the past and present. Here symbol
and psychology merge and the whole play is a long drama. Emperor Jones represents the breakdown
of a Negroid mentally under the stress of fear and

Examples of Jung’s Analytical Archetype Theory in the Film...
Martin Scorsese directed the movie Shutter Island, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, that came out on
February 19, 2010. The movie portrays many different examples of critical theory. Having watched
the movie before my analysis, when I heard of Jung's Analytical Archetype theory I linked it with
this movie almost immediately. Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist, developed the idea that all
archetypes are universal images that come from the collective unconscious and are almost
instinctive to us all. Jung's critical theory examines the unique personal collective unconscious of
the characters in the film. These can vary anywhere from forgotten memories to traumas, keeping all
religious, spiritual, and mythological symbols and experiences intact. It is from this point of view
that it becomes easier to explain all the similarities between stories. There are three factors when
you look at archetypes, which are characters, situations, and symbols.
Plot Overview
Shutter Island is set in the 50's and Edward Daniels, Teddy, is the protagonist we first encounter in
the beginning of the movie. He's portrayed as a US Marshall who's sent to "Shutter Island" where
there's a psychiatric facility, Ashecliffe Hospital to investigate the disappearance of a female patient
with his new partner Chuck Aule. Teddy tells Chuck that he wanted to get this case because the man
who killed his wife in a fire, Andrew Laeddis, was also on the island and went missing months ago.
As they continue their

The Collective Unconscious Essay
The famous psychologist Carl Jung believed that the universe and all of its inhabitants are made up
of a measureless web of thought called the collective unconscious, it's suggests that the collective
unconscious is rooted in the genetic code of every living thing. This collective unconscious is
evident in an individual's personality, which is comprised of five separate personalities blended
together; these are called archetypes. In Jungian psychology, there are five different archetypes: the
shadow, anima, animus, persona and the wise old man or mana–personality. Each influences a
different aspect of one's personality. These influences vary from one individual to another depending
upon the dominance of each archetype. In the play ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The persona is a complicated system of relations between individual consciousness and
society, fittingly enough a kind of mask, designed on one hand to make a definite impression upon
others, and, on the other , to conceal the true nature of the individual."(Relation Between the
Ego and the Unconscious, Jung par. 305). This archetype is prevalent throughout the play through
the main character, Hamlet. "Here, as before, never, so help you mercy, how strange or odd
some'er I bear myself as I perchance hereafter shall think meet to put an antic disposition on"
(Act 1 Scene 5 line 187–190). Here it is seen that Hamlet puts on the "crazy" persona to
test the ghost and to see if it is telling the truth about his father's murder. The knowledge gained
would help Hamlet to decide whether he should take revenge against Claudius. "He puts on a
mask, which he knows is in keeping with his conscious intentions, while it also meets the
requirements and fits the opinions of society, first motive and then the other to gain the upper
hand." (Definitions, Jung par. 811).
The shadow archetype manifests itself in the character of Claudius. The shadow is the "dark
side" of one's personality; it is the sum of all the amoral acts that individual is capable of. Not
so much classified as an evil, "The shadow is a

The Theme Of Cuilt In Cach�, By Michael Haneke
Human beings, the dominant race of the world possess both emotions and opinions. That does not
mean all the emotions and the opinions of the dominant creature are absolutely right. A human's
attitude of a basic concept can also be wrong due to his nature. As everyone all over the world
knows, a mistake made intentionally is the key cause of experiencing guilt. Emotions and hunger,
are an individual's problems, and may combine to be one of those causes. Moreover, guilt can be
represented by common consciousness of a big group of people. In other words when these minds,
which experience guilt come together, they create a feeling of collective guilt. The director of
Caché, Michael Haneke implies throughout his film that this collective guilt is the result of
individual guilt.
In Michael Haneke's Caché, the director has portrayed guilt in many ethnic bases for instance in
family, nationality and media. Family is the origin of any big community since social life of humans
starts from there. In the movie, Michael Haneke shows the audience the conflict and
misunderstanding between family members. For instance Georges Laurent lies ... Show more
This can also be called the burden of the ''winning class''. The time when Georges was a kid, and
even in the current time of the story, hostility is felt towards the Algerians. When Georges was a kid,
he was against the idea of Majid being a part of the family because of these racist ideologies and
now we see a change in this idea as time passes. It can be seen at the end of the movie evidently that
Pierrot and Walid are actually friends showing how the future is more liberal probably because of
the guilt of their forefathers that they still have to endure (Pierrot feels the need to make the situation
right by exposing his father to get rid of this burden of the past that he also feels is upon

Analysis of "Blood Wedding" Essay
Federico Garcia Lorca's three plays, "Blood Wedding," "Yerma," and "The House of Bernarda Alba"
share many symbolisms. Lorca (Short Biography) wrote about many subjects and objects that often
have an unconscious double meaning. These unconscious symbols are known as archetypes,
developed by the psychologist, Carl G. Jung. This paper will analyze these symbols using Jung's
theory of the archetype. By doing so, the analysis will better explain some of the unconscious
meaning and original thoughts behind Lorca's symbols. This is important because a detailed reading
will allow the reader to clearly understand each symbol and why it is important to the society in the
play, and to Lorca's society. To begin, Jung explains that an archetype is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since archetypes are the formulation of the results of countless experiences of our ancestors, it is
possible for the archetype to cross section all experiences. This basically means that one object can
symbolize the same thing in different events or experiences. Archetypal images are objects that
allude to the instincts of man. The archetypes "are the manifestations of the instincts, that is to say,
creative impulses from the unconscious," (Goldrunner 107). An archetype always expresses a
comparison. If someone talks about a tree and identifies it as the basis of life, it is neither one of
these things, but actually a third unknown thing that can find a happy medium expression within the
first two. The archetype will never let us forget the psychology of the past. It inspires our natural
instincts, behavior, and thought. The importance of these instincts is immeasurable within literature
that focuses on the injustices of society and its "civilized culture." The repression of these instincts
has allowed modern society to dictate how individuals should live. This is why the importance of
symbols in literature usually has an archetypal background. Society has suppressed our natural
thought to the extent that it can only be expressed within the symbolism of literature. In Lorca's
"Blood Wedding," blood has many significant symbolisms structured throughout the play. Blood is
repeatedly

The Trickster Essay
The Trickster
Karl Jung's explanation for the archetypes that surface in cultural and religious literature is that they
are the product of what he calls the collective unconsciousness. That thread of consciousness that
connects all human beings and cultures around the world. Yet it is not visible to the naked eye, one
must look for the signs of it by researching cultures who are long gone and comparing them to each
other and our own. Studying it reminds us that all humans are bound together by a common source.
The "Trickster" is an archetype that surfaces in many cultural and religious stories. Each
trickster is unique to it's own culture, but all tricksters are bound by certain characteristics no ...
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He is always attempting to fly (which is the sign of a god to the Native Americans) with disastrous
consequences. No matter how hard he tries he cannot escape the human condition. Perhaps these
stories are meant to teach Native Americans not to aspire to be anything more than human.
The Trickster can be seen as a parody of the Shaman, or the spiritual leader of the tribe. The Shaman
looks to the supernatural for his strength while the coyote relies on his own wits. The coyote is
always looking for the short cut. Through meditation the Shaman is said to be able to fly. This is a
sign of his divinity. The coyote always has an elaborate scheme for flight, like hitching a ride with a
buzzard, but the end is always the same.( p.87 Hynes and
Doty)
Does this character sound familiar? Millions of kids grew up with this very same character, but we
knew him as Wile Coyote. The Looney Toons character that was always after the Road Runner. The
creators of him were interested in the comedic value they saw in Native American stories and
adapted him into a cartoon. Wile would come up with some elaborate schemes, but in the end the
result was always the same. The long fall from the cliff to the ground.
The Trickster of Greek mythology was a God by the name of Hermes. Once again we see a sort of
bridge between the average man and the gods. Hermes is the only God in Greek mythology that

Jung The Collective Unconscious
The unconscious is an aspect of the human psyche that still baffles psychologist today. In our
unconscious, we potentially contain repressed memories, desires, and behaviors. The individual
unconsciously executes many of the behaviors or desires. However, there is more to the unconscious
than our personal memories and behaviors. Carl G. Jung, a psychologist, was one of Freud's friends
and student. Jung diverged from Freud because his perception that the unconscious mainly contains
repressed memories. Freud had his understanding of these instinctual behaviors, but mostly
dismissed the concept as insignificant. Although, Freud did not particularly accept the collective
unconscious, Jung developed his theories despite disapproval. Jung explains ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These fundamental images have lasted since the far reaches of time. The archetypal images are
concepts regarding nature, interpersonal relationships, religion, and a whole range of other aspects
of human society. For example, we all innately understand the concept of water. This is something
that we are not taught or trained to know and accept. Nevertheless, the idea of water in dreams and
visions has held meaning for men all throughout history. The individual may not be conscious of the
significance from water. Over the course of Jung's life, he studied thousands of dreams comparing
and contrasting their significances and found many common themes, like the concept of water. Now
to be clear the archetypal images are only representations of the inherent archetypes. "These images
are not archetypes themselves; they are the experienced expression of the archetype. The archetype
itself is an inherited mode of psychic functioning analogous to inherited behavior patterns." (Sills,
1968) Therefore, fairy tales and myths are representations of these innate "modes of psychic
functioning." Carl Jung understood that we all have these archetypal images in our lives, but an
individual can

Analytical Essays On Analytical Psychology
Jung, C. G. (1972). Two essays on analytical psychology
Jung's Two Essays on Analytical Psychology includes the works The Unconscious in the Normal
and Pathological Mind and The Relation of the Ego to the Unconscious, which are 1928 revisions of
previously written papers. Jung, who was Freud's well–known disciple from 1909 to 1914, held
ideas different from Freud's and Adler's that eventually led to personal differences between them,
particularly with Freud; their followers have continued these differences. One of the point of
disagreement is Jung's opinion that Freud's concept of the libido is too concerned with sexuality and
that Adler's will to power is also too simplistic. Alternatively to Freud, he calls the libido the basic
tank ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, Freud and Adler had difficulty in refusing the development of both humanity and
the individual and were rigid in their beliefs.
Jung believed that psychic energy had its foundation in the tension of opposites; this energy could
only be used when the proper gradient was found. He also introduced two very different theories of
neurosis, with the first focusing the object and the second emphasized the subject, are viewed as
manifestations of an oppositional type. The introverted personality type focuses on the subject while
the extraversion type focuses on the object; however, these two types are rare observed in their
unadulterated state. Moreover, the dynamics of a relationship between individuals who retain
contradictory personality types was examined by Jung. Alternatively, to contrast with the concepts
of Freud and Adler, they describe neuroses as sometimes allocating useful adaptive functions.
The Unconscious in the Normal and Pathological Mind
Jung considers and discusses the concept of the collective unconscious as well as its role in the
process of transference within psychotherapy. He suggests that the traditional method of dream
analysis which must be followed by a discussion when it is believed that the symbols presented
originated in the collective unconscious. Jung has noted the process of unification of the

Personalit Overview
Personality Overview
Nina M Cleary
PSY/405
November 5, 2011
Nanda Mendieta, M.S
Personality Overview Personality's definition can be sorted out in many defining terms depending
on who may be providing the definition and on whom. Inclusive of consistent emotions, thoughts
and behavior patterns in a person is more than what is needed to help us truly understand the
concept and define personality. Each one of us should have a clear perception of our personality that
would include what our strengths are, our thoughts, beliefs, motivation, emotions and our
weaknesses. Self–awareness means having a clear perception of our personality and allows each of
us to understand other people, how they perceive us and our ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Boeree, (2007), the unconscious mind would be made referenced to all the things that
are not easily available to awareness and other things such as our drives or instincts. Additionally
the unconscious mind includes the things that are put there that we block out voluntarily or
involuntarily as in any case resulting from a traumatic event or episode. Five basic dimensions of
personality were proposed by many personality researchers called the "big five" theory. This theory
has grown in popularity and have been for many years but only as broad categories of personality
traits. Many books and journals openly discuss and support the five–factor model of personality.
Any details surrounding this theory, whether fact or fiction raises controversy regarding the exact
labels used of each dimension. These five dimensions represent broad areas of personality where
some researches demonstrated that these groupings of characteristics tend to occur together in many
people(Feist, & Feist, 2009). This theory would also explain why some personality types behave the
way they do. A personality type that has a bubbly personality will more than likely be talkative and
friendly but may not always occur at the same time.
Conclusion
Like all psychologists and all scientists, personality psychologists yearn for a unified theory, one we
can all agree on,

To believe or not to believe that is the question....
To believe or not to believe that is the question. Robertson Davies' depicts a novel in which two
opposing characters strive for self–completion. The journey of completing one's self is one of Jung's
archetypes. According to Jung, completing both the body and soul lies within the characteristics of
the psyche. The psyche is composed of three parts: the collective unconscious, ego and the personal
unconscious. The collective unconscious is what people come into this world knowing, how
children are shaped as adults through their childhood experiences and parental influences. The ego is
the image people believe they are. It is this image which people pursue through the rest of their lives
until they achieve self–completion. Lastly, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dempster's face" (Davies 70). Dunstan is having an illusion of Mrs. Dempster as a Madonna after
experiencing a blow of shrapnel. Seeing Mrs. Dempster as a Madonna shows how much respect
Ramsay has for women. Staunton on the other hand sees women just as physical objects as he sees
many of the other things in his life. "A man with my physical needs can't be tied down to one
woman–especially not a woman who doesn't see sex as a partnership–who doesn't give anything,
who just lies there like a damned sandbag" (Davies 175). Staunton throughout the novel has cheated
on his girlfriends or wives. He does not respect women at all compared to Ramsay who sees Mrs.
Dempster as a saint. Staunton's capitalist and materialistic ideas are never made clearer than at the
point where he decides to leave his father. "He was going to be a very rich man–richer than his
father by far–and he was getting ready" (Davies 105). Having grown up in a rich family, Staunton
developed a greed for money and a materialistic attitude. He is following in his father's identity
rather than searching for who he truly is, as Ramsay does when he is a child. Ramsay is very curious
about the world and wants to learn more. He is very interested in many different fields such as
magic and saints. He is continuously trying to expand his knowledge to hopefully be able to better
interpret who he is. "...I wanted to argue about everything, expand

Archetypes In The Collective Unconscious
Looking at the concept of archetypes in the collective unconscious is helpful in understanding the
history of human beings as well as an individual's personal history. In every being there exists two
psychic systems. The personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal
unconscious is unique to each individual. It consists of a collection of forgotten or repressed
experiences and memories that at one point were present in the conscious thoughts of the individual
being. These repressed experiences are referred to as complexes. A complex is the way one
remembers and connects meanings to various archetypes or symbols. A child that experienced a
trauma in an environment that always smelt strongly of cigarettes may experience ... Show more
The seating arrangements, the tables, even the therapist. It also includes objects or tools that increase
the interest level through sensations like touch or smell. For example, clay and crayons both create
strong reactions to touch and smell especially if one puts the crayons up to their nose and smells the
wax, or experiences the sensation of clay drying on fingers. A large quantity and variety of materials
is crucial in supporting the dynamic fundamentals of the project. Each individual has the
opportunity to create their own space within the group. This helps in creating a healthy sense of self
and

Pursuit Of Happiness In William James's The Varieties Of...
According to William James, the psychological root of religious and spiritual belief is the pursuit of
happiness. In his renowned book "The Varieties of Religious Experience" James poses the question:
"If we were to ask: 'What is human life's chief concern?' one of the answers would be 'Happiness'"
(James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, Lectures IV and V)
James believes that healthy mindedness is key and that one may have to be 'born twice' to achieve
proper happiness.
In his fourth and fifth lectures in "The Varieties of Religious Experience," James separates all people
into two categories: those who are 'once born' and those who are 'twice born.' Once born people
develop a consciousness with "The tendency (to) look on all things and (see) that they are good."
(Lectures IV and V) Essentially, these people are optimists and are the epitome of 'healthy–minded'.
To them "Evil is a disease, and worry over disease is an additional form of disease." (Lectures VI
and VII)
Conversely, twice born people are described by James as "Persons whose existence is little more
than a series of zigzags....and their lives are one long drama of repentance and of effort to repair
misdemeanours and mistakes." (Barton, The Thought and Character of William James, P.169) Twice
born people are labelled as morbidly pessimistic, melancholic and burdened with a 'sick soul'. James
believed that the increasing population of twice born people around the globe is due to the rise of
modern science.

Jung's Collective Unconscious Essay
Carl G. Jung was a psychiatrist and psychotherapist from Switzerland (Lightfoot, 2010). Jung has
constructed and developed several concepts including extraversion and introversion, collective
unconscious and archetypes (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992). Besides, Jung has a system of personality
(also known as psyche), which is analytical psychology, suggested that intrapsychic forces can
motivate humans and the shared evolutionary history among people can actually derived different
images (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992). The deep–rooted spiritual concerns are involved in the inherited
unconscious and this also can explain why people in the world strive for creative expression and
psychic completion (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992). In this essay, it ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Jung therefore had found evidences from three sources including dreams, active imagination and
delusions of paranoiacs and others (Jung, 1981). First, it was the dreams, and this was the main
source. Since dreams are produced or happened involuntarily and spontaneously resulting from the
unconscious psyche, so they are suitable for being a source because they are natural and cannot be
altered by any conscious actions (Jung, 1981). Jung utilized this source by questioning the person in
order to understand which ideas appeared in his/her dreams are known to him/her (Jung, 1981).
Then from the ideas of the dreams that are unknown to him/her, Jung eliminated those were possibly
known to him/her (Jung, 1981). For example, certain symbols appeared in the dreams of a person
have to be excluded as those symbols may have been learnt by that person due to his/her occupation
or living environments. In this ways, those symbols still cannot prove anything. Therefore, in order
to prove the existence of archetypes, Jung had to look for ideas form the dreams that were not
possible to be known to the individual but still work in a functional way that it represents the same
thing or meaning which is understood from the history (Jung, 1981). The second source Jung
utilized was by using active imagination which means "a sequence of fantasies produced by

Essay on Media Violence Does NOT Cause Violent Behavior
In fairy tales, children are pushed into ovens, have their hands chopped off, are forced to sleep in
coal bins, and must contend with wolves who've eaten their grandmother. In myths, rape, incest, all
manner of gruesome bloodshed, child abandonment, and total debauchery are standard fare. We see
more of the same in Bible stories, accentuated with dire predictions of terrors and abominations in
an end of the world apocalypse that is more horrifying than the human imagination can even grasp.
For the most part, these images of violence, promiscuity and human degradation are explained away
by psychologists, mythologists, sociologists, philosophers, and non–fundamentalist theologians as
symbolic manifestations of the human psyche. This is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And our stories seem to assist that flow.
If we stipulate then that, to some degree, violence in our folk, fairy tale, mythic and biblical
traditions is a good and natural reflection of our psyche's connection to the interior realms of our
unconscious, then why are we so adamantly convinced in our culture that violence and sexuality in
modern film and television is sending us all to hell in a hand basket?
Story has been around since humans first began to grunt, and it would be hard to imagine that even
the most primitive mind didn't have some degree of innate understanding of the metaphorical and
allegorical qualities of story. Why then do we assume that the adolescent, American male, living in
the 21st Century B.C.E., can't make this mystical leap of judgment as well?
Indeed, some of our cinematic images of brutality, savagery, and gore are disturbingly psychotic and
totally gratuitous in their usage; but are they representative of something other than shadow? Or is it
just that this shadow is out of the managerial range of parents, teachers and clergy? Even if we
consider the view of von Franz that: "Not all dark impulses lend themselves to redemption; [and we
have to be careful not to] accept everything that comes up from the unconscious" (Interpretation

Heart Of Darkness Symbolism Essay
Marlow's journey becomes a journey of individuation: a salvation realized through bringing the
unconscious urges to consciousness – a journey which can be contrasted to that of his diabolic
double, Kurtz, who undergoes a psychological disintegration into his savage self and slips into "The
horror! The horror!"
The shadow in Heart of Darkness is thus personified by Kurtz. Richard Hughs argues that Kurtz's
last words sum up the Jungian insight that "from the same root that produces wild, untamed, blind
instinct there grow up the natural laws and cultural forms that tame and break its pristine power. But
when the animal in us is split off from consciousness by being repressed, it may easily burst out in
full force, quite unregulated and uncontrolled. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the nightmare's color: the darkness surrounding Kurtz's death, his last words, the report by the
manager's boy, the delirious escape from the jungle, the encounter with Kurtz's fiancée; all such
incidents constitute the elements of a nightmarish dream. Even the Russian follower of Kurtz who is
dressed in motley seems as a figure from another world. In his ridiculous appearance, he is a perfect
symbol of Marlow's Congo experience (Karl 788–9). In this passage, F. R. Leavis argues that
Conrad makes almost every aspect of his novel contribute to its overwhelming impression, one of a
strangely insane world and a nightmarish existence: in terms of things seen and incidents
experienced by a main agent in the narrative, and particular contacts and exchanges with other

Theme Of Archetypes In Romeo And Juliet
Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who was the founder analytical
psychology, once stated: "The contents of the collective unconscious are archetypes, primordial
images that reflect basic patterns that are common to us all, and which have existed universally
since the dawn of time" (Carl Gustav Jung). Originally published in 1597, William Shakespeare
devised a renowned play about two star–crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet. Most can argue that a
prominent factor behind the choice of language throughout this play was influenced by archetypes
and the psychological aspect behind them, depicting patterns that reside within a "collective
unconscious," universally apparent and populated by instinct. Throughout the romantic, yet
devastating, story of Romeo and Juliet, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carl Jung investigated this realm of consciousness and discovered that human beings, as a species,
encompass almost identical traits of thought under our collective unconsciousness, which is the
determining component of how the world is considered in perspective, including the symbolism
apparent in religion, mythology, and other historical documents. In the play, Romeo and Juliet,
Shakespeare harnessed this knowledge in order to convey his ideas with text that ensured the readers
understood his story and could base a personal interpretation from it. Thus, after analyzing the
dreams of schizophrenic patients, ancient symbolism, mythology, religion, biology, and evolution,
one can come to the conclusion that each of these areas can, in fact, be proven to have a correlating
relationship with the human psyche, adapting to its' conditions yet never losing its' mutual and
uniting bond through time and

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