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El ectri cvehi cl esandcl i matechange (2).docx
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1 My paper 2 My paper 3 Student paper
Electric vehicles and climate change
Student’s Name: Abdulelah Althuwaini
Electric vehicles and climate change This research paper
regards electric vehicles and climate change. In other words, it

explores the contributions production, use and
general adoption of electric vehicles will make towards the fight
against the problem of climate change. That said, the research
question this paper was investigating was:
what meaningful contributions will the production and use of
electric cars make towards the fight against the scourge of
climate change? Investigation of this research
question is very important because it shows what efforts are
being made through innovation to fight against the problem of
climate change. To understand the
significance of this research question, it is also important to
first put into perspective the problem climate change. However,
before going any further, it is important to
understand what climate change is and how it is problem. Well,
in simple terms, climate change is any significant abnormal
change happening in the long term
regarding the expected patterns of average weather. The effects
of such abnormal changes in the expected patterns of weather
can be devastating to the community and
the world at large, more especially if temperature increases
above 2o C in any given region. So, given the possibility of
devastating impacts of climate change, it is
important to find sustainable solutions to the global problem of
climate change. To understand better the significance of the
research question in this paper, it is equally
important to explain briefly the impacts of climate change.
Apparently, climate change is associated with global warming.
It should be understood up front that global
warming is changing the climate of the world and that such
change in climate is causing serious consequences. Due to the
effects of climate change, some regions of the
world are experiencing worsening extreme weather events,
which have been brought about by rising temperatures. Also,
chunks of ice have broken apart in broken apart
in the Antarctic and this is explaining why there is frequent

avalanches causing loss of life to people and animals and
destruction of the environment around that region.
At the same time, the effects of climate change have lead to the
bleaching of coral reefs. This means that oceans are acidifying
faster causing death of aquatic life.
Additionally, climate change is causing seasons of wild fires
that are spreading faster and longer with climate change. A
good example of this effect is evidenced in the
United States of America where the frequency of wild fires has
increased over the years. in addition to the frequency of wild
fires, the length of such fires have worsened
across the country where wild fires are taking three to four
months than they used to take in the past decades. Another
effect of climate change is the increased spread
of diseases by mosquitoes because climate change has enabled
mosquitoes to expand their territories. To understand this point
better, it should be understood that the
recent outbreak of Zika virus is associated with mosquitoes.
More interesting is the fact that are areas where zika virus has
hit the most are the areas where the
temperatures have been hotter than usual. Areas such as Brazil
and Colombia are good examples of areas where climate change
has hit most. Looking at the behavior of
mosquitoes carrying the zika virus, they tend to become
hungrier as temperatures rise. So, they tend to bite more thus
spreading diseases which cause health concerns
and even death. All these explanation goes to illustrate the
serious impacts of climate change and why there is need for
solutions. And this shows the significance of
investigating the research question in this research paper.
Having introduced this paper by showing the significance of the
research question being investigated in this
paper, it is time to investigate how electric cars can make
meaningful contributions towards the fight against the problem
of climate change. The section that follows is
dedicated to this investigation. That said, this research paper

progresses further as follows. The United States of America,
just like other parts of the world are
experiencing the effects of climate change And climate change
has been caused by carbon emissions causing pollution to the
environment In fact approximately 60% of
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experiencing the effects of climate change. And climate change
environment. In fact, approximately 60% of
carbon pollution affecting Americans is coming from
transportation and power or energy. Unfortunately, "power is
decarbonating quite fast causing a great concern for
America and Americans" (Hill, et al, 2019). To understand
better the seriousness of this concern, it should be understood
that both the energy and the transportation
sectors contribute accumulatively about 60% of the country's

emission of greenhouse gases. More specifically, the
transportation sector contributes about 30% of the
greenhouse emissions while the power production sector
contributes the same levels of greenhouse emissions just like
the transportation sector does.
Innovations in the transport sector, more especially the
development of electric vehicles is a great effort towards
addressing the concern of the greenhouse gas emission.
This is not to say that the development and gradual adoption of
the electric vehicles will eliminate greenhouse gas emissions
into the environment but it can contribute
greatly towards the reduction of these emissions compared to
use of internal engine combustion fossil fueled vehicles.
America has both electricity generating plants as
well as coal plants. However, the broader adoption and use of
electricity has seen carbon pollution from electricity falling
fast. This explains why coal energy cannot
compete with electric energy. This can be explained from the
fact that the power sector is decarbonizing quite fast. This is the
case because some areas have rapidly
adopted solar and wind energy due to their provision of cheaper
options to operating coal plants in those regions. Electric car
companies like Tesla understand the
significance of using clean energy. That is why they are
producing cleaner electric vehicles that are using cleaner
energy. In as much as it is difficult or tricky to compare
carbon emissions between electric vehicles and internal
combustion gasoline and diesel engine powered vehicles,
statistics from the department of energy approximates
that carbon emissions from electric cars, is 60% lower compared
to the carbon pollution from the other fossil fueled vehicles.
Important to note is the fact that
greenhouse gas emissions will only continue to decline as long
as the country and the world at large continues to expand in the
adoption and use of clean energy. This

can also be contributed by the rapidly falling costs of using the
clean energy as compared to the available energy options. If the
country adopts a legislation that puts a
cost on carbon pollution then it will have accelerated the
deployment of clean energy which in effect will significantly
reduce greenhouse gas emission to the
environment, thus fighting the effects of the problem of climate
change. The same policy geared towards expansion of cleaner
energy could be implemented by other
countries of the world as a collaborative effort to reduce carbon
emissions to the environment thus fighting the devastating
effects of climate change. Carbon emissions
from vehicles can be put into direct category as well as lifecycle
category. When talking of direct carbon emissions from
vehicles, it should be understood that these are
emissions that vehicles make through their tailpipes. Such
emissions occur when fuel evaporates from the fuel systems. At
the same time, such evaporations may occur
during fuel combustion and processing. Nitrogen oxides are
among the fog-forming pollutants that escapes to the
atmosphere during direct emissions. Equally, carbon
IV oxide is the primary greenhouse gases among other harmful
pollutants that vehicles emit to the environment. This is quite
true for fossil fueled vehicles because they
produce carbon emissions using their tailpipes. Fortunately, all
electric vehicles contributes greatly to the cleaner air conditions
because they do not produce direct
emissions to the environment. At this point in time, it is
important to understand that the statement that all electric
vehicles do not produce direct emissions, is not
entirely true. This is because some hybrid electric vehicles have
both gasoline and electric engines. This means that the gasoline
engine component of such vehicles create
evaporative emissions that escape to the environment that
contributing to the worsening problem of climate change.
However, it should be understood that the carbon

emissions from such vehicle is comparatively lower than those
carbon emissions from conventional vehicles using entirely
gasoline engines. This is the case because
such vehicles have been produced to be efficient when relying
on their gasoline engines. Regarding the lifecycle category of
vehicle emissions, it should be understood
that these are carbon emissions and other harmful pollutants
that results from processes such as vehicle manufacturing,
processing, and distribution to and use by
vehicle consumers. The lifecycle process also include disposal
of the used vehicle after its useful life is over. Emissions from
lifecycle processes also include greenhouse
gases as well as other dangerous pollutants to the human life.
When looking at the conventional gasoline engine vehicle,
emission of greenhouse gases emanate from
extraction or mining of petroleum extracts, refining of the
petroleum into gasoline, and sometimes, emissions can occur
when gasoline is distributed to sale stations. At
the same time, combustion engines cause emissions when
gasoline engines are burning the gasoline to produce energy that
propels the vehicle. In a nut shell, both
gasoline engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles produce
emissions to the environment but the difficulty arises from
calculating how much of such emissions escape
to the environment. All in all, research has established that
electric vehicles produces relatively lower emissions compared
to conventional gasoline engine powered
vehicles.
To understand the potential of carbon emissions of electric
vehicles, it is important look further at the aspect of the
lifecycle analysis. Apparently, the lifecycle analysis
considers the carbon emission of electric vehicles starting from
production phase to the vehicle through its use and recycling of
the vehicle and some of its parts after
the useful life of the vehicle is over. At the production phase,

"electric car equally contribute to the carbon dioxide emission
because of the process such as production
of vehicle components including the lithium-nickel-manganese-
cobalt-oxide batteries" (Delucchi et al, 2014). However, the
carbon emission from such production
processes by electric cars are lower compared to carbon
emissions from internal combustion fossil fueled vehicles. The
use phase equally contributes to the carbon
emission to the environment. However, for an electric vehicle,
carbon emission comes from upstream emissions while for fossil
fueled vehicles, carbon emissions comes
from both tail pipe as well as upstream emissions. Since most
"electric vehicles are utilizing clean energy, the amount of
carbon emission is lower compared to carbon
emission from fossil fueled vehicles" (Huhn, Harris, & Snyder,
2013). The recycling phase equally contribute to carbon
emissions to the environment. This is because the
process involves dismantling, material recovery, battery
recycling, and vehicle recycling. At this point in time, the
battery recycling contributes a higher percentage of
carbon emissions to the environment. However, this can be
addressed by "recycling batteries through direct cathode
recycling so that they could be used in subsequent
batteries. By using this method of battery recycling, the carbon
emissions will be reduced significantly" (Hausfather, 2019). In
summary, in all those phases of lifecycle
analysis, "electric cars contributes less in carbon emissions to
the environment compared to fossil fueled vehicles"
(Barkenbus, 2017). In conclusion therefore, this
illustrates that the use and adoption of electric vehicles, more
especially those using clean energy makes a meaningful
contribution towards the fight against the
devastating impacts of climate change.
References

Barkenbus, J. (2017). Electric Vehicles: Climate Saviors, or
Not? Issues in Science and Technology, 33(2), 55-59
Delucchi, M. A., Yang, C., Burke, A. F., Ogden, J. M., Kurani,
K., Kessler, J., & Sperling, D. (2014). An assessment of electric
vehicles: technology, infrastructure
requirements, greenhouse-gas emissions, petroleum use,
material use, lifetime cost, consumer acceptance and policy
initiatives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,
372(2006), 20120325. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0325
Gujarathi, P. K., Shah, V. A., & Lokhande, M. M. (2018).
Emission reduction by combined rule based-artificial bee colony
optimization algorithm for converted
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy
Systems, 35(2), 1743-1753. DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-169710
Hausfather, Z. (2019, May 13). Factcheck: How Electric
Vehicles help to tackle climate change. Carbon Brief. Retrieved
from
https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-how-electric-vehicles-
help-to-tackle-climate-change
Hill, G., Heidrich, O., Creutzig, F., & Blythe, P. (2019). The
role of electric vehicles in near-term mitigation pathways and
achieving the UK’s carbon budget. Applied
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My paper 100%
, , , , g, , y , ( ) g p y g g pp
Energy, 251, 113111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.107
Hofmann, J., Guan, D., Chalvatzis, K., & Huo, H. (2016).
Assessment of electrical vehicles as a successful driver for
reducing CO2 emissions in China. Applied energy,
184, 995-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.042
Huhn, L. B., Harris, K. W., & Snyder, D. (2013). The Coming
of Intelligent Green Vehicles. The Futurist, 47(1), 39-44
Huo, H., Cai, H., Zhang, Q., Liu, F., & He, K. (2015). Life-
cycle assessment of greenhouse gas and air emissions of electric
vehicles: A comparison between China and
the US. Atmospheric Environment, 108, 107-116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.073
Needell, Z. A., McNerney, J., Chang, M. T., & Trancik, J. E.
(2016). Potential for widespread electrification of personal
vehicle travel in the United States. Nature
Energy, 1(9), 16112. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.112
Schnell, J. L., Naik, V., Horowitz, L. W., Paulot, F., Ginoux, P.,
Zhao, M., & Horton, D. E. (2019). Air quality impacts from the
electrification of light-duty passenger
vehicles in the United States. Atmospheric Environment, 208,

95-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.003
1
1 1
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Student paper
Original source
Electric Vehicles and Climate Change
2
Student paper
Well, in simple terms, climate change is
any significant abnormal change
happening in the long term regarding the
expected patterns of average weather. The
effects of such abnormal changes in the
expected patterns of weather can be
devastating to the community and the
world at large, more especially if

temperature increases above 2o C in any
given region.
Original source
Climate change, in simple terms, is any
"significant abnormal change happening
in the long term regarding the expected
patterns of average weather" The effects
of such abnormal changes in the
expected patterns of weather can be
devastating to the community and the
world at large, more especially if
temperature increases above 2o C in any
given region
2
Student paper
That said, this research paper progresses
further as follows.
Original source
That said, this discussion progresses as
follows
3
Student paper
(Delucchi et al, 2014).
Original source

greenhouse gas emissions (Delucchi et al.,
2014)
1
Student paper
Climate Saviors, or Not? Issues in Science
and Technology, 33(2), 55-59
Original source
Climate Saviors, or Not Issues in Science
and Technology, 33(2), 55-59
1
Student paper
A., Yang, C., Burke, A. F., Ogden, J. M.,
Kurani, K., Kessler, J., & Sperling, D.
Original source
A., Yang, C., Burke, A F., Ogden, J M.,
Kurani, K., Kessler, J., & Sperling, D
1
Student paper
An assessment of electric vehicles:
technology, infrastructure requirements,
greenhouse-gas emissions, petroleum
use, material use, lifetime cost, consumer
acceptance and policy initiatives.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and
Engineering Sciences, 372(2006),
20120325.
Original source
An assessment of electric vehicles
technology, infrastructure requirements,
greenhouse-gas emissions, petroleum
use, material use, lifetime cost, consumer
acceptance and policy initiatives
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society A Mathematical, Physical and
Engineering Sciences, 372(2006),
20120325
1
Student paper
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0325
Original source
1
Student paper
K., Shah, V. A., & Lokhande, M.
Original source
K., Shah, V A., & Lokhande, M

1
Student paper
Emission reduction by combined rule
based-artificial bee colony optimization
algorithm for converted plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle. Journal of Intelligent &
Fuzzy Systems, 35(2), 1743-1753.
Original source
Emission reduction by combined rule
based-artificial bee colony optimization
algorithm for converted plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle Journal of Intelligent &
Fuzzy Systems, 35(2), 1743-1753
e9a4-407a-99df-c83164044009&course_id=_99159_1… 4/4
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%

My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
My paper 100%
1
Student paper
10.3233/JIFS-169710
Original source
10.3233/JIFS-169710
1
Student paper
(2019, May 13).
Original source

(2019, May 13)
1
Student paper
How Electric Vehicles help to tackle
climate change.
Original source
How Electric Vehicles help to tackle
climate change
1
Student paper
Retrieved from
https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-
how-electric-vehicles-help-to-tackle-
climate-change Hill, G., Heidrich, O.,
Creutzig, F., & Blythe, P.
Original source
Retrieved from
https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-
how-electric-vehicles-help-to-tackle-
climate-change Hill, G., Heidrich, O.,
Creutzig, F., & Blythe, P
1
Student paper

The role of electric vehicles in near-term
mitigation pathways and achieving the
UK’s carbon budget. Applied Energy, 251,
113111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.
04.107 Hofmann, J., Guan, D., Chalvatzis,
K., & Huo, H.
Original source
The role of electric vehicles in near-term
mitigation pathways and achieving the
UK’s carbon budget Applied Energy, 251,
113111
04.107 Hofmann, J., Guan, D., Chalvatzis,
K., & Huo, H
1
Student paper
Assessment of electrical vehicles as a
successful driver for reducing CO2
emissions in China. Applied energy, 184,
995-1003.
06.042
Original source
Assessment of electrical vehicles as a
successful driver for reducing CO2
emissions in China Applied energy, 184,
995-1003

06.042
1
Student paper
B., Harris, K. W., & Snyder, D.
Original source
B., Harris, K W., & Snyder, D
1
Student paper
The Coming of Intelligent Green Vehicles.
The Futurist, 47(1), 39-44 Huo, H., Cai, H.,
Zhang, Q., Liu, F., & He, K.
Original source
The Coming of Intelligent Green Vehicles
The Futurist, 47(1), 39-44 Huo, H., Cai, H.,
Zhang, Q., Liu, F., & He, K
1
Student paper
Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas
and air emissions of electric vehicles: A
comparison between China and the US.
Atmospheric Environment, 108, 107-116.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015

.02.073
Original source
Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas
and air emissions of electric vehicles A
comparison between China and the US
Atmospheric Environment, 108, 107-116
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015
.02.073
1
Student paper
A., McNerney, J., Chang, M. T., & Trancik, J.
Original source
A., McNerney, J., Chang, M T., & Trancik, J
1
Student paper
Potential for widespread electrification of
personal vehicle travel in the United
States. Nature Energy, 1(9), 16112.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.1
12
Original source
Potential for widespread electrification of
personal vehicle travel in the United
States Nature Energy, 1(9), 16112

12
1
Student paper
L., Naik, V., Horowitz, L. W., Paulot, F.,
Ginoux, P., Zhao, M., & Horton, D.
Original source
L., Naik, V., Horowitz, L W., Paulot, F.,
Ginoux, P., Zhao, M., & Horton, D
1
Student paper
Air quality impacts from the electrification
of light-duty passenger vehicles in the
United States. Atmospheric Environment,
208, 95-102.
Original source
Air quality impacts from the electrification
of light-duty passenger vehicles in the
United States Atmospheric Environment,
208, 95-102
1
Student paper
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.003

Original source
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.003
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Climatechange.docx

Average Match
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Climate change
Climate change This essay is a discussion of whether an
individual can make a difference regarding the global crisis of
climate change. It is a discussion of how an
individual's actions can contribute towards fighting the problem
of climate change. In other words. this discussion provides a
response to the question: can one
person make a difference regarding the problem of climate
change? That said, this discussion progresses as follows. A
straight response to the primary question in this
essay is, yes. An individual's actions can make a different
towards the fight against climate change. However, before going
deeper in discussing how an individual can
make a difference in this global crisis, it is important to put into
perspective the problem of climate change. Climate change, in
simple terms, is any "significant abnormal
change happening in the long term regarding the expected
patterns of average weather" (McGrath, 2019). The effects of
such abnormal changes in the expected patterns
of weather can be devastating to the community and the world
at large, more especially if temperature increases above 2o C in
any given region. To maintain the
temperature below the 2o C threshold, requires efforts of
individuals and organizations, which in turn will transform into
a sustainable society. As insignificant one can
seem in the face of the whole population, every individual can
make meaningful difference in the fight against this huge global
problem. Having said that, the section that
follows discusses how an individual can make a different in the
fight against this huge problem. One of the ways a person can
make a meaningful different in the fight

against this global crisis is by eliminating some of their
greenhouse emissions entering the atmosphere. At this point in
time, it should be understood that the size of an
"individual's carbon footprint averages 19 tonnes per year"
(NCA, 2018). This is to say that in America, on average, each
person emits 19 tonnes of greenhouse gasses to
the environment every year. This means that the problem of
change has been contributed by individuals and as such, the
collaborative efforts of individuals can lead can
go a long way in maintaining the sustainable 2o C temperature
threshold. So, if every individual makes changes to their habits,
such as "using less electricity, reducing
water usage, avoiding plastics, , driving less, and eating less
meat, which in turn cuts down or eliminates some of their
greenhouse gas emissions to the environment"
(NASA, (n.d) then the impacts of such efforts can add up in the
lifetime of every individual. Another way an individual can
make a meaningful difference in the fight against
the issue of climate change is by advocating for climate change.
As much as every individual can change their habits that would
result in lesser emission of greenhouse
gasses to the environment, they can make a meaningful
difference regarding the issue of climate change by changing
others. By advocating for climate change, an
individual makes efforts to change the habits of others, so that
there is a ripple effect to the environment from all those
individual changes in habits of others. To
advocate for climate change, an individual can convince their
friends, family members, and even neighbors to adopt those
habits that could lead to lesser emission of
greenhouse gasses to the environment.
References
McGrath, M. (2019, Dec 9). Climate change: UN negotiators
'playing politics' amid global crisis. Retrieved from

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-
environment-50706236
NASA, (n.d). Responding to climate change. Retrieved from
https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/ NCA,
(2018). Fourth national
climate assessment: summary findings. Retrieved from
https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/#sf-1
1
1 1
2 3 4
1
1
Student paper
can one person make a difference
regarding the problem of climate change?
Original source
Regarding climate change, one person can
make a huge difference
1
Student paper
(2019, Dec 9).

Original source
(2019, December 9)
1
Student paper
UN negotiators 'playing politics' amid
global crisis. Retrieved from
Original source
UN negotiators 'playing politics' amid
global crisis Retrieved from
2
Student paper
Responding to climate change.
Original source
Responding to Climate Change
3
Student paper
Retrieved from

https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adapta
tion-mitigation/ NCA, (2018).
Original source
Retrieved from
https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adapta
tion-mitigation/
4
Student paper
Fourth national climate assessment:
Original source
Fourth National Climate Assessment
1
Student paper
Retrieved from
Original source
Retrieved from
1
Running head: CLIMATE CHANGE
4
CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change
(Insert Student’s Name Here)
(Insert Instructor’s Name Here)
(Insert Course Title and Number Here)
(Insert date of Submission Here)
Climate change
This essay is a discussion of whether an individual can
make a difference regarding the global crisis of climate change.
It is a discussion of how an individual's actions can contribute
towards fighting the problem of climate change. In other words.
this discussion provides a response to the question: can one
person make a difference regarding the problem of climate
change? That said, this discussion progresses as follows.
A straight response to the primary question in this essay is,
yes. An individual's actions can make a different towards the
fight against climate change. However, before going deeper in
discussing how an individual can make a difference in this
global crisis, it is important to put into perspective the problem
of climate change. Climate change, in simple terms, is any
"significant abnormal change happening in the long term
regarding the expected patterns of average weather" (McGrath,
2019). The effects of such abnormal changes in the expected
patterns of weather can be devastating to the community and the
world at large, more especially if temperature increases above
2o C in any given region. To maintain the temperature below
the 2o C threshold, requires efforts of individuals and
organizations, which in turn will transform into a sustainable

society. As insignificant one can seem in the face of the whole
population, every individual can make meaningful difference in
the fight against this huge global problem. Having said that, the
section that follows discusses how an individual can make a
different in the fight against this huge problem.
One of the ways a person can make a meaningful different
in the fight against this global crisis is by eliminating some of
their greenhouse emissions entering the atmosphere. At this
point in time, it should be understood that the size of an
"individual's carbon footprint averages 19 tonnes per year"
(NCA, 2018). This is to say that in America, on average, each
person emits 19 tonnes of greenhouse gasses to the environment
every year. This means that the problem of change has been
contributed by individuals and as such, the collaborative efforts
of individuals can lead can go a long way in maintaining the
sustainable 2o C temperature threshold. So, if every individual
makes changes to their habits, such as "using less electricity,
reducing water usage, avoiding plastics, , driving less, and
eating less meat, which in turn cuts down or eliminates some of
their greenhouse gas emissions to the environment" (NASA,
(n.d) then the impacts of such efforts can add up in the lifetime
of every individual.
Another way an individual can make a meaningful
difference in the fight against the issue of climate change is by
advocating for climate change. As much as every individual can
change their habits that would result in lesser emission of
greenhouse gasses to the environment, they can make a
meaningful difference regarding the issue of climate change by
changing others. By advocating for climate change, an
individual makes efforts to change the habits of others, so that
there is a ripple effect to the environment from all those
individual changes in habits of others. To advocate for climate
change, an individual can convince their friends, family
members, and even neighbors to adopt those habits that could
lead to lesser emission of greenhouse gasses to the environment.

References
McGrath, M. (2019, Dec 9). Climate change: UN negotiators
'playing politics' amid global crisis. Retrieved from
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50706236
NASA, (n.d). Responding to climate change. Retrieved from
https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/
NCA, (2018). Fourth national climate assessment: summary
findings. Retrieved from https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/#sf-
1
This research paper regards electric vehicles and climate
change. In other words, it explores the contributions production,
use {M: comma} and general adoption of electric vehicles will
make towards the fight against the problem of climate change.
That said, the research question this paper was investigating
was: what meaningful contributions will the production and use
of electric cars make towards the fight against the scourge of
climate change? Investigation of this research question is very
important because it shows what efforts are being made through

innovation to fight against the problem of climate change.
To understand the significance of this research question, it
is also important to first put into perspective the problem {U:
missing preposition} climate change. However, before going
any further, it is important to understand what climate change is
and how it is problem. Well, in simple terms, climate change is
any significant abnormal change happening in the long term
can be devastating to the community and the world at large,
more especially if temperature increases above 2o C in any
given region. So, given the possibility of devastating impacts of
climate change, it is important to find sustainable solutions to
the global problem of climate change. To understand better the
significance of the research question in this paper, it is equally
Apparently, climate change is associated with global
warming. It should be understood up front that global warming
is changing the climate of the world and that such change in
climate is causing serious consequences. Due to the effects of
climate change, some regions of the world are experiencing
worsening extreme weather events, which have been brought
about by rising temperatures. Also, chunks of ice have broken
apart in broken apart {U: repetition} in the Antarctic {M:
comma} and this is explaining why there is {U: subject-verb
agreement} frequent avalanches causing loss of life to people
and animals and destruction of the environment around that
region. At the same time, the effects of climate change have
lead {U: frequently confused words} to the bleaching of coral
reefs. This means that oceans are acidifying faster causing death
of aquatic life. Additionally, climate change is causing seasons
of wild fires that are spreading faster and longer with climate
change. A good example of this effect is evidenced in the
increased over the years. {U: comma splice} in addition to the
frequency of wild fires, the length of such fires have {U:

subject-verb agreement} worsened across the country where
wild fires are taking three to four months than they used to take
in the past decades. Another effect of climate change is the
increased spread of diseases by mosquitoes because climate
change has enabled mosquitoes to expand their territories. To
understand this point better, it should be understood that the
More interesting is the fact that {U: missing word } are areas
where zika {M: capital} virus has hit the most are the areas
where the temperatures have been hotter than usual. Areas such
as Brazil and Colombia are good examples of areas where
climate change has hit most. Looking at the behavior of
mosquitoes carrying the zika {M: capital} virus, they tend to
become hungrier as temperatures rise. So, they tend to bite more
{M: comma} thus spreading diseases which cause health
concerns and even death. All these explanation {U: -s} goes
{U: subject-verb agreement} to illustrate the serious impacts of
climate change and why there is need for solutions. And this
shows the significance of investigating the research question in
this research paper.
Having introduced this paper by showing the significance
of the research question being investigated in this paper, it is
time to investigate how electric cars can make meaningful
contributions towards the fight against the problem of climate
change. The section that follows is dedicated to this
investigation. That said, this research paper progresses further
as follows.
The United States of America, just like other parts of the
world {M: comma} are {U: subject-verb agreement}
environment. In fact, approximately 60% of carbon pollution
affecting Americans is coming from transportation and power or
energy. Unfortunately, "power is decarbonating quite fast
causing a great concern for America and Americans" (Hill, et al,
2019). To understand better the seriousness of this concern, it

should be understood that both the energy and the transportation
transportation sector contributes about 30% of the greenhouse
emissions while the power production sector contributes the
same levels of greenhouse emissions just like the transportation
sector does. Innovations in the transport sector, more especially
the development of electric vehicles {M: comma} is {U:
subject-verb agreement} a great effort towards addressing the
concern of the greenhouse gas emission. This is not to say that
the development and gradual adoption of the electric vehicles
will eliminate greenhouse gas emissions into the environment
{M: comma} but it can contribute greatly towards the reduction
of these emissions compared to use of internal engine
combustion fossil fueled vehicles.
America has both electricity generating plants as well as
coal plants. However, the broader adoption and use of
fast. This explains why coal energy cannot compete with
electric energy. This can be explained from the fact that the
power sector is decarbonizing quite fast. This is the case
because some areas have rapidly adopted solar and wind energy
due to their provision of cheaper options to operating coal
plants in those regions.
Electric car companies like Tesla understand the
energy. In as much as it is difficult or tricky to compare carbon
emissions between electric vehicles and internal combustion
gasoline and diesel engine powered vehicles, statistics from the
department {M: capital} of energy {M: capital} approximates
that carbon emissions from electric cars, {M: no comma} is
60% lower compared to the carbon pollution from the other
fossil fueled vehicles. Important to note is the fact that
as the country and the world at large continues {U: subject-verb

agreement} to expand in the adoption and use of clean energy.
This can also be contributed by the rapidly falling costs of
using the clean energy as compared to the available energy
options. If the country adopts a legislation that puts a cost on
carbon pollution {M: comma} then it will have accelerated the
reduce greenhouse gas emission to the environment, thus
fighting the effects of the problem of climate change. The same
policy geared towards expansion of cleaner energy could be
implemented by other countries of the world as a collaborative
effort to reduce carbon emissions to the environment{M:
comma} thus fighting the devastating effects of climate change.
Carbon emissions from vehicles can be put into direct
category as well as lifecycle category. When talking of direct
carbon emissions from vehicles, it should be understood that
these are emissions that vehicles make through their tailpipes.
Such emissions occur when fuel evaporates from the fuel
systems. At the same time, such evaporations may occur during
fuel combustion and processing. Nitrogen oxides are among the
fog-forming pollutants that escapes {U: subject-verb
agreement} to the atmosphere during direct emissions. Equally,
carbon IV oxide is the primary greenhouse gases {U: no -es}
among other harmful pollutants that vehicles emit to the
environment. This is quite true for fossil fueled vehicles
because they produce carbon emissions using their tailpipes.
Fortunately, all electric vehicles contributes {U: subject-verb
agreement} greatly to the cleaner air conditions because they do
not produce direct emissions to the environment. At this point
in time {U: wordy} , it is important to understand that the
statement that all electric vehicles do not produce direct
emissions, {M: no comma} is not entirely true. This is because
some hybrid electric vehicles have both gasoline and electric
engines. This means that the gasoline engine component of such
vehicles create {U: subject-verb agreement} evaporative
emissions that escape to the environment that {U: wrong word}

However, it should be understood that the carbon emissions
from such vehicle {U: -s} is comparatively lower than those
gasoline engines. This is the case because such vehicles have
been produced to be efficient when relying on their gasoline
engines.
Regarding the lifecycle category of vehicle emissions, it
should be understood that these {U: wrong word} are carbon
emissions and other harmful pollutants that results {U: subject-
verb agreement} from processes such as vehicle manufacturing,
processing, and distribution to and use by vehicle consumers.
The lifecycle process also include disposal of the used vehicle
after its useful life is over. Emissions from lifecycle processes
also include greenhouse gases as well as other dangerous
pollutants to the human life. When looking at the conventional
gasoline engine vehicle, emission of greenhouse gases emanate
{U: subject-verb agreement} from extraction or mining of
petroleum extracts, refining of the petroleum into gasoline, and
{M: comma} sometimes, emissions can occur when gasoline is
distributed to sale stations. At the same time, combustion
engines cause emissions when gasoline engines are burning the
gasoline to produce energy that propels the vehicle. In a nut
shell, both gasoline engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles
produce emissions to the environment {M:comma} but the
difficulty arises from calculating how much of such emissions
escape to the environment. All in all, research has established
that electric vehicles produces {U: subject-verb agreement}
relatively lower emissions compared to conventional gasoline
engine powered vehicles.
vehicles, it is important {U: missing word} look further at the
aspect of the lifecycle analysis. Apparently, the lifecycle
analysis considers the carbon emission of electric vehicles
starting from production phase to the vehicle through its use
and recycling of the vehicle and some of its parts after the
useful life of the vehicle is over.

At the production phase, "electric car equally contribute
to the carbon dioxide emission because of the process such as
production of vehicle components including the lithium-nickel-
manganese-cobalt-oxide batteries" (Delucchi et al, 2014).
However, the carbon emission from such production processes
by electric cars are {U: subject-verb agreement} lower
compared to carbon emissions from internal combustion fossil
fueled vehicles.
The use phase equally contributes to the carbon emission
to the environment. However, for an electric vehicle, carbon
emission comes from upstream emissions while for fossil fueled
vehicles, carbon emissions comes {U: subject-verb agreement}
carbon emission is lower compared to carbon emission from
fossil fueled vehicles" (Huhn, Harris, & Snyder, 2013).
The recycling phase equally contribute {U: subject-verb
agreement} to carbon emissions to the environment. This is
because the process involves dismantling, material recovery,
battery recycling, and vehicle recycling. At this point in time,
the battery recycling contributes a higher percentage of carbon
emissions to the environment. However, this can be addressed
by "recycling batteries through direct cathode recycling so that
they could be used in subsequent batteries. By using this
method of battery recycling, the carbon emissions will be
reduced significantly" (Hausfather, 2019).
In summary, in all those phases of lifecycle analysis,
"electric cars contributes {U: subject-verb agreement} less in
carbon emissions to the environment compared to fossil fueled
vehicles" (Barkenbus, 2017). In conclusion {M: comma}
therefore, this illustrates that the use and adoption of electric
vehicles, more especially those using clean energy {M: comma}
makes {U: subject-verb agreement} a meaningful contribution
towards the fight against the devastating impacts of climate
change.

References
vehicles: technology, infrastructure requirements, greenhouse-
gas emissions, petroleum use, material use, lifetime cost,
consumer acceptance and policy initiatives. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical
and Engineering Sciences, 372(2006), 20120325.
optimization algorithm for converted plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 35(2), 1743-
1753. DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-169710
from https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-how-electric-
vehicles-help-to-tackle-climate-change
achieving the UK’s carbon budget. Applied Energy, 251,
113111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.107
reducing CO2 emissions in China. Applied energy, 184, 995-
vehicles: A comparison between China and the US. Atmospheric
Environment, 108, 107-116.

vehicle travel in the United States. Nature Energy, 1(9), 16112.
electrification of light-duty passenger vehicles in the United
States. Atmospheric Environment, 208, 95-102. DOI:
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.003
T: 4
O: 4
D: 4
U: 0 LOTS of subject-verb agreement errors.
M: 0 Lots of comma errors
Grade: 12
This research paper regards electric vehicles and climate
change. In other words, it explores the contributions production,
use {M: comma} and general adoption of electric vehicles will
make towards the fight against the problem of climate change.

That said, the research question this paper was investigating
was: what meaningful contributions will the production and use
of electric cars make towards the fight against the scourge of
climate change? Investigation of this research question is very
important because it shows what efforts are being made through
innovation to fight against the problem of climate change.
To understand the significance of this research question, it
is also important to first put into perspective the problem {U:
missing preposition} climate change. However, before going
any further, it is important to understand what climate change is
and how it is problem. Well, in simple terms, climate change is
any significant abnormal change happening in the long term
can be devastating to the community and the world at large,
more especially if temperature increases above 2o C in any
given region. So, given the possibility of devastating impacts of
climate change, it is important to find sustainable solutions to
the global problem of climate change. To understand better the
significance of the research question in this paper, it is equally
Apparently, climate change is associated with global
warming. It should be understood up front that global warming
is changing the climate of the world and that such change in
climate is causing serious consequences. Due to the effects of
climate change, some regions of the world are experiencing
worsening extreme weather events, which have been brought
about by rising temperatures. Also, chunks of ice have broken
apart in broken apart {U: repetition} in the Antarctic {M:
comma} and this is explaining why there is {U: subject-verb
agreement} frequent avalanches causing loss of life to people
and animals and destruction of the environment around that
region. At the same time, the effects of climate change have
lead {U: frequently confused words} to the bleaching of coral
reefs. This means that oceans are acidifying faster causing death
of aquatic life. Additionally, climate change is causing seasons

of wild fires that are spreading faster and longer with climate
change. A good example of this effect is evidenced in the
increased over the years. {U: comma splice} in addition to the
frequency of wild fires, the length of such fires have {U:
subject-verb agreement} worsened across the country where
wild fires are taking three to four months than they used to take
in the past decades. Another effect of climate change is the
increased spread of diseases by mosquitoes because climate
change has enabled mosquitoes to expand their territories. To
understand this point better, it should be understood that the
More interesting is the fact that {U: missing word } are areas
where zika {M: capital} virus has hit the most are the areas
where the temperatures have been hotter than usual. Areas such
as Brazil and Colombia are good examples of areas where
climate change has hit most. Looking at the behavior of
mosquitoes carrying the zika {M: capital} virus, they tend to
become hungrier as temperatures rise. So, they tend to bite more
{M: comma} thus spreading diseases which cause health
concerns and even death. All these explanation {U: -s} goes
{U: subject-verb agreement} to illustrate the serious impacts of
climate change and why there is need for solutions. And this
shows the significance of investigating the research question in
this research paper.
Having introduced this paper by showing the significance
of the research question being investigated in this paper, it is
time to investigate how electric cars can make meaningful
contributions towards the fight against the problem of climate
change. The section that follows is dedicated to this
investigation. That said, this research paper progresses further
as follows.
The United States of America, just like other parts of the
world {M: comma} are {U: subject-verb agreement}

environment. In fact, approximately 60% of carbon pollution
affecting Americans is coming from transportation and power or
energy. Unfortunately, "power is decarbonating quite fast
causing a great concern for America and Americans" (Hill, et al,
2019). To understand better the seriousness of this concern, it
should be understood that both the energy and the transportation
transportation sector contributes about 30% of the greenhouse
emissions while the power production sector contributes the
same levels of greenhouse emissions just like the transportation
sector does. Innovations in the transport sector, more especially
the development of electric vehicles {M: comma} is {U:
subject-verb agreement} a great effort towards addressing the
concern of the greenhouse gas emission. This is not to say that
the development and gradual adoption of the electric vehicles
will eliminate greenhouse gas emissions into the environment
{M: comma} but it can contribute greatly towards the reduction
of these emissions compared to use of internal engine
combustion fossil fueled vehicles.
America has both electricity generating plants as well as
coal plants. However, the broader adoption and use of
fast. This explains why coal energy cannot compete with
electric energy. This can be explained from the fact that the
power sector is decarbonizing quite fast. This is the case
because some areas have rapidly adopted solar and wind energy
due to their provision of cheaper options to operating coal
plants in those regions.
Electric car companies like Tesla understand the
energy. In as much as it is difficult or tricky to compare carbon
emissions between electric vehicles and internal combustion
gasoline and diesel engine powered vehicles, statistics from the
department {M: capital} of energy {M: capital} approximates

that carbon emissions from electric cars, {M: no comma} is
60% lower compared to the carbon pollution from the other
fossil fueled vehicles. Important to note is the fact that
as the country and the world at large continues {U: subject-verb
agreement} to expand in the adoption and use of clean energy.
This can also be contributed by the rapidly falling costs of
using the clean energy as compared to the available energy
options. If the country adopts a legislation that puts a cost on
carbon pollution {M: comma} then it will have accelerated the
reduce greenhouse gas emission to the environment, thus
fighting the effects of the problem of climate change. The same
policy geared towards expansion of cleaner energy could be
implemented by other countries of the world as a collaborative
effort to reduce carbon emissions to the environment{M:
comma} thus fighting the devastating effects of climate change.
Carbon emissions from vehicles can be put into direct
category as well as lifecycle category. When talking of direct
carbon emissions from vehicles, it should be understood that
these are emissions that vehicles make through their tailpipes.
Such emissions occur when fuel evaporates from the fuel
systems. At the same time, such evaporations may occur during
fuel combustion and processing. Nitrogen oxides are among the
fog-forming pollutants that escapes {U: subject-verb
agreement} to the atmosphere during direct emissions. Equally,
carbon IV oxide is the primary greenhouse gases {U: no -es}
among other harmful pollutants that vehicles emit to the
environment. This is quite true for fossil fueled vehicles
because they produce carbon emissions using their tailpipes.
Fortunately, all electric vehicles contributes {U: subject-verb
agreement} greatly to the cleaner air conditions because they do
not produce direct emissions to the environment. At this point
in time {U: wordy} , it is important to understand that the
statement that all electric vehicles do not produce direct
emissions, {M: no comma} is not entirely true. This is because

some hybrid electric vehicles have both gasoline and electric
engines. This means that the gasoline engine component of such
vehicles create {U: subject-verb agreement} evaporative
emissions that escape to the environment that {U: wrong word}
However, it should be understood that the carbon emissions
from such vehicle {U: -s} is comparatively lower than those
gasoline engines. This is the case because such vehicles have
been produced to be efficient when relying on their gasoline
engines.
Regarding the lifecycle category of vehicle emissions, it
should be understood that these {U: wrong word} are carbon
emissions and other harmful pollutants that results {U: subject-
verb agreement} from processes such as vehicle manufacturing,
processing, and distribution to and use by vehicle consumers.
The lifecycle process also include disposal of the used vehicle
after its useful life is over. Emissions from lifecycle processes
also include greenhouse gases as well as other dangerous
pollutants to the human life. When looking at the conventional
gasoline engine vehicle, emission of greenhouse gases emanate
{U: subject-verb agreement} from extraction or mining of
petroleum extracts, refining of the petroleum into gasoline, and
{M: comma} sometimes, emissions can occur when gasoline is
distributed to sale stations. At the same time, combustion
engines cause emissions when gasoline engines are burning the
gasoline to produce energy that propels the vehicle. In a nut
shell, both gasoline engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles
produce emissions to the environment {M:comma} but the
difficulty arises from calculating how much of such emissions
escape to the environment. All in all, research has established
that electric vehicles produces {U: subject-verb agreement}
relatively lower emissions compared to conventional gasoline
engine powered vehicles.
vehicles, it is important {U: missing word} look further at the

aspect of the lifecycle analysis. Apparently, the lifecycle
analysis considers the carbon emission of electric vehicles
starting from production phase to the vehicle through its use
and recycling of the vehicle and some of its parts after the
useful life of the vehicle is over.
At the production phase, "electric car equally contribute
to the carbon dioxide emission because of the process such as
production of vehicle components including the lithium-nickel-
manganese-cobalt-oxide batteries" (Delucchi et al, 2014).
However, the carbon emission from such production processes
by electric cars are {U: subject-verb agreement} lower
compared to carbon emissions from internal combustion fossil
fueled vehicles.
The use phase equally contributes to the carbon emission
to the environment. However, for an electric vehicle, carbon
emission comes from upstream emissions while for fossil fueled
vehicles, carbon emissions comes {U: subject-verb agreement}
carbon emission is lower compared to carbon emission from
fossil fueled vehicles" (Huhn, Harris, & Snyder, 2013).
The recycling phase equally contribute {U: subject-verb
agreement} to carbon emissions to the environment. This is
because the process involves dismantling, material recovery,
battery recycling, and vehicle recycling. At this point in time,
the battery recycling contributes a higher percentage of carbon
emissions to the environment. However, this can be addressed
by "recycling batteries through direct cathode recycling so that
they could be used in subsequent batteries. By using this
method of battery recycling, the carbon emissions will be
reduced significantly" (Hausfather, 2019).
In summary, in all those phases of lifecycle analysis,
"electric cars contributes {U: subject-verb agreement} less in
carbon emissions to the environment compared to fossil fueled
vehicles" (Barkenbus, 2017). In conclusion {M: comma}
therefore, this illustrates that the use and adoption of electric

vehicles, more especially those using clean energy {M: comma}
makes {U: subject-verb agreement} a meaningful contribution
towards the fight against the devastating impacts of climate
change.
References
vehicles: technology, infrastructure requirements, greenhouse-
gas emissions, petroleum use, material use, lifetime cost,
consumer acceptance and policy initiatives. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical
and Engineering Sciences, 372(2006), 20120325.
optimization algorithm for converted plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 35(2), 1743-
1753. DOI: 10.3233/JIFS-169710
from https://www.carbonbrief.org/factcheck-how-electric-
vehicles-help-to-tackle-climate-change
achieving the UK’s carbon budget. Applied Energy, 251,
reducing CO2 emissions in China. Applied energy, 184, 995-

vehicles: A comparison between China and the US. Atmospheric
Environment, 108, 107-116.
vehicle travel in the United States. Nature Energy, 1(9), 16112.
electrification of light-duty passenger vehicles in the United
States. Atmospheric Environment, 208, 95-102. DOI:
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.003
T: 4
O: 4
D: 4
U: 0 LOTS of subject-verb agreement errors.
M: 0 Lots of comma errors
Grade: 12

12232019 Originality Reporthttpsudc.blackboard.comwe.docx

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