Region and regionalism in India 'a detailed discussion on the challenges of regionalism and globalization In Indian context.

1. Globalization
Region & Regionalism
Dr. Basil B Mathew
Assistant Professor
St. Peter’s College, Kolenchery

2. 1. Liberty
2. Equality
3. Fraternity
4. Rights
5. Progress
6. Reform
7. Internationalism
1. Authority
2. Hierarchy
3. Order
4. Duties
5. Tradition
6. Reaction
7. Nationalism
Left
Right
Left/Right divide

3. Communism Socialism Liberalism Conservatism Fascism
Linear Spectrum

4. Liberalism
Fascism
Conservatism
Communism
Socialism

5. Region
Regionalism

7. • A region is a defined territorial unit and a nucleus of a social aggregation for multiple
purposes including particular language or languages, jatis, ethnic groups, tribes, particular
social settings and cultural pattern, music, dance, folk arts etc.
• The region is characterized by a widely shared sentiment of togetherness and separateness
from others in the people, internalized from a wide variety of sources which might include
common prosperity and camaraderie developed in a common struggle.

8. 1. Region as a geographical unit delimited by more or less natural physical barriers and marked by ecological
characteristics.
2. Region as social system implies trans-local relations between human groups.
3. Region as organized cooperation in any of the cultural, economic, political or military fields.
4. Region as civil society takes shape when the organizational framework facilitates and promotes social
communication and convergence of values throughout the region.
levels of regions.

9. Regionalism
• Regionalism is defined as a political ideology that favors a specific
region over a greater area. It usually results due to political
separations, religious geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic
regions, and managerial divisions.
• Regionalism is defined as a political ideology that favors a specific
region over a greater area.

10.  It usually results due to political separations, religious geography,
cultural boundaries, linguistic regions, and managerial divisions.
 Regionalism emphasizes on developing the administrative power and
swaying the available or some inhabitants of a region.

11. • Regionalism is an ideology and political movement that seeks to
advance the causes of regions. As a process it plays role within the
nation as well as outside the nation i.e. at international level. Both
types of regionalism have different meaning and have positive as well
as negative impact on society, polity, diplomacy, economy, security,
culture, development, negotiations, etc.
• The second meaning of the term is regionalism at national level refers
to a process in which sub-state actors become increasingly powerful,
power devolves from central level to regional governments. These are
the regions within country, distinguished in culture, language and
other socio-cultural factors.

16. What Are the Merits of Regionalism?
• Since regionalism is a political ideology that only favors a specific region, its impact may
affect the entire society or just a segment of the community. Regionalism can impact a
region’s economy through various ways. A well-formulated trade bloc can raise
productivity and economic welfare in its associate countries by enhancing consumer
choice and growing the competition that producers encounter. Dropping tariff barriers
expands markets and gives more efficient producers access into states where their prices
had been exaggerated by duties and other trade barriers. However, it is important to
note that trade blocs easily add up instead of removing distortions and trade efficiency.
• In regionalism, it is essential to note that economic profits do not only come from trade
as some benefits may also come as a result of cooperation in investment and financial
activities. Economic impacts of regionalism can be categorized into different classes,
those effects arising from trade, effects arising due to investment and monetary
cooperation. Trade-related consequences have its positive impact in that regional
integration entails the promotion of free trade among the associate countries of a local
organization. The main reason for the benefits from trade is that the universal,
unrestricted trade permits buyers and organizations to buy from the cheapest source of
supply; this ensures that production is located according to comparative advantage.

18. Why regional disparity still persists?
Low rate of economic growth: The economic growth of India has been
fluctuating since independence. But with respect to High population growth,
the economic growth has been not enough to catch the development with full
speed. In the last decade, the economic growth were progressive, but now
they are reeling under the influence of world economic crisis and other
bottlenecks at domestic level.
Socio-economic and political organisation of states: The states have been
unable to do the adequate land reforms and the feudal mentality still
persists. Bhoodan and Gramdaan movements, after independence, were not
enthusiastically carried and even land under land Banks were not efficiently
distributed. The political activities in the backward states were limited to vote
bank politics and scams.

19. Lower level of infrastructural facilities in backward states:
The level of infrastructural development, such as- power distribution, irrigation
facilities, roads, modern markets for agricultural produce has been at back stage. All
these are state list subjects.
Low level of social expenditure by states on education, health and sanitation:
These subjects are core for human resource development. The sates which have
invested heavily on these subjects, fall under the developed and advanced states, for
example Tamil Nadu, where health care services in Primary health centre is bench
mark for other states.
Political and administration failure:
This is source of tension and gives birth to sub-regional movements for separate
states. Jarkhand, Chattisgarh, Uttrakhand and recently Telangana are result of these
failure only. Many such demands are in pipeline such as- Vidarbha, Saurashtra,
Darjeeling and Bodoland, etc. These failures also weakens the confidence of private
players and do not attract investors in the states.

20. “Son of the soil” doctrine explains a form of regionalism, which is in discussion since 1950.
According to it, a state specifically belongs to the main linguistic group inhabiting it or that the
state constitutes the exclusive homeland of its main language speakers, who are the sons of the
soil or local residents.
Why son of the soil?
There remains a competition for job between migrant and local educated middle class youth
• This theory works mostly in cities, because here outsiders also, get opportunity for education, etc.
• In such theories, major involvement of people is due to rising aspiration
• Economy’s failure to create enough employment opportunity
•

21. Clashes in India having colors of regionalism
Linguistic Reorganization of States
It was the demand of Potti Sriramulu, a freedom fighter and a devoted follower of Mahatma
Gandhi, that led to the creation of Andhra Pradesh state and linguistic recognition of the states
in India. To achieve this end, he died in 1952 after not eating for 52 days in support of a Telugu-
speaking state. Sriramulu’s death forced Jawahar Lal Nehru to agree to the various demands
from other parts of the country with similar demands. Consequently, in 1954, a States
Reorganisation Committee was formed with Fazal Ali as its head, which recommended the
formation of 16 new states and 3 Union Territories based on the language
.

22. Demand for Dravida Nadu
Going back to the journey of Regionalism in India, it is well noticeable that it emerged with Dravidian
Movement, which started in Tamil Nadu in 1925. This movement, also known as ‘Self-Respect Movement’
initially focused on empowering Dalits, non-Brahmins, and poor people. Later it stood against imposition of
Hindi as sole official language on non-Hindi speaking areas. But it was the demand of carving out their
own Dravidastan or Dravida Nadu, which made it a secessionist movement. As early as 1960s the DMK and the
Nan Tamil organized a joint campaign throughout Madras state demanding its secession from India and making
it an independent sovereign state of Tamiland. DMK proposed that the states of Madras, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala
and Mysore should secede from the Indian union and form an independent “Republic of Dravida Nadu”

23. Shiv Sena against Kannadigas
In 1966, Shiv Sena, in Maharashtra, launched its agitation
against Kannadigas in the name of Marathi pride. The first targets of its
agitation were South Indians who were the workers of Udupi hotels in
Mumbai. This agitation was labelled to be a retaliation of the lathi-charge on
Marathi speaking people in the border areas.
Khalistan Movement
It was during the era of 1980s that Khalistan movement with its aim to create
a Sikh homeland, often called Khalistan, cropped up in the Punjab region of
India and Pakistan. In fact this demand has also the colours of communalism,
as there demand is only for Sikhs.

24. Globalization

25. Liberalism
• Liberalism is a broad doctrine: includes individualism and democracy.
• Exponents: John Locke (Father of Liberalism), Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham.
• Liberalisms the theory and practice of individual liberty, constitutional state.
Basic of liberalism
• Man is a rationale creature
• Promote civil liberty of the individual
• Freedom of contract
• Civil liberty
• Social liberty
• Personal liberty
• Economic liberty

26. Liberalism
Classical Liberalism
(Freedom & Individualism)
Modern Liberalism
(Economic freedom)
Neo-Liberalism

27. Neo-Liberalism
 Stable Currency
 Free Market Capitalism
 Free trade
 Market
 Competition
 Global Trading Cycle
 Automated Trading
 Increase frequency of contracts
 Contact maximization
 Creation of Sub Markets
 The philosophy promotes a
Liberalization of capital Markets
 Everyone should be entrepreneur
 Flexible labor market
 Market and individual freedom
 Market is the primary force
 Regional economic integration
 Human development

29. Bt Coin
Libra
Facebook currency

33. Globalization
 World will be a single village
 Theodore Levitt: globalization first used in an
economic context
 Neo-liberal ideology views : state as a business
firm
 Globalization in an umbrella term referring to
increased interdependence among nations in
the economic. Social, technological, cultural,
political and ecological spheres.
 Increasing human migration
 Rapid movement of capital
 Growing international trade
 Free international capital flows
 International culture; exchange
 Speeding multiculturalism
 Exchanged individual access to cultural
diversity
 Greater immigration
 Imported culture can easily supplant the local
culture

36. Forms of globalization
Financial globalization: Emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for
corporate, national and subnational borrowers.
Political globalization: Spread of political sphere of interest to the regions and countries outside the neighborhood
of political actors and potential formation of global citizens movements.
Information globalization: Increase in information flows among geographically remote locations
Cultural globalization: Growth of cross-cultural contacts.
Globalism : Connection between cultures, nations and people. It embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to consume
and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices and participate in a “world culture”. It is a
universal, internationalist impulse that the world is connected.

37. Globalization and The Indian Economy
Globalization is the free movement of people, goods, and services across boundaries. This movement is
managed in a unified and integrated manner. Further, it can be seen as a scheme to open the global economy
as well as the associated growth in trade (global). Hence, when the countries that were previously shut to
foreign investment and trade have now burned down barriers.
Indian Economy Reacts to Globalization
Dr. Manmohan Singh was the finance minister in the 1990s when globalization was fully
implemented and experienced in India. He was the front man who framed the
economic liberalization proposal. Since then, the nation has gradually moved ahead to
become one of the supreme economic leaders in the world.