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The Declaration stated that men 
have a natural right to “Life, 
Liberty and pursuit of Happiness”; 
that Government can rule only with 
“the consent of the governed”; that 
any government may be dissolved 
when it fails to protect the right of 
the people. This theory of politics 
came from the British philosopher 
John Locke, and it is central to the 
Anglo-Saxon political tradition.
The 13 colonies were now “free and independent states” 
– but not yet one united nation. Since 1781 they were 
governed by the Article of Confederation, a Constitution 
that set up a very weak central government.
In May 1787 a convention met in 
Philadelphia with instruction to 
revise the Article of Confederation. 
The delegates – among whom were 
George Washington, Benjamin 
Franklin and James Madison – 
drafted a new and more workable 
Constitution. It established a 
stronger federal government 
empowered to collect taxes, conduct 
diplomacy, maintain armed forces 
and regulate foreign trade and 
commerce among the states.
It established a Supreme Court 
and Federal Courts, and it 
gave executive power to an 
elected President. It also 
established the principle of a 
“balance of power” to be 
maintained among the three 
branches of government – 
executive, legislative and 
judicial.
The Constitution was accepted in 
1788. Many Americans feared that 
a powerful central government 
would trample on the liberties of 
the people, and in 1791 10 
amendments – the Bill of Rights – 
were added to the Constitution. 
This document guaranteed 
freedom of religion, a free press, 
free speech, the right of citizens to 
bear arms, protection against 
illegal house searches, the right to 
a fair trial by jury and protection 
against “cruel and unusual 
punishment”.
http://www.youtube.com/watch 
?v=yYEfLm5dLMQ 
Watch the video and answer the question: 
Daily, Americans exercise their rights secured by the 
Constitution. 
Watch the video and answer the following questions: 
What is the most widely discussed and debated part of the 
Constitution? 
What do the first ten amendments grant every American 
citizen?

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Lecture 2.2+

  • 1. The Declaration stated that men have a natural right to “Life, Liberty and pursuit of Happiness”; that Government can rule only with “the consent of the governed”; that any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the right of the people. This theory of politics came from the British philosopher John Locke, and it is central to the Anglo-Saxon political tradition.
  • 2. The 13 colonies were now “free and independent states” – but not yet one united nation. Since 1781 they were governed by the Article of Confederation, a Constitution that set up a very weak central government.
  • 3. In May 1787 a convention met in Philadelphia with instruction to revise the Article of Confederation. The delegates – among whom were George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and James Madison – drafted a new and more workable Constitution. It established a stronger federal government empowered to collect taxes, conduct diplomacy, maintain armed forces and regulate foreign trade and commerce among the states.
  • 4. It established a Supreme Court and Federal Courts, and it gave executive power to an elected President. It also established the principle of a “balance of power” to be maintained among the three branches of government – executive, legislative and judicial.
  • 5. The Constitution was accepted in 1788. Many Americans feared that a powerful central government would trample on the liberties of the people, and in 1791 10 amendments – the Bill of Rights – were added to the Constitution. This document guaranteed freedom of religion, a free press, free speech, the right of citizens to bear arms, protection against illegal house searches, the right to a fair trial by jury and protection against “cruel and unusual punishment”.
  • 6. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=yYEfLm5dLMQ Watch the video and answer the question: Daily, Americans exercise their rights secured by the Constitution. Watch the video and answer the following questions: What is the most widely discussed and debated part of the Constitution? What do the first ten amendments grant every American citizen?