Californi Drought In The Past Century

Californi Drought In The Past Century
Community leaders, California is experiencing the most severe drought in decades, perhaps the worst in the past century. Our current drought has led
to fierce wildfires, water shortages and restrictions, and potential loss in the agriculture business. While it has only been four years since the drought
began, we have already seen a substantial loss in the body of water California water reservoirs contain. And while hopes for strong precipitation are
high, the reality is that we are too deep in our drought to recover with a year or two of strong precipitation. The sad truth is that California uses a vast
amount of water each year, varying from public supply and industrial to thermoelectric generators and irrigation systems, all without replenishing
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China's Water Shortage
Many people know that water is essential for human–being and it is not only valuable for health and life, but water is also important for industry and
agriculture. Furthermore, use of water has a spiritual, cultural and recreational dimension. However, water resources are not infinite. Wide and
inefficient use of water resources can lead to irreversible consequences, such as water shortage. This essay will firstly discuss the problem of water
shortage on examples of developed and developing countries and include the diversification of the same issue in the different parts of the world. It
will also identify causes and effects of this environmental problem on society and other spheres of life. Moreover, in this essay I am going to propose...
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According to McHarg et al. eds. (2010), in the last three decades world governments used to shed the burden of capital investment, especially in sphere
of water, through privatization in order to achieve more efficiency of water supplies. This approach was developed deeply in European countries such
as England, which is already famous for it's the most highly regulated water companies. This method also enables the company to concentrate on the
service, management and funding of the service, whereas the local government provides water services in developing countries and cannot afford
investments in large hydraulic infrastructure. Those are the "Third World" countries and the most of them are Asian. However, I want to make a
significant accent on one of the industrious world's empires – China. According to history of China, water consumption, growing population and
demand for higher living standards were increasing steadily since the 1950s, when industrial development of the country started. In theory that could
lead to new economic era and growth of the country, but in practice that caused one of the most important environmental problems in China. First of all,
the pollution of water resources in this country goes deep into history in the 1970s. According to Wang (1989), the situation hasn't changed for the
better and the rate of pollution increased rapidly. Even nowadays the government of China cannot tackle

A Brief Note On California 's Water Crisis
The case study that I will be analyzing and responding to is a major environmental issue in many areas, especially with the state of California.
California's water crisis is a major issue that has brought the attention to many people to try to fix the problem. With the Central Valley being the
agricultural capital of the world, the current drought issue that we are facing is not only historic, but also very alarming for several reasons. With the
current record–breaking drought in California, there are three factors that are said to be the reasons for causing the drought, which includes rising
temperatures, shortage of water from the Colorado River, and depletion in groundwater (Macdonald, 2015). With rising temperatures over the years, the
environmental changes that occur with this are an increase in evaporation, which is taking water from reservoirs and other sources where irrigation is
coming from. With climate change with higher temperatures, this is taking away water that is needed to water the many crops that produce vegetation
that is distributed all across the United States. The threatening of water supplies, especially here in the state of California is an issue that is very much
real and is something that should not be ignored. The second concern that comes with the water crisis in California comes from the Colorado River
water shortage. With the Colorado River being the greatest source of water for all of Southern California, the source of water has declined

Paper On Flint Water Crisis
Jamari Steward–Crews
Professor Rescoe
English 150–039
2 December 2016
Flint Water Crisis Who knew that Flints water could be deadly? Everyone should be allowed to have the same clean water to bathe in, drink, cook
with, and to have fun in. Unfortunately, residents in Flint could not do this for quite some time. These residents were bathing and drinking from
this water before the founding of high lead levels in it. Not only was it because of the high lead levels, but the pipes were very old as well. Due to
actions made by the city council this caused a lot of problems for the residents in the city of Flint. This effected children, pregnant women, and the
elderly the most. Many lawsuits were filed against the city of Flint. It was so serious to the point that Governor Snyder had to declare a state of
emergency. This took place January 5th of 2016. High levels of lead in the water and old pipes lead to lawsuits, the sickness of Flint residents, and the
city of Flint not doing their job. Before the water crisis, Flint was receiving water from Detroit's water pipes which gave out very healthy water. Detroit
had enough water to share with other cities. Doing this was not free though and it was not very cheap. Flint had to pay Detroit in order to use the
water. After so long, Detroit's water system had begun to cost too much for Flint. Flint then switched to another water system. The Flint city council
voted to switch their supply of water from Detroit to the Karegnondi Water

Arizona 's Looming Water Crisis
Scott Fiester
DR. M.P.L. Whitaker
HWRS 203
22 OCT 2015
Arizona's Looming Water Crisis Arizonans see California's drought and water restrictions plastered all over the television and newspapers. Many
Arizonans remain concerned about the well–being of Californians, while some may mistakenly think that it is not Arizona's problem. I was one of
those people, and while investigated the idea, discover how Arizona is in a bad situation because of it. What I, along with others, did not understand is
the years of planning, legislation, and engineering that took place to get water to Arizona and the rest of the Southwest. The Southwest is an arid
environment that relies on one river, the Colorado River, to deliver water to seven different... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the CAP website, the CAP was developed when the seven states who rely on the Colorado River came together, and divided the
water availability amongst themselves. This is known more formally as the Colorado River Compact of 1922. After many years of legislation and
construction, the CAP started delivering water to Arizonans by 1993. The CAP brings water from Lake Havasu and goes through a series of
canals extending 313 miles long, and is responsible for bringing water to 80 percent of Arizona's population. However, because of prior
appropriation laws, the CAP does not guarantee that Arizona will receive its annual 2.8 million acre feet. Administrators at the CAP Strategic
Initiatives and Public Policy Office predict that the 2.8 million acre feet of water delivered to Arizona, will soon decline. The CAP issue brief states,
"...there is a significant probability of an official declaration of shortage in the Colorado River water supply starting as early as 2016 or shortly after"
(CAP, 2014). An official declaration of a shortage would be determined by the Secretary of the Interior, and the decision is based on the elevation of
the water in Lake Meade. The person in this position checks the status of the Colorado River annually. The Secretary of Interior can either call a

Causes Of The African Water Crisis
The average American uses about 176 gallons of water in one single day, while in Africa, 660 million people see just one sip as a luxury, states
Kristen Lewis in the article entitled "THIRST" for the 2016 Scholastic Scope. Without water, people cannot carry out daily activities and struggle to
survive. The water crisis in Africa is an expanding problem in our world that continues to affect millions of people each day; fortunately, this crisis
has caught the attention of The Water Project, a nonprofit organization in the United States that raises money to solve water crises around the
world. The Africa water crisis has come about due to several factors that create negative outcomes for the citizens of Africa, but The Water Project
is doing all they can to resolve these issues. There are a variety of causes held responsible for the water crisis in Africa. These causes have been
taken from African's control and desperately need to be solved. Climate change is one of the countless reasons that there is a high demand for water
in Africa. An article entitled "Africa's Water Crisis Deepens" written for the 2006 News Scientist, states that Drought, famine and spreading deserts
have plagued Africa for the past 30 years. With the expansion of desertification, the process in which land becomes increasingly dry with little to no
water resources, areas of land have dried out and are useless to humans due to the lack of rainfall on the African continent over the past several years.

The North China Plain ( Ncp )
22The North China Plain (NCP) is currently standing between the prosperous
23economic growth and the severe water crisis. Its important economic role in the nation
24can be easily seen through statistics: In 2013, its GDP amounted to 15 trillion Yuan (1
25Yuan п‚»пЂ пЂ 0.16 USD), about 26% of the whole nation. Its industrial value–added
26accounted for 42% of the region's GDP, reflecting its high level of industrialization
27(NBSC, 2014). However, its water resources condition is mismatched with the
28economic development. The region possesses less than 5% of the nation's water
29resources (NBSC, 2014). The average per capita water resource is 330 m3 (NBSC,
302014), less than 1/5 of the water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A series of measures
40have been implemented to rescue NCP from the water crisis. The South–to–North
41Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) is one of these measures. The basic conception of
42the project is to "borrow" some water from the Yangtze river to the water–scarce NCP. 43The first phase of the project has just been completed in the
end of 2014. The project
44is envisaged to alleviate the water pressure in NCP, provide water for the

45rehabilitation of the degraded ecosystems, and secure a balanced development for the
46whole nation (Liu and Zheng, 2002; Berkoff, 2003; Gu, et al., 2012).
47In contrast to the visible "real" water transfer, an invisible or "hidden" water
48movement also takes place between NCP and the rest of the country as well as the
49other countries. That is virtual water, the water used for the production of goods and
50services (Allan, 1993). The concept of virtual water provides an additional perspective
51to view the relationship between economic activities and use of natural resources. As
52one of the economic hubs in China, NCP is closely connected with other regions and
53countries through trade of goods and services. The virtual water embodied in these
54goods and services has posed significant impacts on the water resources of NCP.
55There have been many studies on issues relating to water transfer in China. In
56these studies, the "real water" and "virtual water" are

Flint Essay
Keeping a Mayor for the City of Flint The city of Flint, Michigan was incorporated in 1855 supporting the fur trading business along with a major
lumber era that started in the Saginaw Trail. The fur trading industry was operated by Jacob Smith, who in fact was a favored fur trader. The stability
of Flint would depend on the communities to foster new families to educate children while Furthermore, growing a supporting infrastructure that
would help the city grow in a safe economical manner while creating a new legacy for Flint. A booming town with rich culture was the first to
manufacture the Horseless Carriage According to Buick Factory History (2015), "The very first automobile built in Flint was built by Judge Charles H.
Wisner",... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The contribution would ploy cheerful creative competition with marksmanship line assembly production support; and furthermore, large scale
marketing with advertisements while supporting challenged core values, to a new set of standards. According to From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia (2017), "Flint became known for its high crime rates and has repeatedly been ranked among the most dangerous cities in the United
States", (para. 3). Flint City Crisis The city would become impaled only a few short years after Woodrow Wilson took office. He accepted an elected
position as mayor in 1991 until 2001 after recall supporters gained support; accusing him of corrupting the city finances of Flint. LaFaive (2002), "The
city is facing a $30–million deficit, high unemployment, and a crumbling infrastructure, and recall supporters blamed Stanley" (para. 1). Historically
drugs play a significant negative role in regards to vital health, personal safety, economic behavior, safe city sanctuaries; for educators, who would help
advance education to combat the criminal activities that would support higher standards for living against, capitalized drug lords misrepresenting the
city. While producing a sustainable government, in recognition of citizens that are willing to live in a law–abiding society. Switchboard Water Supplies
The backlash created a historical society that would soon change the lives of many Flint resident who would be sent into a tailspin, later victimized by a

Questions On Arizona State University
Making Arizona Whole Again, One Community at a Time. Submitted by, Ashley Brister November 23rd, 2014 Arizona State University Table of
Contents Introduction............................................................................................1
Purpose.......................................................................................................1 Rising Issues............................................................................................1
Illegal Immigration................................................................................1–2 Water Shortages.....................................................................................2–3
Education System...................................................................................3–4 Recommendations...................................................................................4
Illegal Immigration.................................................................................4–5 Water Shortages......................................................................................5–6
Education System....................................................................................6–7 Conclusion.............................................................................................7–8...
Upon research, the statistics below show the impact illegal border crossing has on Arizona. a)Over the past few years, many families have been faced
with unemployment, while struggling to find steady work. In 2011 8.7% of Arizonans were officially unemployed, but in the prior year, 9.3% of
illegal aliens made up the workforce. That's 262,587 Arizonans left without jobs and 278,460 illegal aliens with jobs. b)37% of Arizona's uninsured
population contained is illegal aliens, which was costing Arizona $320 million annually. c)New reports show that tens–of–thousand illegal children will
be attending public schools all over Arizona, funded by taxpayers. This will cost Arizona 1.3 billion per year, which weighs down Arizona's
already struggling education system. Water Shortage As rainfall levels continue to drop below normal for Arizona, the drought continues to raise
concerns. Although rainfall isn't necessarily a type of water source, most of the rain Phoenix gets comes from the Colorado River, which in turn
is also one of Arizona's main sources of water and used for Arizona's water reservoirs, Lake Mead and Lake Powell. Here are some concerning facts
listed below: a)Lake Mead currently has 45% of its capacity level filled, putting it at 1,085 feet above sea level. Lake Mead is already at the lowest
level since the 1930s and if the drought continues, it's expected to drop to 1,000 feet by 2020. Phoenix currently gets half its

Water Potential Essay
The western part of the country has exhibited the criteria that has warranted water relocation efforts. For a time, the water diversion efforts worked to
serve the communities around it appropriately. However, as the withdrawal of water has exceeded the supply and as climate change has contributed to
decreasing water supply, there are serious threats to the future of available water in the western United States. One proposed solution involves diverting
water from the Great Lakes in Michigan to the southwest. The location of the Great Lakes, positioned between the United States and Canada, leads to
international considerations and a controversial problems regarding international law. The lakes serve as a water source to both the Americans... Show
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Thus, there is a high demand for water. At present, Pennsylvania does not face the water shortages that warrant water relocation, however, if surface
and groundwater withdrawals increase it could push Pennsylvania closer to considering installing more hydrological alterations and exacerbate the
problems that currently face the nation as a whole.
There is a clear demand for water in locations that do not naturally have an adequate supply. Water diversion projects serve their purpose in providing
water for individual consumers as well as for irrigation and industry. However, as illustrated in this paper, there are severe consequences that arise when
disrupting the natural flow of water the ecosystem around it. To mitigate some of the consequences national geographic has suggested restricting the
construction of dams, providing incentives for farming business to reduce the use of pesticides, establishing protected wetlands areas, and regulating
water withdrawal for human use (Freshwater Threats, 2016). It is important that the solutions to reduce the negative effects of hydrological alterations
are aimed at various areas. Efforts should be aimed at reducing the demand for water by increasing efficiency in industry and irrigation as well as
increasing the efficiency of water delivery. Efforts should be aimed at the careful planning, engineering, and construction of the hydrological alterations
with special attention

California Water Crisis Essay
The drought in California isn't even close to seeing an end, in the article Solutions to California Water Crisis From Half a World Away by Stephen
Stock, Michael Bott, Jeremy Carroll and Felipe Escamilla, it reports that California needs to brace itself for multiple decades more of this monumental
drought and that it going to take trillions of gallons of water to catch up to the state current deficit. They summarized the severity of this drought by
saying that it could rain every day in San Francisco and Oakland California for the next decade and a half and the state still wouldn't have even made a
divot in the terms of catching up. When there's a shortage in the amount of water available, a state or country relies on the hidden water supplies
underground in aquifers and ground water which they then drill into to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And for the better part of the last decade the most of that water has been wasted, vanished, and overused. According to the article California's Drought
Is Part of a Much Bigger Water Crisis. Here's What You Need to Know by Amanda Zamora, Lauren Kircher and Abreham Lustgarten, Acrane laws
aren't telling framers to reduce or stop taking water from the rivers, instead there doing the complete opposite where there encouraging the farmers
to take more water then they require from not only the limited amount the Colorado has, but also from the other rivers in California as well. You
even have some "federal subsidies encourage farmers to plant some of the crops that use the most water." (Zamora, Kirchner and Lustgarten) Because
of all the overuse, misuse and wasted water the Colorado Rivers flow has decreased tremendously and that has directly impacted the critical low
amount of water that Lake Mead now holds. The amount of disregard the citizens and leading officials have towards this severe drought, is what is
going to make water the oil of the 21st

Literature Survey
Barlow, Maude February 25, 2008 *The* Global Water Crisis and the Coming Battle for the Right to Water Foreign Policy in Focus, www.fpif.org A
disturbing article by Maude Barlow, which pertains to the building tension between countries, regions, etc. in,regards to shared water sources. She
highlights the possibilities of issues arising from disagreements in the use and treatment of water sources. Amster, Randall March 10, 2009 Water,
Water Everywhere? Sustaining Scarce Resources in the Desert AlterNet This article is very disturbing, as it paints a grim picture of how the world
will look if we do not gain control of the water scarcity issue. It outlines the concept of organizations privatizing water sources, water wars... Show
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10 .Stanton, Tracy August 20, 2009 More Corporations Seek Solutions to Global Water Crisis The Katoomba Group's Ecosystem Marketplace This
article shows how companies are now looking at possible fiscal repercussions that the water crisis will have on them. Many are working on approaches
to minimize damage, both to their image and fiscally. As well as discusses organizations devoted to researching water resource management issues.
Sweeney, Gerry September 1, 2009 The Water Crisis Is Your Investment Minyanville This article outlines the idea that water or specifically potable or
clean water will be a major investment opportunity in the near future. It explains that numerous company's are trading now and that it will become
commonplace in the future. Whether this will have any affect at all on the water crisis is unknown, but it is definitely an interesting read... Lyon,
Alistair August 30, 2009 Water crisis threatens Yemen's swelling population Reuters, Green Business This article specifically covers the water shortage
issues affecting Yemen, both now and the possible future outcome. Some of the key points in this article involve the tense disputes erupting over a
scarce water supply as well as the imminent violence to come. It outlines the fast growing population along with other regional issues as being a major
cause in the water crisis. One item I found interesting was that it stated that "People don't believe the magnitude of

Environmental Racism
With the rapid development of the society, a large number of factories are built to meet the demand of the market. However, the problem of factory
emission and processing system has been perplexing the residents of Flint. Flint water crisis's crucial problem is based on environmental racism.
Meanwhile, Flint is in uneven development situation and need to rebuild the infrastructure system. Firstly, environmental racism is referring effect on
industrial pollution on lower income group and working community with color. Environmental racism brings social inequality to the minority people,
excludes them from the community and any exclusion is an act of racism (Pulido, 2010, p.538). Moreover, environmental racism can be most
detrimental to the specific group of people. The harmfulness of environmental racism exists in the relationship between community residents and
environment. In the case of water crisis in Flint, the serious situation is caused by industry pollution and government inaction. The emergency manager
aimed to save five million, changed the extracted water from Detroit system to Flint river (Ruth, 2017). Flint car brand general motor poured out the
industrial toxic rubbish into flint river. Furthermore, Flint river used half a century sematic system. It means the water sources from the Flint river is
not safe. Therefore, Government add the chlorine gas in Flint river to eliminate water bacteria. The new chemical byproduct THEM caused deadly
outbreak. The Flint government did not handle urban metabolism well. On the one hand, the vehicle company pour the rubbish to the river and damage
the natural environment. On the other hand, Lead poisoned water harm to people's health. Local residence drink poisoned water will feel bone pain,
muscle pain and fatigue. Moreover, children drink poisoned water will permanent damage intelligence and immune system (Ruth, 2017). Children
always get sick and cannot go to school normally. Since Local residence does not have clean water to drink, and severely affecting their normal life. On
the one hand, scale is the important tool to analyze the environmental racism. In 2000, Pulido demonstrates that Environmental racism should concern
the various scale in "the

Water Shortage in California is Ruining the Farmers Essay
Water is a precious resource. It is the lifeblood of every living thing on Earth. California is in the midst of a water crisis. Combined with a three (plus)
year drought and many people moving into the state there is not enough water to support the crops the farmers need to grow. There is also a tiny little
fish that is causing a mess in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. The Delta water pumps were turned off to prevent the extinction of the tiny little
fish. Some farmers have to let their fields sit idle for the fall and spring planting season. This is causing a lot of problems in California. The pumps
need to be turned back on. The needs of the people should come before that of a fish.
California is an ever–growing state, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta supplies almost two–thirds of the state with water. Many plants and animals live in the Delta. One of them is a tiny
three–inch fish called the Delta smelt. It is due to the endangerment of this fish that the pumps that supply many of the farmlands in the state with
water to grow crops were shut off. The fish were getting caught in the pumps. This caused the environmentalists to file a suit to get the pumps shut
off. When the suit was won it was hard blow to the farmers. Having to worry about getting enough rain every year is enough of a burden to them.
Now the water they need to grow crops was shut off for a fish. Humanity is more important than a tiny fish.
Due to the shut off many farmers did not get the rationing of water they need to plant, so many fields will sit idle this fall and spring. California
produces 53% of the nation's fruits and vegetables. California is also the leading food producer to the world. Some people do not even know California
is facing a water crisis, and more of them did not know California is the Nation's food producer. In a recent survey 76% knew of the water crisis;
however, only 56% of them knew that California is the leading food producer. With many of the state's fields sitting idle this fall and spring it is going
to cause the produce prices to increase. It also causes the loss of thousands of jobs. An outraged woman spoke out about the

Colorado River Basin Essay
The Colorado River Basin starts in the Rocky Mountains and cuts through 1500 miles of canyon lands and deserts of seven US states and two
Mexican states to supply a collection of dams and reservoirs with water to help irrigate cropland, support 40 million people, and provide hydroelectric
power for the inland western United States [1,2]. From early settlement, rights over the river have been debated and reassigned to different states in the
upper and lower basin; however, all the distribution patterns lead to excessive consumption of the resource. In 1922, the seven US states signed into the
Colorado River Compact, which outlined the policy for the distribution rights to the water [3], however, this compact was written during an
exceptionally... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously mentioned, the Colorado River compact was written and signed during abnormally wet climate cycles [4]. When the climate cycled back
into the more traditional drier climate during the mid–twentieth century, the river no longer made it to the Gulf of California. While this was not an
immediate concern as water levels remained well above the critical elevation, recent global warming trends have played a major role in the decline
water supply in the Colorado River Basin. Over the past 15 years, the Colorado River Basin has experienced declining annual precipitation rates and
higher temperatures throughout the year, which has cascade into higher evaporative loads from the soil and reservoirs, longer growing seasons that
require more water, earlier melting times, all of which have reduced runoff and water supply [10]. In addition to the environmental factors, the differing
conservation policies, water costs, and infrastructure planning across the basin state has contributed to water consumption that is above the basin's
renewable supply [14]. States like Nevada enforce strict that limit residents use via strict conservation policies, while states like California and
Colorado use their senior water rights to maximum legal consumption and are planning to construct larger dams to

Water Crisis in Pakistan
WATER CRISIS IN PAKISTAN
GENERAL
1. Pakistan has been blessed with abandoned water resources, with water flowing down from Himalayas and Karakorum, the world's largest glaciers,
a unique bounty of nature. As a result of this natural resource today we have the world's largest irrigation system that irrigates over 16 million hectors
of land, out of 34 million hectors of cultivable land available.
2.Basically there are two major sources of water i.e surface and ground water. In surface water we have Indus Basin (it include Indus plains , Kabul ,
Astor , Jehlum , Chenab and Sutlej), Kharan Desert (it include Pishin lora , Baddo Rakshan Mashkhel ) and Makran coastal basin (it include Malir ,
Hub , Porali , Kud , Hingol , Dasht ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
d.Industries related to the main crops like rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane will also suffer in case of water shortage.
e.The distribution of water is controlled by IRSA (Indus River System Authority) between the provinces. The shortage of water will cause disputes
between the provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity.
ANALYSIS Pakistan is one of the poor countries of the world with a high rate of increase in the population. On the other hand the growth rate is
decreasing due to water shortages. We will need to bring under our use additional lands for cultivation. Pakistan has already slided from water happy
country to a water scarce country. This is going to be a cause of social and political riots, which are not at all good for the security of the country. So
for overcoming the water crises following steps are recommended
RECOMMENDATIONS
The water strategy must be based upon two essential elements covering
Water development
Water management
The water development strategy is largely based upon the construction of new storage reservoirs where as the water management strategy will help in
reducing the present losses. In this regard we should start the construction of the following dams immediately:–
a.Chasha dam
b.Kalabagh dam
c.Thal reservoir
d.Raised Mangla dam

e.Mirani dam
f.Gomalzam dam In the water management we must chalk out a strategy, in this way we can save

The Indirect Water Crisis In Flint, Michigan
Flint, Michigan
By Manu Ravela and Amrutha Venkat Imagine that you just ran 5 laps around the track, you're so tired that you absolutely need a tall, cold glass of
water. When you go to fill up the glass, you find the water to be a disgusting color of yellow, and contaminated with excessive amounts of lead, with
other harmful toxins. Your first thought would probably be,ВЁWhat? What's happening! This isn't possible!ВЁ WRONG! This is 100% reality, and it
happened in the small town of Flint, Michigan. All the residents who lived in Flint, Michigan were involved with the terrible water crisis because they
drank the contaminated water. The reason this crisis arose was because the Flint Government wanted to save money by switching from the Detroit ...
It shouldn't be limited to people, just because your government decides to switch your drinking water source. After you run a couple laps around
the track, or after you finish a tiring soccer game, you should be open to having a cold, clean glass of water. Not led infested, unappetizing, yellow
looking water. The idea that children are suffering makes us sick to to our stomachs. No one deserves to live in conditions where quality water is
not available at all times. One thing we can do to make sure horrible things like this don't happen, is to not pollute. One way we can do this is by
keeping my environment around me clean, clean up after myself, and to never pollute or litter. Not only will we volunteer, but we will inform lots
of other people, so they can help, and create a greater impact. We must not think only about ourselves. It should not be a water wheel, or a trash
picking object to clean after ourselves. We people these days do whatever we want, whenever we want, expecting other people to look after us. But
now, things need to change, we promise to be part of the solution and not the

Flint Water Crisis
No Water for Flint In 2014, Flint, Michigan chose to switch their water supply from Lake Huron to the Flint River. During this change, the city did not
add any products to the water to stop it from getting polluted. Because there were no products added to the water, the water became extremely
contaminated. There was literally no water in Flint that was in drinking condition. Towards the end of the Fall of 2015, Flint's water crisis went global.
After Flint's water crisis became worldwide, there were many donations coming from various people all around the world. Celebrities and actors
/actresses were even donating thousands of bottles of water. Rapper Meek Mill donated 50,000 bottles of water to Flint, Michigan in January of 2016.
Following that, a radio station called Z107.9 donated 10,000 pallets of water. It didn't stop there. President Obama made sure that the Administration
provided $80 million to help support Flint also.
When the contamination in Flint's water system was noticed, it was because of the "smell, taste, and color." (The Humanist 23) The water pipes were
deteriorating because of the polluted water, which was causing lead to flow into the water. People immediately started complaining to their city's
mayor about the changes in the water. Soon after that, scientists from Virginia Tech discovered it was severe lead in the water. Lead poison is known
to destroy or affect almost every organ or system in someone's body. (The Humanist 23)
After they discovered

Argumentative Essay : Drinking Water Shortage
Matthew D.Nicholas
Professor Kimberly Sullivan
English 101
20 August 2014
Argumentative Water Essay
There is a water crisis which faces many parts of the world and it is a threat to survival of human beings since humans are primarily dependent on
water. Shortage in drinking water is beginning to show its effects in first world countries, but is a current major problem facing lesser developed
countries which have not taken drastic steps to harvest water and purify it to make it safe for human consumption. In developed countries the
population growth has strained available water resources and stretched the ability of governments and private firms to provide safe drinking water to the
vast majority of the population. Seventy one percent of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many populations, the majority being in Africa, face many water–borne diseases mainly due to pollution of water resources. The option then becomes
to either drink polluted water or not have anything at all. Continual Human development such as population growth and industrial growth have further
drained water resources, causing a shortage of drinking water. As a result, there are many conflicts over ownership of water resources and these lead
to injuries or fatalities.(2) As mentioned before, this shows why it is so important to find a solution to the issue of water shortage.
In the United States, the available water resources is also under assault. Half of water collected and stored by existing infrastructure is usually used
in the production of electricity. This forces the population to use and divide what little there is left. This has always been a "good enough" approach
until now, when water prices and population is on the rise.(3) There are already calls for charging water resources in order to increase efficiency of
use.(3) Water protection is already being carried out and has been for years, but there is stillwater pollution occurring within the United States. After
the Civil war, America strived to provide its population with clean water

How The West Overcounts Its Water Supplies
Abraham Lustgarten has written a very informative article that is published by Pro Publica and titled "How the West Overcounts Its Water Supplies."
In great detail, he analyzes the drought situation in Arizona and California to draw attention the underlying cause: the miscounting of available water.
There is miscounting because officials are refusing to legally accept that the major water resource of the West–the Colorado River–is interconnected
with underground water resources. All in all, Lustgarten writes a convincing article that effectively addresses the need for officials to recognize the
interconnection of ground and surface water so that water shortage in the West can be better managed; he does this through his ability to gain the...
Matuska who is directly involved with the water accounting as a source. Another person he mentions is John Bredehoeft, a leading hydrologist and
former director of federal governments Water Program, who clearly states the importance of accurate water counting. All these individuals help a
reader to trust the information that the author gives. Looking further into the author's use of appeals, Lustgarten also uses Pathos (emotional appeal)
and Logos (rationality), which help prove his point. Lustgarten ends the article on a very skeptical note and an unpromising remark on the future,
which makes the reader feel the urge to take action upon the issue. He says, "Until state officials do [realize the interconnection of ground and surface
water legally], it seems unlikely that there will be any real solution to managing the Southwest's strained water resources for the future." Along with
Pathos, Logos is also very well used. There are a lot of direct quotes from well–informed experts that bluntly support his stance. These informed
opinions from experts, help the reader rationalize how valid Lustgarten's points are. Also adding to Logos is his overuse of multiple facts to prove a
single point. Further appealing to the audience's rationality, he explains why officials aren't putting in the change to help solve the water accounting
issue. He then very logically proves where the fault in the official's mindset is. He states that officials don't want to inflict change because

How Has Globalization Impacted Water Scarcity?
Understanding Globalization (GSSC 1083)
Research Paper
How has globalization impacted water scarcity?
Name: Yash Patel
Professor's name: Jamie Zarowitz
Date: 8th November
Can you imagine living in a world where the most abundant and needed resource water was not available to you. This is the reality many people
around the world are facing right now. Globalization has had far–reaching effects on our lifestyle. "It has led to faster access to technology, improved
communication and innovation. Apart from playing an important role in bringing people of different cultures together, it has ushered a new era in the
economic prosperity and has opened up vast channels of development. However, globalization has also created some ... Show more content on
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These include methods to map the water footprint of company's operations and supply chains over different regions of the world.
Water is essential not only for our daily household uses such as drinking, cooking, and washing, but also for a range of economic and ecological
purposes such as food production, manufacturing, tourism, and the preservation of water–related ecosystems and biodiversity. However, a menacing
vision of a "global water crisis," in addition to the global crisis of climate change, has been stirred up by the media over recent years, and is
particularly relevant for current or looming water shortages in some regions of the world, while some even see the danger of a real global water
related crisis through extensive droughts or the spreading of waterborne diseases.
Water quality concerns can emerge from extractive industries as well as from different manufacturing and agricultural production processes. For
example, various pollutants created as byproducts in the production of plastics, synthetics, pesticides, detergents, pulp and paper, and other materials
can pose a water–quality and conceivably a human health hazard if not managed properly. Globalization trends have affected the water sector, most
prominently by opening it up to significant competition and external influences. Water privatization activity has increased since 1997 and it
predominately began in

The Controversy Of Water Conservation
Every time I want to use the bathroom, I turn the shower on. I kinda feel bad but I am paying for the water so it is ok. I was astounded to hear my
friend speaking these words. I was in disbelief of her attitude towards the use of water. Even though her statement was true–the water bill was in fact
covered by her tuition– her reasoning and possible excuse of the unnecessary use of the shower was worryingly mistaken. Granted, this statement came
from a first–semester college freshman that experienced many changes after starting college. Her actions could be justified by some with the argument
that she acted that way in search of some privacy. Nevertheless, that, and other forms of wasting water by college students, cannot be justified once the
implications to our environment are considered. Because we, as college students, are not aware of the heightened importance of water conservation,
we are wasting this resource, potentially threatening our futures. "Here goes another repetitive essay about water conservation," you might be
thinking, and I don't blame you. There are a lot of essays and organizations that repeatedly send messages about the importance of using our water
thoughtfully before it runs out. This same message has been repeated for decades, and yet, water has continued to flow freely from faucets and
showers. Even though water has not run out yet, these authors and groups are not doomsday fanatics that predict the end of the world. They have a
very valid reason

Water Scarcity in History
Natural ecosystems require water for the survival of the plants and animals that live within them. These ecosystems help to regulate water quality and
quantity of water. Wetlands hold water in periods of high rainfall, slowly releasing it during dryer periods, and purify it of heavy metals and other
contaminants. Forests recharge our groundwater, which can be used elsewhere for drinking or irrigation. (Bergkamp 1) Natural ecosystems can help
to prevent floods, provide shelter and millions of people are able to get their food, water, and fuel from these areas. As the world population continues
to expand people are overusing water and destroying many natural resources. By destroying these ecosystems, more that 3,500 species are threatened...
Desert areas have a short supply of water, the climate is very dry and frequently there are long periods of drought. In some areas of Africa there are
very few water sources even available. Africa is home to 6.3 percent of the world's population, but it contains only 1.4 percent of the world's renewable
fresh water. Water shortages, polluted water and poorwater management are causing serious public health problems in Africa. Water related diseases
such as malaria, cholera, schistosomiasis and dysentery harm or kill millions of people each year. People are not able to maintain a minimum
standard of personal hygiene and are forced out of necessity to drink water that has been contaminated by human, animal or other types of waste. Since
there is no medical treatment for these diseases, the only answer is a safe water supply. Some of these diseases in hot climates are not only caused by
bad sanitation, but by the presence of water. Insects and parasites breed in standing water, so water that is transported from one place to another may
be spreading disease. In these underdeveloped countries there is not enough money to install safe water supplies. In areas where water is not readily
available the women and children carry water long distances to their homes. As the population in Africa increases, so does the demand for water.
Experts measure water availability in terms of the amount of annual

The Effects Of A Rising Population With Dwindling Water...
The Effects of a Rising Population with Dwindling Water Resources Water is a non
–renewable resource that is being threatened by America's
exponential population growth and increasing water consumption per capita. The future is tiptoeing its way forward, and until the magnitude of this
reality is acknowledged, the U.S. will fail to prepare for a potential loss of resources. America's population growth, especially paired with its decreasing
water supply, will lead to a synthesis of issues threatening America's industries, living conditions, overall health, environment, and economy. America's
population is growing rapidly as a result of several different factors and will come with a cost. A consequence of our modern medical technology...
When addressing the nature of water changes, it is critical to distinguish droughts– departures from a local climatological norm that is presumed
known– from actual dryness itself. After conceptually separating the two, it was found that America was not just in a temporary drought but would
continue to grow drier. (Sherwood) A key component that many high–profile climate reports fail to consider is that with warming land, more rain is
needed to sustain it. Although many regions will get more rain, few will get enough to match the growing evaporative demand. If this demand is not
met, precipitation will continue to decrease, and our water resource will continue to shrink. (Sherwood) Although humans could take further measures
to reserve additional freshwater, "humans already appropriate over 50 percent of all available renewable freshwater." (Srinivasan) Because water
consumption is proportional to the available amount of water, as America's freshwater supply drops they begin to use a higher percentage of this
valuable resource, leaving little amounts of water for other purposes. (Sherwood) To compensate for this high–use of water, America must put caps

How Water Usage Is Affecting The World And The People...
Throughout generations the human population has overlooked the importance of water. Despite the fact that we use water every day and for just
about everything people seem to disregard the fact that water is a limited resource. As a result, water is being depleted at an alarmingly fast rate. In
this essay, I explore the theme of water that recurred throughout modules 5,6,7 of Core 1. I draw upon these modules to explore how water usage is
currently affecting the world and the people within societies. Additionally, I elaborate on the conflict brought upon by water and how the future of the
world looks like if we fail to act. I also explore the stances of the authors in these modules and how their texts relate to one another in leading the...
In exploring this dilemma module 5 raises questions such as Who will be entitled to water when supplies become scarce? In the text, Facing the Fresh
Water Crisis, Rodgers claimed that the exponential water consumption will eventually degrade all ecosystems on Earth. In response to the question
raised by module 5 Rodgers argued that current technologies can avert a water war between societies. He takes a preventive approach to satisfying
the need for water in society. Instead of facing the issue of water scarcity before it is too late, Rodgers aims to efficiently satisfy the need for water to
prolong our water supply. Thus, eliminating potential conflict that would result from trying to meet the water needs when supplies become low.
However, it is important to realize that many nations, especially underdeveloped nations, already struggle with having constant access to water.
Demand for water in these places, much like everywhere else, tends to be high but with a very low supply. In contrast, developed societies have high
demand and constant and abundant access to water. As a result, not everyone's' water needs are being met. Thankfully, Rodger's plan aspires to
decrease our water consumption, so that everyone's needs can be met. Rodgers proposed that municipalities increase the cost of water usage, along
with repairing outdated water infrastructure in cities and in agriculture (Rodgers, pg 2, 2008). As for satisfying the water needs in underdeveloped

Introduction. This Is One Of The Many Problems California
Introduction This is one of the many problems California has been facing even today. Drought has been a growing problem in California each year.
How to tackle this problem is up to government and many scientists. There have been many case studies determining how and why drought has
devastated the state of California. Water is a necessary and most important resource in California. Our water comes from groundwater, rivers, or lakes.
Since California is facing a tremendous drought these resources are becoming destroyed. Now there is low measures of water in these lakes and
rivers where we receive our water from. There are agencies that help deliver water to the major cities which all comes from those lakes and reservoirs.
What happens when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is drought? What causes/affects drought? What things are essential to stop drought? What will it take to stop drought in California? Will there
be money needed? Are there any programs started to reduce drought? Will the government be involved and what they will do? There will be laws
/regulations needed to prevent drought. Also I believe we as people need to change our habits and not waste water.
Methods I will utilize this paper by using academic resources, governmental resources, and newspaper resources. I have gathered a lot of information
in relation to drought like from the Drought Brochure. This brochure explains what a drought is, also talks about the history of droughts. Furthermore
It explains how a draught is caused and the relationship between groundwater and drought. My academic sources and newspaper sources gave a good
insight how the California drought was caused. There was a lot of information on climate change and temperatures. As I researched for drought
causation mostly everything was on climate change. I managed to find a great article that talked about the causes of drought lead by climate change and
global warming. I also took advantage of my library sources, I discussed drought with David Drexler who is in the water resource association he
helped clarify where we get our water from, what type of drought is occurring in California, and what a drought is.
Results
How are droughts caused? Droughts

The Scarcity Of Water Crisis
The water crisis has been known in the world for many years now, but as time goes on people have not realized the greater effect this has had on the
world. Most people who know about the crisis do not know the regions it affects and frankly seem to not care unless it affects them directly. The
shortages of water have led to health concerns and money problems in many countries. Both of these factors correlate because if health problems go
up so does the economic issue. India has been one of the regions hit badly with the recent depletion of water. It has many small cities that people have
never heard about, that suffer much greater than this country as a whole. The overpopulation in India is not helping solve the scarcity of water and with
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rural cities in India, for example in Chennai, suffer from clean and properly treated water, although the government may be helping a little. Factual
evidence states, "although piped water facility in the rural regions almost doubled in past two decades, there are still 171 million people in rural
regions who use surface water as the primary source of water" (Kuberan 3). Water shortages are a far bigger concern and if that many people suffer in
small city, what about the rest of the country? Although many rural cities do have water filter systems, the growing population is not supported by the
amount of water and they have to settle to different "time zones" to get water. One city may not get water until midnight while another only gets it at 8
am. As stated in a poll, "Water supply timing was the biggest challenge faced by the majority (94%) of the people" (Kuberan 3). The timings of the
water can make it harder to survive because some people may need water during the day but may only get it at night. The lack of any water in India is
a major reason that India, compared to many countries is suffering the most.
In addition to not getting any water, India suffers from commercialization and privatization of water companies that are trying to make more of a profit
on an already low income country. Many companies are trying to set water at price to

Water Is The True Gold Standard For Currency
Water is the source of all life on earth and continues to provide health, wealth and prosperity to all but what happens when water becomes scarce?
What would happen if majority of the water on earth is polluted? Are we regulating the amount of water consumed? As a whole are we as efficient
as possible when water is used? The food industry thrives off of water which also plays a hand in water consumption. We need to question the
tradeoffs between water consumption and food production and how we can improve water productivity worldwide. I believe water is the true gold
standard for currency; as a business management major I intend to understand how the world economy works in conjunction with global patterns of
water productivity which is food produced per unit of water consumed. The Congressional Digest reported On May 27, 2015, the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) jointly announced a final rule defining the scope of waters protected under
the Clean Water Act (CWA). The rule revises regulations that have been in place for more than 25 years, Revisions were proposed in March 2014 in
light of U.S. Supreme Court rulings in 2001 and 2006. The rulings interpreted the regulatory scope of the CWA more narrowly than the agencies and
lower courts were then doing and created uncertainty about the appropriate scope of waters protected under the CWA. Most environmental advocacy
groups welcomed the proposed guidance, which would more

The South And North Water Diversion Project
The South–to–North Water Diversion Project in China, established by Moa Zedong in 1952, is a water diversion project that would divert 44.8 billion
cubic meters of water annually to the drier north of China ("South–to–North Water"). The project would link China's four main rivers the Yangtze,
Yellow River, Huaihe and Haihe. China plans on doing this by constructing three diversion routes moving through the south to north ("South–to–North
Water"). It would stretch across the central, eastern and western parts of the country ("South–to–North Water"). This project is expected to cost around
$62 billion dollars and take around 50 more years to complete ("South–to–North Water"). By trying to divert the rivers and create an equal distribution
of water, the project raises many environmental concerns but has many positives. This paper will evaluate the different perspectives of the
ecomodernist and resilience theory. This will be shown by analyzing each perspective, evaluating the different concerns and analyzing how each
perspective would respond to the water diversion project. Ecomodernist's believe that modernization is the major tool to resolving environmental
issues. Ecomodernist's feel as though society needs to always progress and that humanity cannot ever slow down or else development would stop
completely. Ecomodernist's view modernity as the human separation from mastery over nature (Taylor). This perspective stresses the idea of using our
technological and

Application Of The Input Output Model
92Application of the input–output model has been common in recent virtual 93water studies. The method has enabled a systematic assessment of
virtual water flows 94across all the sectors in an economic system (Guan and Hubacek, 2007; Lenzen, 2009; 95Wang and Wang, 2009; Zhao et al.,
2010; Zhang et al., 2011; Lin et al, 2012). These 96studies have found that virtual water flows associated with the trade of goods and 97services often
do not coincide with the regional water endowments. So far, the 98literature conducting a comprehensive analysis incorporating both real and virtual
99water into consideration is rare. 100 This paper investigates the roles of real water and virtual water transfers in 101... Show more content on
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119 China–IRIO 2007 consists of 30 administrative entities including 22 provinces, 4 120 municipalities and 4 autonomous regions in mainland China.
Hong Kong, Macao, 121 Taiwan and Tibet are not included due to data unavailability. For simplicity, these 30 122 administrative entities are all called
provinces in this study. The detail of the standard 123 structure of China–IRIO 2007 can be found in Zhang et al. (2011). Considering the 124 sector
concordance between interregional input–output tables and the data for sectoral 125 direct freshwater use, the 60 sectors in the tables are aggregated
into 29 sectors in this 126 study (Table 1). 127 In the analysis of virtual water trade pattern, the 30 provinces are classified into 128 eight regions
taking into consideration their geographic locations, the river basins they 129 pertain to, and the economic clusters they are involved in. The
geographic distribution 130 of the eight regions and information regarding their water resources conditions are 131 demonstrated in Figure 1. 132 Data
for virtual water accounting and water transfer from SNWDP 133 In this study, the data for direct water use coefficient (DWUC), the amount of 134
direct water intake to produce one monetary unit of output, are obtained based on the 135 Sectoral Water Requirement Quotas of the 30

How To Drought In California
Californians have been struggling with trying to conserve our water for over three years. Twenty–Thirteen was our driest year in many populated areas
in California, and it doesn't seem to be changing any time soon, unless we all act now. In twenty–thirteen, Los Angeles and Sacramento, went down on
record as the driest two cities in California. A drought is when area of land scarcely drop rain. Droughts are caused from climate changes and lack of
precipitation, resulting in a shortage of water. Water is vital for all living things and is the essential component of all life. This ongoing drought has
drastically affected the state of California. The long–term change in climate is truly affecting California. Our water reservations are lower than

Water Pollution
Tiffany L. Nail
Water is one of life's most precious resources that we have on this earth. Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon bodies of water such as a
lake, ocean, groundwater or river that is caused by human activities. Pollution of the earth's water has increase since the 19th century due to the spread
of industrialization around the globe. Therefore, as the earth's population increases, people are putting pressure on the planets water resources.
Pollution is not only damaging to our entire biosphere, but, its damaging to our entire population too. A case that gained media attention in 2014 was
the Flint water crisis! This crisis caused concerns for panic, fear, anger as well as health problems for many of the cities residents.
Imagine waking up one morning to get a glass of water from the faucet and notice your water is brown or yellow!! You would freak out wouldn't
you? Well, that is what happened in Flint, Michigan on April 2014. At first the complaints weren't thought to be an issue because the water was still
deemed safe to bathe in and drink. However, the residents did not know any better because at that moment, there was no notification saying it wasn't
safe. That is why it is very important for people to know and understand the effects of water pollution and how easy it can happen to any city, area or
country. Flint, Michigan, also known as the home of the nation's largest motor plant, General motors. Word is that the

Hm Empire Research Paper
There are many theories imposing the possible conceptions regarding why the Khmer Empire suddenly declined around 1431. The following report
will discuss some of the major factors leading to the collapse of the Khmer Empire. Architectural Miscalculations Evidence indicates that engineers
decided to change the course of the Siem Reap River by constructing a dam. The goal of the dam was to direct river water toward a newly built
reservoir. But the engineers miscalculated and built the dam too shallow. The effect of this was that when monsoons arrived the dam turned into a
massive spillway. Water began flowing over the top of the dam into abandoned canals, causing catastrophic damage to other parts of the system. Once
the dam was fully breached... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thais first appear in Khmer records as hired soldiers for the empire, and their numbers increased as they began to establish themselves as settlers in the
community. Eventually the Thai created their own small kingdoms, the most important of them in the western side of the empire. As these kingdoms
grew in power, they initiated several attacks predominantly on the Empire's main territories. In order to protect the empire, the Angkor had to direct
portion of its manpower to secure strong armed forces, which in turn, deprived itself from giving good maintenance to other important parts of the
society. The Thai eventually used a road built by Jayavarman VII to march from the Chaophaya River basin through Phnomrung (in Burirum of modern
Thailand) and then through Aranyapathet to attack the weakened Angkor and finally defeated the extremely weakened empire in 1431. In conclusion,
scientists have not come to a final deduction on the reasoning behind the sudden collapse of the Khmer Empire. Although, the evidence shown suggests
that it was predominantly due to hydraulic mishaps that affected many other aspects of the empire's prosperity (hygiene, defence, population, trade)

Urban Water Supply and Demand
1 – INTRODUCTION Water availability critically influences human well–being and directly affects ecosystems and the environment. Water supply and
demand issues are especially more complicated in areas of rapid urban and population growth. Projections say that 46 to 52 countries and a total
population of 3 billion people will be water stressed by 2025 (Rosegrant, 1997). And to increase a little bit more the complexity, there is the fact that
water availability is not homogeneous. Water is irregularly distributed and, consequently, water problems are region–specific. Water supply and demand
problems usually fall into the wicked problem category. Their complexity is based on the fact that they have many interdependencies, are... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Groundwater supplies and surface water supplies outside of the local catchment area are commonly used when the local surface water supply is
insufficient. Increasing levels of groundwater exploitation can significantly decrease groundwater levels, leading to several environmental problems.
An example is what's been occurring in the North China Plain, where the mean depth to water changed from 7.23 m in 1983 to 11.52 m in 1993,
characterizing a decrease of approximately 0.5 m per year (Changming et al, 2001). Groundwater table drops at those rates can severely impact the
environment. Groundwater depletion can lead to the formation of depression cones, which can often cause land subsidence. Water level drops in
coastal areas result in intrusion of seawater, deteriorating the water quality. And, in urban centres and surroundings, water resources are threatened by
untreated urban and industrial wastewater discharge. The increasing demand for water resources can severely affect natural ecosystems. For the
construction of a dam, a large area is going to end up under water, severely impacting terrestrial ecosystems. Overexploitation of water for irrigation
can seriously affect aquatic ecosystems. An example of that is what happened in the Klamath River (Oregon, USA): more than 30,000 salmon perished
because farmers were allowed to withdraw unsustainable

Water Scarcity
Water is one of the most essential resource in world. It is needed everyday by every human, and about every living organism. It is a crucial factor to
be able to have safe drinking water at hand, no matter where you are in the world. Water is a resource necessary for survival however many countries
are facing the global issue of not having access to safe drinking water or any water at all. Today, water scarcity is one of the most serious issues in the
world. With over 2 million people dying each year, the majority being kids, from water–borne diseases. Along with one–sixth of the entire population
not having access to safe drinking water. "The hardest hit regions have been countries in the Middle East, North Africa and sub–Saharan Africa."(Fox)
Over 40% of the clean water scare is in sub–Saharan Africa. Within Africa, this is by far one of the most troubling issues. Without the clean water
people cannot stay healthy, go to school because the school lacks clean water and sanitation, nor can they grow food. "Women and children in Africa
walk for miles to obtain water from streams and ponds that often contain disease–causing organisms, such as those that cause cholera, typhoid fever,
and infant diarrhea."(Greentumble) As it is, 40 billion hours in manpower are used up every year just to collect water. That comprises 6 precious
hours for ever person every day that could be used to do something else. These reasons are those responsible to the fact that approximately 50%

Water Scarcity Due to Disturbance of Ecosystems Essay
Recently, water scarcity is a critical issue that has been increasing human attention. Unfortunately, approximately one–fifth people who suffer from
water scarcity (FAQ, 2007:P.4) that meant people who live a region is below 1000 mВі per year Pereira(2009). On the other hand, this situation has not
changed; likewise, it become more serious due to population growth as well as pollution that lead the residents have not enough water in daily life.
Therefore, the following paper would analysis the cause and the effects of the water shortage.
First of all, the main cause which is population growth lead people unapproachable get enough water and increase the demand of using water
undoubtedly. According to Dixon (2010) demonstrated that have a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is more, irrigation which is a thirsty industries, as rice which is the staple food in Asia, one kilogram of rice take rough two thousand litres of
water Clarke and King (2006). Livestock is a significant impact of water pollution which responsible for nearly 70% of ammonia emission attribute to
acid rain. Unfortunately, around half of it are lost by leakage before reaches to the crop. Actually, waterlogged fields can cause by an improper
drainages. Meanwhile, one–third of irrigated fields become infertile because of salinization which is meant salts build up into the lands and the soils
become sterile. Moreover, since agricultures become more industrialized which constantly takes a plenty of chemicals to improve the qualities of the
crops and to increase the output of crops, notwithstanding, in the process run off into soil and comminute the rivers as well as underground water. The
farmer so for as promote growth used the chemicals spread on the soil but the phosphates and nitrates are bringing a disastrous effect to the aquatic life
which lead to enrich of oxygen–hungry algae and weeds that deprive fish and other aquatic life. In addition, misusing nitrates is a significantly hazard to
human and animals that would decrease the yields and make it suffer from certainly level to pests and diseases. Using
pesticides which is a quick–fix solution to control the situations but it would affect the

The Problem Of The Water Crisis
To address something as complex as the water crisis, one must first examine the current condition of the problem. Currently, the water crisis is
being driven by three things. First, many governments in Africa are not interested in investing in nationwide plumbing. That is either because they
are not able to afford the cost of laying the info structure or they can afford it but feel no need to invest that much. Even if a country can afford to
install plumbing, generally, plumbing is only installed in urban areas and has little to no effect on those living in rural Africa. Second, many large
companies buy out water rights and use them to dump toxic chemicals with no oversight. The result is that there is less water considered drinkable.
Furthermore, this can ruin long time water sources for people that may be nowhere near the business. Third, some companies who buy out water
rights sell the water back to the people. Often times, they charge outrageous prices that the majority of citizens cannot afford. As a result, previously
free water is now double the average income per day. In an effort to address the problem, a lot of nonprofits have formed for the express purpose of
helping increase water accessibility. To do this, almost all of these companies dig wells. Unskilled groups use dug wells or driven wells which are
subject to contamination and ineffective during a drought. More skilled groups use drilled wells which are less subject to contamination and work in all

Palestine Water Conflict Essay
The Palestine and Michigan water crises have narratives to justify both inequality and equality of the water distribution. In each case, It may seem like
one side is more agreeable than the other, however both sides are able to validate their part. These justifications will be further explained by the
narratives about water that correlate with each event.
To Palestine, water is a human right. Palestinians are not able to access water from the Jordan River because the proposed construction of a water
canal was shut down due to the Israeli occupancy of the land that it would need to pass through (Friends of the Earth International, 2013). Israel has a
much larger access to water than Palestine and their water pipes lead right through the Palestinian's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case they are specifically talking about clean water. The state government switched theirwater supply to the Flint River in order to save money
and failed to put water treatments in place. Throughout the crisis, the concerns or the citizens and professionals were continually set aside. This
resulted in lead polluted water reaching the homes of the civilians and causing many long term health issues (Ganim, Tran, 2013). The intense effects
on the civilians justifies their claim that clean water is a human right.
The at the time of the water supply switch in Flint, the Michigan government was experiencing financial difficulties. This is a main reason why the
supply was switched to begin with. The government did not add corrosion control treatments because they weren't able to do so without updating
equipment that was too expensive for the city (Kaffer, 2016). The government was not able to afford properwater treatment but did not want to
completely cut off the water supply to the civilians. The tests they had conducted showed rising levels of lead but not enough for them to believe they
should deny water supply (Kaffer, 2016). The government's severe financial situation justifies their actions of water distribution.
The actors in each water crisis situation have a way to justify their decisions. Whether it is equitable or inequitable outcomes, people seem to make the
choices that seem best to

An Analysis Of Stone, Patton, And Sheila
Stone, Patton, and Sheila, in their book Difficult Conversations, explain that any conversation consists of three simultaneous conversations –– the
"What Happened?", Feelings, and Identity Conversations. The Flint Water Crisis is an example of a difficult conversation, a conflict with several
difficult conversations happening all at once: conversations between Flint 's residents and government officials, between different government
agencies, and among residents organizing resistance and advocacy. Each conversation contains all the three conversations described by Stone et al. The
"What Happened" Conversation is based on perception and deals with three assumptions: truth, intentions, and blame. The conflict arises on a
disagreement of what... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unconscious interpretation of conflict is the underlying concept of the "What Happened" Conversation. "Most difficult conversations involve
disagreement about what has happened or what should happen" (Stone, Patton, & Sheila, 2010, p.7); this is based on the individual 's perception of
what has happened. Loosely translated, this concept refers to Lewicki, Barry, & Sander 's analysis of cognitive bias "Ignoring Other 's Cognitions"
theme. In the "What Happened" Conversation we focus on our own perception and ignore other 's cognitions, which "allows negotiators to simplify
their thinking about otherwise complex processes; ... and causes a failure to recognize the contingent nature of both sides ' behaviors and responses"
(Lewicki, Barry, & Sanders, 2015, p. 156).
Interactions between people most often rely on truth assumptions –– that I am right. But the truth for each person differs since it depends on the
individual 's interpretation of the situation. Therefore, "rightness" is based not on the ultimate truth but on conflicting perceptions, interpretations, and
values (Stone et al., 2010). Perception and cognition is based on one 's own beliefs, stereotyping, and prejudices. All parties involved in the Flint water
crisis are influenced by their belief system which unconsciously led to the interpretation of events and

Californi Drought In The Past Century

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