Educational PPT

1. MITOCHONDRIA
DR.B.S KIRADE
ASSTT.PROF.
Cell Organelle
Greek mitos=. "thread", and , chondrion-= "granule" or
"grain-like".

2. यूकै रियोटिक कोशिका के कोशिका द्रव्य में अनेक छोिे , गोलाकाि , मुग्दाकाि ( Club shaped ) , तंतुमय (
Filamentous ) , कणिकामय एवं छड़ के आकाि की िचनाएं पाई जाती हैं , जजन्हें माइटोकोंड्रिया कहते हैं
माइिोकाजरिआन या सूत्रकणिका कोशिका के कोशिकाद्रव्य में उपजथित दोहिी णिल्ली से घििा िहता है। माइिोकाजरिया
के भीति आनुवांशिक पदािथ के रूप में डीएनए होता है
माइिोकॉजन्िया यूके रियोटिक कोशिकाओं के भीति के अंग हैं जो कोशिका द्वािा प्रयुक्त मुख्य ऊजाथ अिु एडेनोशसन
ट्राइफॉथफे ि (एिीपी) का उत्पादन किते हैं। इस कािि से, माइिोकॉजन्ियन को कभी-कभी "सेल का पावरहाउस" कहा
जाता है।
जीवािु एवं नील हररत शैवाल को छोड़कर शेष सभी सजीव पादप एवं जंतु कोशशकाओं के कोशशकाद्रव्य में अननयशमत
रूप से बिखरे हुए दोहरी णिल्ली आिंध कोशशकांगों (organelle) को सूत्रकणिका या माइटोकॉण्ड्रिया (Mitochondria)
कहते हैं।

4. •This is filamentous, and granules cytoplasmic organelles found in
cytoplasm
• Power house of the cell
•The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a
double membrane-bound organelle found in
all eukaryotic organisms,
•although some cells in some organisms may lack them
(e.g. Red blood cells).

5. Mitochondria
HISTORY
• 1850 Kolliker First time ivestiged in Insect muscular tissues
• 1882 Fleming are called Filla
• 1894 Altman are called Bioplast
• 1897 Benda are called Mitochondria
• 1948 Hogeboom – cellular respiration
• David Keilin discovered cytochromes, that the respiratory chain was described
• 1948 Eugene Kennedy and Albert Lehninger discovered in that mitochondria are
the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes
Powerhouses of
the cell

6. SHAPE-
Filamentus, Rod like, club, vesicles anf Ring shaped
SHAPE & SIZE
Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue
displaying their matrix and membranes as shown by
electron microscopy

7. 7
Shape and Size-
1. Shape - Filamintus,
Granular,
Rod shape,
Club shape,
Rring shape

8. SIZE-
0.5 to 1.0 µ Dimeter
3 to 10 micron long
Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3μm in
diameter[4] but vary considerably in size and structure.
Unless specifically stained, they are not visible.
माइिोकोंड्रिया की लम्बाई 1.5μ – 4μ तक तिा व्यास 0.5 से 1.0μ तक होता हैं |

9. NUMBER
 The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely
by organism, tissue, and cell type.
 For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria,
 whereas liver cells can have more than 2000
 Veriable in defrent cells
 Chaos chaos 500,000 then more
 Sperm – 20 to 24
 Sea urchin- 14,000 to 1,50,000

10. 10
Number
Variable
Chaos chaos (Amoeba)- 500,000
 Rat liver cell- 1,000 to 2,500
 Sea urchin- 14,000 to 1,50,000
Distributuin and Orintation
 arround th neucleus and fully cytoplasm

12. Ultra Structure

20. there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. They are:
1. the outer mitochondrial membrane,
2. the intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner
membranes),
3. the inner mitochondrial membrane,
4. the cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane),
and
5. the matrix (space within the inner membrane).
6. Mitochondria stripped of their outer membrane are
called mitoplasts.

21. 1. Outer membrane
 which encloses the entire organelle, is 60 to 75 (Å) angstroms thick.
 It has a protein-to-phospholipid ratio similar to that of the eukaryotic plasma
membrane (about 1:1 by weight).
 It contains large numbers ofintegral membrane proteins called porins.
 These porins form channels that allow molecules of 5000 daltons or
 less in molecular weight to freely diffuse from one side of the membrane to the
other

22. 2. Inner membrane
•The inner mitochondrial membrane contains proteins with five types
of functions
•Those that perform the redox reactions of oxidative phosphorylation
•ATP synthase, which generates ATP in the matrix
•Specific transport proteins that regulate metabolite passage into and
out of the matrix
•Protein import machinery
•Mitochondrial fusion and fission protein

23. 3 .Outer space
The intermembrane space is the space between the outer
membrane and the inner membrane.
It is also known as perimitochondrial space. Because the
outer membrane is freely permeable to small molecules,
the concentrations of small molecules, such as ions and
sugars, in the intermembrane space is the same as in
the cytosol

24. 3 .Intermembrane space
The intermembrane space is the space between the outer
membrane and the inner membrane.
It is also known as perimitochondrial space. Because the
outer membrane is freely permeable to small molecules,
the concentrations of small molecules, such as ions and
sugars, in the intermembrane space is the same as in
the cytosol

25. 4. Cristae
The inner mitochondrial membrane is compartmentalized into numerous cristae,
which expand the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to
produce ATP.
For typical liver mitochondria, the area of the inner membrane is about five times as large as
the outer membrane.
This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP,
such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae.
These folds are studded with small round bodies known as F1 particles or oxysomes.
These are not simple random folds but rather invaginations of the inner membrane, which
can affect overall chemiosmotic function

26. HEAD 100 A’
Stalk 50 A’
Base 110A’

27. 5.Matrix
 The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane.
 It contains about 2/3 of the total protein in a mitochondrion.[13]
 The matrix is important in the production of ATP with the aid of
the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane.
 The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of
enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNA, and
 several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome. Of the
enzymes, the major functions include oxidation
of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle

28. • Two membranes
• Inner membrane invaginated
• Numbers of mitochondria per cell
vary
Matrix contains the TCA
cycle (and other) soluble
enzymes
Inner membrane
contains metabolite
transporters and the
electron transport chain
Mitochondrial structureMitochondrion

29. • Mitochondria have been described as "the powerhouse of the cell"
• because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP),
• used as a source of chemical energy.[5] In addition to supplying
cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks,
• such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as
maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth.[6]
• Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with
these cellular processes.

32. ATP
• The batteries of the cell.
• When required, they can be
broken down to release
energy.
• Energy may be used to
perform activities essential
to life.
What is ………
Adenosine Triphosphate
Energy

33. Origin and evolution
There are two hypotheses about the origin of
mitochondria: endosymbiotic and autogenous.
The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests that mitochondria were
originally prokaryotic cells, capable of implementing oxidative
mechanisms that were not possible for eukaryotic cells; they
became endosymbionts living inside the eukaryote.[23]
In the autogenous hypothesis, mitochondria were born by splitting off a
portion of DNA from the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell at the time of
divergence with the prokaryotes; this DNA portion would have been
enclosed by membranes, which could not be crossed by proteins. Since
mitochondria have many features in common with bacteria, the most
accredited theory at present isendosymbiosis

34. Function
1. Oxidation of Respiration and Food
The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the
cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation ofADP), through respiration, and to regulate
cellular metabolism
2.Secrection of enzymes – Proteolytic enzymes
3.Metabolism of Fats –A/C to Wothan & Benslay
4. Sheath formation of Sperm –
5. Formation of Miofibriles – A/C to Lavi & Chevremount

35. माइटोकोंड्रिया के कायय
1.माइिोकोंड्रिया में सभी खाद्य पदािों का ऑक्सीकिि होता हैं इसशलए माइटोकोंड्रिया को कोशशका का पावर हाउस भी कहते हैं |
2.अंडजनन के दौिान माइिोकोंड्रिया द्वािा पीतक पट्िशलकाओं ( Yolk platelets ) का घनमाथि ककया जाता हैं |
3.माइिोकोंड्रियल वलय का घनमाथि माइिोकोंड्रिया द्वािा िुक्रािुजनन के समय होता हैं |
4.माइिोकोंड्रिया के द्वािा उत्पन्न ऊजाथ ATP ( एड्रडनोसीन ट्राईफाथफे ि ) के रूप में होती हैं तिा इसका घनमाथि अकाबथघनक फाथफे ि
तिा एड्रडनोसीन डाईफाथफे ि ( ADP ) के शमलने से होता हैं |
5.माइिोकोंड्रिया में ऊजाथ घनमाथि के साि – साि ऑक्सीकिि की कक्रया के द्वािा एवं जल का घनमाथि होता हैं | माइिोकोंड्रिया के
कक्रथिी में इलेक्ट्रोन अशभगमन तंत्र की कक्रया सम्पन्न होती हैं |

38. Additional functions
Mitochondria play a central role in many other metabolic tasks, such as:
1. Signaling through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species[83]
2. Regulation of the membrane potential[14]
3. Apoptosis-programmed cell death[84]
4. Calcium signaling (including calcium-evoked apoptosis)[85]
5. Regulation of cellular metabolism[86]
6. Certain heme synthesis reactions[87] (see also: porphyrin)
7. Steroid synthesis.[76]
8. Hormonal signaling [88] Mitochondria are sensitive and responsive to hormones,
in part by the action of mitochondrial estrogen receptors (mtERs).

39. Mitochondria have their own DNA and Ribosomes
Mitochondria have some of their own DNA, ribosomes, and can make many
of their own proteins. The DNA is circular and lies in the matrix in structures
called "nucleoids". Each nucleoid may contain 4-5 copies of the
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
mitochondrial
DNA

41. The outer membrane
•a transport protein called- porin, which
forms large aqueous channels through the
lipid bilayer.
•This membrane thus resembles a sieve that
is permeable to all molecules of 5000 daltons
or less, including small proteins. Such
molecules can enter the intermembrane
space, but most of them cannot pass the
impermeable inner membrane.

42. INNER MEMBRANE
• Contains a variety of transport proteins that
make it selectively permeable to those small
molecules that are metabolized or required by
the many mitochondrial enzymes
concentrated in matrix.
• Enzymes of the respiratory chain are essential
to the process of oxidative phosphorylation,
which generates most of the animal cell’s ATP.

43. CRISTAE
• The inner membrane is usually highly
convoluted, forming a series of infoldings that
project into the matrix.
• Increase the surface area of the inner
membrane.
• Cardiac muscle cells contain many cristae.
• In the liver cell it constitutes about one third
of the total cell membrane.

44. MATRIX
• The matrix enzymes
include those that
metabolize pyruvate
and fatty acids to
produce acetyl and
those that oxidize acetyl
in the citric acid cycle.