Different styles of painitng

1. Interactive Art History
Lesson By ISM IB Art
Nika Gonzales
Sophia Longhauser
Josh Macapili
Yun Chan Chung

2. Impressionists and
Pointillism
By Nika Gonzales

3. What is Impressionism?
“The depiction natural appearances of
objects by means of dabs or strokes of
primary unmixed colors in order to
simulate actual reflected light.”
"Trouville", Claude Monet, 1870-1871, Oil on
Canvas
("Trouville")
(“Impressionism Definition”)
Definition:

4. Origin of Impressionism
● Developed in Paris, France
● 19th century - early 1880’s
● Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley and
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
(“Impressionism Movement Overview.”)
(“France.”)(“Impressionism History.”)

5. Due to the industrial revolution creating more leisurely
time for the middle class, Impressionists painted scenes
of middle class urban life.
"Ballet Rehearsal on the Set",
Edgar Degas, 1874, Oil on Canvas
("Ballet Rehearsal on the Set")
(“Impressionism (1)”)
In the 19th Century:
● Painters were challenged to be true to nature
● exploit painting as a medium
● using and expressing color in painting where
photography would lack
○ further accentuating details that photos can’t
capture) (“Impressionism (1)”)

6. Impressionists
like to
incorporate the
most subtle
sensations of
reflected light
in their
paintings.
"Woman with a Parasol (Camille and Jean
Monet)", Claude Monet, 1875, Oil on Canvas
("Woman with a Parasol")
Applying paint in loosened, tiny
brushstrokes:
● allows artists to express color
sensations openly
● keeps the colors unmixed = intense
● Changes the perspective for the
viewer:
○ Eyes will mix the colors when
far, and distinguish from
close up
(“Impressionism (1)”)
(“Impressionism (1)”)

7. Critics in the newspapers: “mere sketches or
impressions”
“Impression, Soleil Levant
(Impression, Sunrise)”, Claude
Monet,1872, oil on canvas
("Impression, Soleil Levant”)
(“Impressionism (1)”)
The Name
● viewers and the public would be upset
over the style of Impressionism
○ They didn’t like the sketches
(“Impressionism (1)”)

8. How does this
relate to
Pointillism?

9. What is Pointillism?
“The practice of art of applying
small strokes or dots of color to a
surface so that from a distance they
blend together.”
"Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La
Grande Jatte", Georges Seurat,
1884–1886, Oil on Canvas
("Sunday Afternoon")
(“Pointillism Definition”)
A slight spinoff of Impressionism
Definition:

10. George Seurat and Paul Signac
● 19th century - late 1880’s
● Created by former impressionists
● Wanted to create a new movement
● Borrowed a lot of approaches from
impressionism
○ modern subject matter and scenes
of urban leisure
Fascinated by the depth in
science of color
Seurat created the Chromo-Luminism Color
Theory:
“the discovery that contrasting or complementary
colors can optically mix to yield far more vivid
tones that can be achieved by mixing paint alone”
(“Georges Seurat Bio.”)
(“Georges Seurat Bio.”)
(“Georges Seurat”) (“Paul Signac.”)

11. Optical blending:
● Painting tiny, separate points, or dots, of
pigment
Also known as Divisionism:
Placing small patches of pure pigment
separately on the canvas in order that the
viewer's eye will optically blend the colors.
(“Neo-Impressionism Overview”)
(“Georges Seurat Bio.”)
In the 80’s:
● Impressionism began to falter
● Artists wanted to try something new
● Young artists tried to come up with new
techniques, to rethink popular style →
Neo-Impressionism.
(“Pointillism: a Point in Impressionism”)

12. "The Circus", George
Seurat, 1891, Oil on Canvas
(“The Circus”)
Most significant difference between
Impressionism and Pointillism:
● Style of brush work
● colors are usually bright
● Makes the paint look airy
● Primary colors → secondary
colors
(“Pointillism (1).”)
(“Pointillism (1).”)
“Women at the Well”,
Paul Signac, 1892, Oil
on Canvas
(“Women at the Well”)

13. ● “Ballet Rehearsal on the Set” (1874) by Edgar Degas (19 July 1834 - 27 September 1917), Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia
Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/300_2287228/1/300_2287228/cite. Accessed 17 Oct 2019.
● “France.” i.pinimg.com/originals/02/46/9c/02469c77b9a88b6e9bff02c744976abc.jpg.
● “George Seurat” (1859-1891). - French painter.. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1630738/1/140_1630738/cite. Accessed 17 Oct 2019.
● “Georges Seurat Bio.” The Art Story, www.theartstory.org/artist/seurat-georges/.
● “Impressionism Definition.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/impressionism.
● “Impression, Soleil Levant.” Musée Marmottan Monet, www.marmottan.fr/en//notice/4014.
● History.com Editors. “Impressionism History.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 3 Aug. 2017,
www.history.com/topics/art-history/impressionism.
● “Impressionism Movement Overview.” The Art Story, www.theartstory.org/movement/impressionism/.
● “Impressionism (1).” Mark Harden's Artchive: "Impressionism", www.artchive.com/artchive/impressionism.html.
● “Neo-Impressionism Overview.” The Art Story, www.theartstory.org/movement/neo-impressionism/.
● “Paul Signac.” images.masterworksfineart.com/artist/paul-signac/Signac.jpg.
● Артхив. “Pointillism: a Point in Impressionism.” Medium, Medium, 10 Mar. 2017,
medium.com/@artchive/pointillism-a-point-in-impressionism-5d4a84b88a31.
● “Pointillism Definition.” Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pointillism.
● “Pointillism (1).” Artcyclopedia, www.artcyclopedia.com/history/pointillism.html.
● Seurat, Georges. “Pointillism (2).” Arthive, 24AD, arthive.com/encyclopedia/44~Pointillism.
● “Sunday Afternoon”, on la Grande Jatte' 1884. Oil on canvas. by Georges Seurat (1859-1891) Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia
Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/300_2288791/1/300_2288791/cite. Accessed 17 Oct 2019.
● “The Circus”, George Seurat, 1891. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/109_173338/1/109_173338/cite. Accessed 17 Oct 2019.
● “Trouville”, Claude Monet, Oil on Canvas, 1870-71. Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/300_2284446/1/300_2284446/cite. Accessed 17 Oct 2019.
● “Women at the Well”, Paul Signac, 1892. Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/109_172743/1/109_172743/cite. Accessed 17 Oct 2019.
● “Woman with a Parasol”, (Camille and Jean Monet), Claude Monet, 1875, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.. Photography. Britannica
ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/300_2291452/1/300_2291452/cite. Accessed 17 Oct 2019.

14. Dadaism and
Surrealism
Sophia Longhauser

15. Dadaism
● Switzerland (Zürich)
● Started- Early 20th century
● Peak- 1917-1920
● WWI
● End- Beginning of Surrealism
(1923/1924)
● Influenced by cubism and
expressionism
● Influenced surrealism
Artists to know:
Salvador Dali, Marcel Duchamp, Tristan
Tzara, Hannah Höch
https://geology.com/world/1200/switzerland-political-map.jpg

16. Meaning behind the word
“Dadaism”
● 1916 meeting at the Cabaret
Voltaire held by artists, writers,
poets, intellectuals
● The word “Dada” randomly chosen
out of a French dictionary
● Hobbyhorse (random, foolish,
nonsensical)
● “What we call Dada is foolery” - Hugo
Ball
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)#/media/File:Marcel_Duchamp,_191
7,_Fountain,_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain,
ceramic, 1917, 61 cm x 36 cm x
48 cm, (original art piece is
lost)

17. Characteristics
● Anti-aesthetic, nonsensical, spontaneous
● Known for presenting ready-made
objects
● Collages, music, literature, sculpture,
painting, performance…
● Considered to be more of a protest
movement or manifesto than an art
style
https://www.artsy.net/artwork/hannah-hoch-flucht-flight
Hannah Höch, Flucht, 1931, collage, 23 x 18.4 cm

18. Surrealism
● Founded in Paris in the 1920’s
● André Breton
● Peak- 1930’s
● Disagreements on when
surrealism actually ended
● Influenced by Dadaism
Important artists
● Pablo Picasso
● Andre Breton
● René Magritte
Pablo Picasso, Woman in Hat and Fur Collar, 1937, 61 cm x 50
cm, Oil on Canvas, Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_in_Hat_and_Fur_Collar#/media/File:Woman_
in_Hat_and_Fur_Collar.jpg

19. http://modernistarthistory.blogspot.com/2015/01/35.html
Salvador Dali, The Temptation of Saint Anthony, 1946,
oil on canvas,89.7cm x 119.5 cm

20. ● Andre Breton early 19th
century
● express creativity
without filtering the
nonsense.
● “Above realism”

21. Abstract and figurative
surrealism
Abstract Surrealism- focused on “dream
like” and “whimsical” images.
● Less geometric shapes
● More fluid or organic
● Images can be real, or imagined
Figurative Surrealism- based on
natural forms and objects that really
exist.
● Focused on the re-creation of
natural shapes
● Images look real and natural, but
also out of place and random

22. Francis Bacon, Study after Velázquez’s Portrait of Pope
Innocent X, 1953, 153 x 118 cm, oil on canvas, Des
Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IowaWolfgang Paalen, Les étrangers, 1937
Abstract Surrealism and Figurative Surrealism

23. https://www.theartstory.org/movement/dada/
https://lhsblogs.typepad.com/files/apah-rev14-surrealism-1.pdf
https://engagger.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/surrealist-art-styles-figuration-and-abstraction/
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/surrealist-artists.htm
https://www.artmovements.co.uk/surrealism.htm
http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/dadaism.htm
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-dada-182380
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3205188?seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents

24. EXPRESSIONISM / FAUVISM

25. WHAT ARE EXPRESSIONISM & FAUVISM?

26. FAUVISM
● bright & bold colors
● rejection of traditional
renderings of 3D space
● relationship between the
objects could be shown
through application of
color
● heterodox and
“shocking” (hence term
fauve)
EXPRESSIONISM
● rejected the
“superficiality” of
impressionism
● sought to portray human
emotion & experience
● “violent” application of
formal art elements
Primitivism
(noun) An aesthetic movement that sought to recreate the
“primitive” experience.

27. HISTORY OF THE TWO ART MOVEMENTS:

28. (BRIEF) HISTORY OF FAUVISM
● The movement was founded by Henri
Matisse
○ He experimented w/ various
post-impressionist approaches –
he eventually came to reject the
traditional renderings of space
● Was a short-lived movement
○ Played a role in the development
of cubism (another abstract art
style)
Woman with a Hat,
1905 by Henri Matisse,
81 cm x 60 cm, Oil on
Canvas

29. ORIGINS OF EXPRESSIONISM
● originated in the works of Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, James Ensor
○ specifically during the period from 1885 to 1900
○ used line & color to convey dramatic & emotional themes / qualities
● 1905 = Die Brücke (“The Bridge”)
○ acted in opposition to Impressionism (and its derivatives)
Die Brücke
● A group of German artists that
formed in Dresden in 1905. Their art
reflected a rejection of the social
order in Germany at the time, and a
nostalgia for pre-modern times.

30. HEIGHT OF EXPRESSIONISM & DECLINE
● Expressionism would be the
dominant art movement of the early
20th century, especially in Northern
Europe
● By the 1920s, it became ubiquitous in
Germany
○ Post-war climate (Roaring
Twenties)
○ Height of European colonization
○ Evolution of new media
● 1930s – decline due to rise of fascism
The film Metropolis
(1927) by Fritz Lang

31. Dance Around the Golden Calf, oil painting by Emil Nolde,
1910

32. Matisse, Henri: Portrait of Madame Matisse. The Green Line

33. The Scream, tempera and casein on cardboard by Edvard
Munch, 1893

34. Anxiety, 1894 by Edvard Munch

35. Joy of Life (Bonheur de Vivre), 1905 by Henri Matisse

36. CONCLUSION
COMPARE & CONTRAST
● SIMILARITIES
○ both rejected (different) aspects of
Impressionism
○ both were abstract; they had heterodox
color schemes
● DIFFERENCES
○ subject matters (Fauvism could be
used for still-lifes + impersonal
subjects)
○ Expressionism did not reject
traditional conceptions of space
RECAP OF DEFINITIVE TRAITS:
● FAUVISM
○ marked by “crude” & bold application
of color
○ rejected traditional rendering of space
● EXPRESSIONISM
○ main subject is the human experience
○ violent & harsh application of formal
art elements
○ often incorporated primitivist motifs

37. Bibliography (sources)
1. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Expressionism.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/art/Expressionism.
2. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Fauvism.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 29 Aug. 2019, www.britannica.com/art/Fauvism.
3. “Die Brücke Movement Overview.” The Art Story, www.theartstory.org/movement/die-brucke/.
4. “Fauvism and Expressionism Definition, Paintings, and Artists.” The Artist,
www.theartist.me/art-movement/fauvism-and-expressionism/.
5. “Fauvism and Expressionism Slide Show.” Art History Slide Shows - Fauvism and Expressionism,
www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art-history-slideshows/modern_art_slideshows/fauvism_and_expre
ssionism_slideshow.html.
6. “Fauvism and Expressionism.” 1900, 1900-1950.weebly.com/fauvism-and-expressionism.html.
7. “German Expressionism.” MoMA, www.moma.org/s/ge/curated_ge/themes/postwar_politics.html.
8. Tate. “Fauvism – Art Term.” Tate, www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/fauvism.
9. Tate. “Primitivism – Art Term.” Tate, www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/primitivism.

38. Links (photos)
1. https://www.henrimatisse.org/woman-with-a-hat.jsp
2. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017136/mediaviewer/rm461986816
3. https://cdn.britannica.com/06/9806-050-8F3E4B82/Dance-oil-painting-Golden-Calf-Emil-Nolde-1910.jpg
4. https://cdn.britannica.com/s:1500x700,q:85/32/2832-004-1D1578A0/The-Scream-casein-cardboard-Edvard-
Munch-National-1893.jpg
5. https://cdn.britannica.com/s:1500x700,q:85/84/43684-004-09776FED/Portrait-Madame-Matisse-Green-Lin
e-Henri-Copenhagen-1905.jpg
6. https://www.henrimatisse.org/images/gallery/joy-of-life.jpg
7. https://www.edvardmunch.org/anxiety.jsp

39. Cubism
Yun Chan Chung

40. Definition
Cubism : Movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single
viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes,
interlocking planes, and, later, collage.
“The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane, rejecting the
traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro, and refuting
time-honoured theories that art should imitate nature...Cubist painters were not bound to copying form,
texture, colour, and space; instead, they presented a new reality in paintings that depicted radically
fragmented objects, whose several sides were seen simultaneously.” (“Cubism”)
https://www.britannica.com/art/Cubism

41. Who started Cubism?
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan
Nepomuceno Crispín Crispiniano María
Remedios de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz
Picasso Georges Braque
Paris
https://www.jhhotels.com/map-fr
ance/
https://www.britannica.com/biogr
aphy/Pablo-Picasso
https://www.britannica.com/biogr
aphy/Georges-Braque

42. Early Cubism (1907~1910)
Analytical Cubism (1910~1912)
Synthetic Cubism (1912~1914)

43. Characteristics
- Fractured, angular shapes
- Often resemble Paul
Cézanne’s landscapes
- Perspective is rendered
through colour
Early Cubism (1907~1910)
Pablo Picasso
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Paris, June-July 1907
Oil on canvas
Georges Braque
Houses at l'Estaque
1908
Oil on canvas
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79766
http://www.unesco.org/artcollection/DetailActi
on.do?idOeuvre=2943&critere=AUTEUR&index
=B

44. Characteristics
- Show breaking down, analysis of form
- Fragmentary image of multiple
viewpoints and overlapping planes
- Simplified palette of colors
- Some areas of paintings appear
sculptural,
Analytical Cubism (1910~1912)
Georges Braque
Man with a Guitar
Céret, summer 1911-early 1912
Oil on canvas
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79048
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/80430
Pablo Picasso
Girl with a Mandolin
Paris, late spring 1910
Oil on canvas

45. Characteristics
- Emphasize the combination, or synthesis, of
forms in the picture
- Shapes, while remaining
fragmented and flat, are larger and
more decorative
-
- Foreign materials, such as
newspapers or tobacco wrappers
are used
Synthetic Cubism (1912~1914)
Pablo Picasso
Guitar
Céret, spring 1913
Cut-and-pasted newspaper, wallpaper,
paper,ink, chalk, charcoal, and pencil on
colored paper
Georges Braque
Still Life with Glass and Letters
1914
Cut-and-pasted printed paper, charcoal,
pastel, and pencil on paper
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/38359
https://www.moma.org/collection/works/33278

46. Collage
Collage : Artistic technique of applying manufactured, printed, or “found” materials,
such as bits of newspaper, fabric, wallpaper, etc., to a panel or canvas, frequently in
combination with painting.
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/picasso-bottle-of-vieux-marc-glass-guitar-and-newspaper-t00414
https://www.britannica.com/art/collage#ref214166
Pablo Picasso
Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass, Guitar and Newspaper
1913
Printed papers and ink on paper
“Collage allows the opening up of conscious, which is very direct…its also a way
of looking at what you are consuming all the time” – John Stezaker
Papier Collés
In the 19th century, papier collés were
created from papers cut out and put together
to form decorative compositions.

47. Works Cited Page
- Ashton, Izzy. “Le Corbusier's Chandigarh Government Buildings Captured in New Photographs by Benjamin Hosking.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 6 Aug. 2016,
www.dezeen.com/2016/08/07/le-corbusier-capitol-complex-unesco-world-heritage-listing-chandigarh-india-benjamin-hosking/.
- “BRAQUE, Georges (1882-1963).” BRAQUE, Georges (1882-1963):HOUSE AT ESTAQUE:The UNESCO Works of Art Collection,
www.unesco.org/artcollection/DetailAction.do?idOeuvre=2943&critere=AUTEUR&index=B.
- Braque, Georges. “Georges Braque. Man with a Guitar. Céret, Summer 1911-Early 1912: MoMA.” The Museum of Modern Art,
www.moma.org/collection/works/79048.
- Braque, Georges. “Georges Braque. Still Life with Glass and Letters. 1914: MoMA.” The Museum of Modern Art, www.moma.org/collection/works/33278.
- Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Collage.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/art/collage#ref214166.
- Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Cubism.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/art/Cubism.
- “Cubism: Definition of Cubism by Lexico.” Lexico Dictionaries | English, Lexico Dictionaries, www.lexico.com/en/definition/cubism.
- “Gallery of AD Classics: Centre Le Corbusier (Heidi Weber Museum) / Le Corbusier - 6.” ArchDaily,
www.archdaily.com/322782/ad-classics-centre-le-corbusier-heidi-weber-museum-le-corbusier/50fc652eb3fc4b068c000067-ad-classics-centre-le-corb
usier-heidi-weber-museum-le-corbusier-photo.
- “Map of France.” JHHotels, 28 Mar. 2019, www.jhhotels.com/map-france/.
- McCully, Marilyn. “Pablo Picasso.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 5 Sept. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Pablo-Picasso.
- McMullen, Roy Donald. “Georges Braque.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 27 Aug. 2019,
www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Braque.
- Picasso, Pablo. “Pablo Picasso. Girl with a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier). Paris, Late Spring 1910: MoMA.” The Museum of Modern Art,
www.moma.org/collection/works/80430.
- Picasso, Pablo. “Pablo Picasso. Guitar. Céret, Spring 1913: MoMA.” The Museum of Modern Art, www.moma.org/collection/works/38359.
- Picasso, Pablo. “Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles D'Avignon. Paris, June-July 1907: MoMA.” The Museum of Modern Art,
www.moma.org/collection/works/79766.
- Tate. “Analytical Cubism – Art Term.” Tate, www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/analytical-cubism.
- Tate. “'Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass, Guitar and Newspaper', Pablo Picasso, 1913.” Tate, 1 Jan. 1970,
www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/picasso-bottle-of-vieux-marc-glass-guitar-and-newspaper-t00414.
- Tate. “Collage – Art Term.” Tate, www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/collage.