Respond 3 of your colleagues' postings in one or more of the following ways: · Ask a probing question. · Share an insight from having read your colleague’s posting. · Offer and support an opinion. · Validate an idea with your own experience. · Make a suggestion. · Expand on your colleague’s posting. Student #1 Routing protocols can be the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which is for you internal networks and the exterior routing protocol is Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).  This protocol maintains the routing information for networks (external) to your network.   It only knows how to deliver data outside your network.   EGP does not know how to deliver data within your network.  Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the only EGP in use today.  BGP is the routing protocol for the Internet.            Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is starting to become the popular interior routing protocol (Tiso, 2011).  If designing a new network, I would recommend OSPF or EIGRP because of the popularity, flexibility, and fast convergence.   Reason I say OSPF is because there is not limitation on the hop count like there is with RIP (15).  OSPF uses IP multicast to send link-state updates ("Cisco," 2014).  Updates sent when routing changes occur instead of periodically. Better convergence since routing changes is instantaneously and not periodically.            My experience with OSPF occurred back in 2003 when a team I was working with was task to put in a new video teleconference network for an intelligence agency that consisted of over 250 rooms moving from H.320 to H.323.  The network would consist of CONUS and OCONUS.  Fourteen years later, equipment has been upgraded routers, switches, endpoints, etc. but the same routing protocol still used.  References Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction to Routing Dynamically. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210&seqNum=7 Tiso, J. (2011). Designing Cisco Network Service Architectures (ARCH): Developing an Optimum Design for Layer 3 (CCDP). Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1763921&seqNum=6 Student #2 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is Cisco's proprietary routing protocol, based on IGRP. EIGRP is a distance-vector routing protocol, with optimizations to minimize routing instability incurred after topology changes, and the use of bandwidth and processing power in the router. Routers that support EIGRP will automatically redistribute route information to IGRP neighbours by converting the 32-bit EIGRP metric to the 24-bit IGRP metric. Most of the routing optimizations are based on the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), which guarantees loop-free operation and provides fast router convergence. Origin: Based only on Cisco’s implementation, not an Internet RFC Type of protocol: Hybrid distance vector Metric: Delay, bandwidth, reliability, and load, using the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) Methodology: Sends hello packets every ...

1. Respond 3 of your colleagues' postings in one or more of the
following ways:
· Ask a probing question.
· Share an insight from having read your colleague’s posting.
· Offer and support an opinion.
· Validate an idea with your own experience.
· Make a suggestion.
· Expand on your colleague’s posting.
Student #1
Routing protocols can be the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP),
which is for you internal networks and the exterior routing
protocol is Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). This protocol
maintains the routing information for networks (external) to
your network. It only knows how to deliver data outside your
network. EGP does not know how to deliver data within your
network. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the only EGP in
use today. BGP is the routing protocol for the Internet.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is starting to become
the popular interior routing protocol (Tiso, 2011). If designing
a new network, I would recommend OSPF or EIGRP because of
the popularity, flexibility, and fast convergence. Reason I say
OSPF is because there is not limitation on the hop count like
there is with RIP (15). OSPF uses IP multicast to send link-
state updates ("Cisco," 2014). Updates sent when routing
changes occur instead of periodically. Better convergence since
routing changes is instantaneously and not periodically.
My experience with OSPF occurred back in 2003 when a
team I was working with was task to put in a new video
teleconference network for an intelligence agency that consisted
of over 250 rooms moving from H.320 to H.323. The network
would consist of CONUS and OCONUS. Fourteen years later,
equipment has been upgraded routers, switches, endpoints, etc.
but the same routing protocol still used.

2. References
Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction to Routing
Dynamically. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210&seq
Num=7
Tiso, J. (2011). Designing Cisco Network Service Architectures
(ARCH): Developing an Optimum Design for Layer 3 (CCDP).
Retrieved from
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1763921&seq
Num=6
Student #2
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is Cisco's
proprietary routing protocol, based on IGRP. EIGRP is a
distance-vector routing protocol, with optimizations to
minimize routing instability incurred after topology changes,
and the use of bandwidth and processing power in the router.
Routers that support EIGRP will automatically redistribute
route information to IGRP neighbours by converting the 32-bit
EIGRP metric to the 24-bit IGRP metric. Most of the routing
optimizations are based on the Diffusing Update Algorithm
(DUAL), which guarantees loop-free operation and provides fast
router convergence.
Origin: Based only on Cisco’s implementation, not an Internet
RFC
Type of protocol: Hybrid distance vector
Metric: Delay, bandwidth, reliability, and load, using the
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Methodology: Sends hello packets every five seconds to
neighbours (can interoperate with IGRP) to see if the
neighbours are still available; updates other routers by notifying
them only when routes change
Ideal topology: Any network, small to very large; all routers
must be Cisco
Strengths

3. · Uses DUAL to provide very quick convergence and a loop-free
network
· Supports IP and IPX
· Requires less CPU than OSPF (see next section)
· Requires little bandwidth for routing updates
· Supports VLSM or CIDR
· Uses the delay, bandwidth, reliability, and load of a link as its
metric; this makes it very accurate in selecting the proper route
· Offers backward compatibility with IGRP
Weaknesses:
- Not an Internet standard; all routers must be from Cisco
Systems
Broadcast networks and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Broadcast networks such as Ethernet have a designated router
(DR) and a backup designated router (BDR) that are elected
ideal for their routing solutions. Designated routers establish
adjacencies with all routers on that network segment. This is to
reduce broadcasts from all routers sending regular hello packets
to its neighbors. The DR sends multicast packets to all routers
that it has established adjacencies with. If the DR fails, it is the
BDR that sends multicasts to specific routers. Each router is
assigned a router ID, which is the highest assigned IP address
on a working interface. OSPF uses the router ID (RID) for all
routing processes. my recommendation for OSPF routing for
broadcast networks is justified by the its characteristics below:
Link State
Routes IP
Routing Advertisements: Partial When Route Changes Occur
Metric: Composite Cost of each router to Destination
(100,000,000/interface speed)
Hop Count: None (Limited by Network)
Variable Length Subnet Masks
Summarization on Network Class Address or Subnet Boundary
Load Balancing Across 4 Equal Cost Paths
Router Types: Internal, Backbone, ABR, ASBR
Area Types: Backbone, Stubby, Not-So-Stubby, Totally Stubby

4. LSA Types: Intra-Area (1,2) Inter-Area (3,4), External (5,7)
Fast Hello Timer Interval: 250 msec. for Ethernet, 30 seconds
for Non-Broadcast
Dead Timer Interval: 1 second for Ethernet, 120 seconds for
Non-Broadcast
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) Support
LSA Multicast Address: 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 (DR/BDR)
Don't Filter!
Interface Types: Point to Point, Broadcast, Non-Broadcast,
Point to Multipoint, Loopback
References
Black, U. D. (Ed.). (2000). IP routing protocols: RIP, OSPF,
BGP, PNNI, and Cisco routing protocols. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cisco Networking Academy Program (Ed.). (2014). Routing
protocols.
Retana, A, Slice, D, & White, R (2005). Which Routing
Protocol Should My Network Use?
Graziani, R., & Johnson, A. (Eds.). (2008). Routing protocols
and concepts: CCNA exploration companion guide
References
Cisco Networking Academy's Introduction to Routing
Dynamically. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210&seq
Num=7
Tiso, J. (2011). Designing Cisco Network Service Architectures
(ARCH): Developing an Optimum Design for Layer 3 (CCDP).
Retrieved from
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1763921&seq
Num=6
Student #3
You provided a very comprehensive and informative post on
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) with a
side by side comparison of EIGRP and Open Shortest Path First

5. (OSPF). In today's technological world, communication is
incredibly important, and much of these communication happens
through a very complex web of networks throughout the world.
Networking professionals must, therefore, understand it's
importance and have the knowledge of routing processes and the
types of routing particles we need to use on a particular project.
EIGRP, an advanced distance vector routing particle, and OSPF,
a more complex protocol that brings many more features and
greater flexibility to the network are suitable for enterprise
networks. As you already know, the EIGRP is limited to only
Cisco routers while the biggest particle of all; the OSPF is open
to both Cisco and non-Cisco routers. Do you think that Cisco
should ‘completely’ open EIRGP to enable it to enhance its
security capabilities in future? I say “completely” because
according to the announcement made by Cisco (2013), they
were only releasing the basic EIGRP to the IETF as an
Informational RFC. These basic features include all the
information needed to implement EIGRP, and its associated
features, including High Availability (HA). Cisco (2013),
further explained that the EIGRP was being released as an
"Informational RFC" to allow Cisco to retain control of the
EIGRP protocol so as to preserve the customer experience and
deployment investments.
Reference
Cisco (2013). Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP) Informational RFC Frequently Asked Questions
Retrieved April 17, 2017, from
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/ios-nx-os-
software/enhanced-interior-gateway-routing-protocol-
eigrp/qa_C67-726299.html
Context: View this video on the Trolley Car Problem:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02bx2
hh
.

6. The trolley car problem is a philosophical
thought experiment in which you must
decide how to respond to a runaway train.
It asks you to analyze two different
scenarios. In the first scenario, a runaway
train is speeding toward four people
standing on the track. You can stop the
train by switching tracks. However, there is
a man on the track. Would you switch the track knowing one
man would die to save four? In the second scenario, the
runaway
train is speeding toward four people on the
track. But this time, you cannot flip a
switch to change tracks. The only way to
save the lives of the four people is to push a large man off a
bridge to stop the car.
Would you push him knowing he would die
to save the other four?
Write a 3-4 page paper in which you do the
following:
1) Discuss how an ethical egoist and a
utilitarian (choose either act or rule
utilitarianism) would respond?
2) State your own position on each
scenario. Would you reroute the train?
Would you push the man off the bridge?
What moral logic justifies your positions?

7. 3) Compare your responses to that of
ethical egoism and utilitarianism.
4) Assess the strengths and weakness of
your positions in light of these two
consequentialist theories.