Classical And Rap Music

Classical and Rap Music
Compare and Contrast Essay: Classical and Rap Music Kristin Conway COM/155 – UNIVERSITY
COMPOSITION AND COMMUNICATION I March 15, 2014 Instructor: Kathleen Case In
contrary to common thought, classical and rap music have as many similarities as they do
differences. The sound may be completely different, but there is a way to show emotion that will
affect the listeners. For example, they both have ways to bring emotion and feeling into both
performance and their audience's effectiveness. Classical has an effect on the listeners that makes
them cry, laugh and be happy. Rap music has an effect on a person that makes them get up and
dance to the beat of the song. Classical and rap music are different in many ways but are ... Show
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This technique was then common in Jamaican dub music and had spread to New York City via the
substantial Jamaican immigrant community. These DJ's developed "turntabling", such as scratching,
mixing, and beat juggling to go with these breaks that created a base to be rapped over. The first
recording of rap was The Sugar Hill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" in 1979. In the 80's, according to the
rapworld.com, 7" The lyrical content of hip hop evolved as well. The early styles presented in the
1970s soon were replaced with metaphorical lyrics over more complex, multi–layered
instrumentals." Rap music also spread its popularity into other countries in this decade as well. In
1986, the development of Gangsta rap, which is more violent, and became the most lucrative. In the
1990 decade, MC Hammer's album Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em became the first certified
diamond album for sales over ten million, according to 8rapworld.com. In the 90's also came the
development of East Coast and West Coast rap, which brought artists such as Wu Tang Clan, 2Pac,
and Notorious BIG. In the year 2000 came the artist Eminem and his album The Marshall Mathers
LP, which sold over ten million copies and became the fastest–selling album of all time. In the
2000's came Alternative Rap, a different style, which brought artists like The Roots and Gnarls
Barkley, which introduced us to performer Cee Lo Green. Classical music has been
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Martin Luther: Faith Comes By Hearing
Martin Luther strongly believed in the concept of "faith comes by hearing." Whether it s from
hearing the Word or from hearing the praises that are sung to Him in houses, churches, street
corners, wherever you heard the worshiping of God your faith can grow. He wanted to redefine
Christians and the way they think about hearing music of the church. Music was viewed as different
things in the beginning as a danger to your own righteousness, a tool of divine power or just as it is
seen as, music. Besides the different views of music for the beginning it was the same, in order to
listen to music you needed to either produce it yourself, by singing, playing or paying someone else.
Music was seen as a support to the individual's relationship with God not as a ... Show more content
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For example, the piece, "Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott," which means "a mighty fortress is our God"
and the choir sings the German and then the congregation while standing will join them once they
sing in English. Luther wanted to have the congregation be a larger part of worship and with that
mindset there was a piece composed for that purpose. The different types of arrangements were
interestingly familiar but different as well. The pieces we have listen definitely have things in
common for instance, there was an organum quadruplum in the beginning that caught my ear. The
pieces as they went on would differ every so often and were composed in a different year which
slightly shifted what you heard previous to a particular piece. There was always something that was
added or removed in order to add something to make it resonate with the composer's ear and the
developing of notation and counterpoint. I think the pieces performed started in the 15th and 16th
century with ancient notation in hymnals and then ended toward the 1600s with German hymnals
updated with modern

Guido Of Arezzo Music Theory
When did music begin? Music began 1,000 CE. Music just didn't always come as it is. There were
many music improvements by a man named Guido D'Arezzo. Also known as Guido of Arezzo. He
was born in 991 AD, in Arezzo Italy. He died in 1050, of Avellana, Italy. Guido of Arezzo ,ade a
huge part in the music theory. Guido was a medieval era. The things he developed and studied were
musical notation, hexachord, solmization, organum, and gamut. Guido made a huge part in the
music theory. He made the music notation. Musical notation was a visual record of an imaged or
heard musical set of some visual instructions or sound for a performance. This form will usually
take a printed or written form and is a very difficult process. In musical notation the main musical
sounds are the location of a musical sound on a scale and pitch. Than Guido of Arezzo made the
hexachord. Hexachord is important in music. The hexachord is a six–note pattern that is comparable
to the first six–notes of the major scale. Those notes are, C–D–E–F–G–A. The hexachord was
related in the Renaissance musical theory and in medieval. This strategy was greatly used in the
learning of singing. This form gave the person who was singing a good pitch. This helped with
melodies and the reading of music. The names of the notes on the hexachord are ut, re, mi, fa, sol,
and la. This is also known as solmization. Each of the hexachords will include only one semitone
between the sounds of mi and fa. A Semitone is

The Scientific Method Of Science Essay
The Scientific Method
Introduction
The Scientific Method is defined as "a method of procedure that has characterized natural science
since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the
formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses." The scientific method is used throughout the
world which makes it a uniform way to systematically conduct experiments. The guidelines in this
method are used so that anyone can repeat the experiment as accurate as possible every time the
experiment is done. All measurements in the scientific world are made in metric measurements so
there is a uniform system of measurement. The Scientific Method has steps that are taken to get
faster, more accurate results. The first step is to make observations over the subject you are testing.
This includes studying previous data over the topic under investigation, and making your own
observations. Step number two is to form a testable hypothesis. Also, by forming a hypothesis the
scientist can plan out how the experiment will be conducted. If the scientist has a well prepared
hypothesis they should be able to make a prediction of what the results of the experiment will be.
After the hypothesis has been formed it is time for the experiment. With the experiment the
hypothesis will be tested, data will be obtained, and the results will be concluded. The data will also
be used to reject, support, or to modify the hypothesis. Step number four is to analyze

Compare And Contrast Galileo And Paine
Language has been an important part of an individual's life in order to communicate and understand
one another. However, Bacon, Galileo and Paine believe that language beyond the means of
communication can hinder our own understanding as sometimes can be. Language has fooled the
human mind to understanding the world without the idea of reasoning and rational thinking. In
Bacon's Novum Organum, especially in the Idols of the Market, he talks about how language can
create confusion rather than understanding through the random use of words. Nothing only does
words create confusion but "lead mankind into vain and innumerable controversies and fallacies
(34)." Man is unable to form specific words because of the lack of attention to nature and the usage
of words that is difficult to define in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He points out in his Letter to Christina of Tuscany that words differ by the context of their meaning
especially in the written Scriptures in order to accommodate every population. He argues that words
do not mean what they are out to be and "which appear to differ from the absolute truth so far as the
bare meaning of the words is concerned (18)." Galileo argues that some of the biblical passages
should not be taken literally because some have different meaning beneath their words. Lastly, Paine
claims in his writing of The Age of Reason, God's message cannot be in language due to its
incapable of interpretation in different languages which prevent others to understand what the Bible
ought to say. This is all done by a revelation which presents a problem on what the word truly means
as "something communicated immediately from God to man (162)." This inhibits understanding
because not everything is given through first hand experience but rather hearsay from others.
Language rather than giving providing clear understanding, unfortunately brings confusion that
leads to fallacies and

How Did Polyphonic Music Develop During The Medieval Period?
The medieval period ,which included the social and religious developments, roughly spanned from
about 500–1450 A.D. Due to the domination of the Catholic Church during this era, it was a time of
heavy church influence and thus sacred music was the most prevalent .
Beginning with the one melody line Gregorian Chant, that is linked to the development of the
Christian liturgy, it is a pure and simple style of melody that lasted over 1,500 years because it
stroked a strong sensitive and spiritual chord with individuals. Christians preserved many of the
practices, traditions or worship by singing hymns and offering prayers by singing psalms from the
bible. Later sacred music slowly developed into a polyphonic music called Organum (one or more
voice parts), which was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, he was worried that while chanting hymns his affections were drawn more to the
"well–trained, melodious voices" than the meaning of music or worship itself. While he recognized
the value of music and that is to stir one's mind to greater religious passion and kindle a more
zealous flame of holiness, he also thought of it as a grievous sin when the music itself brought more
enjoyment than the words it conveyed. Nevertheless, Augustine recognized that King David was
ordained as a instrumentalist, and good quality music communicated religious truth, for "the rational
and well–ordered concord of diverse sounds in harmonious variety suggests the compact unity of the
well–ordered city." He believed that music could stir reverent feelings to great certainties,
remarkably when well–delivered. However, when musical gifts were stressed over the religious
intent, this grieved the Holy Spirit.
What is Augustine's 'music'? In attempting to answer this question, I shall examine Augustine's De
Musica and his Confessions and talk about how he thinks music should be and how music really
was during his

How Has Music Evolved During The Middle Ages
From the ninth century up to the end of the eighteenth century Western music has grown from
serious liturgy church music to a more enlightened and complex yet simple to the listener forms.
There are four periods of music during this span of time that will be discussed, the Middle Ages, the
Renaissance era, the Baroque era, and the Classical era that will describe how music has evolved
during these time periods. During the earlier Middle Ages (around the ninth century) music was
controlled by the Christian church. The music that the Catholic Church sponsored was the chanting
of words from sacred writings of the service that was being celebrated, this chant or plainchant was
commonly down as the Gregorian chant. The Gregorian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of figured bass (continuo) making the harmonies more clear. Bass instruments continuously
play short melodies and above it the harmony repeats with the same set of the bass. A good example
is "Dido and Aeneas" by Henry Purcell.
Concerto and Concerto Grosso was important to the orchestral genre. The concerto was were large
scale compositions and involves an orchestra and a soloist creating a natural contrast between the
two. Listening to Anonio Vivali's "Viloin Concerto in G, La Sravaganza, Op. 4,No 12" you will be
able to experience the contrast of orchestra verses solist. Another achievement from this period was
the fugue, a composition in polyphony or counterpoint for three or four instrumental lines set on a
single fugue subject (Theme) that is repeated in each instrumental

Osmotic Thirst And Dehydrates
Osmotic thirst, results from dehydration of cells. Osmoreceptors in the brain detects changes in
cellular hydration, and increase their firing when dehydration is sensed. Dehydration of cells means
high solute concentration outside cells, which causes loss of water from salt. Eating salty foods
triggers osmotic thirst; also certain neurons can detect their own loss of water and then trigger
osmotic thirst, which helps restore the normal state. Sodium ions spread throughout the blood and
extracellular fluid but do not cross the membranes into cells. Any deviation activated mechanisms
that restore the concentration of solutes to the set point (Kalat 305).
The brain detects osmotic thirst by receiving parts of the information from the receptors

How Did Church Music Develop
Between the ninth–century and the fifteenth–century, Church music significantly developed.
Presumably, during seven centuries, music had undergone several developments, not only in Church
music, but in secular music as well. However, many of these developments were adopted only to be
forgotten decades or a century or two later, which indicates that such developments were not too
significant to the overall development of music. Some developments, nevertheless, are significant
and have lived on to influence modern western music. Such developments are relevant to assessing
the growth of Church music in the Middle Ages. The primary developments are in the study of
harmony in conjunction with rhythm, notation, and the use of musical instruments. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Church music in the ninth–century, namely, the Gregorian Chant, was, as Matthews, Platt and Noble
note, monophonic7 and lacked instrumental accompaniment.8 Similarly, Greek music was
monophonic, even though the melody was ornamented by instruments.9 This, however, did not last
long in isolation during the ninth–century, since a basic form of polyphonic10 music developed.11
This polyphonic music that developed was called Organum in which a principal voice or main
melody is duplicated at a fifth or fourth below by a harmonic voice called the organal voice.12
Moreover, the rise of polyphony continued to develop in the twelfth–century and onward into more
complex forms, but retained the basic principal.13 Furthermore, developing in the thirteenth–
century as an addition to organum, polyphonic conductus was homo–rhythmic but contained up to
four voices with the tenor often being newly composed rather than adapted from a chant.14
Although these developments did not see influence from Greek music, they are, nevertheless, a
continuation on Greek forms of complex modal melodies that the Gregorian Chants had been
influenced by. Thus, polyphonic music was built on the Gregorian Chant, but made possible the
beginnings of harmonious music that, consequently, influenced all of Western

How Has Medieval Music Changed Over Time
Music has changed drastically over the years, effected by culture, religion and many other factors.
The Medieval era starts the general progression of music change that is generally recorded as
records predating the Medieval era are infrequent at best and mostly consist of knowledge of
instrument or psalms handed down through generations (such as with the Jewish religion). Thus the
Medieval period is were records of actual songs are found. Records from this era and beyond begin
to display the evolution of the art. The foundation of music development from 700–1450 CE starts
with the creation of the Gregorian chant in Europe in approximately 600 CE, credited to be created
by Pope Gregory the first of the roman catholic church. Monks would ... Show more content on
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It was around this time that the first large collection of such secular songs was written that are still
decipherable in any notation and where developed by French noblemen called troubadours and
trouveres, although they may have been active as early as the 12th century. A prominent example of
one such person is theologist Henri de Malines. The 12th and 13th centuries were a changing time
for the world. Knights where gaining fame as musical poets, and even women were acting as
troubadours. For the masses, traveling minstrels called jongleurs came into existence as early as the
12th century (being the lowest class with no civil rights and where the lowest social level).
However, in time with an absence of newspaper or other such media, they were a critical source of
news for the average person. Paris, France became the center of polyphonic music in the year 1150,
and Notre Dame became famous for its composers' rhythmic development such as the measured
rhythm. Finally, in the late 13th century, one of the earliest form of recorded music with instruments
called estampie in France. With the end of the 100 Years War in the 14th century, the idea of virtue
in music was gradually being replaced by sensuality. This lead to drastic changes in music in the
14th century creating an Ars Nova with new innovations such as Syncopation that would lead into
the Renaissance

Turning Points In Medieval Music
There are many categories of turning points we can discover and value, but looking at the intervalic
relationships in the harmony throughout these 1,650 years makes it much easier to determine the
definitive turning points. This advantage comes from the notion that harmony can be studied in a
very scientific manner. Composers undoubtedly use specific intervals for specific reasons in a period
of history, which provides clear evidence of actual changes in music. For example, the medieval
harmony from the middle ages contains mostly intervals of the perfect fifth, the perfect fourth,
octave, and unison (typically on the final note). At the time, these intervals dominated the harmonic
and melodic structures because of the musicians' natural ability ... Show more content on
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About a minute and a half into it, the harmony moves in full triads and thirds, particularly on the
words "virginem ornare." To achieve this, Dufay had a bass pedal tone with two voices on top in a
combination of fourths and thirds (and sixths) above the bass. In doing this, he gains control of the
direction of the harmony, simply because there are more options. Although the third was considered
dissonant in the middle ages, gradually over time the interval was accepted as consonant on a
cultural level. Eventually, composers began to realize that they could expand their creativity and
control exponentially with the implementation of the third. Just as the original superparticular ratios
in the medieval music opened the doors for thirds to be incorporated into the melodies and
harmonies, these harmonic practices could have theoretically lead to any other

The Modern World
Europe has federal, multi–regional and multinational identities. The transmission of the religious
ideologies of Europe has been essential to the development of the continent as both a practical and
an imagined idea. The formation of these characterizations is complex, but music is a practical way
to better understand the traditional, functional and socio–historical underpinnings that have formed
the tapestry of European identity. Gregorian chant is musically and culturally significant to the
evolution of historical Europe. It was widely considered to be a central component in worship
services and spiritual conversion, also employing the official language of the Holy Roman Empire,
Latin. Ubiquitous usage paved the way for standardized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since sacred music was the dominant musical genre of the era, Gregorian chants enjoyed massive
public appeal. Its popularity also allowed it to be used successfully by the church as a religious
conversion tool; furthermore, Gregorian chant was of particular importance in the transmission of
Christian doctrine, and the formation and eventual expansion of the Holy Roman Empire throughout
historical Europe.
The plainchants of the Middle Ages, the Gregorian chants, in particular, are the historical
progenitors of our westernized musical traditions: common language, form/notation, and cultural
transmission. Pepin the Short, and his son Charlemagne, understood that the proliferation of this
new musical cannon would be bolstered through the application of universal components such as
language. Originally, liturgies were spoken in regional dialects and languages, but in the late eighth
century, the first Carolingian monarch, Pepin the Short, had been credited by his son Charlemagne
for initiating the streamline of music's ecclesiastical language. According to music scholar, Kenneth
Levy, "the purpose was to have a single, nominally Roman, repertory sung throughout Europe"
("Carolingians" 7). The church soon appreciated the

How Did Catholic Church Sacred Music Influence Medieval...
Between the back drop of the end of the Roman Empire and of closing of the Dark Ages the Roman
Catholic Church had rose to pre–eminence to fill the governing roles in medieval society by direct
control or through influence. This influence had grown to dominate nearly every walk of life of the
time. With clergy the most literate people of the time the nobility had to depend on them as counsel.
During 450 –1450 AD basic traditions of western culture in both art and music had formed. Through
the guidance of the Church sacred music, Gregorian chant had become the most common in Europe.
A very important role of the church was as a patron of the arts. In music nearly all composers and
singers were priests within the churches and monasteries. Singing had become to play a very
important role within the Church. Inspired liturgical music was incorporated into the Mass as
Ordinary and Propers sung in Latin. Women of the time were not allowed to sing in public places
like a church unless they were members of a convent. However, a notable woman composer of
Gregorian chant was Hildegard von Bigen O.S.B. Having lived her life as a Benedictine nun she
was very talented in many disciplines including medicine. But her compositions such as Ordo
Virtutum (Play of the Virtues) are significant in the history of sacred music. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The form of music is named after Pope Gregory I who initiated the collecting and indexing chants
used by the Church around the sixth century. It is sung monophonic in Latin either syllabic/neumatic
or melismatic. Sacred music continued to be developed culminating the Organum (parallel,
syllabic/nematic & melismatic) and later polyphonic Ars Antiqua (Old Art) and later still Ars Nova
(New Art). During the reign of Charlemagne in the ninth century Gregorian chant was the unified
body of music in the

Dear White People Sparknotes
The Scientific Revolution made and advancement in what was called the empirical method. In the
Humanistic Tradition Gloria Fiero, the author states "This method of inquiry depends on direct
observation and scientific experimentation as the bases from which one arrives at general
conclusions"(Fiero pg.114) as she defines was the empirical method. Francis Bacon was an English
scientist and politician who advocated this method. Bacon was a believer in new ideas and he argued
against traditional and religious belief. Bacon published one of his work called Novum Organum
which according to Fiero it "impassioned plea for objectivity and clear thinking and the strongest
defense of the empirical method ever written"(Fiero pg.115). Bacon believed that the four "false
notions" prevented clear thinking. Dear White People directed by Justin Simien is a film that in
comparison to Bacon's Novum Organum tells a story about African American students attending a
college in which they deal with racial discrimination from a white college. In Bacon's Novum
Organum he defines the four "false notions" as idols of the Tribe, idols of the cave, idols if the
marketplace, and idols of the theatre. He first goes to define what he considers idols of the tribe to
be, in which he explains are the human mistakes one seems to make which are uncontrollable. He
addresses "For it is false assertion that the sense of man is the measure of things"(Fiero pg.115). It's
the idea that humans don't process

The Three Eras Of The Medieval, Renaissance And Baroque...
The three most well–known, and arguably most important, musical eras in western civilizations
would be the; medieval, Renaissance and Baroque time periods. With the basics of music with
Gregorian chant and organum from the medieval era to the newfound polyphony texture from the
Renaissance and the equal temperament and major–minor tonality of the baroque era; Each time
period brings a part of the foundation that most past, present, and future music is and will be based
on. While it may seem that these three eras or completely different, they do contain several
underlying similarities. Beginning at around 476 AD, the medieval era is mostly related to the
church as most music from this era is sacred. The style of this era, the Gregorian chant is
monophonic only comprising of the plainchant (or the single– line melodies of early church music)
in texture only comprising of the plainchant (or the single– line melodies of early church music). It
is not until the arrival of the French composers Léonin and Pèrotin in 1100 and 1200 respectively
that polyphony would be incorporated into musical worship with the "decoration" of Gregorian
chant with one or more simultaneous musical lines, thus transitioning from Gregorian chant to
Organum. During this era, most of the music and roles for musicians belonged to the church except
for the troubadours of southern France and the trouvères of northern France. The music was
responsorial between the mass and the father during church and was

Gregorian Chant
Many historical and cultural events occur during the Middle Ages, for example Sack of Rome by
Vandals in 455, Norman Conquest in 1066, and Magna Carta signed in 1215. Around 450 began
Europe Middle Ages. Even though the Middle Ages brought success in expanding their culture,
Romanesque churches and monasteries in 1000– 1150 and Gothic cathedrals in 1150– 14508,
Middle Ages brought the Hundred Years' War in 1337– 1453 and the black death around 1350 which
destroy to Europe.
2. Characteristics of Gregorian Chant
Gregorian Chant has been the official music for the Roman Catholic for over 1,000 years. Gregorian
Chant consists of characteristics of being calm and spiritual. Gregorian Chant melodies signify the
church services, setting a mood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hildegard of Bingen made a Gregorian chant called O successores. She was also known for her
work in poetry, music, science, and more. Hildegard of Bingen was the first women composer to
lead a large number of works that have survived.
9. Secular music in the Middle Ages
When he people in the Middle Ages wanted to enjoy music and dance outside of church they listen
to secular music. Theologian Henri de Malines introduced secular music in the thirteenth– century.
Secular music didn't associated religion.
10. Troubadours/Trouvères
Troubadours and Trouvères were introduced in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. After Henri de
Malines delivered secular music, French nobles composed a high amount of secular music called
troubadours and trouvères. A troubadours and Trouvères melody does not indicate a rhythm but does
have a beat.
11. Jongleurs/ Jugglers
Jongleurs/ Jugglers are entertainer that performs music and acrobatics in locations such as the
castles, taverns, and town squares. On the same level of the slaves and prostitutes jongleurs/ jugglers
were on the bottom of social level. However they were the source for information. Jongleurs/
jugglers normally played harps, fiddles, and lutes.
12.

How Did David Hume Contribute To The Enlightenment
The Age of Reason, or also known as the Age of Enlightenment, was a time period from the 1620's
to the 1780's that began in France that focused on scientific methods. It was called the Age of
Reason because most of the people had believed the world to be rational and in reason. There were
many books, essays, and inventions that had sparked during and because of this time period that
changed the world in a good way. Francis Hutcheson had written some significant works and is
understood to be one of the main founders of the Enlightenment. David Hume is also an important
person during this period because he inspired much of the Enlightenment by writing "History of
England". The French and American revolutions ideals mostly had come from this time period. The
Age of Reason had begun in the 19th century Romanticism because of Jean–Jacques Rousseau, who
wrote The Social Contract in 1762, by emphasizing on feelings instead of reason. Along with
Romanticism, there was also Skepticism which questioned whether we are able to see ... Show more
This Enlightenment era began with the publication of Francis Bacon's "Novum Organum" and
ending with Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason". After these had been published, it had
everyone question things like what the bible had said about the earth, for example, how the earth
was "the center of the universe".
Religion played a big part in this area because Christianity was affected by fighting with the attack
on Christians, the refusal of God, and denial of miracles. He was believed to be unknowable. This
had led to many different, new ideas. The new doubts had led on newer religion called Deism in
which people believed God was real and had created the universe but had made it function like a
"machine". Deism believers said that you should focus on your life now, instead of worrying about
an afterlife, even though they did believe there was

All Possible World Concert Report
On Tuesday, Feb 28, the NMSU The Statesmen, Women's Chorale, Chamber Choir, and University
Singers presented a show called The Best of All Possible World, conducted by Christa Fredrickson.
They performed various works: MADRIGALS, pieces from musicals, an ORGANUM piece,
arranged by Fredrickson herself, as well as sacred text compositions and folk songs. To begin the
concert, the NMSU Statesmen sang It's a Grand Night for Singing (from the musical "State Fair"),
followed by Come again, sweet love, Think on Me, and Bonse Aba (A traditional Zambian Song).
Bonse Aba had a percussion accompaniment by Joseph Baca, with several solos by Kenton Baker,
Paul Bernstein, Caleb Birkhauser, Maximilian Contreras, Elijah Estrada, Jesse Galinda, Spenderg
Gilbert, Jeremy Licano, David Poloney, and Myles Woods–Brown. ... Show more content on
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Next, they performed O virtus Sapientiae, which was a lovely NEUMATIC piece, with a solo by
Emma Rosenthal. The last song performed by the Women's Chorale was Five Hebrew Love Songs,
dedicated to the late pianist Shane Summers, was one of my favorite performances of the night. The
song was accompanied by Ray Arreola on the Viola and had a couple solos performed by Rosenthal.
This was, in my opinion, one of the best performances of the night, the HARMONY of the voices
and viola, and the alternating TEMPOS, creating deep emotion. After these performances it was
apparent that Ms. Rosenthal is extremely talented and a seasoned performer. Rosenthal executed her
solos with grace and

The Cardiovascular System: Angiotensin
Angiotensin II is an octapeptide which is associated with the cardiovascular system. It maintains
blood pressure by vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone secretion. Angiotensin II is
synthesized through the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) which is known to be involved in systemic
blood pressure control, including the regulation of cerebral blood flow (Mogi, Iwanami, & Horiuchi,
2012). Renin, a product of the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, is released into the circulation
where it cleaves the angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is cleaved by angiotensin–
converting enzyme (ACE) to form the angiotensin II. Apart from the production of angiotensin II in
plasma and peripheral organs such as kidney, adrenal gland, ... Show more content on
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Both receptors are differentiated by their selective affinity for different non–peptide ligand although
they have the similar binding for angiotensin II (De Gasparo, Catt, Inagami, Wright, & Unger,
2000). Both receptors belong to the seven–transmembrane domain, G–protein coupled receptor
family (Saavedra, 2005). However, AT2 receptor shares only 32–34% amino acid identity with the
AT1 receptor. AT1 receptor was found in the areas related to neuroendocrine control and autonomic
regulation of cardiovascular function and the limbic system (Tsutsumi & Saavedra, 1991). The
physiological actions of angiotensin II in the brain, such as regulation of blood pressure, fluid
balance, and hormone secretion, are mediated by the AT1 receptor. Additionally, systemic
angiotensin II affects the brain functions through AT1 receptors located in the circumventricular
organs which are devoid of BBB and derived angiotensin II may act at many sites in the central
nervous system located behind the BBB (Unger & Scholkens, 2004). On the other hand, AT2
receptor acts a role in brain organogenesis and in the function of sensory and motor systems
(Tsutsumi & Saavedra, 1991). However, the physiological functions of the AT2 receptor are still
uncertain (De Gasparo & Siragy, 1999; Saavedra, 2005). Thus, the role of brain angiotensin II
appears to be multiple and complex

Francis Bacon : Research Paper : By Max Bacon
Francis Bacon Rough Draft Research Paper: By: Max Clark Francis Bacon was an English
philosopher that was successful in many different ways during the renaissance period and influenced
the world of natural philosophy. During his 65–year life, he was a philosopher, statesman, scientists,
juror, orator, and even an author. Towards the end of his life, he developed a new scientific method
different from the works of Aristotle. This method showed a whole new perspective of philosophy.
Francis Bacon was born on the 22nd of January in 1561, in London, England. His father was the
well–known Nicolas Bacon, who was also Lord keeper to the seal. His mother was Anne Bacon, and
she was the daughter of Anthony Cooke, a well known knight and tutor ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He also went back to Gray's Inn to complete his law degree. In 1582, during his new parliament
career, he was promoted to the position of the Outer Barrister. Years later, in 1584, he wrote a letter
of advice to Queen Elizabeth. In the letter, he criticized the new tax levy that was put into place by
her. This was not a very smart move for Bacon to make, as the Queen took personal offense to his
letter. Bacon continued to rise through the political ranks over the years, resulting in a very long
term in parliament. In 1617, he was appointed Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal. With earning this
title, he matched his father's achievements. Just a year later, in 1618, he became Lord Chancellor. He
moved up in politics again in 1621, when he became Viscount St.Albans, a very high title. However,
the same year he was promoted to that title, he pleaded guilty after accusations of bribery came at
him. He would be fined 40,000 pounds for this and have a long sentence at the Tower of London.
His fine was later lowered and his prison sentence lasted only four days. Francis was now banned
from any political or parliament work for the rest of his life. Bacon's political career was squashed.
However, this might have been a good thing for him, because it gave him time to focus on one of his
other passions, natural philosophy and scientific method. His study and invention of a new scientific
method was the most important thing he did

The Enlightenment Era, And The Romantic Era
The styles we call High Renaissance, Baroque style, Scientific Reformation, The Enlightenment
Era, and The Romantic Era are all shaped by historical forces, the most significant being the
Protestant Reformation's successful challenge to the spiritual and political power of the Church.
Martin Luther, son of a rural coal miner had a mass impact in all these eras but Scientific
Reformation was more prominent than the rest. Luther was a German monk and Professor of
Theology at the University of Wittenberg. Luther's studies were put on hold by a political crisis in
Augustinians. He found himself agitated due to the corruption and lack of spirituality he saw in
Rome. He saw openly corrupt priests who would taunt the rituals of their faith. Luther sparked the
Reformation in 1517 by posting his "95 Theses" on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg,
Germany. The 95 theses were a list of statements which expressed Luther's concerns about many
Church practices. These 'Theses' traveled around Europe. He felt in a manner, that the church was
not always right. He did not believe that the Pope was spiritual heir to Saint peter. The Church
known now as the Roman Catholic Church was very powerful politically and spiritually in Western
Europe. I believed that Martin Luther Help spark the Scientific Era was due to the fact when he mad
the 95Theses people began to second guess themselves. People began to have changes in thought &
belief. I feel that many people gave up hope in the

Comparing Galileo And John Calvin's Institutes Of...
In the text of Galileo Galilei and Francis Bacon, it's plain to see that the main idea of the two pieces
would be the separation of faith and science. From reading John Calvin's "Institutes of Christian
Religion" there is a huge parallel of Calvin and both Bacon and Galileo's works. Calvin's
fundamental idea of scripture being authority and predestination, it ultimately leads him to two
points of government, being spiritual and the external world. Bacon and Galileo also both highlight
two points as well, significantly being two forms of knowledge, faith and science. I consider science
to be apart of the external world and I believe the two philosophers were able to strike the historical
path with this new perception on life right before the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This previous revolution caused much more controversy than desired, but to finally accept it, it
required a generous amount of open–mindedness. This liberality seems to be what Galileo is really
yearning to get out of his Western audience. Essentially, this infamous letter really kicked off the
start of the Scientific Revolution; Galileo proves this by being the first to acknowledge the idea of
questioning the reason of what is inside the bible, something Descartes more than likely looked at as
he was creating his own discourse approximately 20 years later. Although Galileo is still is a
Christian and believes the bible is indeed true, as Galileo reiterates "...the Holy Bible can never
speak untruth." (57), this query seemed to be one that would pop up sooner or later, it just happened
to be sooner. To be clear, this idea to separate faith and science is in fact based off of the foundation
of the bible, which Galileo claims as well in his letter. Galileo even promptly says, "nor is God any
less excellently revealed in Nature's actions that in the sacred statements of the Bible." (58) First of
all, these ideas and questions couldn't have been assumed at all without the Nature included in God's
Word Himself, and the realization to divide the two had to have derived from inquiries about
unknown logic within the pair. This separation isn't necessarily a bad thing, it's just unheard of
which would give it that negative

Describe The Relationship Between Clausula And The Early...
The most important feature of medieval music is that a lot of musical theories and techniques which
people use these days were settled in this period. Composers need a musical notation to express their
musical ideas as composers need language and letters to communicate with other people.
Body: (1300)
In the late thirteenth century, a genre 'Motet' became popular as organum and conductus were
gradually disappeared and 'fell out of fashion'. This genre is similar to the way that a textual trope
and sequence are originated from Gregorian Chants. The Motet was created on the basis of the
discant clausula. In Notre Dame School in twelfth and thirteenth centuries, because Leonin's
clausula was able to be substituted for Perotin's new clausula, the clausula began to be treated as an
independent composition in those days. Therefore, "the clausula began to take on a life of its own, a
life that was responsible for the creation of the motet." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is that the works as in clausula or motets with the same context can be written and
composed by musicians and performers might modify those compositions over time while they
sang. The second idea is that the musicians had added texts to melismetic music. It was a little
development that could identify what motet is. That is, composers could include more vocal parts
such as duplum and triplum. Motet is evolved from "a textual trope of a clausula to a newly
composed piece valued for its complex patterns and multiple layers of meaning." Philippe de Vitry
and Guillaume de Machaut in the following century were also the leading composers of medieval

Beautiful Music of the Middle Ages
Beautiful music is the art of the prophets that can calm the agitations of the soul, it is one of the
most magnificent and delightful presents God has given us –Martin Luther. Music was a part of life
then and it is a part of life today. Without music, life itself would be a mistake. Seeing the changes
over the years is a great way to follow the patterns and differences this way of communicating has
shown us. Some of the more popular music was the Gregorian Chant, Organum, Motet and
Madrigal.
In the early Middle Ages around 590 ACE the Gregorian Chant was popularized by Pope Gregory
the Fourth. The Gregorian Chant was a form of monophonic tune of the Roman Catholic Church
(Music Through the Ages). Monophonic is a musical style employing a single melodic line without
accompaniment. This style was oral by tradition and only served as a memory aid for a singer who
already knew the melody (http://en.wikipedia.org). Memorizing is a difficult task, it is even harder
to memorize music that was taught to them orally. Gregorian melodies are traditionally written using
neumes, an early form of musical notation (http://www.britannica.com). These neumes later formed
the modern four and five line staff development. Being a monophonic tune the Gregorian Chant was
losing interest and a new style was born.
In the Musica Enchiriadis "musical handbook", Organum consisted of two melodic lines moving
simultaneously note against note. Organum changed the way of music for the medieval people;

Plato, Sir Francis Bacon, and Albert Camus: What is...
Knowledge, that certain indescribable thing that everyone thinks they have a little bit of, is an
elusive concept that nearly every philosopher from ancient Greece to the modern day has given at
least a nod to. How, after all, can we know that we are right in something if we don't know what
knowing is? This question, and the sometimes futile attempt to answer it, is called epistemology.
More specifically, it is the study of how we know and what that knowledge actually is. Is knowledge
objective, subjective, something else, or even possible?
In ancient Greece, a group of men who came to be known as the Sophists sold their
"knowledge" without ever believing absolute knowledge was possible. According to them, the only
things that could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This knowledge and development of kings doesn't come easily in Plato's world. It is an ordeal, a
journey, and a painful path that one must undertake with various points of confusion and many
reasons to turn back instead of pushing ahead. That journey itself is, to me, what comes across as the
reality of the message behind "The Allegory" and possibly the reality of reality itself. The journey
begins the same for everyone; they live "in an underground den. . . and have their legs and necks
chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them" (Plato 1). Everything that I
experience comes to me only through the senses and my opinions of what those senses are. If I see
shadows I give them meaning and call that knowledge, if I hear sounds I give them authors and call
that knowledge, and if I speak with my neighbor and share our knowledge, we become wiser. This
form of life might not be perfect, but for many it's comfort, it's safe, and it's all they know. But what
if, Plato says, the prisoners are set free? Just like learning something new for the first time, the
prisoners would be troubled and pained as they stand and walk for, possibly, the first time ever
(Plato 2), but this is

Music During The Middle Ages
Music has a huge impact in modern day society. Different types of genre and sounds of music are
discovered every day. Music has become a basic part of everyday living. From Alternative to
Country from Pop to R&B, each type of music has its own unique sound. Every type of music
originated from the same place. The Middle Ages, Medieval Era, was the era where music started to
make an upcoming change in society. From secular to religious use, music altered mankind. Music
from the pass is the major key for current music and music in the future. People do not realize that
musical instruments had to start from some place. Over the years, the instruments have been
innovated to fit the specific genre's need. From the Lute to the Guitar from the Harpsichord ... Show
This included the Cittern, Lute, Psaltery, Mandore and Gittern. All of these instruments can be
related to the instruments today. The cittern and gittern sound the same, look the same but they are
slighlty differen.t the cittern has rounder body to create a broader sound. These too are similar to a
guitar. Excluding the pear shaped body the gittern and cittern have they both still have the same set
up as a guitar. Sound is produced from them by the action of plucking each string. The sound then
travels inside the sound hole bouncing all over the inside of the body creating the sound that most
people enjoy. This is the same thing with the lute, this instrument also has the same characteristics as
a guitar, minus the rounded back, the lute and guitar are practically twins. The Psaltery is similar to
a harp, it is also a string instrument that produces sound by the act of plucking. This instrument is to
be set down on a table and played standing up. Unlike the harp, the Psaltery is a horizontal
instrument, it can be played using a bow or just your

Perotin Is Hailed As A Kind Of Mozart Of His Time
Pérotin is hailed as a sort of Mozart of his time. He was a scholarly musician and musical innovator
. Pérotin is called by many different names: Perotinus – his Latin Name and Perotinus Magnus –
Pérotin the Great ; and even "optimus discantor", or great composer of discant. According to
Hussman, Pérotin was a court composer for Notre Dame, but his connection to Notre Dame is not
entirely confirmed. It is because of an account by the English traveler Anonymous IV and letters to a
Bishop that it is accepted that Pérotin was associated with Notre Dame. Whether he wrote
specifically for Notre Dame or not, Pérotin wrote magnificent music that has been preserved for
several centuries to this day .
The life of Pérotin is uncertain and full of speculation. Different scholars have very diverse ideas of
Pérotin's life. Tischler believed that Pérotin was born sometime between 1155 and 1160. He also
stated that he was a pupil of Leonin, the composer of the Magnus liber. Pérotin is believed to have to
have been a better organum composer the Leonin himself and even revised the Magnus liber at the
end of the 12th century between 1180 and 1190 . In revising the Magnus liber, Pérotin composed
and inserted his own clausula and puncta, such as Alleluya Nativitas into the Magnus liber. The
works of Pérotin are known to be beautiful and thoughtfully voiced with colorful textural
harmonies. Sometime after revising the Magnus liber, Pérotin began composing three–voice
organum. Later in his life,

What I Listen For The Music
Music, one element of life although altered, molded, and crafted has continued to strike the curiosity
in our imagination from century to century. Music is an experience for everyone from the most
musically devoted students and teachers to the concert audience and even the individuals simply
listening to the radio throughout their daily activities. Music is one aspect that appeals to the variety
of individuals in the world despite their differences in belief, personality and culture. Music is one
of the only elements of life that allows us as individuals to enjoy something cohesively. The
mystifying element that we call music almost seems impossible to define but Aaron Copland, one of
the many renowned composers and conductors of the 20th century, attempts to condense the idea of
how we as listeners analyze and evaluate music in his book, What to Listen for in Music. This book
written upon a, "compilation of lectures he had given at Manhattan's New School for Social
Research" defines the aspects of how we listen and evaluate music, what aspects of music we should
analyze, how both as a combination create the aesthetic of music we enjoy as listeners (Copland vii).
Copland's introduction within the book includes his classification of three different perspectives that
we as an audience tend to listen from, these classifications allow us to understand which perspective
suits all of us individually. The perspectives of this classification are listed as "sensuous",
"expressive",

Summary Of The Four Idols Of Bacon And Cultural...
Four Idols of Bacon and Cultural Misunderstanding
Introduction
In the Humanistic Tradition the author, Gloria Fiero introduces Francis Bacon as an English scientist
and politician. Bacon known as the leading advocate of the empirical method, is best known for his
work Novum Organum. Fiero looks at Bacon's work because of the importance of these four classes
of Idols. The four classes of idols in Bacon's method are Idols of the Tribe, Idols of the Cave, Idols
of the Marketplace, and Idols of the Theatre. Fiero states, "A prophet of the new learning, he sought
to eliminate errors in reasoning derived from blind adherence to traditional sources of authority and
religious beliefs" (The Humanistic Tradition page 115). In other words, Bacon creates a new method
that is based on science rather than religious beliefs. This is essential due to the fact that hypothesis
can be validated. In the film Dear White People written, directed, and co–produced by Justin Simien
discusses racial tension in prestigious and predominately white colleges, from a minority
perspective. Thus, correlates with the four Idols of Francis Bacon. A non–colored minority student
named Kurt, son of the school's president, Garmin Club House (the house he is affiliated with), and
with the assistance of a colored student conceptualized their annual party theme of interpretation of
black culture by painting their faces black. A minority student named Lionel, insulted by the theme,
confronts the party, provoked an

How Did Chinese Technology Change Over Europe
China enjoyed a number of technological advances over Europe in the period running up to the 15th
century, most significantly the development of gunpowder, compasses and printing. These
inventions revolutionised European technology facilitating exploration, conquest and literature.
Unlike in Europe, these inventions were not put to such use by the Chinese who held a fairly
isolationist view. Meaning that they did not involve themselves in trade to nearly the same degree as
many Europeans. In this essay I will be assessing China's technological lead over Europe before the
16th century and commenting on the extent to which they held this lead. I will then go on to
consider the main events, which took place in China, and particularly in Europe ... Show more
This can be contributed to the fact that China did not utilize their inventions to nearly the same
extent as Europe. Lynda Shaffer is to a broad extent in agreement with this as she argues that
'Needham's question can thus be understood to mean, Why didn't China use gunpowder to destroy
feudal walls? Why didn't China use the compass to cross the Pacific and discover America, or to
find an all–sea route to Western Europe?' (Lynda Shaffer, World History Bulletin, Fall/Winter
1986/87). This can broadly be explained by the fact that 'long historical unity of China, covering a
large land–mass, meant that it was mostly self–sufficient. China did not need the outside world,
which was inferior anyway'. (Roy Bailey, EC120, week 3). Moreover, 'China was never exposed to
the fiercely competitive states system of Europe' (Roy Bailey, EC120, week 3), which would have
demanded China to remove itself from an isolationist position in order for the country to survive. In
contrast to this, European countries took advantage of the newly discovered technologies. The use of
gunpowder in Europe made castles and other such structures associated with the medieval period
obsolete, as castles were no matches for something, which could destroy their walls. This helped to
free Europe from its feudal

Summary Of Novum Organum By Bacon
In Book I, sections xix–xxx of Novum Organum by Bacon, Bacon is talking about acquiring
knowledge. He starts by stating that there are two possible ways of acquiring knowledge. The first
way is by collecting information and data through the senses and from there jumping to conclusions.
The second way is by collecting information, but instead of jumping to conclusions one gradually
ascends to these conclusions. By this, he means that there must be time and thought put into it in
order to come to the conclusions. Bacon claims that the way that is used now is the first way,
however, the best way is the second (Bacon 42). Next, Bacon explains that people tend to acquire
knowledge using the first way because people are lazy. The second way requires work and labor and
people don't like work so they take the simplest route possible. Acquiring knowledge the second
way cause fatigue and people like to go through life in the simplest and easiest way so they use the
first way (Bacon 42).
When a patient man with a reflecting nature makes an attempt at the second way (understanding)
there is little effect. This is because understanding is unequal to the task of overcoming the obscurity
of things. In other words, understanding is not equivalent to comprehending the obscure or abnormal
qualities of nature (Bacon 42).
Both of the two ways begins with observation and collecting data. Likewise, both end with general
truths or self–evident truths about nature. However, just because they

Clausula In Nineteenth-Century France And Italy
Starting in the early 1200's, a clausula could be taken from its native location in a more vast
polyphonic piece and presented as an independent creation with the higher voice singing newly
affixed French or Latin words. A substitute clausula can be used for a church holiday like Easter or
Christmas.
Parallel Organum was an early kind of polyphony where an affixed voice proceeds in precise
parallel to a chant, usually a perfect fourth or fifth below it. A Florid Organum is when voices move
in a melismatic fashion; the chant is sustained in prolonged notes in the deeper voice(also known as
the tenor), while the higher voice sings embellished phrases of assorted lengths.
14th–century France was referred to as "Ars Nova" and 14–century Italy was referred to as
"Trecento." The Ars Nova was named for the Ars Nova Treatise, ascribed to Philippe de Vitry.
France and Italy both had significant breakthroughs with musical composition: France had the
Roman de Fauvel, a satirical poem that incorporated music and portrayed modern affairs. Italy had a
lavishly embellished compilation called the Squarcialupi Codex that consists of 354 songs for two or
three parts. In addition, Italy's polyphonic Ballata was a lyrical composition with an AbbaA
arrangement that is similar to a stanza in the French virelai. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The madrigal is typically for two comparably alike voices that sometimes imitate one another and
sing lengthy melismas on the final emphasized syllable of each stanza. The caccia is a canon that
generally includes a text about hunting. On the other hand, the earliest instances of isorhythm
originated from the motets in Roman de

Psalm 24 Analysis
Psalm 24 is performed by a tenor solo, SATB chorus, harp, organ, brass, and timpani. The
introduction of part A is equal to a keg of musical dynamite (made of the organ, timpani, and brass)
exploding while causing listeners to look for the appearance of French knights on horseback.
Pianissimo is thrown into the moat of silence by the thundering brass accompanied by rolling
timpani and bellowing organ. Following this fortissimo introduction, verse one consists of French
horns supporting the syllabic melody of the French tenors and basses with alternating fanfares. The
second verse has the same melody dependent on the vocal parts of the French. The brass regroup to
carry the melodic charge in a more pronounced dramatic fashion while accompanying ... Show more
The tenor solo is accompanied by the harp, organ, and French horns with mutes to continue the
solemn melody from verse four. For verse six the melody moves to a dreamlike texture with
organum performed by the French tenors and basses supported by the harp, organ, and French horns
equipped with mutes. The conductor apparently finds and lights a keg of musical dynamite enhanced
with the addition of the French sopranos and altos. The explosion results in a modified section A
with the French sopranos, altos, tenors, and basses leading the musical charge. Reflecting the text
describing strength, French tenors and basses, with timpani and brass accompaniment, dominate the
melody in verse eight. Verse nine features the full chorus singing a cappella for three phases while
the instruments prepare to perform in fortissimo. Following the a cappella the instruments enter with
the continuance of the modified melody of section A performed in fortissimo then crescendos above
fortissimo. Concluding the work, the instruments uniformly perform in accelerando crescendo till
reaching the final fortissimo chord in a manner similar to a knight having victory of

Analysis "the Four Idols"
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ANALYSIS "THE FOUR IDOLS"
Francis Bacon's in his essay named as "The Four Idols" is derived from the historical expression
Novum Organum (1620). In the essay, he attempts to investigate the perception of an individual of
reality based on their reasoning fallacies by extensive examples and thorough analysis. Francis
Bacon has been credited through creating the scientific techniques, illustrations of this are apparent
the presented literature. Bacon in his essay notes the four idols of cave, tribe, theater and
marketplace are accountable for hindering the understanding of individuals of the world that
surrounds them. The four idols are broken down to logical fallacies founded on: individual ... Show
Bacon (544) notes that for every person (notwithstanding the errors which are common to the
human nature) has a den or a cave of their own, which discolors and refracts the light of the nature.
Every person has their own preferences and tastes, and this can easily refract their facts perception.
Moreover, Bacon (549) writes "men usually become attached to specific speculations and particular
sciences. In his later years, Einstein worked is searching a correlation amid electromagnetism and
gravity whilst ignoring the quantum mechanics due to the verity that it was not fitting into his nature
perception. Presently, the theories of quantum mechanical theories are in essence unquestionable.
This Provides a very good illustration of viewing the globe how one would prefer it rather than how
it actually operates. The shortcomings of a person ought to be taken into consideration when
observing nature and society.
The Market place idol is illustrated as a logical hindrance that is based on language, especially word.
Bacon describes the hindrances (545) to be established through the association of men with one
another ad the unfit and ill words choice to a greater extent acts as an obstruction to understanding.
This clearly indicates that the general populace can be misleading easily through the simple word
choice that one uses in describing a specific topic. This is vital since as is seen the

How Did Isaac Newton Contribute To The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution can be seen as the most important phase of modern science. Many
scientists changed the world with these findings. During the Middle Ages, people did not really
focus on science. That all changed during the Renaissance. Scientist started to focus on using logic
and observation rather than faith, then the Scientific Revolution started! Isaac Newton, Francis
Bacon, and Nicolaus Copernicus were scientists during the Scientific Revolution, they did not only
change science but also helped with modern science.Scientists during the Scientific Revolution
changed the vision of how people look at the world, with many new advancements in science, and
careful observations.
Isaac Newton is probably one of the most important scientists during the Scientific Revolution, I
mean like, the man discovered gravity for gosh sakes. Newton was born on the 25th of December
1642 and died in the 20th of March 1726. During the time period that this man was alive, he made
many great advancements in science. One day Newton was thinking about the forces of nature,
suddenly he saw an apple fall from a tree, this action later helped make the discovery of ... Show
Francis Bacon was born on the 22nd of January 1561 and died April 9th, 1626.This scientist was a
practitioner of the Scientific method. His works often argued for the possibility of scientific
knowledge. Bacon thought that science could be achieved based on inductive reasoning and careful
observations to the events in nature. His findings were all recorded in the Novum Organum, his
book. He also wrote a treatise on medicine, this treatise was named History of Life and Death, this
was based on the natural and experimental observations of life. Francis Bacon was based more on
humans, than on the universe and its mysteries, but not Nicolaus Copernicus, he was totally into the
study of the

The History of Music
The History of Western Music
Music has been around since the dawn of time, ever since man first inhabited this planet we have
learned to communicate in ways other then conventional speaking. Different Cultures all have there
own specific way of communicating through music. Music is basically broken into two specific
groups Eastern Music and Western Music. Eastern music is mainly derived from the orient and
India. While, Western music first emerged from Europe. Western music has developed in many
ways since the middle ages through its form, sound, and message.
The Middle Ages
In 500 A.D., western civilization began to emerge from the period known as "The Dark Ages," a
time in which many invading forces ruled Europe and brought an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Harpsichord music achieved new heights, due to the intricate works of such as Domenico Scarlatti.
Dances became formalized into instrumental suites and were composed by many composers of the
era. Yet, vocal and choral music still reigned supreme during this age, and culminated in the operas
of German–born composer George Frideric Handel. Who according too Alfred Einstein in A Short
History of Music was the set up man for musical genius Ludwig Van Beethoven, " Handel 's
achievement is the preparation for what Beethoven afterwards did with the symphony; and it is on
this eminence that these two masters, so utterly unlike, meet conquerors."(69)
The Classical Period
From 1750 to 1820,musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque age
instead embraced a clean, and uncluttertered style they reminiscent of Classical Greece. The new
aristocracies were replacing monarchs and the church as patrons of music, and were demanding an
impersonal, but tuneful and elegant music. Dances such as the minuet and the gavotte were
fashioned in the forms of entertaining serenades and divertimenti.
At this time the Austrian capital of Vienna became the musical center of Europe, and works of the
period are often referred to as being in the Viennese style. Composers from all over Europe came to
train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and formalized the

Francis Bacon Research Paper
Many people have heard of the mathematicians Issac Newton, John Locke, or William Petty. All of
these mathematicians changed history with their groundbreaking ideas and methods. However, all of
these mathematicians were influenced by the mathematician, Francis Bacon. Bacon was influential
in many aspects during the English Renaissance. He was an author, philosopher, scientist,
mathematician, and served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Francis Bacon had
a successful life, not only in the progress he made in science and math, but also other achievements
he made. Francis Bacon was born in London, England on January 22, 1561. He was born into a high
class family with his father, Nicolas Bacon, being the Lord Keeper of the Seal. His mother, Anne
Bacon, was also the daughter of Edwards VI's tutor. At first Bacon was homeschooled where he was
taught the works of famous philosophers and scientists. Due to his family's wealth, at the age of
twelve, Bacon was able to attend Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1573. There, he met Queen
Elizabeth, who was astounded by his intelligence. Then, in 1576, Bacon attended law school at the
Honorable Society of Gray's Inn. From there, he studied at the English Embassy in Paris where he
learned valuable political advice. Bacon's goal was to become as well versed in politics as possible,
which brought him all over Europe. Eventually, Bacon was studying languages, civil law, and
statecraft while working for the English Ambassador.

The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution and the new learning occurred between 1550 and 1750 and was the age of
the discovery of science. The new learning (a composite of scientific method and rational inquiry),
was primarily interpreted by European scientists who brought about knowledge, understanding and
transformations in the forms of observations, experimentation, mathematical verification and
inventions. As with earlier scientists who based their truths and beliefs on religion, scientists during
this period based their new learning on knowledge with focuses on empiricism (sense–experience),
perceptions, observations and rationalizations for example. Philosopher and scientist Francis Bacon
advanced empiricism and published "Novum Organum" (which means ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Like Bacon, Locke expounded on empiricism (sense–experience) and theorized, as stated above that
"the human mind at birth is a tabula rasa ("blank state") (Fiero 119). In order to understand these
ideas, he wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding". He believed "that human beings are
born in total ignorance, and that even our theoretical ideas of identity, quantity, and substance are
derived from experience" (Cranston, 1957). He believed that in addition to normal ideas in our
mind, we have ideas when we feel, taste, smile, hear and see which are connected to sensation. He
observed two types of ideas, "those ideas which are simple, that the mind receives passively, and
which are perceived immediately through either external or internal senses (thought), and complex
ideas, which the mind produces by exercising its own powers" (Cranston, 1957). Examples of
simple ideas like are like whiteness or softness of an object while examples of complex ideas fall
within three classes: ideas of substance, ideas of mode and ideas of relationship. Locke confirmed
Bacon's writings that everything one knows begins from sensory experience. Locke believed that
human knowledge, if properly applied, would

Music from All over the World Presents a Range of Musical...
Music from all over the world presents a range of musical theories. Some of these are documented
in writing whilst others are transmitted orally. Discuss and give examples with reference to both
Western and non–Western music.
Music Theory can be understood as chiefly the study of the structure of music. With the idea of both
written and oral notation, it may be understood through recognized systems of indication, and used
as systems of memorizing and transmitting the theories themselves. Western music theory is
significant for its quantity and range whilst those of non–Western traditions are also notable in
possessing major works of theoretical oration and literature.
Melodies for texts of the liturgy of the early Western Church were ... Show more content on
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Another method that was used in enriching a melody was by doubling it through the use of parallel
consonant intervals. This practice was already employed in the ninth century treatises 'Musica
enchiriadis' and 'Scolica enchiriadis', and the term organum was adopted for several styles of
polyphony illustrating two or more voices singing different notes in pleasing combinations
according to the set system. The various styles of organum – such as parallel organum, mixed
parallel and oblique organum, and free organum – illustrated in 'Musica enchiriadis' were ways for
singers to embellish chant in performance based on given rules for developing added voices from
the chant. Guido of Arezzo described organum in his 'Micrologus', allowing a range of choices that
could result in a variety of organal voices merging oblique and parallel motion. In most cases, these
organal voices were composed orally, either improvised by a soloist or rehearsed beforehand.
Evidence for such oral composition can be seen in the 'Winchester Troper'; a manuscript of tropes
and other liturgical music from an English monastery in Winchester. It contains 174 organa where
only the organal voices are notated in neumes which do not indicate exact pitches but serve as a
reminder for a singer who already knows the music. This strongly suggests that the organal voices
were composed and transmitted orally and were written down as an aid to memory.
The earliest

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