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Thermal physics

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King Faisal School
King Faisal School

IGCSE physics

Education
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THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER ‫العالمية‬ ‫أديسون‬ ‫أكاديمية‬ “Empower students to learn for life and strive for excellence so that they can contribute positively to the global society” PHYSICS YEAR 10 CAMBRIDGE
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY At the beginning of the lesson turn AC off. Some students will start to complain that it is hot, others will not Why do we feel hot or cold?. Try at home: Fill three wide container with water, hot about 35o , cold at 5o and warm at 25o . Put one hand in cold water and the other in cold water for 2 min. Move your hands to warm water. Record how do you feel?
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME INTERNAL ENERGY When a substance is heated, its internal energy (sometimes referred to as thermal energy or heat) increases As a substance’s internal energy increases, so will its temperature The higher the temperature of a substance, the more internal energy it possesses As the temperature of a substance is increased, the total energy of the molecules (the internal energy) increases
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME INTERNAL ENERGY & MOLECULES The molecules within a substance possess two forms of energy: Kinetic energy (due to their random motion/vibration) Potential energy (due to the bonds between the molecules) Together, these two forms of energy make up the internal (thermal) energy of the substance When a substance is heated, that heat will usually cause the kinetic energy of the molecules to increase The temperature of the material is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY temperature, measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several arbitrary scales and indicating the direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow—i.e., from a hotter body (one at a higher temperature) to a colder body (one at a lower temperature). Heat is the form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures (flowing from the high-temperature system to the low- temperature system). Also referred to as heat energy or thermal energy. Heat is typically measured in Btu, calories or joules
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY MEASURING TEMPERATURE Units of Temperature: The S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). 1 Kelvin = 1 Celsius + 273 1 Fahrenheit = 9/5*Celsius + 32 1 Kelvin = (1 Kelvin – 273)*9/2 + 32 Temperature Body Temperature Lower Fixed point (Freezing Point) Higher Fixed point (Boi ling Point) Celsius 37 °C 0 °C 100 °C Kelvin 310 K 273 K 373 °C Fahrenheit 98.6 °F 32 °F 212 °F
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME When a substance is heated, some of its physical properties can change These properties include things such as: The volume (and density) of the substance The electrical resistance of the substance If these properties change in a well-defined way, by measuring the property you can determine the temperature In order to build a thermometer based on one of these properties, you need to start by measuring the property at some well-defined fixed points A fixed point is a temperature at which some easily identifiable change occurs, such as the melting of ice (at 0 °c) or the boiling of pure water (at 100 °c) Measuring Temperature Ice melts and water boils at well-defined temperatures (fixed points) which may be used to calibrate thermometers
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HELP ME Measuring Temperature These fixed points allow you to know the temperature without having to measure it directly Usually two fixed points are used: The lower fixed point: The melting temperature of ice The upper fixed point: The boiling temperature of pure water Once a property (such as electrical resistance) has been measured at these two fixed points, the values of that property at other temperatures can be worked out Temperature Temperature PTC NTC Resistance Resistance
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY SENSITIVITY, RANGE & LINEARITY The above description has made a big assumption about the way in which the property changes with temperature: That it does so at a steady rate Properties that change in this way are said to be linear, and linearity is a very useful property for something to have as it makes it easy to work out the relationship between that thing and the temperature Other important properties when designing a device such as a thermometer include: Sensitivity – if the thing you are measuring changes significantly when the temperature changes, it makes it easier to detect small changes in temperature: Your thermometer is more sensitive Range – What are the lowest and highest temperatures the thermometer can measure? If a liquid-thermometer is too short, there may not be enough room for the liquid to expand into Linearity – The scale is said to be linear when the expansion of the liquid due to temperature increase of 1 °C is the same at any temperature.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THERMOMETERS It is an instrument use to measure temperature. The choice of a thermometer requires: 1. A particular thermometric substance 2. A particular thermometric property of this substance varies regularly with temperature. Type of thermometer Thermometric substance Thermometric property Liquid thermometer Alcohol or mercury The regular change of the length of the liquid column with temperature. Constant volume gas thermometer Gas The regular variation of the gas pressure with temperature Platinum thermometer Ohmic resistance of a coil made of platinum The regular variation of the ohmic resistance of the coil with temperature
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Liquid Thermometers A liquid-in-glass thermometer consists of a thin glass capillary tube containing a liquid that expands with temperature At one end of the tube is a glass bulb, containing a larger volume of the liquid which expands when heated, moving into the narrower tube A scale along the side of the tube allows the temperature to be measured based on the length of liquid within the tube As the bulb is heated, the liquid expands and moves along the capillary tube
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THE SENSITIVITY OF LIQUID THERMOMETERS The liquids used in liquid-in-glass thermometers are chosen for their thermal expansion properties: They expand linearly with temperature They expand significantly, giving them greater sensitivity They have low freezing points and high boiling points, allowing them to be used over a greater range of temperatures Sensitivity is another word for precision. Anything that makes it easier to detect small changes in temperature increases the precision, or sensitivity of a liquid thermometer Some of the factors which increase sensitivity are: Using a thermometer with a smaller glass bulb, as a smaller bulb contains less liquid and therefore, absorbs heat in a shorter time Using a narrow tube, as a small change in volume results in the liquid moving a larger distance along the tube Using a glass bulb with a thinner wall, as heat can be transferred to the bulb more easily and a small change in temperature can be more easily detected
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THE SENSITIVITY OF LIQUID THERMOMETERS The liquids used in liquid-in-glass thermometers are chosen for their thermal expansion properties: They expand linearly with temperature They expand significantly, giving them greater sensitivity They have low freezing points and high boiling points, allowing them to be used over a greater range of temperatures Sensitivity is another word for precision. Anything that makes it easier to detect small changes in temperature increases the precision, or sensitivity of a liquid thermometer Some of the factors which increase sensitivity are: Using a thermometer with a smaller glass bulb, as a smaller bulb contains less liquid and therefore, absorbs heat in a shorter time Using a narrow tube, as a small change in volume results in the liquid moving a larger distance along the tube Using a glass bulb with a thinner wall, as heat can be transferred to the bulb more easily and a small change in temperature can be more easily detected
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MERCURY AND ALCOHOL Mercury Alcohol Advantages It doesn't wet sides of the tube and conducts heat well. It freezes at –115 °C, so it can be used for measuring arctic temperatures. It responds quickly to temperature changes. It expands more than mercury, so it has greater sensitivity even with wide capillaries Disadvantag es Mercury freezes at –39 °C, so it cannot be used for measuring arctic temperatures. It cannot measure high temperatures since it boils at 70 °C. Mercury is poisonous, so it is dangerous if thermometer is broken. It should be colored to be seen easily. Mercury is expensive. It clings to sides of tube so thread has tendency to break.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Thermocouples A thermocouple consists of two different types of wire attached together When the joint between the two wires is heated, a potential difference (voltage) is created between the two wires The greater the temperature, the greater the potential difference Thermocouples are not as sensitive as liquid-in- glass thermometers, but because the metals have high melting points, they can be used to measure very high temperatures Thermocouples are also very responsive to rapidly changing temperatures A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar wires connected together
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THERMAL EXPANSION When (most) materials are heated, they expand This expansion happens because the molecules start to move around (or vibrate) faster, which causes them to knock into each other and push each other apart When a solid is heated, the molecules vibrate more, pushing each other apart Note: When this happens, it is the space taken up by the molecules that increases. The molecules themselves remain the same size.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Thermal Expansion in Solids, Liquids & Gases When solids, liquids and gases are heated:
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY APPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES •The thermal expansion of materials can have some useful applications, but also has some undesirable consequences •Applications: • The expansion of a liquid in a thermometer can be used to measure temperature • A bimetallic strip, consisting of two metals that expand at different rates, can be made to bend at a given temperature, forming a temperature-activated switch The bimetallic strip will bend upwards when heated, closing the circuit
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Consequences: The expansion of solid materials can cause them to buckle if they get too This could include: Metal railway tracks Road surfaces Bridges Things that are prone to buckling in this way often have gaps built into them providing some room for them to expand into
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME Specific Heat Capacity What is Specific Heat Capacity? The specific heat capacity of a substance in the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of that substance by 1 °C Specific heat capacity has units of joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg °C) (Note: Different substances have different specific heat capacities) From the definition of specific heat capacity, it follows that if you have more than 1 kg of a material, you will need more thermal energy Likewise, if you want to raise its temperature by more than 1 °C, you will also need to add more thermal energy The amount of thermal energy needed is given by the equation: Note that in the above equation: ΔE is used to mean the change in internal energy C is used to mean the specific heat capacity of the substance ΔT is used to mean the change in temperature (The symbol Δ in math is used to denote a change in value)
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME Measuring Specific Heat Capacity In your IGCSE examination you may be asked to describe an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a substance A method for carrying out such an experiment is given below In this experiment you need to use the following equation to determine the specific heat capacity of the substance:
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME The following apparatus will be needed: A block of the substance (preferably 1kg in mass) or in the case of a fluid, a beaker containing a known mass of the fluid A thermometer An appropriate heater (e.g. an immersion heater) A power source A joule meter or a voltmeter, ammeter and stop-clock (I will assume we have the latter) Start by assembling the apparatus and measure the initial temperature of the substance Turn on the power supply and start the stop-clock Whilst the power supply is on take several periodic measurements of the voltage and current, and calculate an average of these values After 5 minutes (300 seconds) switch off the power supply, stop the stop-clock and leave the apparatus for a few more minutes Monitor the thermometer and make a note of the highest temperature reached Calculate the rise in temperature The heat supplied to the substance can be calculated using the equation: energy = current × voltage × time
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME These values, along with the mass of the substance, can now be substituted into the top equation to find the specific heat capacity of the substance The biggest problem with the above experiment is that not all of the heat supplied by the heater will go into the substance – some will go into the surroundings and the substance will also lose heat whilst it is being heated This means that the value for the heat added will be too great which means that the calculated specific heat capacity will also be too great
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T

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Thermal physics

  • 1. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER ‫العالمية‬ ‫أديسون‬ ‫أكاديمية‬ “Empower students to learn for life and strive for excellence so that they can contribute positively to the global society” PHYSICS YEAR 10 CAMBRIDGE
  • 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY
  • 3. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY At the beginning of the lesson turn AC off. Some students will start to complain that it is hot, others will not Why do we feel hot or cold?. Try at home: Fill three wide container with water, hot about 35o , cold at 5o and warm at 25o . Put one hand in cold water and the other in cold water for 2 min. Move your hands to warm water. Record how do you feel?
  • 4. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME INTERNAL ENERGY When a substance is heated, its internal energy (sometimes referred to as thermal energy or heat) increases As a substance’s internal energy increases, so will its temperature The higher the temperature of a substance, the more internal energy it possesses As the temperature of a substance is increased, the total energy of the molecules (the internal energy) increases
  • 5. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME INTERNAL ENERGY & MOLECULES The molecules within a substance possess two forms of energy: Kinetic energy (due to their random motion/vibration) Potential energy (due to the bonds between the molecules) Together, these two forms of energy make up the internal (thermal) energy of the substance When a substance is heated, that heat will usually cause the kinetic energy of the molecules to increase The temperature of the material is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules
  • 6. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY temperature, measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several arbitrary scales and indicating the direction in which heat energy will spontaneously flow—i.e., from a hotter body (one at a higher temperature) to a colder body (one at a lower temperature). Heat is the form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures (flowing from the high-temperature system to the low- temperature system). Also referred to as heat energy or thermal energy. Heat is typically measured in Btu, calories or joules
  • 7. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY MEASURING TEMPERATURE Units of Temperature: The S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). 1 Kelvin = 1 Celsius + 273 1 Fahrenheit = 9/5*Celsius + 32 1 Kelvin = (1 Kelvin – 273)*9/2 + 32 Temperature Body Temperature Lower Fixed point (Freezing Point) Higher Fixed point (Boi ling Point) Celsius 37 °C 0 °C 100 °C Kelvin 310 K 273 K 373 °C Fahrenheit 98.6 °F 32 °F 212 °F
  • 8. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME When a substance is heated, some of its physical properties can change These properties include things such as: The volume (and density) of the substance The electrical resistance of the substance If these properties change in a well-defined way, by measuring the property you can determine the temperature In order to build a thermometer based on one of these properties, you need to start by measuring the property at some well-defined fixed points A fixed point is a temperature at which some easily identifiable change occurs, such as the melting of ice (at 0 °c) or the boiling of pure water (at 100 °c) Measuring Temperature Ice melts and water boils at well-defined temperatures (fixed points) which may be used to calibrate thermometers
  • 9. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HELP ME Measuring Temperature These fixed points allow you to know the temperature without having to measure it directly Usually two fixed points are used: The lower fixed point: The melting temperature of ice The upper fixed point: The boiling temperature of pure water Once a property (such as electrical resistance) has been measured at these two fixed points, the values of that property at other temperatures can be worked out Temperature Temperature PTC NTC Resistance Resistance
  • 10. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY SENSITIVITY, RANGE & LINEARITY The above description has made a big assumption about the way in which the property changes with temperature: That it does so at a steady rate Properties that change in this way are said to be linear, and linearity is a very useful property for something to have as it makes it easy to work out the relationship between that thing and the temperature Other important properties when designing a device such as a thermometer include: Sensitivity – if the thing you are measuring changes significantly when the temperature changes, it makes it easier to detect small changes in temperature: Your thermometer is more sensitive Range – What are the lowest and highest temperatures the thermometer can measure? If a liquid-thermometer is too short, there may not be enough room for the liquid to expand into Linearity – The scale is said to be linear when the expansion of the liquid due to temperature increase of 1 °C is the same at any temperature.
  • 11. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THERMOMETERS It is an instrument use to measure temperature. The choice of a thermometer requires: 1. A particular thermometric substance 2. A particular thermometric property of this substance varies regularly with temperature. Type of thermometer Thermometric substance Thermometric property Liquid thermometer Alcohol or mercury The regular change of the length of the liquid column with temperature. Constant volume gas thermometer Gas The regular variation of the gas pressure with temperature Platinum thermometer Ohmic resistance of a coil made of platinum The regular variation of the ohmic resistance of the coil with temperature
  • 12. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Liquid Thermometers A liquid-in-glass thermometer consists of a thin glass capillary tube containing a liquid that expands with temperature At one end of the tube is a glass bulb, containing a larger volume of the liquid which expands when heated, moving into the narrower tube A scale along the side of the tube allows the temperature to be measured based on the length of liquid within the tube As the bulb is heated, the liquid expands and moves along the capillary tube
  • 13. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THE SENSITIVITY OF LIQUID THERMOMETERS The liquids used in liquid-in-glass thermometers are chosen for their thermal expansion properties: They expand linearly with temperature They expand significantly, giving them greater sensitivity They have low freezing points and high boiling points, allowing them to be used over a greater range of temperatures Sensitivity is another word for precision. Anything that makes it easier to detect small changes in temperature increases the precision, or sensitivity of a liquid thermometer Some of the factors which increase sensitivity are: Using a thermometer with a smaller glass bulb, as a smaller bulb contains less liquid and therefore, absorbs heat in a shorter time Using a narrow tube, as a small change in volume results in the liquid moving a larger distance along the tube Using a glass bulb with a thinner wall, as heat can be transferred to the bulb more easily and a small change in temperature can be more easily detected
  • 14. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THE SENSITIVITY OF LIQUID THERMOMETERS The liquids used in liquid-in-glass thermometers are chosen for their thermal expansion properties: They expand linearly with temperature They expand significantly, giving them greater sensitivity They have low freezing points and high boiling points, allowing them to be used over a greater range of temperatures Sensitivity is another word for precision. Anything that makes it easier to detect small changes in temperature increases the precision, or sensitivity of a liquid thermometer Some of the factors which increase sensitivity are: Using a thermometer with a smaller glass bulb, as a smaller bulb contains less liquid and therefore, absorbs heat in a shorter time Using a narrow tube, as a small change in volume results in the liquid moving a larger distance along the tube Using a glass bulb with a thinner wall, as heat can be transferred to the bulb more easily and a small change in temperature can be more easily detected
  • 15. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MERCURY AND ALCOHOL Mercury Alcohol Advantages It doesn't wet sides of the tube and conducts heat well. It freezes at –115 °C, so it can be used for measuring arctic temperatures. It responds quickly to temperature changes. It expands more than mercury, so it has greater sensitivity even with wide capillaries Disadvantag es Mercury freezes at –39 °C, so it cannot be used for measuring arctic temperatures. It cannot measure high temperatures since it boils at 70 °C. Mercury is poisonous, so it is dangerous if thermometer is broken. It should be colored to be seen easily. Mercury is expensive. It clings to sides of tube so thread has tendency to break.
  • 16. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Thermocouples A thermocouple consists of two different types of wire attached together When the joint between the two wires is heated, a potential difference (voltage) is created between the two wires The greater the temperature, the greater the potential difference Thermocouples are not as sensitive as liquid-in- glass thermometers, but because the metals have high melting points, they can be used to measure very high temperatures Thermocouples are also very responsive to rapidly changing temperatures A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar wires connected together
  • 17. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY THERMAL EXPANSION When (most) materials are heated, they expand This expansion happens because the molecules start to move around (or vibrate) faster, which causes them to knock into each other and push each other apart When a solid is heated, the molecules vibrate more, pushing each other apart Note: When this happens, it is the space taken up by the molecules that increases. The molecules themselves remain the same size.
  • 18. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Thermal Expansion in Solids, Liquids & Gases When solids, liquids and gases are heated:
  • 19. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY APPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES •The thermal expansion of materials can have some useful applications, but also has some undesirable consequences •Applications: • The expansion of a liquid in a thermometer can be used to measure temperature • A bimetallic strip, consisting of two metals that expand at different rates, can be made to bend at a given temperature, forming a temperature-activated switch The bimetallic strip will bend upwards when heated, closing the circuit
  • 20. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly convert temperature from different scale Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Internal energy, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin I can differentiate between heat and temperature Define Internal energy Compare temperature scales Explain how thermometers are calibrated SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY HOOK ACTIVITY Consequences: The expansion of solid materials can cause them to buckle if they get too This could include: Metal railway tracks Road surfaces Bridges Things that are prone to buckling in this way often have gaps built into them providing some room for them to expand into
  • 21. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
  • 22. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME Specific Heat Capacity What is Specific Heat Capacity? The specific heat capacity of a substance in the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of that substance by 1 °C Specific heat capacity has units of joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg °C) (Note: Different substances have different specific heat capacities) From the definition of specific heat capacity, it follows that if you have more than 1 kg of a material, you will need more thermal energy Likewise, if you want to raise its temperature by more than 1 °C, you will also need to add more thermal energy The amount of thermal energy needed is given by the equation: Note that in the above equation: ΔE is used to mean the change in internal energy C is used to mean the specific heat capacity of the substance ΔT is used to mean the change in temperature (The symbol Δ in math is used to denote a change in value)
  • 23. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME Measuring Specific Heat Capacity In your IGCSE examination you may be asked to describe an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a substance A method for carrying out such an experiment is given below In this experiment you need to use the following equation to determine the specific heat capacity of the substance:
  • 24. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME The following apparatus will be needed: A block of the substance (preferably 1kg in mass) or in the case of a fluid, a beaker containing a known mass of the fluid A thermometer An appropriate heater (e.g. an immersion heater) A power source A joule meter or a voltmeter, ammeter and stop-clock (I will assume we have the latter) Start by assembling the apparatus and measure the initial temperature of the substance Turn on the power supply and start the stop-clock Whilst the power supply is on take several periodic measurements of the voltage and current, and calculate an average of these values After 5 minutes (300 seconds) switch off the power supply, stop the stop-clock and leave the apparatus for a few more minutes Monitor the thermometer and make a note of the highest temperature reached Calculate the rise in temperature The heat supplied to the substance can be calculated using the equation: energy = current × voltage × time
  • 25. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME These values, along with the mass of the substance, can now be substituted into the top equation to find the specific heat capacity of the substance The biggest problem with the above experiment is that not all of the heat supplied by the heater will go into the substance – some will go into the surroundings and the substance will also lose heat whilst it is being heated This means that the value for the heat added will be too great which means that the calculated specific heat capacity will also be too great
  • 26. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
  • 27. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
  • 28. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
  • 29. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T
  • 30. LEARNING OBJECTIVE Students must correctly define thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Explain how thermometers designed and calibrated Latent heat I can differentiate between Thermal capacity and specific heat capacity Define Latent heat Calculate heat energy SUCCESS CRITERIA KEY VOCABULARY WATCH ME THERMAL CAPACITY What is Thermal Capacity? The thermal capacity of an object is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of that object by 1 °c The greater the thermal capacity of an object, the more heat energy it takes to raise its temperature The thermal capacity is also equal to the amount of heat energy an object will give out when it cools by 1 °c The energy, E, required to raise the temperature of an object by an amount T is given by the equation: E = thermal capacity × T