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MIMO Concept
4
With MIMO
4x4 MIM is like adding
highway on top of a
highway
Without MIMO
4 × 4 MIMO increases the speed by 50% compared to 2 × 2 MIMO
How 4x4 MIMO Improve capacity and coverage
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Massive MIMO Product
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Evolution from MIMO to Massive MIMO
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Massive MIMO Beamforming
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Massive MIMO 3D Beamforming
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
Digital BF
(Baseband)
… … Analog BF
(AAU)
…
Digital beam
Analog beam
Analog beam tracking
Get BF weights from best beam
ID feedback.
UE
Digital beam tracking
Get BF matrix from SRS or
PMI feedback.
UE feedback:
best beam ID
SRS, or PMI
Massive MIMO can use either static weights or the dynamic weights.
• Static weights: weights corresponding to static beams
① The UE provides the SSB index or the CSI-RS index. SSB is short
for SS/PBCH block and CSI-RS is short for channel state
information-reference signal.
② The gNodeB obtains the static beam weight by using the mapping
relationship between the index and the beam ID.
• Dynamic weights: SRS weights or PMI weights (SRS is short for
sounding reference signal and PMI is short for precoding matrix
indication.)
① The gNodeB obtains SRS weights based on the channel estimation
through SRS measurement and obtains PMI weights through the
PMI reported by the UE.
The Beam Management feature covers only static weights, that is, the
management of static beams.
64 PAs
RF chain
RF chain
PA
PA
Antenna:
(8Hx12Vx2P)
1 PA drives 3 antennas.
The figure on the left uses an AAU working on the C-band and
supporting 64T64R as an example.
For static beams, digital weighting is performed on the baseband part.
Baseband
beamforming
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NR broadcast beams are N narrow beams with different fixed directions. The broadcast beam coverage of the
cell is completed by sending different narrow beams at different moments. By scanning each narrow beam, the
UE obtains an optimal beam, and completes synchronization and system message demodulation.
#0
#1
#2
#N-3
#N-2
#N-1
Time
.
.
.
◼ For the initial cell search, the transmission period of the SSB
is 20 ms and each transmission is complete within 5 ms.
◼ The PBCH period is 80 ms, and the SSB is transmitted by
four times within 80 ms.
◼ There are a maximum of eight low-frequency SSBs.
Massive MIMO Beam Management
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO SSB Beam
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
Broadcast beams can be used in various scenarios, such as buildings and squares.
Massive MIMO cell
Neighboring cell
In inter-cell interference scenarios, beams with
narrow horizontal scanning scope are used to
avoid strong interference sources.
For high-rise buildings, beams with wide vertical
coverage are used to improve the vertical coverage.
In square scenarios, wide beams are used at the
cell center to ensure the access. Narrow beams
are used at the cell edge to improve coverage.
In business districts, there are both squares
and high-rise buildings. Beams providing large
horizontal and vertical coverage are used.
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
• Obtain an optimal beam through SRS static
beam measurement on the base station side.
• It is applicable to reciprocal channels when SRS
channel quality near or at the cell center is good.
SRS static beam measurement
• Obtain an optimal beam through
the scanning on the UE side and
feedback of CSI-RS beams.
• It is used when the SINR of the
SRS at the cell edge is low.
SRS-based Static Beam Measurement CSI-RS Beam Scanning
CSI-RS scanning
Proper beams are selected for
UEs at the cell center.
Proper beams cannot be selected for UEs at
the cell edge due to poor SRS channel quality.
Proper beams are selected
for UEs at the cell edge.
The SRS beam quality of
UEs at the cell edge is poor.
√
√
Aperiodic Periodic
SRS √ √ (40 ms)
CSI-RS √ N/A
Aperiodic: priority-based scheduling
CSI-RS 10 ms: four times
SRS 10 ms: four times
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
Beam Management Process
SSB beam scanning
PRACH beam
scanning
SRS beam
measurement
CSI-RS beam
measurement
Beam
maintenance
Beam
recovery
P1: Periodic SSB beam scanning is implemented
on the base station side. At the same time, wide
beam scanning is implemented on the UE side.
P2: Precise CSI-RS beam scanning is
implemented on the base station side.
P3: Narrow beam scanning is
implemented on the UE side.
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
The UE uses
wide beam
scanning to
determine the
optimal
receive wide
beam.
PRACH scanning
is used to obtain
the optimal
PRACH beam and
the optimal SSB
beam is implicitly
carried.
The UE in the
connected mode
actively triggers
SSB reporting.
Then, periodic
SSB
measurement is
performed.
Configure CSI-
RS secondary
beam scanning
to indicate the
optimal beams
of the PDCCH
and PDSCH.
The base station
uses the SRS to
measure the optimal
beam set maintained
in the downlink and
selects the optimal
beams for the
PUCCH and PUSCH.
The UE selects the
optimal narrow
beams, the base
station maintains
the optimal beam
set, and the uplink
and downlink beam
sets are maintained
separately.
The base
station
sends cell-
level
narrow
beams
through
SSB polling.
Step 1 Step 2
RAR and
MSG4 use
the
optimal
SSB
beam.
MSG3 and
MSG5 use
the same
PRACH
beam.
The UE side uses
the corresponding
wide beam to
receive signals, and
measures and
reports the CRI and
RSRP
corresponding to the
optimal beam on the
base station side.
The base
station sends
cell-level
narrow beams
through SSB
polling.
(Repeat step
1.)
The UE fails
to detect the
beams and
sends an
indication to
the upper
layer.
The upper layer
instructs the UE
to perform the
latest available
beam
measurement,
and selects
candidate
beams.
The UE sends
a beam
recovery
request (similar
to PRACH) to
the base station
according to the
candidate
beams.
The base station
sends downlink
beams according
to information
reported by the
UE, and delivers
specific DCI to
the UE.
Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Step 11
Step 12
Step 13
Step 14
Step 15
Beam Management Process
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Massive MIMO Beam Management
gBS/UE rough sweeping
(Step-1):
gNodeB uses SSB for cell-
level wide beam sweeping,
and UE receives signals
using different wide beams.
gBS precise sweeping
(Step-2):
gNodeB uses CSI-RS for
narrow beam sweeping, and
UE receives signals using the
optimal wide beam.
UE precise sweeping
(Step-3):
gNodeB uses precise CSI-
RS beam, and UE receives
signals using several narrow
beams.
User-Level Beam Management
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Network Planning
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Tilt Planning
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Massive MIMO Coverage Scenario
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Tuning Parameter Base Antenna Name Optimized Antenna Name Base Beam Scenario Optimized Beam Scenario
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54 NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S1_H110V6 8to2ss51to54 DEFAULT SCENARIO_1
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54 NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all DEFAULT SCENARIO_3
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54 NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all DEFAULT SCENARIO_3
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S8_H65V12 Ord all NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S1_H110V6 8to2ss51to54 SCENARIO_8 SCENARIO_1
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S0_H105V6 8to2ss51to54 NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all DEFAULT SCENARIO_3
Beam Scenario;D-Azimuth NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S3_H65V6 Ord all NR AAU5613 3.5G 64T SSB S8_H65V12 Ord all SCENARIO_3 SCENARIO_8
Tuning Parameter Base D-Azimuth Optimized D-Azimuth D-Azimuth Difference Base E-Tilt/D-Tilt Optimized E-Tilt/D-Tilt E-Tilt/D-Tilt Difference
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt 0 0 0 8 4 -4
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth 0 20 20 6 8 2
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth 0 20 20 6 9 3
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt 0 0 0 6 9 3
Beam Scenario;E-Tilt/D-Tilt;D-Azimuth 0 10 10 6 9 3
Beam Scenario;D-Azimuth -10 20 30 6 6 0
NR Optimization ACP
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Scenario 0 Scenario 14
Small
building
Small
building
High rise
building
High rise
building
Antenna Scenario Change
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Create link budget
Obtain the cell radius
Calculate the coverage area of
a single base station
Estimate site number based
on coverage requirements
Maximum allowed path loss
Maximum cell radius
Maximum coverage area
of a single base station
Analyze customer requirements
Determine input
parameters.
Spectrum
information
Coverage
requirements
Quality
requirement
Estimate capacity
Propagation
model
……
Service
models
User
number
planning
Estimate capacity
of a single cell
Estimate site number based on
capacity requirements
Estimate site scale
Maximum number of BTSs
Estimate network
capacity
Link Budget Overview
No. Function
1 Cell radius estimation based on the cell edge rate
2 Throughput estimation based on the coverage area
3
Coverage estimation of each common channel or
control channel
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Link Factor LTE Link Budget 5G Link Budget
Cable loss
RRUs are used with external antennas,
which lead to cable loss.
AAUs are used without external antennas, which do not lead to cable loss.
RRUs are used with external antennas, which lead to cable loss.
Base station antenna gain
A physical antenna is associated with a
single TRX. The antenna gain of a
single TRX is the gain of the physical
antenna.
An MM antenna array is associated with multiple TRXs. One TRX corresponds to multiple
physical antennas.
Total antenna gain = Gain of a single TRX antenna + Beamforming (BF) gain
Where,
• The antenna gain in the link budget is only the antenna gain of a single TRX.
• The BF gain is specified by the demodulation threshold.
• For details about antenna gains, see the product specifications by vising
Propagation model Cost231-Hata 36.873 UMa/RMa 38.901Umi
Penetration loss Relatively small A higher frequency band indicates higher penetration loss.
Interference margin Relatively large
The MM beam inherently has interference suppression effect. Therefore, it is subject to low
interference.
Body block loss N/A
It needs to be considered when UEs are located at a low altitude and the traffic volume is
large, especially if mmWave is used.
Rain attenuation N/A
If mmWave is used, rain attenuation needs to be considered in areas with intense and
frequent rainfalls.
Foliage attenuation N/A
Foliage attenuation needs to be considered in areas with dense vegetation and in LOS
scenarios.
Key Differences Between 5G and 3G/4G Link Budgets
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5G Link Budget Factors
Path loss (dB) = gNodeB transmit power (dBm) – 10 x log10 (subcarrier
quantity) + gNodeB antenna gain (dBi) – gNodeB cable loss (dB) –
penetration loss (dB) – foliage loss (dB) – body block loss (dB) –
interference margin (dB) – rain/ice margin (dB) – slow fading margin (dB)
– body block loss (dB) + UE antenna gain (dB) – Thermal noise power
(dBm) – UE noise figure (dB) – demodulation threshold SINR (dB)
gNodeB
transmit power
gNodeB
antenna gain
UE antenna gain
Slow fading margin
Interference
margin
Cable loss Path loss
UE reception sensitivity
Antenna gain
Margin
Loss
Penetration loss
Foliage loss
Rain/Ice
margin
Body loss
Body block loss
Link budget involves 2 types of factors:
▪ Certain factors: Once the product form and scenario are
determined, the corresponding parameters are
accordingly determined (power, antenna gain, noise
figure, demodulation threshold, penetration loss, and
body loss).
▪ Uncertain factors: The impact of some uncertain factors
needs to be considered (such as slow fading margin,
rain/snow margin, and interference margin). These
factors do not occur anytime or anywhere, and are
considered as link margins.
Slow Fading Margin
The signal strength varies slowly with the
distance (complies with the normal
logarithmic distribution), and is related to the
barrier of propagation, seasonal, and
weather change. The slow fading margin
refers to the margin reserved to ensure a
certain level coverage probability in long-
term measurement.
Interference Margin
Margin reserved to overcome
the increase of noise floor
caused by neighboring cells
and other external
interference. The value of this
parameter is equal to the
noise floor increase.
Rain/Snow/Ice
Margin
Margin reserved to overcome
the high probability of signal
attenuation caused by rain,
snow, and ice.
Link budget factors: 5G and 4G have no difference in
basic concepts. However, 5G introduces the impact of
body block loss, foliage loss, and rain/snow attenuation
(especially for mmWave).
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Link Budget Analysis
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5G Statistical Propagation Model
5G NR uses the 3D propagation model defined in 3GPP 36.873. The UMa, UMi, and RMa models are applicable to frequency bands 2–6 GHz
and then are extended to 0.5–100 GHz in 3GPP 38.901.
Scenario Building Height (m) Street Width (m)
Dense urban 30 10
Urban 20 20
Suburban 10 30
Rural 5 50
Propagation Model Application Scenario
UMa Macro dense urban/urban/suburban
RMa Macro rural
UMi Micro urban/dense urban
Scenario
Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz),
Distance (m)
Applicability
Range,
Antenna Height
Default Values
3D-UMi
LOS
PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc)
PL = 40log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc) – 9log10((d'BP)2 +
(hBS – hUT)2)
10 m < d2D < d'BP
1)
d'BP < d2D < 5000
m1)
hBS = 10m1), 1.5 m
≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m1)
3D-UMi
NLOS
For hexagonal cell layout:
PL = max(PL3D-UMi-NLOS, PL3D-
UMi-LOS),
PL3D-UMi-NLOS = 36.7log10(d3D) +
22.7 + 26log10(fc) – 0.3(hUT –
1.5)
10 m < d2D < 2000
m2)
hBS = 10 m
1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦
22.5 m
Scenario
Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz),
Distance (m)
Applicability Range,
Antenna Height Default Values
3D-UMa
LOS
PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc)
PL = 40log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
20log10(fc) – 9log10((d'BP)2 + (hBS -
hUT)2)
10 m < d2D < d'BP
4)
d'BP < d2D < 5000 m4)
hBS = 25 m4), 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m4)
3D-UMa
NLOS
PL = max(PL3D-UMa-NLOS, PL3D-UMa-
LOS),
PL3D-UMa-NLOS = 161.04 – 7.1 log10
(W) + 7.5 log10 (h) – (24.37 –
3.7(h/hBS)2) log10 (hBS) + (43.42 –
3.1 log10 (hBS)) (log10 (d3D) – 3) +
20 log10(fc) – (3.2 (log10 (17.625))
2 – 4.97) – 0.6(hUT – 1.5)
10 m < d2D < 5 000 m
h = avg. building height, W = street
width
hBS = 25 m, 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m, W
= 20 m, h = 20 m
The applicability ranges:5 m < H <
50 m, 5 m < W < 50 m, 10 m < hBS <
150 m, 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m
Explanations: see 6)
Scenario
Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz),
Distance (m)
Applicability
Range,
Antenna Height
Default Values
3D-RMa
LOS
PL1 = 20log10(40πd3Dfc /3) +
min(0.03h1.72,10)log10(d3D)
– min(0.044h1.72,14.77) +
0.002log10(h)d3D
PL2 = PL1 (dBP) + 40 log10(d3D
/dBP)
10 m < d2D < 5 000 m,
hBS = 35 m,
hUT = 1.5 m,
W = 20 m,
H = 5 m
H = avg. building
height,
W = street width
Applicability ranges:
5 m < h < 50 m
5 m < W < 50 m
10 m < hBS < 150 m
1 m < hUT < 10 m
3D-RMa
NLOS
PL = 161.04 – 7.1 log10(W) + 7.5
log10(h) – (24.37 – 3.7(h/hBS)2)
log10(hBS) + (43.42 – 3.1
log10(hBS)) (log10(d3D) – 3) + 20
log10(fc) – (3.2 (log10(11.75 hUT))2
– 4.97)
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C-band 3.5 GHz Penetration Loss
Source: 3GPP 38.901
Based on the preceding high loss formula, the 3.5 GHz penetration
loss is calculated as follows:
5 - 10 x log(0.7 x 10^(-(23 + 0.3 x 3.5)/10) + 0.3 x 10^(-(5 + 4 x
3.5)/10)) = 26.85 dB
10 cm & 20 cm thick concrete slab:16 – 20 dB
1 cm coating glass (0°angle): 25 dB
External wall + one-way perspective coated glass: 29 dB
External wall + 1 internal wall: 44 dB
External wall + 2 internal walls: 58 dB
External wall + elevator: 47 dB
Concrete slab (dark room test)
Based on the test result and protocol definition, for the 3.5 GHz dense urban area, the loss of penetrating a wall is considered as 26 dB,
and those in urban and suburban areas are considered as 4 dB difference based on LTE networks.
From R-REP-P.2346
Source: Huawei tests
Classes Material/type
3.5 GHz
Penetration Loss
Outer wall of an
office building
35 cm thick concrete wall 28
2-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames 26
Inner wall 12 cm plasterboard wall 12
Brick
76 x 2 mm, 2 layers 24
229 mm, 3 layers 28
Glass
2-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames 26
3-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames 34
2-layer glass 12
Penetration Loss (dB)
Frequence
Band(GHz)
0.8 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.5
Denseurban 18 21 22 23 26 28
Urban 14 17 18 19 22 24
Suburban 10 13 14 15 18 20
Rural 7 10 11 12 15 17
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mmWave Penetration Loss
Source: 3GPP 38.901
Based on the preceding high loss formula, the 28 GHz
penetration loss is calculated as follows:
5 - 10 x log(0.7 x 10^(-(23 + 0.3 x 28)/10) + 0.3 x 10^(-(5 + 4 x
28)/10)) = 37.95 dB
Concrete slab (dark room test)
Based on the test result and protocol definition, for the 28 GHz dense urban area, the loss of penetrating a wall is considered as 38 dB,
and those in urban and suburban areas are considered as 4 dB difference based on LTE networks.
Source: Huawei tests
Material 28 GHz 39 GHz
1-layer glass (0.8 cm) 4 5
Ordinary glass door (0.8 cm) 3.5 4.5
Low-e metal coated glass (0.6 cm) 12 NA
2-layer low-e metal coated glass* 16 NA
Metal coated glass 23.5 NA
Window-shades + 2-layer glass 36.2 45.9
2-layer glass wall (1.8 cm) 14.6 20.9
Outer concrete wall (27.5 cm) 64.9 78.8
Inner concrete wall (42 cm) 69.1 75.7
Inner concrete wall (36 cm) 54 NA
Hollow metal wall (0.8 cm) 63 68.5
Solid wooden door (4.5 cm) 11.7 18.4
Hollow wall 4.5 NA
Wooden door (5 cm) 8.9 10.7
Pine board (2 cm)* 1 NA
Hollow metal wall (0.8 cm) 63 68.5
White board* 17.8 NA
Advertisement paper* 1 NA
Thermal baffle* 2 NA
Carton covered foam* 3.6 NA
28 GHz 39 GHz
Dense Urban 38 41
Urban 34 37
Suburban 30 33
Rural 27 30
Penetration Loss (dB)
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3GPP 38.901 Slow Fading Standard Deviation
Shadow Fading Margin
Scenario Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
O2I 11.7 9.4 7.2 6.2
Considering the 95% area coverage, the shadow fading
margin in typical scenarios can be calculated as follows:
Scenario LOS/NLOS Shadow Fading Standard (dB)
RMa
LOS 4
NLOS 8
UMa
LOS 4
NLOS 6
UMi - Street
Canyon
LOS 4
NLOS 7.82
InH - Office
LOS 3
NLOS 8.03
The following table lists the typical slow fading
margin of the UMa LOS/NLOS under the 95% area
coverage condition.
Scenario
Area Coverage
Probability
Edge Coverage
Probability
Slow Fading
Standard Deviation
Slow Fading
Margin
LOS 95% 85.1% 4 4.16
NLOS 95% 82.5% 6 5.6
Empirical Value of Huawei's Slow Fading Standard
Deviation
Scenario Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural LOS
O2I 9 8 7 6 5
O2O 8 7 6 5 4
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Propagation Model
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Link Budget Factor
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Scenario Illustration
Expectation (Considering
Industry Experience)
Typical Value
A sparse tree 5–10 dB 8 dB
A dense tree 15 dB
11 dB (lower part)
16 dB (crown)
Two trees
(Top of one tree + crown of
another one)
15–20 dB 19 dB
3 trees
(Top of 2 trees + crown of 1
tree)
20–25 dB 24 dB
Foliage Loss (High Frequency)
For 5G, especially high frequency, loss caused by foliage shading is very important. According to Huawei field test results, it is recommended that 17 dB be
used as the typical foliage loss value, which can be adjusted according to the actual situation in the planning scenario.
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Foliage Loss (Low Frequency)
Recommended value for 3.5 GHz
Penetration Loss (dB) 3500 MHz
A camphor 8.46
A willow 7.49
2 trees 11.14
3–4 trees 19.59
If the vegetation in the target area is
dense and the LOS scenario is involved,
it is recommended that foliage loss be
considered for sub-6 GHz link budget, for
example: 12 dB (penetrating multiple
trees).
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Body Block Loss
In WTTx scenarios, the block loss does not need to be considered for link budget.
In the eMBB scenario, the test results show that the body block loss on high frequency bands is affected by factors such as
people, receiver, relative position in the signal transmission direction, and altitude difference between the receiver and
transmitter. A larger the body blocking ratio indicates more severe loss. For 28 GHz, the typical body block loss is
approximately 15 dB. In NLOS scenarios, the multipath propagation of signals reduces the actual body block loss.
Therefore, the actual body block loss is approximately 8 dB.
Figure 1 Test Result of Body Block Loss in Typical Indoor LOS Scenarios
In typical indoor LOS scenarios, the body block loss test results are as follows:
5 dB with minor blocking, 15 dB with severe blocking.
Figure 2 Test Results of Body Block Loss in Typical Outdoor LOS Scenarios
In typical outdoor LOS scenarios, the body block loss test results
are as follows: 18 dB with severe blocking, 21 dB with more
severe blocking, 40 dB with the most severe blocking.
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Rain attenuation is related to the diameter of rain drops and the wavelength of signals. The wavelength of
signals is determined by the frequency, and the diameter of rain drops is closely related to the rainfall rate.
Therefore, rain attenuation is related to the frequency and rainfall rate. Rain attenuation is an accumulation
process and is closely related to the length of the propagation path of a signal in the rainfall zone. The
probability of reaching the guaranteed rate is also related.
The estimation of rain attenuation in the 5G WTTx scenario is the same as that in microwave. Both referred to
the calculation method in the ITU-R proposal. However, the margin requirement for microwave transmission is
strict, which corresponds to the time link interruption probability of the 0.01% in the planning area. In the 5G
WTTx scenario, the probability of reaching the guaranteed rate corresponding to reserved level margin should
be met based on the customer requirements.
The recommended value is 3 dB in the 28 GHz WTTx scenario.
Item USA Canada
Performance
Deterioration
(Hour/Year)
Typical site distance (km) 1 3
Typical radius (km) 0.67 2
Rain zone N E K M E B C
0.01% rainfall rate (mm/h) 95 22 42 63 22 12 15
0.876
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99%
probability of the guaranteed rate
18.05 5.26 9.07 12.76 9.63 5.86 7.03
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps 0 481 182 0 149 429 330
0.1% rainfall rate (mm/h) 35 6 12 22 6 3 5
8.76
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99% probability
of the guaranteed rate
6.82 1.99 3.43 4.82 3.64 2.21 2.66
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps 346 767 603 512 589 746 698
1% rainfall rate (mm/h) 5 0.6 1.5 4 0.6 0.5 0.7
87.6
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99% probability
of the guaranteed rate
1.88 0.55 0.95 1.33 1.00 0.61 0.73
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps 777 937 882 838 876 928 912
Rain Attenuation Margin
This marge depends on the frequency, rainfall rate in the rain zone, propagation path length, and the probability of
reaching the guaranteed rate.
67. 5G Indo for Cov19
#KeepDistance
Interference Margin
• The interference margin (IM) is reserved to overcome noise increase caused by neighboring cell
interference. Based on the SINR calculation principle, the IM formula can be deduced as follows:
Signal of the serving cell Downlink interference of a neighboring cell
Downlink Interference
UE uplink signal
Uplink interference
from the UE
UE uplink signal
Uplink Interference
Frequency (GHz) 3.5 28
Scenario
O2O O2I O2O O2I
UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL
Dense urban 2 17 2 7 0.5 1 0.5 1
Urban 2 15 2 6 0.5 1 0.5 1
Suburban 2 13 2 4 0.5 1 0.5 1
Rural 1 10 1 2 0.5 1 0.5 1
Note:
The empirical IM values are based on the following assumptions:
• 3.5 GHz 64T64R, continuous networking
• 28 GHz discontinuous networking
Empirical IM Values
68. 5G Indo for Cov19
#KeepDistance
Link Budget Factor
69. 5G Indo for Cov19
#KeepDistance
Link Budget Factor
70. 5G Indo for Cov19
#KeepDistance
Link Budget Factor
71. 5G Indo for Cov19
#KeepDistance
Link Budget Calculation
72. 5G Indo for Cov19
#KeepDistance
Link Budget Calculation
73. 5G Indo for Cov19
#KeepDistance
• AAU output power = 160 Watt → 52 dBm
• Antenna Gain = 10 dbi (antenna gain) + 15 dbi (BF) = 25 dbi
• Cable Loss = 0
• Penetration loss = 26 dBm
• EIRP = Subcarrier Power + Antenna Gain
• Subcarrier Power = AAU output power – 10 log (RB x12 sc)
= 52 dbm – 10 log (217 x 12)
= 17.8 dbm
• EIRP = 17.8 + 25 = 42.8 dbm
Penetration loss = - 26 dB
Interference Margin = - 17 dB
Human Body = - 3 dB
Thermal Noise = -174 dB
Noise Figure = 7 dB
Min Signal Reception Strength (MsRs) = Rx Sensivity + Rx Body Loss +
Interference Margin
= -137.1 + 3 + 17
= -117.17 dBm
Rx Sensitivity = SINR + Rx Noise Figure + Thermal Noise + 10 log
10 (scs x 1000)
= -14.95 + 7 dB + (-174) + 10 log 10 (30 x1000)
= - 137.1 dBm
Link Budget Calculation
Shadow Fading Margin = 8 dB
MAPL = EIRP – MsRs – Penetration Loss – Shadow Fading Margin
= 42.8 – (-117.17) – (0 = LOS, 26=NLOS) – 8
= 125.97 dB
