Identify And Describe Three Groups Of Low G + C Gram...

Identify And Describe Three Groups Of Low G + C Gram...
Identify and describe three groups of low G+C Gram–positive bacteria.
Clostridia: rod–shaped, obligate anaerobes, some form endospores, produce potent toxins that cause
a variety of diseases in humans. Important in medicine & industry (Botox & oral plaque). Examples
of clostridia include C. tetani (cause tetanus), C. perfringens ( causes gangrene), C. botulinum (
causes botulism) and C. difficle (severe diarrhea). Microbes related to Clostridium include:
Epulopiscium – a giant bacterium that can be seen without a microscope; Some clostridia are
sulfate–reducing microbes – they produce H2S from elemental sulfur during anaerobic respiration;
and Selenomonas – a Vibrio–shaped bacteria, live as part of the biofilm (plaque) on teeth of warm–
blooded animals. Selenomonas is unusual because even though it has a typical gram–positive RNA
sequence, it has a negative Gram reaction – stains pink.
Mycoplasma: facultative or obligate anaerobes, lack cell walls (stain pink when Gram stained).
Smallest free–living cells (0.2µm to 0.8µm in diameter). Have tough cytoplasmic membranes that
contain lipids (called sterols) that give the membranes strength and rigidity. Named Mycoplasmas
because of their filamentous forms – resemble the filaments of fungi. Mycoplasmas have a terminal
structure used for attachment to eukaryotic cells, that give them a pear like shape – overall shape is
pleomorphic. When growing on solid media, most species form a distinctive "fried egg" appearance
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Essay about Micro Lab Project
Quantitative & Semi–quantitative Viable Plate Counts
Molly Wright, Jenny Cano, Rosa Ramirez
BIOL 2420 Lab M/W
4/20/15
Professor Rotibi
ABSTRACT: Accurate evaluation of bacterial colonization as a predictive index for alfalfa sprouts
has relied on a quantitative culture technique that provides exact colony counts per gram of tissue by
culture of five serial dilutions of the alfalfa water. In this study 1 package of alfalfa sprouts were
cultured by a semi–quantitative technique that enumerated the number of gram–negative enteric
organism in 1 ml of alfalfa water. Exact colony counts from the experiment were available only
from cultures 10–2 and 10–3 CFUs. Other colony counts were reported as less than 10–3 or greater
than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preparing serial dilutions of the alfalfa water will ensure an accurate count. The plates are incubated
until you see visible colonies, usually 18–24 hours. The colonies you see growing on the plate are
considered to have started from one viable bacterial unit but because bacteria are usually not found
as individuals, the colony you see may have started from a single cell or a group of cells. The results
are reported as colony forming units (CFU's).
Materials:
–1 pkg. of alfalfa sprouts purchased at a local grocery store or farmer's market, submerged in 100 ml
of sterile, distilled water. (Any other food or beverage item may be substituted for alfalfa sprouts)
–Graduated pipettes (sterile)
–Pipettor
–5 tubes containing 9 ml of sterile water
–5 MacConkey Agar plates
–Glass hockey stick
–Jar of alcohol
–Bunsen burner
–Flint striker
–Microscope slide & Glass coverslips
Method:
1. Make a wet mount (Ex 12) of a small sample of the alfalfa water. Examine at 1000X total
magnification using high contrast. This will illustrate how many organisms, both motile and non–
motile, are present in the sample.
2. Make 10–old dilutions according to the diagram (Fig. 16.2).

3. Use a sterile pipette to transfer 0.1 ml of each dilution on to a MacConkey agar plate.
4. Wet a glass hockey stick in alcohol and pass through a flame to ignite. Wait approximately 30
seconds for the glass to cool.
5. Spread the 0.1 ml sample out with the glass hockey stick

Lab Report For Gram Negative Bacteria
NAME: Zachary R Short
Unknown Number: 118 Points: _________ (50 Possible)
Title: Identifying a Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria from a mixed broth
Abstract: I inoculated a T–Soy agar with bacteria number 118, for this I used a streak isolation
method. Next, in order to distinguish between Gram positive and Gram negative I used a streak
isolation technique on a CNA plate, then performed the same exact procedure on a MacConkey
plate. The results from the CNA plate showed the Gram Positive bacteria was an Alpha hemolyzer.
Next, I used a P Disc on a T–Soy agar inoculated with bacteria 118 and determined the Gram
Positive bacteria was not sensitive to P Disc antibiotics. This revealed the Gram Positive bacteria to
be Streptococcus Mitis. The results from the MacConkey plate proved the Gram Negative bacteria
to be a lactose fermenter. With the Gram Negative bacteria I performed a lysine test with positive
results. Next, I performed an ornithine test on the Gram Negative bacteria, with negative results,
therefore I concluded the Gram Negative bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Introduction: The two bacteria from sample number 118 I have identified to be Streptococcus mitis
and Klebsiella pneumoniae. When taking a class like Microbiology it is understood that most
individuals will progress further into the medical field. In the medical field it is important to know
as much about as many different bacteria as possible. One example of why this is

Staphylococcus Aureus Research Paper
GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF mecA POSITIVE Staphylococcus aureus ISOLATES
OF CARRIAGE ORIGIN
FAIZAL BIN BAHAWI
A PROJECT PAPER SUBMITTED AS PARTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES)
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL SCENCE
FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
SERDANG, SELANGOR
2015
GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF mecA POSITIVE Staphylococcus aureus ISOLATES
OF CARRIAGE ORIGIN
FAIZAL BAHAWI
ABSTRACT
Methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in
different parts of the body. It is tougher to treat than to prevent from most strains of S. aureus
because of its resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. Arguments on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A., Conly, J. M., Lau, V., Elsayed, S., Louie, T., Hutchins, W., Zhang, Z. (2006). Novel Multiplex
PCR Assay for Detection of the Staphylococcal Virulence Marker Panton–Valentine Leukocidin
Genes and Simultaneous Discrimination of Methicillin–Susceptible from –Resistant Staphylococci.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44:1141–1144
Mehndiratta, P. L., Bhalla, P. (2012). Typing of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A
technical review. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 30:16–23
Mongkolrattanothai, K., Gray, B. M., Mankin, P., Stanfill, A. B., Pearl, R. H., Wallace, L. J.,

Vegunta, R. K. (2010). Simultaneous carriage of multiple genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus in
children. Journal of medical microbiology. 60:317–322
Petinaki, E., Arvaniti, A., Dimitracopoulos, G., Spiliopoulou, I. (2001). Detection of mecA, mecR1
and mecI genes among clinical isolates of methicillin–resistant staphyloccoci by combined
polymerase chain reactions. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 47:297–304
Sabat, A., Malachowa, N., Miedzobroski, J., Hryniewicz, W. (2006). Comparison of PCR–Based
method for typing Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. Journal of clinical microbiology.

Why I Want To Study Gut Microbiology
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The emergence of new pathogens from food and water, particularly
bacteria, as well as the recurrence of known food pathogens, has received research attention in
Nutrition and Food Science. The unusual dietary pattern and nutrition affect the microbial
population in the human gut (Probiotic), with an ample effect on the immune system and human
health. To understand the interactions of gut microflora with food and nutrients, and their potential
involvement in disease etiology and human health, novel approaches tailored from various
disciplines are required. The additional concern is the growing number of children who are
overweight and at a risk of obesity, early onset of type–2–diabetes and sedentary behavior. Taken
together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This summer, I completed a short term online certificate course in "Introduction to food and health"
offered by Stanford University. This course was focused on sustainable solutions of choosing
healthier foods and practical tips for preparing healthy and nutritious food. I also enrolled in one
more online course to complete the program requirement called "Introductory Human Physiology"
offered by Duke University. Furthermore, in my spare time, I'm learning statistical analysis
softwares such as SAS 9.4 and Python for genomic data

Louis Pasteur : The Scientific Field Of Biology
Louis Pasteur:
The French 19th century biologist, Louis Pasteur, is responsible for many scientific advancements,
particularly in the field of biology. He has become one of the most well–known figures in the
science of biology for having a massive effect on the direction of scientific thinking. He was a key
figure in contributing to the germ theory of disease. His historical experiments proved his theories,
and changed the way the world views the fundamental principles of microbiology.
One experiment that he sought to complete was one to find out what the cause was for fermentation.
He wanted to see what would happen if he passed oxygen through a fermenting liquid. The oxygen
stopped the fermentation process, and the broth continued ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The straight tube would allow for air–borne bacteria to fall straight into the broth while the swan
neck would trap the bacteria in the trough. He did this to try and disprove the widely accepted
theory of spontaneous generation. At the time, this changed the whole concept of microbiological
reproduction and brought in a new way of thinking.
While both of these experiments carried out by Louis Pasteur had a large effect on the way people
perceived the world of science, they both did it in slightly different ways. For Pasteur's experiment
that disproved the spontaneous generation theory, it completely changed the way scientists thought
about life for centuries before. Not only that, but it simply changed the way people viewed the
world. He was able to show that bacteria were not able to form on its own without a source, and that
it needed a catalyst (in this case, microorganisms from the air). This is an example of a scientific
advancement, improving our knowledge and understanding in the field of biology. Not only did it
disprove spontaneous generation on a microbiological scale, but made everybody think about the
entire theory pertaining to other animals such as maggots and rats. This advancement lead to people
rethinking the entire concept of animal reproduction, and was a stepping stone for greater scientific
discoveries using the newfound understanding. It's just one example of how improving scientific
understanding leads to new perceptions

Ubiquity of Bacteria
Microbial Diversity and Ubiquity
Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that are so small that that they can only be visualized by
the aid of a compound–brightfield microscope. While we generally cannot see individual
microorganisms with the naked eye, they are present in virtually every habitat known to man.
Microorganisms can be prokaryotic–the bacteria or eukaryotic–the algae, protozoa or fungi. While
viruses are acellular they are also studied in the scope of microbiology because they are small and
because they infect cells. While most bacterial are unicellular they can also exist in colonial or
multicellular forms. In this laboratory exercise you will examine the ubiquity and diversity of
various microbes that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Observe the plate that contains your inoculum after the first cleaning step (if applicable). What do
you observe?
Observe the plate that contains you inoculum after the second cleaning step (if applicable). What do
you observe?
Now that you have observed the morphology and the characteristics of two different colonies in
some detail, you will apply what you have learned in the previous laboratory exercise (Use of the
Compound Brightfield Microscope) to examine individual bacteria within these colonies. Bacteria
have three typical morphologies: the cocci (spherical bacteria), the bacilli (rod–shaped bacteria) and
the spiral or curved shaped bacteria, such as the spirillum, the spirochetes and the Vibrio spp. Using
the technique that you used in the microscopy exercise you will prepare a wet mount of bacteria
from the two colonies that you have just studied. (Note:: If the numbers of bacteria on your plate are
too numerous to pick from an individual colony sample bacteria from your neighbor's plate.)
Place a small drop of sterile media onto a microscope slide. Take a small sample of the bacteria from
the colony using your inoculating loop. It is important that you use asceptic technique when
sampling the bacteria as you will be looking at a pure bacterial sample. Flame your inoculating loop
as shown by the instructor and allow the loop to cool without waving the loop it the air. When you
sample the bacteria make

Highlighting the Microbial Complexity of Foodborne Hazards...
"The Microbial Ecology in Food Safety Risk Assessment" written by Tom Ross, sets out to highlight
the microbial complexity of foodborne hazards and its subsequent impact on food safety and
possible outbreaks of foodborne illness. According to the author, In a system as complex as the
production and consumption of food, a variety of factors affect both the likelihood and severity of
the occurrence of foodborne disease, often for which little information is currently available..
The author proposes that current risk assessments for foodborne infection, which usually depend
heavily upon numbers of microorganisms present on the food at the time of consumption, present
challenges to industry professionals. As he postulates, the data are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These depend on both physiochemical conditions of the food, and the condition of storage. He
highlights the main effecting factors to be considered are Aw, pH, temperature and time of storage
and processing, with time being the most important.
The author strongly argues that the ability of pathogenic bacteria to grow or die under certain
environmental conditions is of great importance in risk assessment. It essentially allows us to see
which hazards might occur; what is the likelihood; what is the severity, in biological terms if it does
occur. To predict impact and te exposure dose, microbial growth under a variety of conditions and
stressors much be evaluated. He believes modeling the behavior of microorganisms in the growth/no
growth region is now seen as an important component of predictive microbiology. As he comes back
to throughout the chapter, bacterial pathogens are exposed to a host of stresses during their lifetime,
in particular during food processing. Predictive microbial modeling, he argues, enables estimates to
be made of microbial growth under varying time, temperature and intrinsic conditions or stressors.
He talks again about the importance of predictive modeling as a way to quantify the combined effect
of various hurdles on the probability of growth and define combinations at which growth ceases.
The combination of factors applied in the form of what he

The Effect of Environmental Factors Such as Temperature,...
The effect of environmental factors such as temperature, osmotic pressure, oxygen concentration
and pH on microbial growth and survival
Abstract:
Microbial growth can be affected by different environmental factors such as temperature, osmotic
pressure, oxygen concentration and pH. Six experiments were carried out in this report testing for
microbial growth against different environmental factors. Good aseptic techniques were used to
prevent contamination, resulting in a uniform set of results that are in line with the literature.
Introduction
Bacteria vary greatly in terms of their characteristics and morphology. Colonies can be classified
according to their colour, form, elevation, margin and size. Pure cultures of microorganisms ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Broth cultures of E.coli, Micrococcus luteus and Vibrio natriegens were streaked onto the respective
sections. The plate was then incubated at 37oC for 48 hours. The process was then repeated on
nutrient agar plates with 5, 6.5 and 10% salt.
Experiment 5: Effect of oxygen concentration on bacterial growth
A fresh pipette was used to transfer 0.5ml of broth culture of E. coli, to be inoculated, into a tube of
molten agar previously boiled to drive off oxygen. The tube was then rolled to distribute the bacteria
and allowed time for the agar to harden. The tube was incubated at 37oC for 48 hours. The
procedure was repeated for broth cultures of the bacterium Clostridium sporogenes and B. Subtilis.
Experiment 6: Effect of environmental factors on microbial growth – pH
A sterile pipette was used to add 0.1ml of E. coli culture to the pH 3.0 tube. This was then repeated
for the tubes at pH 7.0 and pH 9.The tubes were then incubated at 37oC for 48 hours. This was then
repeated for saline culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but incubated for 72 hours at 25oC.
Results
Six experiments were carried in this report concerning the effect that different environmental factors
have on microbial growth. The results were recorded into tables where (+) symbolises growth and
(–) symbolises no growth.
Experiment 1: Streak plate technique to

The Discovery Of Rabies Vaccinations
Oddly enough, the motivation that led Louis Pasteur to his discoveries of rabies vaccinations,
the contagiousness of anthrax ,diseases, bacteria and viruses, began with his study of why a
beet –root alcohol was souring. Pasteur was hired by a manufacturer of alcohol to find out why
they were having this problem. Interestingly, the scientists of his day, believed in what they
called "spontaneous generation." This means they believed that maggots spontaneously grew
from rotten meat or putrefied foods, and that fleas just formed from the ground, spontaneously!
and other unexplainable formations. Pasteur performed many extensive experiments where he
kept liquids like milk, and alcohol open to the air and other samples he closed off from any
outside influence. He discovered that the closed off liquids did not grow bacteria's as fast. He
also came up with the idea to boil the liquid and seal it. He found that killing the bacteria and not
allowing it to be contaminated, stopped the souring. This is where the term, "Pasteurized milk"
comes from. Louis believed in the germ theory. He studied how they spread and tried to
convince the doctors of his day to scrub their hands and tools before helping another patient.
There were many women who were getting fevers after delivery and he came up with he idea
that it was the doctors who were spreading germs and deadly bacteria. Louis Pasteur was
always full of questions like, why does mold grow on certain foods?, how to stop

Microbiology Case Study: The Disease That Is Plaguing Carmen
Microbiology Case Study: Carmen The disease that is plaguing Carmen is caused by the
microorganism Vibreo cholera. V. cholerae is a gram–negative, curved–shaped rod bacterium with a
single flagellum. Naturally waterborne, V. cholerae is highly motile which likely enhances its high
pathogenicity.1 In 1833, Robert Koch was the first to isolate V. cholerae and explain its
transmission.2 V. cholerae is secretes the cholera toxin which invades the human intestinal tract and
activates adenylate cyclase enzyme in the epithelial cells of the gut.3 The activated adenylate
cyclase leads to increased intracellular cyclic AMP production which in turn triggers an efflux of
chloride and electrolytes into the gastrointestinal tract. 3 Infected cells ... Show more content on
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Azithromycin is preferred for treatment of cholera pregnant women and children. 8The antibiotic
tetracycline has been used to successfully treat cholera, however, certain strains are starting to show
resistance to tetracycline, most likely due its widespread use in uninfected populations as a means of
preventing infection. 8 V. cholerae is more resistant to antibiotics due to the double membrane of
gram–negative organisms. There is a vaccination for V. cholerae that is used during outbreaks, but
there is differing data on the vaccine's

The Carleton Prize For Biotechnology
The Carleton Prize for Biotechnology: Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Shukri Dalal
100950887
BIOL 1010– Biotechnology and Society
Professor James J. Cheetham
Carleton University
Tuesday October 6th, 2015
Prize's are put into place to award gifted beings; whose work has or will make a significant change
in mankind. Most importantly, they are recognize by their genius and not judging their area of
expertise. When the awarded person wins the prize, there is always a level expectation that is
expected of them. In the history of science, there have been many achievements that have motivated
by human to not only live to the fullest of their potential but to live as long and healthy life as they
can. These victories in medicine have started the courage for all human being all over the world
having the confidence to live their lives without a disease or bacteria infection that now days can be
cured without any problem taking their life. Given Antony Van Leeuwenhoek along with his many
contributions to science, there is no better nominee for an award that demonstrated the constitutional
achievements in biotechnology. A tradesman and inventor in the biotechnology society he is
undeniably deserving of The Carleton Prize of Biotechnology. Antony van Leeuwenhoek's
experimentation of lenses for microscopic research, and his inventions which increased
magnification, research and development there would be many unanswered question in the medical
world. "Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Unit 1 Study Guide Essays
Chapter 1
– Which one of the following is not a role for bioremediation?
Curing infectious diseases
– All of the following are examples of new emerging infectious diseases except
Chickenpox
– Normal microbiota: Beneficial microbial inhabitants of the body
– Golden Age of Microbiology: Rapid discovery of basic microbiology principles – Re–emerging
diseases: Once controlled by preventative public health measures they are now on the rise – Prions:
Resistant to the usual sterilization procedures for pathogens – Spontaneous generation: The converse
of biogenesis – Acellular infectious agent: Chemical composition includes RNA or DNA
– In the scientific name Bacillus anthracis, the term Bacillus is the genus name
– include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This test uses a: selective medium
Chapter 5
– Low temperature is: bacteriostatic – Heavy metals generally kill microorganisms by reacting with
protein sulfhydryl groups to disrupt function
– Chlorhexidine is a biguanide used to wash hands and clean wounds superficially – The chemical
counterpart of the autoclave uses ethylene oxide with an inert gas
– HEPA filters are used to filter which one of the following?
Air
– Ultraviolet light is valuable for reducing the microbial population in the air of a hospital room
– Of the following, the most efficient method for sterilization of a bacteriological transfer loop is the
direct flame
– Triclosan destroys bacteria by disrupting cell membranes
– Which one of the following elements would be classified as a halogen
Chlorine
– Moist heat kills microorganisms by denaturation – A substance that has been pasteurized is not
considered sterile
5 out of 8 points
Autoclave: Vegetative microorganisms, and endospores
Direct Flame: Vegetative microorganisms, and endospores
Boiling water for 10

My Journey Towards Studying Microbial Infections
Statement of Purpose
Over the past sixteen years, my insatiable thirst for delving deep into Microbiology coupled with my
profound aptitude for research has inspired me to pursue a Ph.D. My journey towards this aim began
with the incident when I was ten and my brother, seven, and he had chicken pox. I had to stay away
from him during the quarantine period and the curiosity led to a mini research project, which fuelled
my interest in studying microbial infections. Since then this circuitous ride has taken me to different
schools and countries in search of opportunities to enhance and focus my pursuit for research in
microbes. I intend to become a proficient microbiologist who understands the basic and intricate
details of the subject, applies it in our daily lives and research for a better sustainable future.
Researchers over the past few decades have made it evident that microbial communities affect all
species. I got an opportunity to broaden my horizon on this subject during my undergraduate studies
at Calcutta University which covered three years of extensive material in Botany, Zoology, and
Chemistry. I was intrigued with those interdisciplinary subjects which required a cogent and rational
understanding. However, Microbiology fascinated me the most. I believe it to be a sub–discipline
that explores the presence of a parallel world of organisms that has co–evolved with an excellent
mechanism of survival. They affect our health, development, and the environment we live

Comparative Analysis Of Antibiotic Growth Of...
Matthew Crane
Lab Section: 13151
Comparative Analysis of Antibiotic Growth Suppression of Staphylococcus Aureus
Introduction
Staphylococcus Aureus is a gram negative bacterium that may be pathogenic or exist as a
commensal organism in humans. Unevolved strains are susceptible to nearly all antibiotics
(Chambers & DeLeo, 2009). Among the many antibiotic options, penicillin is particularly effective
against S. Aureus. This is due to the mechanism of action by which penicillin replaces key structures
in the bacterial cell wall that are essential to growth and repair. By preventing this cell maintenance,
penicillin promotes osmotic instability in the cell and greatly increases the likelihood of cell death
(Strominger & Tipper 1965). In a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recent research by Khokhlova et al. found that MRSA cases among S. Aureus isolates across
Siberia were found at a rate of 22% in hospitals, compared to a community infection rate of 2.9%
(2015). Traditional antibiotic treatments such as penicillin are often proven ineffective in these
cases, as in the case of Fomda et al., which found a resistance rate of 85.46% at a tertiary care
hospital (2014). The goal of this experiment is to determine whether different antibiotics will inhibit
bacterial growth of S. Aureus. The hypothesis is that all three antibiotics used (penicillin,
gentamicin, and kanamycin) will inhibit growth. If a zone of inhibition is observed around each
antibiotic disk, then the hypothesis will be supported – demonstrating the bacteria's susceptibility to
the subject antibiotics. By demonstrating the efficacy of various different antibiotics and comparing
them to one another in context of the target bacteria, combined with the gram stain results of S.
Aureus, the results may be further analyzed and explained.
Methods
Five agar plates were prepared with evenly distributed S. Aureus bacteria. After being marked into
four equal quadrants, an antibiotic disk was gently placed in each section of each plate. The levels of
treatment in the 4 disks were 10 micrograms of gentamicin, 10 micrograms of penicillin, and 30
micrograms of kanamycin, with a control group of an identical

The Chemistry Of Organic Contaminants
Over the past ten years, the Institute of Gas Technology, now Gas Technology Institute (GTI), USA
and others have conducted research on the bioremediation of organic contaminants in soil. Most of
this work has been associated with remediation of former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) sites,
soils from industrial areas and oil production areas have also been studied. The results have shown
that: (1) organic contaminants are biodegraded by indigenous soil microorganisms to a
concentration that no longer decreases, or that decreases very slowly, with continued treatment; (2)
reductions below this concentration are limited by the availability of the contaminants to the
microorganisms; and (3) the residual contaminants that remain after biological ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bacterial enzymes will catalyze the insertion of oxygen into the hydrocarbon so that the molecule
can subsequently be consumed by cellular metabolism. Because of this oxygen is one of the most
important requirements for the biodegradation of oil. Table 1 shows the list of some of the
microorganisms which are involved in the bioremediation of oil contamination.
Microbial Seeding
Oil degrading microorganisms seem to be ubiquitous, with their number typically limited by the
hydrocarbon supply (Namazi et al., 2008). Another approach is to add exogenous microorganisms
with known degradative activities, either natural isolates or engineered (Narasimhan et al., 1983).
Seeding involves the introduction of allochthonous microorganisms into the natural environment for
the purpose of increasing the rate or extent, or both of biodegradation of pollutants. The rationale for
this approach is that the autochthonous microorganisms may not be capable of degrading the wide
range of potential substrates present in complex mixtures such as petroleum (Raghavan, 1998).
Terrestrial ecosystems differ from aquatic ecosystems in that soils contain higher concentrations of
organic and inorganic matter and generally, large number of microorganisms and are more variable
in terms of physical and chemical conditions (Bossert et al., 1984). The presence of indigenous
microorganisms which are highly adapted to a particular environment would negatively influence
the

The Effects Of Microbial Cell Culture On Human Development...
ABSTRACT
Microbial cell culture techniques are essentially needed in order to culture microbes so that it helps
in various fields of biology such as households products, curing certain diseases, also in sewage
management. Microbes are needed in almost every fields in one of the other ways we need to culture
them in required conditions in order to cure manlier diseases and for the production of many
products, also it plays a very important role in sewage disposal plants therefore microbes plays a
very significant role in human development needs. Microbes isolation and its proper usage needs to
be understand well for this study of MICROBIOLOGY is done. Therefore proper microbe culturing
its isolation its enrichment needs to be well known.
INTRODUCTION
MICROBIAL CELL CULTURES TECHNIQUES
Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used extensively as a in research
tool in molecular It is important to have pure culture isolation. A pure culture is a population of cells
as a multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types.
A method in which microbes are cultured by letting them reproduce in the predominated culture
media under controlled laboratory conditions, its abundance in the medium being checked before
contamination and after contamination. It is one of the primary diagnostic method of microbiology
and used as a tool to determine by letting the agent multiply in a

Major Characteristics Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
I. Description of P. aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is characterized by aerobic, gram negative, motile, non–spore forming
bacilli (rods).1 A trait that differentiates P. aeruginosa from other gram–negative bacteria is the fact
that it produces indophenol oxidase, which is an enzyme that renders them positive in an oxidase
test.1 The type of flagella this organism is known to possess is called a polar flagella, meaning a
single flagellum at one pole of the rod.1 This means the motility of the organism is quite limited and
can travel only in one direction. In spite of this, the single flagellum, as well as the presence of pili,
are major contributions to the motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.1 The Pseudomonas genus, the
genus from which P. aeruginosa originates from, is known to be an environmental bacteria; hence
why this organism is very common in soil, water, and even fresh fruits and vegetables.1 A common
characteristic of environmental bacteria, P. aeruginosa being of no exception, is the ways in which
they grow. P. aeruginosa grows and thrives in biofilms which are groups of adhering bacteria in
aqueous environments. These biofilms eventually begin to produce a slimy substance resembling
glue which allows them to spread and stick to other materials/locations. Not only does P. aeruginosa
require minimal nutritional requirements, but the entire Pseudomonas genus type does as well.1 Due
to P. aeruginosa (usually) only needing acetate as carbon and ammonia as nitrogen,

Molecular-Based Techniques for Diagnosing Microbial...
Introduction
Although some infections are unique enough to be identified clinically, usually microbiologic
laboratory methods are needed to identify the etiologic agent and diagnose microbial infection
(Washington, J.A., 1996). Although we have made significant progress in our ability to diagnose and
treat infectious diseases, they still remain a strong challenge to human survival, for example the
disease Tuberculosis caused by a microbial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis accounted
for one third of the worlds bacterial infections in 2010 infecting a total of 8.8 million people
worldwide (Dheda et al., 2010).
Diagnosis is important not only for prescribing effective drugs but for preventing the evolution of
resistant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Successful therapy towards these diseases is usually dependent on rapid detection of the causative
agent. Rapid detection leads to faster, more accurate treatment and thus prevents disease
progression. This is where molecular–based techniques have revolutionised the diagnosis and
treatment of infectious disease. These molecular–based techniques have also revolutionised
molecular epidemiology where the source of outbreak infection either in the community or in the
hospital can be found and controlled (França et al., 2013). Molecular–based techniques used for
microbial infection diagnosis are mainly nucleic acid–based technologies, these involve methods to
isolate nucleic acids from organisms/clinical material and restriction endonuclease enzymes, gel
electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridisation techniques to then analyse DNA or RNA
(Washington, J.A., 1996).
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
These molecular–based techniques have been revolutionised by the discovery of endonuclease
enzymes and the invention of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in 1983 by Kary Mullis. This
technique allows for the rapid cloning of fragments of DNA so that further testing can be carried out
and has simplified the process of nucleic acid amplification in vitro (Bartlett and Stirling, 2003).
Using a

Essay Lab Study Guides Study for Lab Test 1
Study Guide to Help with
Laboratory Exam 1
Microbiology 1214
A partial study guide only. Not intended to replace the review sheets or the "Know the following"
sections on your labs.
These slides are not presented in any particular order.
Name this
Procedure
Identify the two types of bacteria present by shape and gram stain.
In a gram stain what is the primary stain?
The mordant? The counterstain?
How does this differ from a simple stain?
Identify the shape and gram stain of the bacteria present in this gram stain.
Identify the shape and gram stain of the bacteria pictured. Think on this one!
Name the gram stain and shape of the bacteria pictured.
Name the genus of the organism pictured.
Note the size when determining the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This plate was made from a swab obtained from the bottom of a shoe.
Can you differentiate between bacteria and fungi?
How do we tell the two apart?
This technique is performed after my smear has dried. What is the name of this technique?
Give two reasons why it is performed?
If I am doing a gram stain and leave out the mordant, what color will all of my bacteria end up
being?

Identify this stain procedure.
What are we looking for with this stain?
The presence of a capsule increases the __________ of the bacterium.
What composes a capsule?
What staining procedure is this?
What are the green structures?
What type flagella is pictured?
Why do we use oil on the oil immersion objective?
Because it has the same _______________
_______________
as glass.
What is the proper method of storing a petri dish in an incubator. Give two reasons why it is
important to store by this method.?
By the way:
Name some acid dyes, some basic dyes.
An acid dye stains the _____ while a basic dye stains the _____.
Given a staining procedure be able to tell me whether a dye used in it is acidic or basic. Name a
gram negative bacteria studied in lab. Name a gram positive bacteria studied in lab. Bacteria or
Fungus?
Identify the hemolysis indicated by the arrow.
Identify the hemolysis at the arrows.
Identify the shape of the bacteria pictured at the arrows. (It isn't bacillus!)
Assuming we are on oil, what is the size of one coccus of the

Microbiology Pioneers
Contributors to Microbiology
Pioneers of Microbiology I. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Oct. 24, 1632– Aug. 30, 1723) A. In 1676
Leeuwenhoek saw tiny organisms in water, he was the first man to observe and describe bacteria
accurately. He discovered microscopic nematodes, blood cells and sperm. He also made over 500
microscopes to view specific objects. B. Microbiology is concerned with the study of all forms of
life that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Antonie's work dealt with bacteria, which are
tiny microorganisms that can only be seen with the help of instruments like the microscope, which
he invented. II. John Tyndall (Aug. 2, 1820– Dec. 4, 1893) C. In 1877 Tyndall demonstrated that
dust ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
IX. Matthias Schleiden (1804 – 1881) Q. Matthias was the first to recognize the importance of cells
as fundamental units of life. He stated that all plants are made of cells, which eventually help lead to
the creation of the cell theory. R. In 1838,he argued that all the various plants structures are
composed of cells or their derivatives (phytogenesis). X. Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912) S. In 1865
lister concluded that sepsis was akin to fermentation and was initiated by infectious agents, air–born.
In 1867 he shown that antiseptic procedures are very successful T. This discovering made it easier
for surgeons when performing an operations and prevents the patients from getting infected. This
operation marked a turning point in the acceptance of germ theory and antisepsis among physicians.
XI. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (Feb. 16, 1834 – Aug. 9, 1919) U. Ernst Haeckel
discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped an ancestral tree relating all life
forms, and coined many terms in biology including: anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny,
stem cell, and the kingdom Protista. V. Haeckel promoted and popularized Charles Darwin 's work
in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory claiming that an individual
organism 's biological development parallels and summarizes its species '

An Evolving Science New York 2009
Charles Gathathi
BIOL 2420.
Dr. Elizabeth Carrington.
Proteus mirabilis:
I. Introduction:
Proteus mirabilis is a Gram–negative, dimorphic bacillus and a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is
a motile member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This bacteria colonies shows a unique
characteristic called swarming behavior. Swarming occurs when the flagellate rods grow into long
chain swarmer cells, the swarmers gather together forming "rafts" that swim together, growing into a
complex biofilm. P. mirabilis virulence factors include swarming motility and urease production.
Ref: Joan L, John F. microbiology: an evolving science New York 2009, Belas, Schneider and
Melch. Journal of bacteriology Dec. 1998 p. 6126–6139.
Its scientific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diseases:
Statistically, about 90% of the proteus infections are caused by proteus mirabilis. It is an opportunist
pathogen, which means it can cause diseases if it colonizes another place other than the
gastrointestinal tract.
P. mirabilis is commonly associated with urinary tract infections. The infection begins when the
organism moves from urethra to the urinary bladder. Urinary tract infections caused by P. mirabilis
are mostly found in patients under long–term catherization. Other groups of patients that are at high
risks of the diseases include; those patients with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, patients
with recurrent infections and patients whose infections were acquired in the hospital or long–term
care facilities.
Proteus mirabilis infections accounts for 1%–2% of urinary tract infections in healthy women, 5%
of nosocomial urinary infections and catheterization has a high prevalence of 20%–45%. The
organism causes bladder infection and kidney infection. P. mirabilis produces large amounts of
urease which splits urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. This process increases the alkalinity of
the urine and also it precipitates magnesium and calcium in the form of struvite and apatite crystals
respectively. The results is the formation of renal stones.
Ref: Gus, Gonzales MD medical oncologist: proteus infections Medscape, Murray, Rosenthal, And
Pfaller. Medical microbiology 7th edition 2013.

Taking a Look at Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Bacterial gastroenteritis, a case report– 5
Gastroenteritis is an illness due to the inflammation and infection of the digestive system, where
symptoms are characterised by abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, bloating
and in some cases blood and pus present in stools (Department of Health, Victoria 2012). The
pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, yeast and fungi. Bacterial
gastroenteritis can be caused by ingestion of pathogens or their toxins. The most frequently isolated
pathogens in gastroenteritis are Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Yersinia, Salmonella,
and Shigella etc (Vorvick LJ et al. 2011).
Bacterial gastroenteritis can occur to a person or a group of people that all ate the same
contaminated foods. Often this kind of outbreaks occurs after eating at restaurants, large social
functions, cafeterias, or picnics. The contaminated food with pathogens or their toxins can occur by
not appropriately following food safety protocols used in food preparation and handling at homes,
restaurant and grocery stores (Department of Health, Victoria 2012). Food prepared with
contaminated egg products, raw eggs and undercooked poultry meat and pork were found as the
primary sources of Salmonellosis (Wattiau P et al.2011).
Salmonellosis is the most frequently occurring gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella species, which
is Gram negative, short plump shaped bacilli, non–sporing, non–capsulated, aerobic and

S. Epidermidis Research Paper
Staphylococci are nonmotile, non–spore forming, spherical, catalase–positive, gram–positive
bacteria. Staphylococci are classified as either coagulase–positive or coagulase–negative.
Staphylococcus epidermidis lack the enzyme coagulase and are classified as a coagulase–negative
staphylococcus (CoNS) (John et al.; Namvar et al.; Otto; Tortora et al. 591). Because of their thick
peptidoglycan layer, gram–positive cocci are well suited for survival in harsh conditions, including
living in areas with high concentrations of salt and osmotic pressure. Specifically, "S. epidermidis
has eight sodium/ion exchangers and six transport systems for osmoprotectants" (Otto) which enable
the bacteria to survive otherwise inhabitable conditions (Tortora et al. 591). ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
S. epidermidis account for anywhere from sixty to ninety percent of our microbiota; they exist in a
commensal relationship, colonizing in the armpits, between the legs, in the nose, throat, and eyes
where they are able survive by metabolizing secretions (John et al.; Namvar et al.; Otto; Tortora et
al. 404 and 591). As part of our natural microflora S. epidermidis provide for competitive exclusion
to potentially harmful bacteria, such as coagulase–positive staphylococci, Staph. aureus. Likewise,
our body's use nasal secretions, ciliary action, conjunctiva, and tears to limit S. epidermidis
colonization. Typically S. epidermidis function as innocuous, friendly bacteria on the human skin, it
is not until this barrier is broken that S. epidermidis may act as an enemy (Otto; Tortora et al. 592).
Immunosuppressed people and very low birth weight newborns are at greater risk for S. epidermidis
infection as well (Cheung and Otto; John et

The Case Of Wall E ' Our Primary Victim Skin Rash That...
This document addresses the case of Wall–E; our primary victim skin rash that developed into an
antimicrobial resistance which is contagious. Coming into lab on an urgent call Sunday morning, a
report from one of the upper level floor on patient (Wall–E) that was admitted to hospital with an
unknown rash to the skin. However, not knowing it was a contagious bug upon contact, 39 current
inpatient were infective by it as well. Thus, antimicrobial were given per MD order, but was not
effective to cure the skin rash. Hence, further tests are needed to be perform to figure out what is
causing the contagious skin microbial to become resistance to the current antimicrobial given. Since
each patient body react differently to antimicrobial or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hopefully, in this case, the microbe causing the rash isn't a highly resistant strain. After receiving the
report on patient Wall–E, a laundry list for the RN to perform was sent up. Due to the prior spread of
infection, please use droplet precaution until further notice. As to find out the right antimicrobial to
cure these 40 patient that are contagious, please draw blood from each patient and obtain 3 skin
sample from different affective areas to the lab. RN's are to include signs and symptoms to help
decipher the culprit. Please be advice to be extra careful with each 40 patient when coming into
contact with them and wash hand properly. THIS GOES FOR ALL PERSONNEL!!! 40 patients
were reported to have Psoriasis (skin rash) within their peripheral extremities. The skin rash appear
to be red with pus, liquid oozing from the rash (looking like a zombie rash). Each patients are also
reports that their extremities itch, and sometime even inflamed. According to the reactions of the
previous antimicrobial given, further tests are needed to be conducted. Three small sample in
different area of the skin that were affected, and taken from each of the 40 patients along with blood
sample; to help solve the mystery as to why the antimicrobial did not work. Since, Wall–E is the
first patient with

Microbiology Lab Report
Microbiology involves the study of microbes and their relevant scientific roles. The purpose of this
lab report is to use the methods and techniques acquired from the microbiology course to identify an
unknown bacterium. The assigned culture for this report is Unknown 28. Various laboratory
techniques were performed in this process in order to draw conclusions as to what microorganism
the unknown sample may contain.
Before proper tests can be performed, the most important aspect to laboratory procedures are aseptic
techniques. These techniques are crucial to ensure that no contamination occurs during the culturing
process (1). Although the exact steps may vary depending on the media and type of transfer, the
main components of the aseptic techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Controls are especially important when it comes to identifying unknown microbes as it is done
within this report. Positive controls serve as a comparison or model of how the performed test
should react if the microbe tested is positive. This enables the experimenter to compare results and
determine if their culture is positive or negative for the reactions. In contrast, the negative controls
serve to model what the test should look like if nothing is done or if the organism tested is negative.
For every laboratory exercise performed in this course, there are positive and negative control
demonstrations available for students to reference. These are very useful in aiding students when
they are determining the result of their unknown culture

General Unknown . Introduction: . The General Unknown Lab
General Unknown
Introduction: The general unknown lab combines methods and ideas around biochemical and
physiological activities of microorganisms for the identification of unknown pure culture samples of
gram positive and negative bacteria. The purpose of using biochemical and physiological aspects of
bacteria for testing and identification is used in everything from choosing an effective treatment for
microbial–causing diseases to understanding the chemical reactions that occur within our own
bodies (Barnini et Al., 2015). The general unknown lab's experiments focus on biochemical and
physiological characteristics of Enteric and Cocci bacteria, in aid of identification. The difference
between gram–positive and gram–negative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unknown pure cultures 39A and 39B were presumed to be one of the listed bacteria in the
previous sentence. During the first lab on April 25th, a gram stain was preformed on the samples
39A and 39B to identify which sample was gram positive (Cocci) and gram negative (Enteric),
which concluded that sample B was positive and A was negative. Afterwards, both samples were
inoculated onto a NUT slant for long–term storage and further biochemical testing. NUT slants are
needed for long term testing, as pure culture samples in a test tube would only last a few days. In
addition, Hemolytic activity and EMB biochemical tests were preformed on the samples. The first
test used was the Hemolytic Activity Test, which is based the lysis and destruction of red blood
cells. The test is used to distinguish between the different types of Gram–positive cocci. The results
of the test can be classified as Alpha, Beta, or Gamma for the bacteria. The test is significantly
helpful in distinguishing between different types of Gram–positive cocci, mainly Streptococcus,
Enterococcus, and Aerococccus. The second

I Was Born Into The Sciences
Drew M. Zimmerman Personal Statement FHSU Biological Sciences Degree Objective: M.S. in
Microbiology I was born into the sciences. My entire life I have been exposed to the inter–workings
of biology and that has not changed even to this day. When I was younger, I fondly remember being
sent out with my friends to help collect various insects with my mother when she was attending Fort
Hays for her master's degree. I have met a lot of really fantastic professors at Fort Hays that make
you feel like you are in a place that really wants you to learn and achieve great things. From the
research where you can work closely with the professors to the classroom where the professors
facilitate a real dialogue to help students truly understand the material. Exposure in my everyday life
has fueled and is still fueling my interest in the Biological Sciences. This exposure has allowed me
to see firsthand, through working at the local hospital, an assortment of diseases that afflict everyday
people. I have learned about the mechanisms behind many of those same diseases and it becomes
sort of a continuous cycle of learning that is difficult to come by alternatively. The research I have
partaken in, Bioprospecting for microbes, involved probing top soil from various locations with a
goal to find bacteria that has anti–microbial activity. I worked under Joanna Fae with Jennafer Ball
while conducting this research. This project in conjunction with other class projects I have taken
part in

Lab report 1 Virtual Lab: Classifying Using Biotechnology...
Virtual Lab: Classifying Using Biotechnology
Worksheet
NOTE: As you read the information in the Microbiology Handbook, there may be some terms you
are not familiar with – such as 16s ribosomal RNA and Polymerase Chain Reaction. Refer to your
text to read background material explaining any terms or processes with which you are not familiar.
Record the results of your investigations of each unknown in Table 1 by completing the following
steps: 1) Apply the stain to your first unknown slide and examine it under the microscope. 2) Record
the shape of the bacteria, the arrangement of the bacteria, and the gram staining characteristics. 3)
Analyze and record the G+C content of the sample by dragging ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding this sample a,d,f
a. It is a different species than any of the other species you have identified b. it is most closely
related to Staphylococcus aureus c. the bacterial cells will probably be rod–shaped d. the bacterial
cells are prokaryotic e. c and d f. a and d
3. You test another new unknown bacterial sample, and find the G+C content is identical to one of
the samples you have already identified, but the rRNA gene sequence contains one base that is
different. What can you conclude: C. a. the two samples are from unrelated species b. the two
samples are from closely related, but not identical, species c. the two samples are probably from the
same species d. there is not enough data to form a conclusion
5. According to your data, which two species that you identified diverged the longest time ago?
Staph Aureus and Strep mutans
6. Your lab partner hands you a slide with a new sample of a bacterium called Staphylococcus
mutans. What can you deduce about this bacterium? B a. it is closely related to streptococcus
mutans b. it is closely related to staphylococcus aureus c. it is closely related to both streptococcus
mutans and staphylococcus aureus d. it is closely related to either streptococcus mutan or
staphylococcus aureus

The Effect Of Second Layer Matrix On Target Spots...
The Influence of Second Layer Matrix on Target Spots Unclassified by MALDI–TOF
Although MALDI–TOF MS has been widely used in routine clinical microbiology laboratories, it is
generally acknowledged that the appropriate sample–matrix preparation, a homogenous deposition
on the target plate, is not very simple for successful MALDI–TOF measurement as well as microbial
identification. (1) MALDI–TOF MS manufacturers introduced manually direct smear preparation
protocols (2) in a convenient way for analysis of the large amounts microorganism colonies in
microbiology laboratories, but they are called "black art" because of the unpredictability to find the
dispersed "sweet–spots" due to the heterogeneous co–crystallization.(3) Regarding to those
unclassified "no peaks found" samples, further purity cultures have to be inoculated for the second
day remeasurement, which are costly in terms of labor, material and turnaround time. To date, many
preparation methods, such as dried–droplet, thin layered, etc., have been developed to overcome the
challenges.(4) However, all of them are "wet" preparation, in which sample solutions are used in
analysis and thus they are impractical in "real" clinical microbiology scenario where semi–solid
colonies are smeared on target directly. Based on an interesting MALDI–TOF phenomena, i.e., a
significant improved mass spectrum can be obtained when analytes are mixed with matrix in a
relative high mole ratio,(5) the influence of an second layer matrix

Antibiotic Resistance And Its Effects On Nonpathogenic...
Microbiology Research Paper: Antibiotic Resistance and its effects on nonpathogenic strains in the
microbiome
Lourdes Samantha Valencia
MW Microbiology 12
Matthew Schweitzer
Fall 2015 Antibiotic resistance had been a crisis in the United States for many years now.
According to the CDC, "up to 50% of the time, antibiotics are not optimally prescribed, often done
so when not needed, [or with] incorrect dosing or duration" (CDC). More and more bacteria are
becoming antibiotic resistant mostly due to incorrect amount and length of dosage, while
sometimes, even the actual antibiotic is incorrectly given to the patient. Because of this, many
strains of bacteria had become resistant to these antibiotics and thus, have infected more and more ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Determining pathogenic bacteria in a sample and its specific antibiotic treatment is an important step
in combating antibiotic resistance. For example if a broad spectrum antibiotic, like a tetracycline,
was given to treat a patient who wanted to treat salmonellosis, it will also target other gram–negative
and gram–positive bacterias. Patient zero, in this case, may have been taking a broad spectrum
antibiotic that may have targeted a vast amount of bacteria in their body, killing some of the
microorganisms in their microbiome. This loss of microorganisms gives way to opportunistic
microorganisms to attach itself to a surface where it can infect the host. Additionally, the use of a
broad spectrum antibiotic can cause the microorganisms not susceptible to it to become resistant.
These microorganisms then can become drug–resistant and opportunistic and can lead to a
secondary infection, like Clostridium difficile. As this particular study showed, multi–drug resistant
organism (MDRO)–associated bacteremia is a problem for patients receiving anti–cancer
chemotherapy (Moghnieh et al., 2015). Because of this, "the empiric use of broad–spectrum
antibiotics in febrile neutropenia is very critical" (Moghnieh et al., 2015). On the positive note, it
decreases the mortality in the fibril episode in people with fibril neutropenia, but it also a risk factor
for "emergence bacteremia with

Final Lab Report Examples
For the final lab activity, I randomly selected a test tube containing an unknown bacterial
microorganism #8 which was in liquid broth form. The purpose of this lab is to utilize an assortment
of lab techniques that we have learned throughout the semester and understand how the differences
in results could help us in the identification process of an unknown bacteria. The case study
corresponding with my unknown is an 86–year–old male nursing home patient who has been
suffering from fever, chills, and bladder pain, associated with use of a catheter. To achieve accurate
test results, proper techniques need to be done thoroughly and carefully. By forgetting to do
something as simple as flaming a loop or needle before and after each use may lead to false results
and conclusions. It is critical to perform other tests to confirm previous results even if all the steps
were performed correctly.
Once the unknown bacteria grew on nutrient agar, I observed convex, undulated, punctiform,
creamy, off–white colonies that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The flow chart in the lab manual helped tremendously in the identification process of my unknown
#8. I did have some trouble in the beginning trying to figure out the motility of the bacteria. Luckily,
I did not have to redo the test because I was able to do the SIM test to confirm my motility result.
Proteus vulgaris has a peritrichous flagella which makes it extremely motile. It is an opportunistic
pathogen in humans and resides in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. The reservoir is in
contaminated water, soil, and the colon. I was a bit skeptical in my results at first because I felt like
the process went a little too smoothly. I only had a few discrepancies by not being confident in my
results until further research. After further research, I was able to conclude that my unknown
bacteria are definitely Proteus

British Columbia's Publicly-Funded Immunization Programme
British Columbia's (BC) publicly–funded immunization programme is supported by an effective and
efficient evidence–based process for recommending new vaccines and for making adjustments to the
existing programme.
Background
Recent years have seen an increase in the number of new vaccines available on the Canadian
market, and increasing divergence in provincial and territorial immunization programmes as
jurisdictions must choose among available health interventions with limited funding, incomplete and
slow National recommendations and varying decision–making systems.
Current National Processes
In Canada, the Bureau of Biologics and Genetic Therapeutics Directorate (BGTD), a branch of
Health Canada's (HC) Federal Drug Administration, approve vaccine licensure. Health Canada
works to maximize the safety and effectiveness of vaccines available in the Canadian healthcare
system. Before a vaccine is considered for approval, sufficient scientific evidence must be collected
and demonstrated. If there is sufficient evidence to support safety, efficacy or quality claims, the
vaccine is licensed indicating that it is approved for sale in Canada.
Subsequent to licensure federally two committees examine the safety and efficacy data. These two
committees are the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) and the Canadian
Immunization Committee (CIC).
NACI is comprised of recognized experts in the fields of pediatrics, infectious diseases,
immunology, medical

Identify and Investigate an Unknown Microorganism
INTRODUCTION In the past, and even in modern times like today, it has been vital to distinguish
and determine the identities of microorganisms in the world. These identities are not only important
in knowing what agent causes various diseases and the treatment to be used, but also in
understanding how microbes can be beneficial and valuable to the human body and life as a whole.
With that being said, upon beginning this lab, the purpose of this study was to identity and
investigate an unknown microorganism by applying the methods that were previously learned and
practiced in the microbiology laboratory portion of class.
METHODS AND MATERIALS Upon beginning the unknown lab, I was given the opportunity to
choose an unknown broth tube. This tube contained our unknown microorganism and it was my job,
based upon the testing methods learned throughout the semester to distinguish which microbe I had
chosen. The goal at this point was to create a reserve plate and a working. This was completed by
inoculating one TSA plate thoroughly in order to secure a lot of the growth. This plate became my
reserve plate. The working plate was created by using the Streak Method that was introduced at the
beginning of the semester. With this method, I would soon be able to visualize and record my
microbial growth and colony characteristics. These plates were incubated for a week as that is the
time span between classes. When returning the class the following week, I obtained both my

Applying for a Master´s in Microbial Biotechnology Essay
Program: Master's in Microbial Biotechnology Statement of Purpose
Having pursued relevant projects, courses and considering my aptitude, I find myself interested in
life sciences and more specifically in Microbiology. I believe that pursuing Masters in Microbial
Biotechnology at North Carolina State University will help me to widen my knowledge, hone my
technical and managerial skills and provides me an opportunity to contribute to cutting edge
research in the field and contribute to its growth in Industry.
Consistently a top student in school, I developed an interest in science and technology, particularly
during the formative years of my schooling. Being among the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Our approach was mainly based upon the studies of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from a
jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Later, in the fall break, I got selected for the short term internship in
Globion India Pvt.Ltd–Hyderabad, India. I worked on 'Growth–curve studies of chick embryo–
propagated Infectious Bronchitis Virus' under the guidance of Dr. Sophia. The training was basically
aimed at learning laboratory techniques in microbiology and molecular biology. Working in a group
of highly motivated individuals was a gratifying scientific experience. The fact that I was able to
perform well in the projects and at the same time enjoy the work, motivated me to pursue my
research interests.
In the spring of my second year, along with few of my friends, I intended to work on a project to
present it in the International Bio–molecular design competition (BIOMOD) 2012 held at Wyss
Institute, Harvard University, USA. It eventually led to the formulation of my third year summer
Internship in the lab of Dr. Yamuna Krishnan at National Centre for Biological Sciences (ncbs),
India. We worked on a project 'chemically triggered release of molecular cargo encapsulated within
the DNA icosahedron'. The project aimed at controlled release of the encapsulated cargo in the DNA
icosahedron with spatial and temporal control aided by molecular cues i.e.

Essay On Microbiology
For this analysis assignment, I used the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) website to find
technical documents from the microbiology field. I chose two whitepapers written by the same
author but the papers themselves have vastly different purposes. The first white paper informs the
reader of multi–resistant strains and the need for new solutions to this problem. The second
document discuss a new approach to treating multidrug–resistant infections. This memo will explain
the purpose of each document by comparing the intended audience, genre, conventions and the
appeals used. AUDIENCEAs stated above, both documents discuss multidrug–resistant organisms.
Despite their similar topic, each has a different primary audience. The first ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The second document presents new and relevant findings. Their competitors will look at thus
documents to judge what products they should advertise and where they should be applying their
research. Lastly, both documents must pass the judge, ATCC. In order to be published on the
website, these documents had to be accurate, thorough and relevant. GENREThe documents I chose
were both white papers. A whitepaper purposes a solution or sells information of products as
solutions. Whitepapers typically contain background information, a solution, conclusion, works
cited, visuals and examples. The first document and the second document had each of these
qualities. Both documents had a header containing the title and the logo of the company. The first
document contained an image of Klebsiella pneumoniae and cultures. The second image contained a
single photo if one lone microorganism. Each document follow the conventions of a white paper.
Since the first document is slightly like an advertisement, their produce is mentioned towards the
end of the document as a way to keep the interests of readers. Neither paper violated the conventions
of a white paper document and as a result, both documents are easy to understand. They are also
very visually appealing and eye catching. These appealing documents are published online and are
easily accessed. Since, these documents are new they are still able

How Internalisation Of Subgingival Bacteria By Epithelial...
DENT262C Oral Microbiology
Does internalisation of subgingival bacteria by epithelial cells represent invasion by the bacteria or a
defensive strategy of the host?
I.D. 58962
Word Count:1828
Summary
Residence within host gingival epithelia cells provides bacteria with a nutrient–rich, generally
reducing environment that is partially protected from the host immune system. Accessing this secure
environment isvital in the early stages of sulcus colonization by periodontal bacteria, as low
numbers of bacteria are susceptible to clearance by immune mechanisms. While this does not
immediately contribute to disease, invasive bacteria use the intracellular location to safely persist
and replicate. The main bacteria focused in this essay isP. gingivalis. It is a gram–negative anaerobic
bacteria that is associated with more severe forms of the periodontal disease.P. gingivalisuses many
mechanisms for adhesion and internalisation into host cells such a frimbriae, gingipains, and
proteolytic enzymes. These and other processes cause induction of host's immune–inflammatory
activity, which affects the structures supporting the teeth. This may also lead to the destruction of the
surrounding bone and connective tissue, and ultimately tooth loss.
Adhesion
Initial interactions with epithelial cells require adhesion. The adhesion in the human oral cavity is
essential for the microbial survival, as microbes have to attach themselves to a host surface before
being able to

Microbial Regulation oin the Food Industry
Microbiology Topic Paper:
Microbial Regulation in the Food Industry
Microorganisms have been involved I the development of food items throughout history. Although
at first it may have not been intentional over time humans have study and experimented with
culturing microbes to prolong the shelf life of foods, inadvertently changing the taste and textures of
the food item as well. As safety concerns spread in the 1900s regulations were formed to ensure the
safety and well–being of humans. In the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Admiration is the
organization that determines the overall safeness of a food element.
When Microbes are used in food they tend to fall under two types of categories in the FDA
regulatory classifications. The first category would be the generally recognized as safe category or
GRAS published as a proposed rule in 1997. Microbes considered GRAS fall under multiple
definitions. If a microbe was utilized prior to 1958 as an additive with no apparent side effects and
proven to be safe over time, it will fall under GRAS via being grandfathered in. Another way in
which a microbe additive will be considered GRAS is through common knowledge. Common
knowledge is the assumed awareness that experts have in knowing that a microbe is naturally in the
development in the food process. For example if a microbe is naturally present in yogurt, such as S.
thermophiles, then supplementary amounts of the same microbes being added to the yogurt

We Are 99 % Microbe
Biol243: We are 99% microbe. Discuss
Intro:
Microbes are everywhere, in the environment, in the food we eat and the air we breathe, meaning
that they are also a huge part of the human body, and without them we would not survive. Despite
microbes only being 1% to 3% of human body mass, there are 100 million microbial cells
distributed throughout the human body, which is ten times more than human cells (society for
general microbiology, 2015), and includes 22 different phyla and 10,000 different species (Contie,
2009). The entire microbial population in a human body is referred to as the human microbiota
(Huttenhower, 2012). These microbes are acquired by an individual, not directly inherited, from the
very early days after birth (Mundasad, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Distribution:
Microbes are found on every surface in the human body including the skin, respiratory tract,
gastrointestinal (GI) tract and urogenital tract. The skin for example is a highly varied environment,
harbouring mainly gram positive bacteria, with some areas being dense in population and others
being very sparse, due to the different conditions on different parts of the skin. This selectivity is
shown in an experiment carried out by Elizabeth Costello and colleagues, in which it was found that
microbes transplanted from the tongue to the forearm grew as a new community but those
transplanted to the forehead grew as the community they had replaced (Barley, 2009), thus showing
that the conditions of the different types of skin – relatively oily forehead or dry forearm – present a
means of selectivity for the types of bacteria that will grow there. In the GI tract, numbers of human
flora increase further down the channel due to the varying environments. In the stomach, due to the
low pH, there are low populations of microbes, as not many would be able to attach to a surface and
survive in the acidic conditions. In the upper part of the GI

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