a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. Explain the signs of anemia that indicate compensation for hypoxia is occurring. c. Explain how the destruction of acid- producing cells in the stomach can lead to iron deficiency anemia. Solution a. Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron.It is the most common type of anemia. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Blood contains iron within red blood cells, so blood loss leads to a loss of iron. There are several common causes of blood loss: Women with menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods) are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because they are at higher-than-normal risk of losing a larger amount blood during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Slow, chronic blood loss within the body — such as from a peptic ulcer, angiodysplasia, a colon polyp or gastrointestinal cancer, excessively heavy periods — can cause iron-deficiency anemia. Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some groups of medication, such as NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin), anticoagulants such as clopidogrel and warfarin, although these are required in some patients, especially those with states causing thrombophilia. b. Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body. Hemoglobin plays a substantial role in carrying oxygen throughout the body, and when it is deficient, anemia can result, causing \'anaemic hypoxia\' if tissue perfusion is decreased. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. As iron is used in the synthesis of hemoglobin, less hemoglobin will be synthesised when there is less iron, due to insufficient intake, or poor absorption. Anemia is typically a chronic process that is compensated over time by increased levels of red blood cells via upregulated erythropoetin. A chronic hypoxic state can result from a poorly compensated anaemia. The signs that indicate compensation of hypoxia are fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, low body temperature, pale skin, irregular heartbeat etc..

1. a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. Explain the signs of anemia
that indicate compensation for hypoxia is occurring. c. Explain how the destruction of acid-
producing cells in the stomach can lead to iron deficiency anemia.
Solution
a. Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron.It is the most common type of
anemia. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of
hemoglobin in the blood. Blood contains iron within red blood cells, so blood loss leads to a loss
of iron.
There are several common causes of blood loss: Women with menorrhagia (heavy menstrual
periods) are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because they are at higher-than-normal risk of
losing a larger amount blood during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Slow, chronic
blood loss within the body — such as from a peptic ulcer, angiodysplasia, a colon polyp or
gastrointestinal cancer, excessively heavy periods — can cause iron-deficiency anemia.
Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some groups of medication, such as
NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin), anticoagulants such as clopidogrel and warfarin, although these are
required in some patients, especially those with states causing thrombophilia.
b. Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate
oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the
whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body.
Hemoglobin plays a substantial role in carrying oxygen throughout the body, and when it is
deficient, anemia can result, causing 'anaemic hypoxia' if tissue perfusion is decreased. Iron
deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. As iron is used in the synthesis of hemoglobin,
less hemoglobin will be synthesised when there is less iron, due to insufficient intake, or poor
absorption.
Anemia is typically a chronic process that is compensated over time by increased levels of red
blood cells via upregulated erythropoetin. A chronic hypoxic state can result from a poorly
compensated anaemia. The signs that indicate compensation of hypoxia are fatigue, weakness,
dizziness, headache, low body temperature, pale skin, irregular heartbeat etc.