19th Century Art

1. 19th Century Art

2. 19th Century in Europe and USA
• Industrial Revolution – new technology and machines
• Urbanization – many people moving to cities
• Science and Progress
• Freedom of Expression

3. New Technology in Architecture
19th Century Belief in Progress and Advancement of
Civilization Through Science and Technology

4. Brooklyn
Bridge
John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus
Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New York), late 19th Century
Architecture

5. Brooklyn
Bridge
John Augustus Roebling and Washington
Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New
York), late 19th Century Architecture
• Used Steel to make
the bridge long
• Architect designed
twisted wire cable
• Bridge 2000 Meters
long (longest bridge
built at that time)
• Gothic style arches

6. Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower
(Paris), Late 19th Century
Architecture

7. Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris),
Late 19th Century Architecture
• Tallest structure built at that
time (used steel)
• Built for 1889 Universal
Exposition
•Classical Round Arch
• Exposed steel structure (not
covered by walls)
• Paris is the “center” of the
Art World in 19th Century

8. Photography and Its Affects
• Photography had a profound influence on art in the 19th
Century
• Portrait Photography became more popular than portrait
painting
• Many artists have been influenced by the ”realism” in the
photos
• Some artists starting using photography for references
• Some accepted photography as an art form, while others were
against photography as art

9. First photograph
Taken by Joseph Nicephone
Niepce in France in 1826
Niepce experimented with
processes of reproducing still
images starting in 1816
But, the process wasn’t
practical – exposure time was
8 hours for one photograph

10. The Daquerreotype
• • The first practical process of photography was the
daquerreotype, introduced in 1839
• • Invented by Louis-Jacque-Mande Daquerre, a French painter
and printmaker

11. The first daquerreotype (Still life of Classic Roman Objects)
Still Life, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, photograph (daguerreotype), 1837

12. Still Life, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre,
photograph (daguerreotype), 1837
The first practical process of
photography was the
daquerreotype, introduced in
1839
This is the first daguerreotype
Invented by Louis-Jacque-
Mande Daquerre, a French
painter and printmaker
Still Life with Classic Roman
Objects (relief, angels, etc.)

13. Eadweard Muybridge
• •First motion photography which led into “moving
pictures” (movies)
• • Muybridge was hired by Leland Stanford (founder of
Stanford University in USA) to see if there’s a moment
when all horses hooves off the ground at same time

14. Eadweard Muybridge, Horse Galloping, 1878, Photograph (collotype)

15. Gertrude Kasebier,
Blessed Art Thou Among
Women, 1899,
Photography (Platinum
Print on Japanese
Paper), 23 × 13.2 cm

16. • Gertrude Kasebier was an American
portrait painter who took up
photography after raising her family
• Narrative photography
• Scene from everyday life with a sense
of the spiritual and divine
• Title refers to a phrase from The Old
Testament (Bible) by angel who
announced to Virgin Mary that she’ll
have a babyGertrude Kasebier, Blessed
Art Thou Among Women, 1899,
Photography (Platinum Print on
Japanese Paper), 23 × 13.2 cm

17. Impressionism
• Style that began in France in mid-19th Century (1860’s)
• Term impressionism was given to this style by an art critic who
thought the art looked unfinished and too “sketchy”
• Interest in color and light
• Painted outdoors “Plein air”
• French culture

18. Claude Monet,
The Water Lily Pond
Oil on Canvas
1899
93 cm x 74 cm

19. Claude Monet
The Water Lily Pond
Oil on Canvas
1899
Water Lilies is a series of 250
oil paintings that Monet
worked on for the last 30 years
of his life in his garden at his
home, Giverny
Tradition of Landscape
Painting
Symbolism of flowers
Japanese influence, including
the bridge and water lilies
93 cm x 74 cm

20. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette,
oil on canvas, 1876, 1.31 m x 1.75 m

21. Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Moulin de la Galette
oil on canvas
1876, 1.31 m x 1.75 m
• Relaxing on a
Sunday afternoon in
Paris
• Fashionable Youth
Moulin de la Galette
Moulin = Mill
Galette = type of pastry
• Light coming
through the trees
(color and light)

22. Berthe Morisot
Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, Oil on Canvas, 1879, 45.7 cm × 75.2 cm

23. • Painterly (loose
brushwork)
• Color and Light
(reflections on water)
• Women accepted as
artists in 19th Century
• Morisot painted mainly
French Women
Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, Oil on
Canvas, 1879, 45.7 cm × 75.2 cm

24. Japonisme
• Name given to French art inspired by Japanese art during the 19th
Century
• Japan began to trade with Western countries in the 19th Century
• Europeans become interested in Japanese culture (collected
Japanese objects and art)

25. Utagawa
Hiroshige
Bamboo Yards,
Kyôbashi Bridge
(One Hundred
Views of Edo
series)
Woodblock Print
1857
36.2 x 23.7 cm

26. • Woodblock Printing (Ukiyo-e)
Traditional Japanese Medium
• First manga
• Flat Shapes with outlines
• Dull color with a few areas of
bright color
• Looking down into the picture
• Diagonal movement
Utagawa Hiroshige
Bamboo Yards,
Kyôbashi Bridge (One
Hundred Views of Edo
series), Woodblock Print
1857, 36.2 x 23.7 cm

27. Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on Stage, Oil on
Canvas, 1874, 54.3 x 73 cm

28. Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on Stage,
Oil on Canvas, 1874, 54.3 x 73 cm
• Inspired by
Japanese Woodblock
Prints
• Theme of Ballet
Dancers (Movement of
Dancers / French
Culture)
• Creative Process –
dancers are practicing,
not performing

29. Comparison

30. Henri de Toulouse
Lautrec, Jane Avril,
Lithographic Poster,
1893, 129.1 x 93.5 cm

31. Inspired by Japanese
Woodblock Prints
From a series of posters
advertising Bars, Dancers,
Musicians in Paris
Lithograph – type of
printmaking invented in 19th
Century
Art Nouveau style
(International Design
Movement started in France)
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec,
Jane Avril, Lithographic
Poster, 1893, 129.1 x 93.5 cm

32. Mary Cassatt
Maternal Caress
Drypoint, Aquatint, and
Etching (Printmaking
Techniques)
1890 – 91
43.8 × 30.3 cm

33. Mary Cassatt, Maternal Caress,
Drypoint, Aquatint, and Etching
(Printmaking Techniques), 1890
– 91, 43.8 × 30.3 cm
• Inspired by Japanese
Woodblock Prints
(Cassatt collected them)
• Universal Theme of
Mother and Child
• Mary Cassatt –
American woman who
studied art in Paris

34. Post-Impressionism

35. Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La
Grande Jatte, oil on canvas, 1884 – 1886, 2.08 m x 3.08 m

36. • Pointillism technique –
small dots to create the image
• Composite image - Seurat
observed people on different
days and then combined them
together
• Made many drawings of
people on this island near
Paris
• Upper Class French
enjoying a Sunday
afternoon
Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on
the Island of La Grande Jatte, oil on canvas,
1884 – 1886, 2.08 m x 3.08 m

37. Detail of Seurat’s painting

38. Charcoal
drawings
(studies)

40. Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, Oil on Canvas
74 cm x 92 cm

41. • Theme: The vastness of the universe
• Focus on Emotion
• Symbolism
• Image of church represents his
conflicted feeling about religion
• Thick paint (impasto) to create texture,
use of line, overall blue color
represents his emotions
Vincent Van Gogh, Starry
Night, 1889, Oil on Canvas,
74 cm x 92 cm

42. Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? Where Are We Going?
1897, Oil on Canvas (4'6” x 12'3”)

43. Gauguin, French painter, moved to Tahiti, an island in the
South Pacific, to paint native people in the tropical
landscape (moved away from Western culture)
Fusion of East and West
Gauguin struggled with questions about life (related to
philosophy)
Expressive use of color
Use of Symbolism
Paul Gaugin, Where Do We Come From? Where
Are We Going? 1897, Oil on Canvas, 4’6” x 12’3”

44. Edvard Munch
The Scream,1893
Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and
Crayon on Cardboard
91 cm × 73.5 cm

45. • Edvard Munch (1863 - 1944) was a
Norwegian artist whose work is
psychologically charged
• Strange, genderless figure in the
landscape. Some scholars believe
he was inspired by a Peruvian
mummy that he saw in an exhibition
at a museum in Paris.
• Focus on the emotion of fear and
agony
• Munch’s work influenced later
Modern Art styles in the early 20th
Century, especially Expressionism
• Munch’s work is sometimes
associated with the Symbolist
movement, as well
Edvard Munch
The Scream,1893
Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and
Crayon on Cardboard
91 cm × 73.5 cm

46. Realism
• 19th Century Movement in France that tried to show
“real” human emotion
• Artists painted indoors
• Style more “realistic” – true colors, more detailed

47. Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère,
Oil on Canvas, 1882, 96 cm x 1.3 m

48. Édouard Manet
A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
Oil on Canvas
1882, 96 cm x 1.3 m
Mirror in background with
reflection
The Viewer included in the
painting
Self-absorbed (not looking
away from the customer)
Contrast of environment
(Club) with the mood of
the bartender
Symbolism of Still Life in
foreground

49. Édouard Manet, Olympia, oil on canvas, 1863, 130.5 x 190 cm

50. Édouard Manet, Olympia, oil on canvas,
1863, 130.5 x 190 cm
• Based on a
Renaissance Painting by
Titian (Venus of Urbino)
• Olympia stares out
coldly at the viewer
• Prostitute – character
from a popular French
novel
Symbolism of the bed,
black maid, shoes, jewelry,
flowers, black cat, etc.

51. Comparison