2. • Mass is the measurement of
weight
• Gravity has a greater effect on
Black holes
• Black Hole has copious
amount of gravity
What is Mass, Gravity &
Black Holes?
3. Could Our Sun Become a
Black Hole?
What If a Black hole
Swallowed the Sun?
• The black Hole Would
Maintain Same Gravity of
the Sun
• The Earth nor other
planets Would Be
Swallowed
• The Planets and Earth
Would Orbit the Black
Hole
• Black Holes Follow Same
Laws of Gravity
• Our Sun is not Large
Enough
• More Likely to Turn into
Red Giant
• Increasing in Brightness
and cooler in Temperature
• Will Discard Outer Layers
• Culminating in Becoming
a White Dwarf Star
How Black Holes Would Effect Us
4. First Black Hole Candidates…..
• Some X-ray Binaries can Contain Black Holes
• Black Holes are Larger than Neutron Stars
• Cygnus X-1 has an Assumed Black Hole
• Area Contains a Luminous Star
• Mass of the Star is 18Msun
• Star is Orbiting a Dense, Unseen Mass of
10Msun
• Neutron Stars are Not Larger than 3Msun
5. Properties of a Black Hole…..
• The Periphery is called an
Event Horizon
• Event Horizon is the Point
of No Return
• Boundary is Spherical
• Escape Velocity is at the
Speed of Light
6. • Stellar Core Spins Faster as It
Minimizes in Size
• Star becomes Black Hole when
Core Collapses Smaller than
Schwarzschild radius
• Schwarzschild radius is the
Circle’s Circumference times
2Π
• Uses Total Amount of Gravity
Connected to Mass
• Has an Electric Charge that
Attracts the Opposite Charged
Particles
• Angular Momentum Dictates
Rotating Motion
Properties of a Black Hole Cont…..
7. Falling Into a Black Hole
• Person Falling Would Notice No change In
Time
• Time Would Appear to Stop for an Observer
• Person Falling Would be Stretched Lengthwise
• Person Falling Would Be Squeezed from Side
to Side
• Person Falling Would Not Survive Long
Enough to Completely Cross the Even Horizon
8. • There is No Direct Correlation between Black holes
and Dark Matter
• Black Holes development are Linked to Galaxy
Formation Bulge
• Dark Matter May Control Development of Black Holes
due to Physics between Mass and Speed of Outer
Rotations of galaxies Disks
• Some Studies Attempted to link the Two
• There is Still Uncertainty of What Promotes the growth
of Black Holes
Black Holes from Dark Matter?
9. • Due to the Absence of Needed Life Sources Within a
Black Hole, it is My Opinion that no Civilization could
Possibly Survive a Black Hole.
• The Civilized Planet and Its Inhabitants Would Suffer
from the Stretching and Squeezing of Its Mass by Its
descent past the Event Horizon
• There is No Possibility for a Civilization to Power Their
Planet in a Void, which essentially a Black Hole Is. All
of the Entergy of the Mass of the Civilized Planet
Would be Used to Further the Existence of the Black
Hole
Civilizations Within a Black Hole?
10. • Limited Mass of Neutron
Stars
• Mass Gravity Begins to
Overwhelm Electron
Degeneracy
• Larger Stars Will More Than
Likely Not Shed Most of its
Outer Layers
• Additional Layers Add to
Matter which Raises Mass
• Star Continuously Collapses
Into Itself, Nothing will be
Visible
Do Black Holes Exist?
11. • Astronomy News. (2011). Retrieved from
http://www.astronomy.com/News-
Observing/News/2011/01/No%20direct%20link%20between%20black%20
holes%20and%20dark%20matter.aspx
• Bennett, J. O., Donahue, M., Schneider, N. O., & Voit, M. (2010). The
cosmic perspective (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Addison Wesley.
• Google. www.google.com/images
• Smith, H. (2009). NASA. Retrieved from
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/what-is-a-black-
hole-58.html
• Tucker, C. (n.d.). Chongonation. Retrieved from
http://chongonation.com/Articles/physics/high_gravity.htm
References
Editor's Notes
Black Holes are referred to as such due to the Black hole’s weight, or mass, and it’s density of that mass is so excessive that the Black Hole's own gravity blocks it from giving off any light at all. A Black Hole is a quite opaque and massive previous star which is dark. It is referred to as a hole instead of a star because of its appearance. It looks as if someone punched a hole in the universe and left a way to escape(Smith, 2009).
British philosopher John Mitchell and French physicist Pierre Laplace first proposed the concept of Black Holes in the late 18th century, using Isaac Newton’s laws of gravity to explain the escape velocity from any entity is contingent only on its size and mass. Basically, the more dense increases its escape velocity(Smith, 2009). Albert Einstein's theory of relativity later proved that Mitchell and Laplace’s theory was pretty much on target, and that it was certainly possible for an entity’s gravity to be so strong that light could not escape from it. In 1967, physicist John Wheeler coined the name for these entities: Black holes due to what they would look like.
According to current research, our Sun is not large enough to turn into a Black Hole. It is believed that when our Sun reaches the end of its life, it will instead become what is called a Red Giant star. A Red Giant star is basically a very large star with extreme luminosity and a low surface temperature (Tucker, n.d). Finally, after the Red Giant depletes all of its energy, it will toss off its outer layers and become a radiant ring of gas that is called a planetary nebula. What then remains of the Sun would be a cooling White Dwarf Star. If a Black Hole that was the same size as the Sun were to come and swallow up the Sun, the Black Hole would maintain the same gravity as the Sun(Tucker, n.d). . Therefore, the Earth and the other planets would not be “swallowed” by the whole. Instead, the planets as well as the Earth would then orbit the Black Hole. As Black Holes follow the same laws of gravity as everything else in a solar system.
Solid observational proof of the existence of Black Holes created by supernovae originates from findings from X-Ray Binaries. X-ray binaries are made from accretion disks that are around neutron stars in close binary systems which produce strong X-ray radiation, producing an X-ray binary (Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit, 2010). It is understood that some X-ray binaries can contain black holes instead of neutron stars. One likely black hole candidate is an X-ray binary named Cygnus X-1. This area contains a tremendously glowing star whose mass is 18Msun. According to Doppler shifts of its shadowy lines, astronomers have deduced the star is orbiting a dense, hidden companion that has a mass of 10Msun (Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit, 2010). Though the mass is an estimate, it plainly is surpasses the 3Msun neutron star limit. It is too big to be a neutron star so evidently it is believed to be a black hole.
The periphery between the inside of a black hole and the outside universe is called the Event Horizon. The event horizon is considered the point where objects entering a black hole cannot reverse. Once in its gravity it is impossible to escape as the escape velocity is equal to the speed of light. The border is more apt to be spherical due to the speed required to breakout of the black hole’s gravity is contingent on the distance to it’s center(Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit, 2010).
A star becomes a black hole when the collapse of the stellar core shrinks to a size that is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius, at this instant the core disappears in the event horizon (Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit, 2010). The Schwarzschild radius is the circle’s circumference divided by 2π. This was named after Karl Schwarzschild, who calculated the radius using Einstein's general theory of relativity a month after Einstein published his theory. Containing all of the mass it then uses the total amount of gravity connected to that mass. There would be no way to identify what object collapsed to make the black hole. There is also an electric charge in a black hole. What ever charge the black hole has, be it positive or negative, it would attract the opposite type of charged particles, kind of like magnets. The black hole’s third property is its angular momentum. This property commands that black holes should rotate quickly when they develop in the collapse of a rotating star(Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit, 2010). A disintegrating stellar core will spin faster and faster as it minimizes in size.
If one were to “fall” into a black hole, time for them would seem normal. One would not visually see the point at which they have crossed the Event Horizon as it is a mathematical margin as opposed to a physical one. Gravity would pull strongly and stretch one lengthwise while at the same time squeezing them from side to side. One would never live long enough to know what it was like to cross the Event Horizon as they would not survive long enough to find out. For a witness, it would seem as time stopped and the victim would appear to not cross the Event Horizon. The victim would just appear to vanish(Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit, 2010).
According to “Astronomy News” (2011), there is no direct connection between dark matter and black holes. Black holes and their development is mainly linked to galaxy formation bulge and not at all to dark matter. Further, it is suggested that dark matter may control the development of black holes due to the unidentified physics between the mass of the black hole and the velocity of the outer rotation of galaxies disks ("Astronomy News", 2011). In some studies show there may possibly that black holes’ mass is associated with bulge mass or luminosity. However, because bigger galaxies also have bigger bulges, it continues to be uncertain what correlations would be the main one promoting the growth of black holes.
Any planet inside of the a black ole would be susceptible to the stretching and squeezing that occurs when crossing the Event horizon. Further, because of the absence of needed sustainable life sources, its inhabitants would perish even if the planet could withstand the effects of crossing the Event Horizon. Black holes are essentially a void, therefore there would be no way to power the planet and any energy harnessed to possibly power the planet would be used by the black hole.
While there has never been an actual black hole visualized, observational research shows that it is more likely than not that black holes do exist. Calculations show that due to gravity overwhelms electron degeneracy above 1.4Msun mass, and a neutron star ‘s mass has a comparable limit around 3 and 2 solar masses, that anything above those would not be able to stave off gravity crushing in the stellar core. Humongous stars are more than likely unable to shed their upper layers and thus will remain enough matter to raise the mass above that of the neutron star. Once the core surpasses the neutron star’s maximum, gravity overcomes the neutron degeneracy pressure and the core falls within itself. The energy linked to the quickly rising temperature and pressure works as an extra mass making the crushing power stronger(Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, & Voit, 2010). As it collapses, it becomes stronger. Then there is nothing left of the mass. In my opinion, while still not seen, this theory logically supports the possible existence of black holes.
