1. ENZYMOLOGY IN
TODAYS
CENTURY

2.  Presented by:-
 Bakhtawar tufail
 Presented to:-
 Dr sajid.
 Bbt 5th
(evening)

3.  Intoduction about ENZYMOLOGY.
 Enzymology and cancer. (latest
research)
 Enzymology and biotechnology.

4.  What is enzymology???
 What is an enzyme???
 Topics of interest in enzymology…
 1. structure of enzyme.
 2. enzyme deficiencies.
 3. regulation of enzymes.

5.  Medicines.
 Food sciences.
 Nutrition.
 Textile manufacturing.
 Paper manufacturing.
 Pharmaceuticals.
 Chemistry.
 Biology.
 Environmental remediation.

6. 1. According to global cancer report by
a leading US health organization .
Cancer kills about 10.9 million
people every year with an estimate
of 20,000 people a day.
2. Cancer has always been an issue of
interest among scientist across the
globe.

7.  1. Cancer immunology:-
 2. Telomerase enzyme and cancer:-
 3. enzyme therapy:-

8.  Scientists have started to unmask an enzyme that
plays an important role in cancer formation.
 Enzyme is “telomerase”.
 Two things to understand..
 What is “telomere” and “telomerase”??
 What is “telomere”????
it is stretches of DNA.
It is protective cap at ends of chromosomes.
it protects our genetic center.
it holds secret to how we age and get cancer.
it is like plastic caps on show laces.

10.  It can reach to a length of 15000 bps.
 Each time a cell divides some of the telomere is
lost (usually 25 to 200 bps per division).
 When telomere becomes too short , the
chromosome reaches a critical length and cant
replicate.. Hence it becomes old and die by
apoptosis.
 OR they sustain this damage and causes
cancer…

12.  Yes! There is…
 It is the telomerase enzyme…..
 It is also called telomere terminal transferase.
 It is made up of protein and RNA subunits.
 WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION????
 It elongates chromosomes by adding sequences to
the end of existng chromosome
 WHERE IS IT FOUND??
 Fetal tissues, adult germ cells and in tumour cells
 Its activity in somatic cells is negligible because
they age..

13.  The cells will continue to grow and divide…hence would
form..
 CANCER:-
telomerase is major enzyme found in cancer cells.
telomerase is detectd in about 90 percnt of cancer cells…
tumour cells somehow activates the telomerase.
if…
the telomerase activity is turned off, could prevent the
cancer cells from dividing uncontrollably and would change
them from “IMMORTAL to MORTAL”
AGGING:-
we could control agging by use of telomerase in a controld
manner.

15.  We could combat cancer cells.
 We could combat agging and agging related
diseases.
 We could improve quality of medical treatments.
 Scientist are working nowadays to knw the
complex structure of telomerase.
 Reactivating the telomerase in a controlled manner
could produce younger healthier and longer living
tissues.
 2. ENZYME THERAPY….

17.  1. Stickies Removal
Enzymes are used by the pulp and paper
industry for the removal of “stickies”
 2. Detergents
Enzymes have been used in many kinds
of detergents for over 30 years, since they
were first introduced by Novozymes
 3. Textiles
Enzymes are now widely used to
prepare the fabrics that your
clothing, furniture and other household
items are made of..
 4. food and beverages:-
Historically, humans have been
using enzymes for centuries, in early
biotechnological practices ,to produce foods

18. 5. Leather:-
There are enzymes that can be applied to the
first steps of the process where fat and hair are
removed from the hides.
6. Biodegradable plastic:-
Plastics manufactured by traditional methods
come from non-renewable hydrocarbon resources.
7. Bioethanol:-
Bioethanol is a biofuel that has already met
with widespread public acceptance.
8. Immobilized enzyme system:-
Using biotechnology, especially the technique
of immobilized enzyme systems, it was possible to
produce a variety of substances