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Consumer Behavior in Services Marketing
1.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 1 Chapter 2: Consumer Behavior in a Services Context
2.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 2 Consumer Behavior The behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. “I can’t get no satisfaction.” ~ Mick Jagger “An individual who seeks out the necessary information and chooses wisely has a better chance of getting satisfaction than Mick Jagger.” ~ Claes Fornell (University of Michigan) “All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and their entrances and one man in his time plays many parts.” ~ William Shakespeare
3.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 3 Overview Of Chapter 2 Pre-purchase Stage Service Encounter Stage Post-encounter Stage Customer Decision Making: The Three-Stage Model of Service Consumption
4.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 4 Consumer Behavior Is Interdisciplinary Psychology Sociology Social psychology Anthropology Economics
5.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 5 Pre-purchase Stage - Overview Customers seek solutions to aroused needs Evaluating a service may be difficult Uncertainty about outcomes Increases perceived risk What risk reduction strategies can service suppliers develop? Understanding customers’ service expectations Components of customer expectations Making a service purchase decision Pre-purchase Stage Service Encounter Stage Post-encounter Stage
6.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 6 What Would a Pet Owner Need to Know in Order to Make a Decision About Buying Pet Insurance?
7.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 7 Do I Need It? How Do I Get More Information?
8.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 8 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
9.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 9 Need Arousal Decision to buy or use a service is triggered by need arousal Triggers of need: Unconscious minds (e.g., personal identity and aspirations/goals) Physical conditions (e.g., hunger ) External sources (e.g., a service firm’s marketing activities) Consumers are then motivated to find a solution for their need Courtesy of Masterfile Corporation
10.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 10 Information Search Need arousal leads to attempts to find a solution Evoked set (consideration set) – a set of products and brands that a consumer considers during the decision- making process – that is derived from past experiences or external sources Alternatives then need to be evaluated before a final decision is made
11.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 11 Evaluating Alternatives – Service Attributes Search attributes help customers evaluate a product before purchase E.g., type of food, location, type of restaurant and price Experience attributes cannot be evaluated before purchase The consumer will not know how much s/he will enjoy the food, the service, and the atmosphere until the actual experience Credence (acceptance) attributes are those that customers find impossible to evaluate confidently even after purchase and consumption E.g., hygiene conditions of the kitchen and the healthiness of the cooking ingredients
12.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 12 How Product Attributes Affect Ease of Evaluation Most Goods Difficult To evaluate Easy To Evaluate Most Services Clothing Chair Motor Vehicle Foods High In Search Attributes Restaurant Meals Lawn Fertilizer Haircut Entertainment High In Experience Attributes Computer Repair Education Legal Services Complex Surgery High In Credence Attributes Source: Adapted from Valarie A. Zeithaml , “How Consumer Evaluation Processes Differ Between Goods & Services,” in J.H. Donelly and W. R. George, Marketing of Services (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1981)
13.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 13 Perceived Risks of Purchasing and Using Services Functional – unsatisfactory performance outcomes Will this training course give me the skills I need to get better job? Financial – monetary loss, unexpected extra costs Will repairing my car cost more than the original estimate? Temporal – wasted time, delays leading to problems Will I have to wait in line before entering the exhibition? Physical – personal injury, damage to possessions Will I get hurt if I go skiing at this resort? Psychological – fears and negative emotions How can I be sure this aircraft will not crash? Social – how others may think and react What will people think? Sensory – unwanted impact on any of five senses Will my room smell of stale cigarette smoke?
14.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 14 How Might Consumers Handle Perceived Risk? Seek information from respected personal sources Compare service offerings and search for independent reviews and ratings via the Internet Relying on a firm with good reputation Looking for guarantees and warranties Visiting service facilities or going for trials before purchase and examining tangible cues or other physical evidence Asking knowledgeable employees about competing services
15.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 15 Strategic Responses to Managing Customer Perceptions of Risk Free trial (for services with high experience attributes) Advertise (helps to visualize) Display credentials Use evidence management (e.g., furnishing, equipment etc.) Offer guarantees Encourage visit to service facilities Give customers online access about order status
16.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 16 Understanding Customers’ Service Expectations Customers evaluate service quality by comparing what they expect against what they perceive Situational and personal factors also considered Expectations of good service vary from one business to another, and differently positioned service providers in same industry Expectations change over time
17.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 17 Components of Customer Expectations • wished-for level of service quality that customer believes can and should be delivered Desired Service Level • minimum acceptable level of service Adequate Service Level • service level that customer believes firm will actually deliver Predicted Service Level • Acceptable range of variations in service delivery Zone of Tolerance
18.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 18 Purchase Decision Purchase Decision: Possible alternatives are compared and evaluated, whereby the best option is selected Simple if perceived risks are low and alternatives are clear Complex when trade-offs increase Trade-offs are often involved After making a decision, the consumer moves into the service encounter stage
19.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 19 Service Encounter Stage - Overview Pre-purchase Stage Service Encounter Stage Post-encounter Stage ● Service encounters range from high- to low-contact ● Understanding the servuction system ● Theater as a metaphor for service delivery: An integrative perspective Service facilities Personnel Role and script theories
20.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 20 Service Encounter Stage Service encounter – a period of time during which a customer interacts directly with the service provider Might be brief or extend over a period of time (e.g., a phone call or visit to the hospital) Models and frameworks: 1. “Moments of Truth” – importance of managing touchpoints 2. High/low contact model – extent and nature of contact points 3. Servuction model – variations of interactions 4. Theater metaphor – “staging” service performances
21.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 21 Moments of Truth “[W]e could say that the perceived quality is realized at the moment of truth, when the service provider and the service customer confront one another in the arena. At that moment they are very much on their own… It is the skill, the motivation, and the tools employed by the firm’s representative and the expectations and behavior of the client which together will create the service delivery process.” Richard Normann Service Management Consultant
22.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 22 Service Encounters Range from High-Contact to Low-Contact
23.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 23 Distinctions between High-Contact and Low-Contact Services High-Contact Services Customers visit service facility and remain throughout service delivery Active contact Includes most people- processing services Low-Contact Services Little or no physical contact Contact usually at arm’s length through electronic or physical distribution channels Facilitated by new technologies
24.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 24 The Servuction System
25.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 25 The Servuction System: Service Production and Delivery Servuction System: visible front stage and invisible backstage Service Operations Technical core where inputs are processed and service elements created Contact people Inanimate environment (spiritless; dead) Service Delivery Where “final assembly” of service elements takes place and service is delivered Includes customer interactions with operations and other customers
26.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 26 Theater as a Metaphor for Service Delivery “All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances and each man in his time plays many parts.” William Shakespeare As You Like It
27.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 27 Theatrical Metaphor: an Integrative Perspective Good metaphor as service delivery is a series of events that customers experience as a performance Service facilities • Stage on which drama unfolds • This may change from one act to another Personnel • Front stage personnel are like members of a cast • Backstage personnel are support production team Roles • Like actors, employees have roles to play and behave in specific ways Scripts • Specifies the sequences of behavior for customers and employees
28.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 28 Implications of Customer Participation in Service Delivery Greater need for information/training Help customers to perform well, get desired results Customers should be given a realistic service preview in advance of service delivery This allows them to have a clear idea of their expected role and their script in this whole experience Manages expectations and emotions
29.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 29 Post-purchase Stage - Overview Pre-purchase Stage Service Encounter Stage Post-encounter Stage ●Evaluation of service performance ●Future intentions
30.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 30 Customer Satisfaction with Service Experience Satisfaction: attitude-like judgment following a service purchase or series of service interactions Whereby customers have expectations prior to consumption, observe service performance, compare it to expectations Satisfaction judgments are based on this comparison Positive disconfirmation (better) Disconfirmation (same) Negative disconfirmation (worse)
31.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 31 Customer Delight: Going Beyond Satisfaction Research shows that delight is a function of three components Unexpectedly high levels of performance Arousal (e.g., surprise, excitement) Positive affect (e.g., pleasure, joy, or happiness) Strategic links exist between customer satisfaction and corporate performance By creating more value for customers (increased satisfaction), the firm creates more value for the owners
32.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 32 Best Practice in Action 2.1: Progressive Insurance Delights Its Customers Provided excellent customer service which allowed them to lower costs and also increase customer satisfaction and retention Customer Delight: Going Beyond Satisfaction
33.
Services Marketing Slide ©
2010 by Lovelock & Wirtz Services Marketing 7/e Chapter 2 – Page 33 Summary Pre-purchase Stage Service Encounter Stage Post-encounter Stage • In evaluating service performance, customers can have expectations positively disconfirmed, confirmed, or negatively disconfirmed • Unexpectedly high levels of performance, arousal, and positive affect are likely to lead to delight • Moments of Truth: importance of effectively managing touchpoints • High/low contact service model – understanding the extent and nature of contact points • Servuction model – variations of interactions • Theater metaphor – “staging” service performances • Key Steps 1. Need arousal 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternative solutions 4. Purchase decision • Customers face perceived risks which marketers should reduce with some strategic responses • Zone of tolerance: Adequate to desired. Dissatisfaction if service level falls below adequate level.
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