adsorption of congo red by pine leaves bark and cones

2. contents
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3. Presented by :
Nousheen Nazeer
Qurat –ul –Ain
Iqra saleem
Supervisor
Dr. Rashid Mahmood

4. INTRODUCTION :
DYES
•Dyes or coloring substances is considered as one of the
significant pollutants and it is stated as ‘visible pollutant.’
•Dyes contain chromophore and auxochromes which
cause or intensify the color of the chromophore by altering
the overall energy of the electron system.

5. CATIONIC DYES:
Also called as basic dyes
readily soluble in water
contain aromatic groups which cause toxicity
e.g. methylene blue
ANIONIC DYES
Water soluble
Contain aromatic as well as sulphonic acid group
e.g. Congo Red

6. Uses of dyes
Dyes are extensively used in
textile dyeing
paper printing
color photography
pharmaceutical
cosmetics and other industries

7. Toxic effects Of Dyes
Dyes Causes several health risk in human upon exposure such
as Nausea, Vomiting, allergy, dermatitis, skin irritation,
mutations and cancer.
Dyes in wastewater undergo chemical and biological changes,
consume dissolved oxygen from the stream and destroy
aquatic life

8. Techniques of removal of dyes from aqueous
solution
The technique generally employed to treat dye
waste water include
Ion exchange.
Membrane Filtration.
Electrocoagulation.
Adsorption.

9. QUESTIONS
Adsorption Technique
The term adsorption refers to the
accumulation of a substance at the
interface between two phases (liquid-solid
interface or gas-solid interface).
The substance that accumulates at the
interface is called adsorbate
The solid on which adsorption occurs is
adsorbent

11. TYPES OF ADSORPTION
Adsorption can be classified into two types:
Chemisorption is illustrated by the formation of strong chemical
associations between molecules or ions of adsorbate to adsorbent surface,
which is generally due to the exchange of electrons and thus chemical
sorption generally is irreversible .
Physical adsorption is characterized by weak interparticle bonds between
adsorbate and adsorbent and thus reversible in most cases.

12. ADVANTAGES OF ADSORPTION
The adsorption has been found to be superior to other techniques in
terms of:
flexibility and simplicity of design,
cost, insensitivity to toxic pollutants and ease of operation.

13. FACTORS EFFECTING
ADSORPTION OF DYE
 Factors That Influence The Adsorption Efficiency
Include:
 Nature of the adsorbate and adsorbent
 Temperature
 pH
 Contact Time
 Surface area of the adsorbent
 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage

14. Adsorbate
fig A:Congo red structure

15. Physicochemical characteristics of Congo
red

16. Reason to choose Congo Red for this work
It can cause skin irritation, cancer, allergic
dermatitis and mutations. Therefore, it is
necessary to remove the dye from waste water
before it enters into fresh water stream .

17. Adsorbent:
pine bark. pine tree leaves pine tree cones

18. Aims and Objectives
 To determine the adsorption efficiencies of pine bark in the removal of Congo
red (CR) dyes from aqueous solutions in batch modes.
 To study the effect of adsorbent dosage, initial dyes concentrations, pH,
contact time and temperature on the removal of CR from aqueous solutions.
 To determine equilibrium conditions for the removal of CR from aqueous
solution and apply data on Tempkin, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm
models.
 To investigate the kinetics of dye adsorption using pseudo-first order, pseudo-
second order, intra-particle diffusion model and Elovich model.

19. Materials and
methods

20. Collection of adsorbent
Adsorbents were obtained from the Mujhoi in Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir. It was
collected between January and February of 2016. The adsorbents were washed
several times with distilled water to remove dust, dirt and soluble impurities They
were placed in the oven to dry at temperature of 80˚C for 24 hours. Dried
adsorbent was cut into pieces (3.0 cm) then ground by using a crusher. The
resultant powders were passed through Standard Sieves and particles below 35µm
were collected in a plastic container and used as adsorbent for adsorption
experiments

21. pine bark powder
Pine cones powder
pine leaves powder

22. Glassware and Apparatus used.
Instruments Make Function
Electronic weight balance Sartorius To measure weight
pH meter EuTech Instruments Measurement of pH
Spectrophotometer(UV/Vis) Jasco(V-530) absorbance
Magnetic stirrer To stir the content
Oven Shivaki to dry samples

23. Experimental procedure.

25. NOUSHEEN NAZEER
Batch process.
Adsorption measurements were made by batch experiments of known amount of the
adsorbent with 100 ml of aqueous Congo Red solutions of known concentration in a
series of 250 ml conical flasks. The mixture was stirred at a constant temperature
for 20 minutes. At predestined time, the bottles were withdrawn, and the residual
dye concentration in the reaction mixture was analyzed spectrophotometrically at
the wavelength (λmax = 500 nm). Dye concentration in the reaction mixture was
calculated from the calibration curve. Adsorption experiments were conducted by
varying initial solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration
and temperature. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were determined through
adsorption data.

26. Optimization of pH
The pH of 100 mL of 70 mg.L-1
dye solutions each containing 0.25 g of sorbent was
varied from 2-9 by dropwise addition of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 0.1 M sodium
hydroxide and then the solutions were agitated to attain equilibrium.

27. Effect of Contact Time and Initial Dye Concentration
The effect of contact time and initial dye concentration on amount adsorbed was
observed by agitating 100 mL of 70 mgL-1
dye solution for various time intervals 2, 4, 6,
8 and 11 minutes and initial dye concentrations of 40, 50, 60 and 70 mgL-1
.

28. NOUSHEEN NAZEER
Effect of Temperature
The effect of temperature on the dye adsorption was carried
out by agitating100 mL of 70 mgL-1
dye solution containing
0.25 g of sorbent at temperature of 30 C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°Cᵒ
and 70°C. The mixture was shaken for equilibrium time.

29. Effect of Sorbent Dosage
The effect of sorbent dosage on dye sorption was accessed by stirring four sets of
100 mL of 50mgL-1
dye solutions each containing 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 g of
sorbent for equilibrium time at pH 5. The above experiment was repeated by using
60 and 70 mg.L-1
initial dye concentration.

30. Study of Sorption Isotherm
Sorption isotherm was studied by agitating 100 mL of 50 mgL-1
dye solution
containing 0.25 g of sorbent for equilibrium time. The pH of dye solution was
varied from 5-9 at 20, 30 and 40o
C.