Hi, follwoing matter and list of reference will useful for your research on diabetes Diabetes is a complex metabolic issue that is progressively influencing the world\'s populace. Its wellbeing and monetary outcomes are significant. The WHO Global Procedure for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases perceives diabetes as one of its need conditions (1). The larger part of individuals with diabetes live in low-and center salary nations, where the commonness is expanding significantly. A few thorough trials in chose populaces have demonstrated that diabetes and its confusions can be counteracted then again postponed. This paper diagrams the populace and clinical research that can be directed in low-asset settings and that can possibly diminish the weight of diabetes in low-and center wage nations. The points incorporate needs in making an interpretation of clinical trial comes about into essential and auxiliary aversion, indicative criteria refinement and enhanced demonstrative what\'s more, observing techniques, appraisal and administration of comorbidity with irresistible maladies, reconnaissance and monetary assessment of mediations. 1. Diabetes and its worldwide weight Diabetes mellitus is a mind boggling set of metabolic issue described by unending hyperglycaemia and unsettling influences of sugar, fat and protein digestion system coming about because of absconds in insulin emission, insulin activity or both (2). The long haul, generally particular inconveniences of diabetes mellitus are prevalently vascular and incorporate the advancement of retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Individuals with diabetes additionally have an altogether expanded danger of cardiovascular, fringe blood vessel and cerebrovascular malady. The significant sorts of diabetes are sort 1, sort 2 and gestational diabetes, however a few different types of diabetes exist and there seems, by all accounts, to be an expanding extent of atypical presentations of diabetes in some low-and center pay nations (3). The analysis of diabetes is affirmed by exhibiting raised blood/plasma glucose levels either in fasting or post-challenge states. A wide range of diabetes include both hereditary vulnerability (albeit quite a bit of this still remains obscure) and presentation to undesirable situations or ways of life. The recurrence of right now known qualities connected with vulnerability to diabetes is high, however their esteem in foreseeing future diabetes stays low (4). It is assessed that 285 million individuals have diabetes in 2010, and around 70% of them live in creating nations (5). The weight of diabetes is all around delineated by the way that while 3% of an aggregate populace is dealt with for diabetes and its inconveniences, the malady devours around 10–15% of the whole medicinal services spending plan (6). In spite of the fact that populace based information are rare, accessible studies demonstrate that diabetes is a vital reason for dismalness and .

1. Hi,
follwoing matter and list of reference will useful for your research on diabetes
Diabetes is a complex metabolic issue that is progressively influencing the world's
populace. Its wellbeing and monetary outcomes are significant. The WHO Global
Procedure for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases perceives diabetes
as one of its need conditions (1). The larger part of individuals with diabetes live in low-and
center salary nations, where the commonness is expanding significantly. A few thorough
trials in chose populaces have demonstrated that diabetes and its confusions can be counteracted
then again postponed. This paper diagrams the populace and clinical research that can be
directed in
low-asset settings and that can possibly diminish the weight of diabetes in low-and
center wage nations. The points incorporate needs in making an interpretation of clinical trial
comes about into
essential and auxiliary aversion, indicative criteria refinement and enhanced demonstrative
what's more, observing techniques, appraisal and administration of comorbidity with irresistible
maladies, reconnaissance and monetary assessment of mediations. 1. Diabetes and its worldwide
weight Diabetes mellitus is a mind boggling set of metabolic issue described by unending
hyperglycaemia and unsettling influences of sugar, fat and protein digestion system coming
about because of absconds in insulin emission, insulin activity or both (2). The long haul,
generally particular
inconveniences of diabetes mellitus are prevalently vascular and incorporate the advancement
of retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Individuals with diabetes additionally have an
altogether
expanded danger of cardiovascular, fringe blood vessel and cerebrovascular malady. The
significant sorts of
diabetes are sort 1, sort 2 and gestational diabetes, however a few different types of diabetes exist
and there seems, by all accounts, to be an expanding extent of atypical presentations of diabetes
in some low-and center pay nations (3). The analysis of diabetes is affirmed by exhibiting raised
blood/plasma glucose levels either in fasting or post-challenge states. A wide range of diabetes
include both hereditary vulnerability (albeit quite a bit of this still remains obscure) and
presentation to undesirable situations or ways of life. The recurrence of right now known
qualities connected with vulnerability to diabetes is high, however their esteem in foreseeing
future diabetes stays low (4). It is assessed that 285 million individuals have diabetes in 2010,
and around 70% of them live in
creating nations (5). The weight of diabetes is all around delineated by the way that while 3%

2. of an aggregate populace is dealt with for diabetes and its inconveniences, the malady devours
around 10–15% of the whole medicinal services spending plan (6). In spite of the fact that
populace based information are
rare, accessible studies demonstrate that diabetes is a vital reason for dismalness and mortality in
low-and center wage nations. Passings because of diabetes have been evaluated to represent
6–34% of aggregate mortality in individuals matured 35–64 years in low-and center salary
nations (7). Sort 2 diabetes represents more than 85% of all diabetes cases. A long way from
being an infection of riches, the significant weight of sort 2 diabetes is borne by the creating
scene, where it is progressively influencing needy individuals (8). Because of the overall scourge
of heftiness and
stationary way of life, sort 2 diabetes has gotten to be one of the quickest developing general
wellbeing
5
issues in both created and creating nations (9). For instance, the predominance of diabetes in
urban Chennai, India, has expanded by more than 70% in just 14 years (10). In a comparable day
and age the predominance of diabetes in China has tripled (11). Latest information from China
demonstrate that present diabetes predominance in that nation is twofold the commonness
evaluated on the premise of studies done 10–15 years prior (12). Moreover, predominance of
diabetes in rustic parts of China has all the earmarks of being almost as high as in urban zones.
These information from China bring up issues about whether comparable underestimation of
pervasiveness is entirely likely for other low-and center salary nations where there are no late
information. Regardless of the possibility that as of now evaluated patterns win, the worldwide
weight of diabetes is anticipated to increment by half in the following 20 years, generally by
virtue of an ascent in creating nations (5), where the
condition progressively influences more youthful age bunches (9, 10, 13). There are numerous
way of life variables that expansion the danger of sort 2 diabetes. The most imperative are low
quality eating regimen and physical latency connected to overweight and corpulence (14).
Smoking expands the dangers of sort 2 diabetes (15) and majorly affects the improvement and
seriousness of inconveniences in diabetes (16). The recurrence of sort 2 diabetes increments
drastically with age and as populaces live longer this adds to the rising commonness of diabetes.
In the meantime, there is an expanding commonness in more youthful, financiallydynamic
people in creating nations connected to expanding corpulence rates (9, 17).
Sort 1 diabetes is a resistant interceded sickness much of the time, bringing about insulin
insufficiency. Patients require every day insulin organization for survival. The reason for sort 1
diabetes is obscure and it can't as of now be avoided. Information from created nations show
that roughly one portion of sort 1 diabetes introduces in youth and early adulthood, yet almost

3. half of cases create after the age of 25 years (18). Sort 1 diabetes is the
overwhelming type of adolescence diabetes (95%) in many nations yet the frequency of sort 2
diabetes has expanded in youth, especially in Asian populaces (19). Real contrasts exist in the
frequency of adolescence diabetes in low-and center salary nations (20). Sort 1 diabetes in
adolescence is expanding by around 2–3% for every annum, in spite of the fact that the rate of
increment in those less than 6 years old years is around twofold this (21). Considerably more fast
increments in the rate of youth sort 1 diabetes have been accounted for in already low occurrence
nations (22). In some creating nations, more than 80% present in diabetic ketoacidosis (23), and
it likely that a considerable extent bite the dust before being analyzed. It has been assessed that
future of a kid with recently analyzed sort 1 diabetes could be as low as one year in sub-Saharan
Africa (24).
Gestational diabetes is characterized as "sugar narrow mindedness bringing about
hyperglycaemia of ariable seriousness with onset or first acknowledgment amid pregnancy" (3).
Gestational diabetes is portvrayed by pancreatic beta cell work that is lacking to meet the body's
insulin needs, for the most part as an aftereffect of insulin resistance. There is no normal one of a
kind pathognomonic entanglement of diabetic pregnancy and a consistent relationship exists
between maternal glycaemia and antagonistic perinatal results (25). The predominance of
gestational diabetes fluctuates significantly crosswise over low-and center salary nations (26,
27). In some Indian populaces up to 20% of all pregnant ladies have glucose values
demonstrative for gestational diabetes (28). Ladies with a past filled with gestational diabetes are
at high danger of creating sort 2
diabetes (29) and could possibly profit by auspicious preventive mediations. Diabetes inquire
about requirements
Diagnosis
Lifted HbA1c has as of late been proposed as an extra or option symptomatic strategy for
diabetes (30), however its materialness in all nations and populaces is flawed and should be
assessed as far as symptomatic cut-off focuses, accessibility and cost. As a few hemoglobin
attributes can meddle with some HbA1c examine techniques and conditions that change red cell
turnover, for example, ceaseless intestinal sickness, can prompt to spurious results, the
materialness of this technique in all nations and populaces needs assessing. Correspondingly,
HbA1c testing is most certainly not as of now accessible in all settings, especially in low-and
center wage nations, yet as interest for HbA1c testing expands it might turn into a less expensive
and more available strategy for recognizing people with undiscovered diabetes and those at high
hazard. For gestational diabetes right now there are no for the most part acknowledged,
effectively managed analytic measures, making overviews and screening for gestational diabetes
troublesome, especially in lowresource settings. The possibility of glucose test tests in antenatal

4. facilities of generally lowand center salary nations is indeterminate, and there is a need to create
and assess more
doable techniques.
Surveillance :Most low-and center salary nations don't have a system for observing
diabetesrelated grimness and mortality. The WHO Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Study and the
Europe and Diabetes (EURODIAB) Study, which started in the 1980s, have been instrumental in
checking patterns in sort 1 diabetes rate through the foundation of populationbased registries
utilizing institutionalized definitions, information accumulation structures and strategies for
approval (20, 31). Large portions of these registries, particularly in low-salary nations, have
tragically stopped to work. Observation of the weight of diabetes is a fundamental stride in
presenting aversion and control intercessions and assessing their effect. Examine coordinated at
creating plausible and substantial reconnaissance strategies for observing diabetes-related
dismalness and mortality is along these lines especially significant for low-and center salary
nations (32).
Prevention
Tertiary aversion (administration) The biggest extent of hearty research into diabetes
counteractive action has been done in the tertiary area, for instance treating individuals with
analyzed sort 1 and sort 2 diabetes (33,
34). In the previous two decades very much led clinical trials have addressed some long-standing
.questions in regards to the administration of diabetes. The control of vascular hazard variables
(for case glucose, cholesterol, pulse, smoking, albuminuria) has real advantages in anticipating
diabetes
rences
1. 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of
Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.
2. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. Geneva,
World Health Organization, 2006.
3. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1:
Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2 ed. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 1999.
4. Talmud PJ et al. Utility of genetic and non-genetic risk factors in prediction of type 2 diabetes:
Whitehall II prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 2010, 340:b4838.
5. IDF diabetes atlas, 4th ed. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2009. 6. Diabetes atlas,
3rd ed. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2006.
7. Roglic G et al. The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes: realistic estimates for the year
2000. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28:2130–2135.

5. 8. Goldstein J et al. Poverty is a predictor of non-communicable disease among adults in
Peruvian cities. Preventive Medicine, 2005, 41:800–806.
9. Colagiuri S et al. There really is an epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2005,
48:1459–1463.
10. Mohan V et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in
urban south India: the Chennai Urban-Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia,
2006, 49:1175–1178.
11. Yoon KH al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia. Lancet, 2006, 368:1681– 1688.
12. Yang W et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. New England Journal
of Medicine, 2010, 362:1090–1101.
13. Gupta R et al. Younger age of escalation of cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indian
subjects. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 2009, 9:28.
14. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic.
Nature, 2001, 414:782–787.
15. Will JC et al. Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association
from a large prospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2001, 30:540–546.
16. Chaturvedi N, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH. The relationship between smoking and
microvascular complications in the EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Diabetes Care,
1995, 18:785–792.
17. Wild S et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for
2030. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27:1047–1053.
18. Molbak AG et al. Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in age groups over 30
years in Denmark. Diabetic Medicine, 1994, 11:650–655. 12
19. Urakami T et al. Annual incidence and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes in children
as detected by urine glucose screening in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Diabetes Care, 2005,
28:1876–1881.
20. Karvonen M et al. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale
(DiaMond) Project Group. Diabetes Care, 2000, 23:1516–1526.
21. Onkamo P et al. Worldwide increase in incidence of type I diabetes: the analysis of the data
on published incidence trends. Diabetologia, 1999, 42:1395–1403. 22. Gale EA. The rise of
childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes, 2002, 51:3353–3361.
23. Otieno CF et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis – risk factors, mechanisms and management strategies
in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. East African Medical Journal, 2005, 82:S197–S203.
24. Beran D, Yudkin JS, de Courten M. Access to care for patients with insulin-requiring
diabetes in developing countries: case studies of Mozambique and Zambia. Diabetes Care, 2005,
28:2136–2140.

6. 25. Metzger BE et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of
Medicine, 2008, 358:1991–2002.
26. Yang X et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in women of single gravidity in Tianjin City,
China. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25:847–851.
27. Mamabolo RL et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and the effect of weight on
measures of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in third-trimester pregnant rural women
residing in the Central Region of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Diabetic Medicine, 2007,
24:233–239.
28. Seshiah V et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in south India (Tamil Nadu): a
community based study. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2008, 56:329–333.
29. Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a
systematic review. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25:1862–1868.
30. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of
diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32:1327–1334.
31. Green A, Patterson CC. Trends in the incidence of childhood-onset diabetes in Europe
1989–1998. Diabetologia, 2001, 44(Suppl. 3):B3–B8.
32. Unwin N et al. Noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: where do they feature in
the health research agenda? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79:947–953.
33. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment
of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 1993, 329:977–986.
34. Stratton IM et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular
complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. British Medical
Journal, 2000, 321:405–412.
Solution
Hi,
follwoing matter and list of reference will useful for your research on diabetes
Diabetes is a complex metabolic issue that is progressively influencing the world's
populace. Its wellbeing and monetary outcomes are significant. The WHO Global
Procedure for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases perceives diabetes
as one of its need conditions (1). The larger part of individuals with diabetes live in low-and
center salary nations, where the commonness is expanding significantly. A few thorough
trials in chose populaces have demonstrated that diabetes and its confusions can be counteracted
then again postponed. This paper diagrams the populace and clinical research that can be

7. directed in
low-asset settings and that can possibly diminish the weight of diabetes in low-and
center wage nations. The points incorporate needs in making an interpretation of clinical trial
comes about into
essential and auxiliary aversion, indicative criteria refinement and enhanced demonstrative
what's more, observing techniques, appraisal and administration of comorbidity with irresistible
maladies, reconnaissance and monetary assessment of mediations. 1. Diabetes and its worldwide
weight Diabetes mellitus is a mind boggling set of metabolic issue described by unending
hyperglycaemia and unsettling influences of sugar, fat and protein digestion system coming
about because of absconds in insulin emission, insulin activity or both (2). The long haul,
generally particular
inconveniences of diabetes mellitus are prevalently vascular and incorporate the advancement
of retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Individuals with diabetes additionally have an
altogether
expanded danger of cardiovascular, fringe blood vessel and cerebrovascular malady. The
significant sorts of
diabetes are sort 1, sort 2 and gestational diabetes, however a few different types of diabetes exist
and there seems, by all accounts, to be an expanding extent of atypical presentations of diabetes
in some low-and center pay nations (3). The analysis of diabetes is affirmed by exhibiting raised
blood/plasma glucose levels either in fasting or post-challenge states. A wide range of diabetes
include both hereditary vulnerability (albeit quite a bit of this still remains obscure) and
presentation to undesirable situations or ways of life. The recurrence of right now known
qualities connected with vulnerability to diabetes is high, however their esteem in foreseeing
future diabetes stays low (4). It is assessed that 285 million individuals have diabetes in 2010,
and around 70% of them live in
creating nations (5). The weight of diabetes is all around delineated by the way that while 3%
of an aggregate populace is dealt with for diabetes and its inconveniences, the malady devours
around 10–15% of the whole medicinal services spending plan (6). In spite of the fact that
populace based information are
rare, accessible studies demonstrate that diabetes is a vital reason for dismalness and mortality in
low-and center wage nations. Passings because of diabetes have been evaluated to represent
6–34% of aggregate mortality in individuals matured 35–64 years in low-and center salary
nations (7). Sort 2 diabetes represents more than 85% of all diabetes cases. A long way from
being an infection of riches, the significant weight of sort 2 diabetes is borne by the creating
scene, where it is progressively influencing needy individuals (8). Because of the overall scourge
of heftiness and

8. stationary way of life, sort 2 diabetes has gotten to be one of the quickest developing general
wellbeing
5
issues in both created and creating nations (9). For instance, the predominance of diabetes in
urban Chennai, India, has expanded by more than 70% in just 14 years (10). In a comparable day
and age the predominance of diabetes in China has tripled (11). Latest information from China
demonstrate that present diabetes predominance in that nation is twofold the commonness
evaluated on the premise of studies done 10–15 years prior (12). Moreover, predominance of
diabetes in rustic parts of China has all the earmarks of being almost as high as in urban zones.
These information from China bring up issues about whether comparable underestimation of
pervasiveness is entirely likely for other low-and center salary nations where there are no late
information. Regardless of the possibility that as of now evaluated patterns win, the worldwide
weight of diabetes is anticipated to increment by half in the following 20 years, generally by
virtue of an ascent in creating nations (5), where the
condition progressively influences more youthful age bunches (9, 10, 13). There are numerous
way of life variables that expansion the danger of sort 2 diabetes. The most imperative are low
quality eating regimen and physical latency connected to overweight and corpulence (14).
Smoking expands the dangers of sort 2 diabetes (15) and majorly affects the improvement and
seriousness of inconveniences in diabetes (16). The recurrence of sort 2 diabetes increments
drastically with age and as populaces live longer this adds to the rising commonness of diabetes.
In the meantime, there is an expanding commonness in more youthful, financiallydynamic
people in creating nations connected to expanding corpulence rates (9, 17).
Sort 1 diabetes is a resistant interceded sickness much of the time, bringing about insulin
insufficiency. Patients require every day insulin organization for survival. The reason for sort 1
diabetes is obscure and it can't as of now be avoided. Information from created nations show
that roughly one portion of sort 1 diabetes introduces in youth and early adulthood, yet almost
half of cases create after the age of 25 years (18). Sort 1 diabetes is the
overwhelming type of adolescence diabetes (95%) in many nations yet the frequency of sort 2
diabetes has expanded in youth, especially in Asian populaces (19). Real contrasts exist in the
frequency of adolescence diabetes in low-and center salary nations (20). Sort 1 diabetes in
adolescence is expanding by around 2–3% for every annum, in spite of the fact that the rate of
increment in those less than 6 years old years is around twofold this (21). Considerably more fast
increments in the rate of youth sort 1 diabetes have been accounted for in already low occurrence
nations (22). In some creating nations, more than 80% present in diabetic ketoacidosis (23), and
it likely that a considerable extent bite the dust before being analyzed. It has been assessed that
future of a kid with recently analyzed sort 1 diabetes could be as low as one year in sub-Saharan

9. Africa (24).
Gestational diabetes is characterized as "sugar narrow mindedness bringing about
hyperglycaemia of ariable seriousness with onset or first acknowledgment amid pregnancy" (3).
Gestational diabetes is portvrayed by pancreatic beta cell work that is lacking to meet the body's
insulin needs, for the most part as an aftereffect of insulin resistance. There is no normal one of a
kind pathognomonic entanglement of diabetic pregnancy and a consistent relationship exists
between maternal glycaemia and antagonistic perinatal results (25). The predominance of
gestational diabetes fluctuates significantly crosswise over low-and center salary nations (26,
27). In some Indian populaces up to 20% of all pregnant ladies have glucose values
demonstrative for gestational diabetes (28). Ladies with a past filled with gestational diabetes are
at high danger of creating sort 2
diabetes (29) and could possibly profit by auspicious preventive mediations. Diabetes inquire
about requirements
Diagnosis
Lifted HbA1c has as of late been proposed as an extra or option symptomatic strategy for
diabetes (30), however its materialness in all nations and populaces is flawed and should be
assessed as far as symptomatic cut-off focuses, accessibility and cost. As a few hemoglobin
attributes can meddle with some HbA1c examine techniques and conditions that change red cell
turnover, for example, ceaseless intestinal sickness, can prompt to spurious results, the
materialness of this technique in all nations and populaces needs assessing. Correspondingly,
HbA1c testing is most certainly not as of now accessible in all settings, especially in low-and
center wage nations, yet as interest for HbA1c testing expands it might turn into a less expensive
and more available strategy for recognizing people with undiscovered diabetes and those at high
hazard. For gestational diabetes right now there are no for the most part acknowledged,
effectively managed analytic measures, making overviews and screening for gestational diabetes
troublesome, especially in lowresource settings. The possibility of glucose test tests in antenatal
facilities of generally lowand center salary nations is indeterminate, and there is a need to create
and assess more
doable techniques.
Surveillance :Most low-and center salary nations don't have a system for observing
diabetesrelated grimness and mortality. The WHO Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Study and the
Europe and Diabetes (EURODIAB) Study, which started in the 1980s, have been instrumental in
checking patterns in sort 1 diabetes rate through the foundation of populationbased registries
utilizing institutionalized definitions, information accumulation structures and strategies for
approval (20, 31). Large portions of these registries, particularly in low-salary nations, have
tragically stopped to work. Observation of the weight of diabetes is a fundamental stride in

10. presenting aversion and control intercessions and assessing their effect. Examine coordinated at
creating plausible and substantial reconnaissance strategies for observing diabetes-related
dismalness and mortality is along these lines especially significant for low-and center salary
nations (32).
Prevention
Tertiary aversion (administration) The biggest extent of hearty research into diabetes
counteractive action has been done in the tertiary area, for instance treating individuals with
analyzed sort 1 and sort 2 diabetes (33,
34). In the previous two decades very much led clinical trials have addressed some long-standing
.questions in regards to the administration of diabetes. The control of vascular hazard variables
(for case glucose, cholesterol, pulse, smoking, albuminuria) has real advantages in anticipating
diabetes
rences
1. 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of
Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.
2. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. Geneva,
World Health Organization, 2006.
3. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1:
Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2 ed. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 1999.
4. Talmud PJ et al. Utility of genetic and non-genetic risk factors in prediction of type 2 diabetes:
Whitehall II prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 2010, 340:b4838.
5. IDF diabetes atlas, 4th ed. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2009. 6. Diabetes atlas,
3rd ed. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2006.
7. Roglic G et al. The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes: realistic estimates for the year
2000. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28:2130–2135.
8. Goldstein J et al. Poverty is a predictor of non-communicable disease among adults in
Peruvian cities. Preventive Medicine, 2005, 41:800–806.
9. Colagiuri S et al. There really is an epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2005,
48:1459–1463.
10. Mohan V et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in
urban south India: the Chennai Urban-Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia,
2006, 49:1175–1178.
11. Yoon KH al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia. Lancet, 2006, 368:1681– 1688.
12. Yang W et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. New England Journal
of Medicine, 2010, 362:1090–1101.

11. 13. Gupta R et al. Younger age of escalation of cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indian
subjects. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 2009, 9:28.
14. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic.
Nature, 2001, 414:782–787.
15. Will JC et al. Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association
from a large prospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2001, 30:540–546.
16. Chaturvedi N, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH. The relationship between smoking and
microvascular complications in the EURODIAB IDDM complications study. Diabetes Care,
1995, 18:785–792.
17. Wild S et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for
2030. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27:1047–1053.
18. Molbak AG et al. Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in age groups over 30
years in Denmark. Diabetic Medicine, 1994, 11:650–655. 12
19. Urakami T et al. Annual incidence and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes in children
as detected by urine glucose screening in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Diabetes Care, 2005,
28:1876–1881.
20. Karvonen M et al. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale
(DiaMond) Project Group. Diabetes Care, 2000, 23:1516–1526.
21. Onkamo P et al. Worldwide increase in incidence of type I diabetes: the analysis of the data
on published incidence trends. Diabetologia, 1999, 42:1395–1403. 22. Gale EA. The rise of
childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes, 2002, 51:3353–3361.
23. Otieno CF et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis – risk factors, mechanisms and management strategies
in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. East African Medical Journal, 2005, 82:S197–S203.
24. Beran D, Yudkin JS, de Courten M. Access to care for patients with insulin-requiring
diabetes in developing countries: case studies of Mozambique and Zambia. Diabetes Care, 2005,
28:2136–2140.
25. Metzger BE et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of
Medicine, 2008, 358:1991–2002.
26. Yang X et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in women of single gravidity in Tianjin City,
China. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25:847–851.
27. Mamabolo RL et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and the effect of weight on
measures of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in third-trimester pregnant rural women
residing in the Central Region of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Diabetic Medicine, 2007,
24:233–239.
28. Seshiah V et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in south India (Tamil Nadu): a
community based study. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2008, 56:329–333.

12. 29. Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a
systematic review. Diabetes Care, 2002, 25:1862–1868.
30. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of
diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32:1327–1334.
31. Green A, Patterson CC. Trends in the incidence of childhood-onset diabetes in Europe
1989–1998. Diabetologia, 2001, 44(Suppl. 3):B3–B8.
32. Unwin N et al. Noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: where do they feature in
the health research agenda? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79:947–953.
33. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment
of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 1993, 329:977–986.
34. Stratton IM et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular
complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. British Medical
Journal, 2000, 321:405–412.