Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Reynaldo V. Ebora, Philippines
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Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Reynaldo V Ebora, Philippines - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
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Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Reynaldo V. Ebora, Philippines
- 1. Country Status Report: The Philippines Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific R.V. Ebora, J.E. Eusebio, L.D. Pelegrina, M.C. Alaban Department of Science and Technology Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research for Development Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok, Thailand
- 2. Introduction Fruits and Vegetables: • Key component of a healthy diet • Constitute the Filipino diet but inadequate • Per capita consumption per annum: - Fruits = 31kg - Vegetables = 22kg Situationer 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda • End hunger and malnutrition • Strategy: Promote increased dietary diversity
- 3. Introduction Philippines: • 300 fruit and nut species • 170 indigenous species-most are underutilized • Indigenous vegetables -component of traditional farming systems and home gardens -supplement food and nutritional need of the people but are underutilized
- 4. Indigenous Fruits Common Name Scientific Name Family Galo Anacolosa frutescens Olacaceae Kamansi Artocarpus camansi Moraceae Pili Canarium ovatum Burseraceae Kubili Cubilia cubili Sapindaceae Mabolo Diospyrus blancoi Ebenaceae Binukaw Garcinia binukaw Clusiaceae Alupag Litchi chinensis subsp. PhilippinensisSapindaceae Paho Mangifera altissima Anacardiaceae Dagwey Sauraria bontocensis Dilleniaceae Lipote Syzygium curanii Myrtaceae Alimani Vaccinium myrtoides Ericaceae Source: Coronel (2011) marketmanila.com www.filiknow.net https://makeeatsimple.files.w ordpress.comhttp://www.fruitipedia.com www.marketmanila.com Kubili Binukaw Lipote Mabolo Kamansi Galo Pili
- 5. Indigenous Vegetables Common Name Scientific Name Family Alugbati Basella alba Basellaceae Alukon/himbabao Broussonetia luzonica Moraceae Katuray Sesbania grandiflora Fabaceae Kulitis Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Kadyos Cajanus cajan Fabaceae Kalabasa Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae Labanos Raphanus sativus Cruciferae Labong Bambusa sp. Poaceae Malunggay Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Mustasa Brassica juncea Cruciferae Pako Athyrium esculentum Woodsiaceae Patola Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Pipino Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Saluyot Corchorus olitorious Malvaceae Sayote Sechium edule Cucurbitaceae Sigarilyas Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Fabaceae Sitaw Vigna unguiculata ssp. Sesquipedalis Fabaceae Talinum Talinum triangulare Portulacaceae Talong Solanum melongena Solanaceae Upo Lagenaria siceraria Cucurbitaceae Source: FNRI http://drfarrahcancercenter.com http://www.eattheweeds.com https://pics.davesgarden.com
- 6. Common Rootcrops http://3.bp.blogspot.com Major Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) Potato (Solanum tuberosum) http://www.southeastfarmpress.com Yam or Ubi (Dioscorea esculenta) http://1.bp.blogspot.com http://www.southeastfarmpress.com http://1.bp.blogspot.com Minor Taro or Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) http://justhungry.com
- 7. Underutilized Crops with Potential Fruits and nut Vegetables Duhat (Syzygium cumini) Bignay (Antidesma bunius) Pili (Canarium ovatum) Katuray (Sesbania grandiflora) Himbabao (Broussonetia luzonica) Pako (Athyrium esculentum) Rootcrop Taro/Gabi (Colocasia esculenta)
- 8. Area, Production and Productivity Pili • Area = 2,288ha (76% in Bicol Region) • Total no. of bearing trees = 164,901 • Volume of production = 7,362 mt Duhat, Bignay, Indigenous Vegetables • Statistics on the area and volume of production are not available Taro • Area = 15,345ha • Volume of production = 111,988 mt
- 9. Significant Works Germplasm • NPGRL Germplasm bank (fruits and vegetables) • BPI-LBNCRDPSC (IVs) • Restoring Crop Diversity at the National Germplasm Repository Program (Fruits and Vegetables) Variety Development • Pili – ‘Lanuza’ ‘Laysa’ ‘Magayon’ ‘Magnaye’ ‘Orolfo’’Katutubo’ ‘Mayon’ ‘Oas’ • Duhat – ‘Seedless’ ‘Giant’ • Taro – ‘Kalpao’ ‘Iniito’ ‘Dalwangan’ ‘Monoy’ ‘Binisaynon’ ‘Pinalawan’ Cultivation Practices • Trial propagation of himbabao using stem cuttings
- 10. Challenges Underutilized indigenous vegetables are not profitable to grow in commercial scale due to lack of: • available germplasm for widespread use • seeds and seed system • information on use and importance • information about their performance and input requirements • information of how they can fit into production systems Preferential emphasis on the production, marketing and consumption of high-value vegetables. Low regard of some consumers toward the consumption of indigenous vegetables.
- 11. Challenges Constraints on the Pili Industry: • limited supply of superior quality planting materials • limited institutional support on production development, • inadequate marketing systems • unavailability of cost saving postharvest and processing facilities • high cost of transportation • drastic fluctuation in prices • lack of appropriate credit support to farmer producers Duhat and bignay: • highly perishable
- 12. Opportunities Himbabao* Katuray* Kulitis Pako Bignay Duhat Pili Energy (kcal) 88.0 53.0 48.0 44.0 35.0 71.0 699.0 Protein (g) 5.6 1.6 3.4 3.8 0.7 0.8 14.2 Fat (g) 1.6 0.6 0.8 1.7 0.8 0.4 68.5 Carbohydrate (g) 12.9 10.2 6.8 3.3 6.3 16.0 6.4 Calcium (mg) 362.0 33.0 364.0 36.0 37.0 23.0 135.0 Phosphorus (g) 120.0 35.0 88.0 76.0 22.0 19.0 520.0 Iron (g) 8.4 1.2 11.1 3.0 0.7 0.4 2.6 B-carotene (µg) 645.0 90.0 4745.0 3100.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Total Vit A (µg) 108.0 15.0 791.0 517.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Thiamin (mg) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Riboflavin (mg) 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 Niacin (mg) 1.5 2.3 1.4 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 Ascorbic acid (mg) 41.0 32.0 84.0 10.0 7.0 18.0 29.0 *flower Composition per 100g edible portion Underutilized Crop Nutritional content of underutilized crops Export market – PH as the sole exporter of pili nut products
- 13. Marketing, Commercialization and Trade • Philippines – sole exporter of processed pili products in the foreign market • Pili – not underutilized in the Bicol Region ‘Flagship Commodity’ • Bicol Region – major producer of pili, 78% share on domestic production • Duhat – seasonal and sold in domestic markets • Himbabao, katuray, kulitis, and pako – usually found in few local markets
- 14. Strategies to Harness Potential R&D • In vivo Biochemical Activities of Microencapsulated Anthocyanin Extracts prepared with Duhat (Syzygium cumini) and Bignay (Antidesma bunius) • Documentation of Indigenous Vegetables in the Philippines • Philippine National Standard (PNS) for processed pili nut products • Promote utilization, processing and value adding for nutraceuticals
- 15. Future Thrusts • Pili is a priority commodity under the ISP and HNRDA for 2017-2022 Research priorities: 1. germplasm evaluation and conservation 2. utilization and management 3. varietal improvement and selection 4. production of good quality seeds and planting materials; cultural management practices 5. crop production systems research 6. postharvest, processing, and product development Technology transfer Socio-economics and policy research
- 16. Conclusion • Underutilized crops can contribute to the reduction of hunger and malnutrition in the country. • Importance of underutilized crops should be recognized and their utilization should be promoted. • R&D to explore the potential of these crops particularly on their use for food and nutraceuticals, should be undertaken. • Outputs from R&D efforts on underutilized crops can be key contributors to the attainment of food and nutritional security in the Philippines.
- 17. Thank you. Salamat po. Website: www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph Tel. Nos.: (+63 049) 536-2305; 536-2383; 536-7927; 536-6980; 536-1956; 536-5907 Fax Nos.: (+63 049) 536-0016 / 7922
Editor's Notes
- Fruits and vegetables are key component of a healthy diet. These also constitute the Filipino diet. However, an FNRI study in 2013 showed that vegetable consumption of Filipinos does not meet the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables per meal. Per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables in the Philippines is relatively low with only 31kg and 22kg, respectively (PSA, 2016). Worse, hunger and malnutrition continue to persist in the high poverty and low income population. The Philippines has adopted the global 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda which targets to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030 (Briones et al 2017). In particular, the Sustainable Development Goal No. 2 under the said agenda aims to end hunger by ensuring access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. One of the strategies to achieve this goal is to promote increased dietary diversity in communities under nutrition-sensitive production systems.
- Dietary diversity is where several underutilized crops can be utilized as available and accessible food sources. Among the underutilized crops in the Philippines are fruits, vegetables, and root crops. There are more than 300 edible fruit and nut species reported in the Philippines. Among the major fruits are banana (Musa sp.), pineapple (Ananas comosus), mango (Mangifera indica), and calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa). Fruit crops grown in the Philippines that have lesser economic importance than the major fruits are considered as minor fruits. The remaining fruit species which are neither major nor minor are considered as underutilized (Coronel, 2011). Indigenous vegetables (IVs) are also an important component of traditional farming systems and home gardens in the Philippines. Ivs are underutilized despite their recognized importance in supplementing food and nutritional need of the people.
- These are some of the indigenous fruit species in the Philippines which are underutilized. The uses of these fruits vary from being eaten raw, processed into products such as jams and wines, or cooked as vegetable. Further, many underutilized fruits have potential for commercial production because of the known products that can be derived from them. For instance, duhat or black plum (Syzygium cumini) and bignay (Antidesma bunius) are potential sources of anthocyanin extracts that has nutraceutical and antioxidant properties.
- The Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-FNRI) reported the following indigenous vegetables in the Philippines. Nine traditional/indigenous vegetables for health and wellness have also been identified by the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR), Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI), and the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). These include malunggay, alugbati, saluyot, talinum, ampalaya (Momordica charantia), labong, kulitis, paco, and himbabao. These plants have been reported to have phytochemicals which have antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering properties.
- Major rootcrops in the Philippines are sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), cassava (Manihot esculenta), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and yam or ubi (Dioscorea esculenta) which are usually utilized for food and/or feed. On the other hand, taro or gabi (Colocasia esculenta) is classified as a minor rootcrop but is now gaining popularity because of its essential nutrients and vitamins.
- With the different species of fruits, vegetables, and rootcrops presented above, this report will only focus on duhat and bignay which have potential in nutraceuticals, and pili as an important food source rich in vitamins and minerals. Taro or gabi and underutilized vegetables katuray, kulitis, and pako, will also be discussed as potential food sources to address nutritional gaps. One of the underutilized fruit is duhat. It is an invasive species and fast growing, preferring moist, riverine habitats, that is valued for its fruit, and as such has been widely introduced from its native South Asia. Another fruit species, bignay, is a small, smooth, dioecious tree 4 to 10 meters high. Pili is an indigenous tree fruit species in the Philippines. On the other hand, katuray is a small, erect, fast-growing tree, 5 to 12 meters high. Flowers are white to purple, 7 to 9 centimeters long. It usually grows tat low and medium altitudes from northern Luzon to Mindanao. Himbabao is a tree reaching a height of about 10 m and a diameter of 40 centimeters. It can be grown throughout the Philippines in thickets, secondary and lower edges of forests, at low or medium altitudes, sometimes up to 1,000 meters. Young leaves and flowers are used as vegetable food. Kulitis is possibly of Asian origin, but now it has become a cosmopolitan weed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Pako, naturalized paca, is an edible fern. This is commonly eaten from Southeast Asia and the Pacific and was probably introduced as a garden vegetable.
- Total area planted with pili in 2015 was 2,288 ha while total number of bearing trees was 164,901. The Bicol region, major producer of pili in the country, accounts for 76 percent of the total area planted to pili in the Philippines. Volume of production in the same year was 7,362 mt (PSA, 2017). For taro, area planted in the same year was 15,345 ha while volume of production was 7,362 mt. On the other hand, statistics on the area and volume of production of indigenous vegetables are not available. Further, while many researches on duhat have been conducted, data on area and production are limited.
- Different varieties and accessions of indigenous and introduced fruit and vegetable species including those species mentioned in this report are being maintained at the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory (NPGRL) located at the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños (IPB-UPLB). Further, a recently concluded program titled Restoring Crop Diversity at the National Germplasm Repository funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) focused on the collection, regeneration and conservation, characterization, evaluation, and assessment of diversity and sustainable utilization of fruit and vegetables genetic resources which also covered the focused underutilized crops in this report. The said program has six component projects wherein Projects 1 and 6 dealt with vegetable and fruit crops, respectively. Indigenous vegetables are also a priority of the Bureau of Plant Industry-Los Baños National Crop Research, Development and Production Support Center (BPI-LBNCRDPSC). Numerous species are currently conserved at their genebank located at Los Baños, Laguna. Varietal improvement has also been initiated with underutilized crops. For instance, the recommended varieties for pili are ‘Lanuza’, ‘Laysa’, ‘Magayon’, ‘Magnaye’, ‘Orolfo’. These varieties are high yielding, bears fruits all year round, produces large fruits (33.6g – 39.5g), and tolerant to pest and diseases. Other registered varieties are ‘Katutubo’, ‘Mayon’, and ‘Oas’. With duhat, the commonly grown varieties are ‘Seedless’ and ‘Giant’. For cultivation practices, Raymundo (2012) conducted trial propagation of himbabao using stem cuttings. While in processing, value addition and product development, pili and duhat have high potential in these areas. Processed pili pulp also yields edible oil used for cooking or as a substitute for cottonseed oil in the manufacture of soap and edible products.
- Indigenous vegetables are underutilized despite their recognized importance in supplementing food and nutritional need of the people. Possible major reason is that they are not profitable to grow due to the factors shown in this slide.
- While these are the constraints besetting the pili industry in the Philippines. The main problem with duhat is its high perishability.
- On the positive side, there are opportunities for the improvement of underutilized crops. Studies have been conducted to determine the nutritional content of himbabao, katuray, kulitis, pako, duhat, and pili. There is also a great opportunity for pili in the export market since only the Philippines produces and processes pili nuts commercially.
- The Philippines is the sole exporter of processed pili products in the foreign market. Duhat on the other hand is seasonal and sold in domestic markets. The same is true for himbabao, katuray, kulitis, and pako which are usually found in local markets.
- R&D on duhat and indigenous vegetables covering himbabao, katuray, kulitis, and pako are being undertaken at present. First is the DOST funded program titled Emerging Interdisciplinary Research (EIDR): In vitro Release Properties and In vivo Biochemical Activities of Microencapsulated Anthocyanin Extracts prepared with Duhat and Bignay being implemented by UPLB. The program aims to produce anthocyanin-containing microcapsules from duhat and bignay to bridge the gap between research on anthocyanins and desired food applications through in vitro and in vivo methods. This will also provide a platform in pursuing future human studies using microencapsulated anthocyanin extracts with nutraceutical properties. For pili, a Philippine National Standard (PNS) for processed pili nut products has been developed by the Bureau of Product Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI, 2010). For underutilized vegetables, the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PCAARRD) has recently approved the project Documentation of Indigenous Vegetables in the Philippines which will be implemented by UPLB. The project aims to assemble, document, and publish on-the-ground information and available printed and electronic resources on indigenous vegetables from all 81 provinces of the Philippines, as well as from national and regional agencies/institutions.
- DOST-PCAARRD recognizes pili as a regional priority crop and a program to address gaps in the pili industry is in the pipeline. The proposed program on pili covers production, product development and packaging, mechanization, marketing, and by-product utilization. Pili is also a priority commodity in the Harmonized National R&D agenda (HNRDA) for 2017-2022. Under this agenda, research priorities involve the following germplasm evaluation and conservation, utilization and management; varietal improvement and selection; production of good quality seeds and planting materials; cultural management practices; crop production systems research; postharvest, processing, and product development. Technology transfer and socio-economics and policy research are also priorities under the HNRDA. The abovementioned research priorities may also be applicable to underutilized crops to explore their potential as food and nutraceuticals.
- Duhat, bignay, pili, himbabao. katuray, kulitis, and pako are underutilized crops which are potential food sources to address nutritional gaps and eventually contribute to the reduction of hunger and malnutrition in the country. Further, duhat and bignay have been explored and found to have antioxidant and nutritional properties. Studies on these crops can have important applications in field of medicine. Therefore, the importance of some underutilized crops should be recognized and continuous R&D to explore the potential of these crops particularly on their use for nutraceuticals, should be undertaken. Outputs from R&D efforts on underutilized crops can be key contributors to the attainment of food and nutritional security in the Philippines.