What is the function of the pleuraHow do differences in alveolar .pdf

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What is the function of the pleura? How do differences in alveolar and atmospheric pressure contribute to ventilation? What is a pnemothorax? What is the mechanism contributing to the pathology? Solution Pleura is the outer covering on the lungs.These are two membranous strcutures called visceral pleura(inner) and parietal pleura(outer) that cover the lungs. The function of pleura is to enclose the space called pleural space that contains pleural fluid which helps in easy and frictionless movement of lungs during expansion and contraction inside the ribcage. Alveloar pressure is the pressure of air inside the lungs. When inspiration starts, lungs expand in the thoracic cavity. This expansion increases the volume of the lungs that causes expansion of air too inside the lungs. The expanded air has low pressure , so the pressure of air decreases slighlty in the lungs whereas the pressure outside(atmospheric pressure) is higher. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure so it starts moving from atmosphere to respiratory pathway to alveoli. During Expiration, Lungs contract, volume inside the lungs decreases, alveolar pressure increases. This pressure difference between lungs and atmposhere is sufficient to cause outward movement of air. Pneumothorax is the condition in which the air collects outside the lungs in the chest/thoracic cavity.This condition can arise due to a disease, injury to lung that causes damage to pleura or even sometimes in absence of anysuch condition (Spontaneous pneumothorax). Pathophysiology of pneumothorax is not very clearly known. It has been noticed during this condition the emphysema like changes occur iin alveoli, necrosis of alveolar tissue,formation of air filled lesions under the pleural surface.

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Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out. Respiration is classified into two types: 1. External respiration It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood. 2. Internal respiration It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues. Respiration occurs in two phases: Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere. 2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs. During normal breathing, inspiration is an active process and expiration is a passive process. Respiratory tract is divided into two parts: 1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice 2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. RESPIRATORY UNIT Respiratory unit is defined as: “The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract. STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT 1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveolar sacs 4. Antrum 5. Alveoli Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles. The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters

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The organs of the respiratory system are Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung) Bronchioles and smaller air passages Two lungs and their coverings, the pleura •muscles of respiration — the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. External respiration Exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs is called external respiration Internal respiration Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells internal respiration. The roof is formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the sphenoid bone, frontal bone and nasal bones. The floor is formed by the roof of the mouth and consists of the hard palate in front and the soft palate behind. The hard palate is composed of the maxilla and palatine bones and the soft palate consists of involuntary muscle. The medial wall is formed by the septum. The lateral walls are formed by the maxilla, the ethmoid bone and the inferior conchae . The posterior wall is formed by the posterior wall of The posterior wall is formed by the posterior wall of the pharynx. The main sinuses are: • maxillary sinuses in the lateral walls • frontal and sphenoidal sinuses in the roof • ethmoidal sinuses in the upper part of the lateral walls . Functions of Nose and nasal cavity Warming. Filtering and cleaning of air Humidification. Olfaction Functions of Pharynx Passageway for air and food. Warming and humidifying. Taste. Hearing. Protection. Speech. LARYNX The larynx is composed of several irregularly shaped cartilages attached to each other by ligaments and membranes. The main cartilages are: • 1 thyroid cartilage • 1 cricoid cartilage • 2 arytenoid cartilages • 1 epiglottis ------------------------elastic fibrocartilage. Functions of larynx Production of sound. Sound has the properties of pitch, volume and resonance. • Pitch of the voice depends upon the length and tightness of the cords. At puberty, the male vocal cords begin to grow longer, hence the lower pitch of the adult male voice. • Volume of the voice depends upon the force with which the cords vibrate. The greater the force of expired air the more the cords vibrate and the louder the sound emitted. • Resonance, or tone, is dependent upon the shape of the mouth, the position of the tongue and the lips, the facial muscles and the air in the paranasal sinuses. Functions of larynx Speech. This occurs during expiration when the sounds produced by the vocal cords are manipulated by the tongue, cheeks and lips. Protection of the lower respiratory tract. During swallowing (deglutition) the larynx moves upwards, occluding the opening into it from the pharynx and thehinged epiglottis closes over the larynx. This ensures that food passes into the oesophagus and not into the lower respiratory passages Passageway for air. This is between the pharynx and trachea. Humidifying, filtering and warming. These continue as inspired air travels through the larynx. The trachea is composed of from 16 to 20 incomplete (C-shaped) rings o

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