Employee Training Is Positively Associated With Corporate...

Employee Training Is Positively Associated With Corporate...
Department– "a specialized functional area within an organization or a division, such as accounting, marketing, and they have their own manager"
("What is department" 2016).
Hypotheses
1.Employee training is positively associated with creating workplace ethics and dress codes.
2.Strong workplace ethics is positively associated with creating corporate success.
3.Creating a dress code policy is positively associated with corporate success.
METHODS
Sample and Sampling Method
The target population–businesses on the Fortune 500 list.
The study population– the headquarter offices of The Kellogg Company, The Clorox Company and Nordstrom's.
The sample– 200 randomly selected employees from the marketing department from each business selected. Therefore, the total sample would be 600
employees. The sampling method that would be used is simple random sampling. After obtaining approval from the department manager to proceed
with the study on his or her department, employees would be numbered starting at one. Each number will represent an employee. There will be a
drawing day where a random number generator will randomly select 200 employees from each company to survey. This sets up a secure, preferable
sampling frame because it allows the chance for everyone in the department to participate, and secures external validity. There are no drawbacks unless
one company has less than 200 employees in their department. With the sampling frame being set, and usage of simple
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Gallup Poll Is A Sampling Of Public Opinion On The United...
A Gallup Poll is defined by Merriam–Webster Dictionary as "a sampling of public opinion on a particular issue or of the degree of information among
the public about a particular thing or of opinion or information in a particular group taken by questioning a representative cross section."
(Merriam–Webster, n.d). The Gallup Company was developed in 1935 to gauge public opinion on relevant topics in the United States and world–wide
using surveys and statistical data. Using survey questions to obtain data Gallup develops statistics on opinions regarding the economy, politics, social
and other issues. The Gallup World Poll "...provides these insights by continually measuring key indicators such as Leadership, Law and Order, Food
/Shelter, Work, Economics, Health, Wellbeing, Migration, Environment, Education, Entrepreneurship, and Engaged Citizens and demonstrating their
correlations with world development indicators such as GDP and Brain Gain." (Gallup, n.d). The article and survey selected for this evaluation is part
of the Gallup Poll Social Series, "Americans Plan on Spending a Lot More This Christmas" by Linda Saad can be found at: http://www.gallup.com/poll
/186620/americans–plan–spending–lot–christmas.aspx. The article and contained statistics show that American's have intentions of spending quite a bit
more on Christmas than they did at this point last year. On average an intended increase of one–hundred and ten additional dollars over last years $720.
By evaluating the

Sampling And Sampling Distribution Essay
Sampling and Sampling Distributions 7–1 Learning Objectives In this chapter, you learn: To distinguish between different sampling methods The
concept of the sampling distribution To compute probabilities related to the sample mean and the sample proportion The importance of the Central
Limit Theorem 7–2 Why Sample? DCOVA Selecting a sample is less time
–consuming than selecting every item in the population (census). An analysis
of a sample is less cumbersome and more practical than an analysis of the entire population. 7–3 A Sampling Process Begins With A Sampling Frame
DCOVA The sampling frame is a listing of items that make up the population Frames are data sources such as population lists, directories, or... Show
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Is the survey based on a probability sample? Coverage error – appropriate frame? Nonresponse error – follow up Measurement error – good questions
elicit good responses Sampling error – always exists 7–14 Types of Survey Errors Coverage error or selection bias DCOVA Exists if some groups are
excluded from the frame and have no chance of being selected Non response error or bias People who do not respond may be different from those
who do respond Sampling error Variation from sample to sample will always exist Measurement error Due to weaknesses in question design,
respondent error, and interviewer's effects on the respondent ("Hawthorne effect") 7–15 Types of Survey Errors DCOVA (continued) Coverage error
Non response error Sampling error Measurement error Excluded from frame Follow up on nonresponses Random differences from sample to sample
Bad or leading question 7–16 Sampling Distributions DCOVA A sampling distribution is a distribution of all of the possible values of a sample
statistic for a given size sample selected from a population. For example, suppose you sample 50 students from your college regarding their mean
GPA. If you obtained many different samples of 50,

Using Qualitative And Qualitative Research
The authors argue that mixed methods sampling with well–established qualitative and quantitative techniques can answer the research question in
health sciences posted by mixed methods research designs in a new way. And data collection procedures for the mixed methods designs should based
on concurrent and sequential forms of data collection, in order to make sure that the qualitative results can explain and interpret the findings of a
quantitative study, and meanwhile, mixed methods are used to overcome a weakness in using one method with the strengths of another.
IMain Points: There are three main points from chapter seven, which are 1) sampling approaches used in quantitative and qualitative research; 2) types
of sampling in mixed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Probability sampling techniques are most likely to attain from record participants' attitude and behavior which can record as statistics, and investigators
analyze the data to get the result.
2)types of sampling in mixed methods study Sampling plan for mixed methods study can be classified into three types, which are 1) interdependent; 2)
independent and 3) combined. Interdependent mixed methods sampling frames usually use to for a particular project through the joint use of
probability and purposeful techniques. Independent mixed methods sampling frames are proposing at least two distinct samples, therefore, a primary
purposeful sampling technique is chosen for the qualitative component, and a primary probability sampling technique is chosen for the quantitative
component. And the advantage of using an independent sampling plan is to protect against generalizability critiques. Combined mixed methods
sampling frames are usually used among published mixed methods studies, researchers will use an independent probability approach to determine the
sample for the quantitative component and an interdependent approach to determine a subsample of the participants from the quantitative component
for a subsequent qualitative

Children 's Cognitive Development At 9 Months Old Essay
Does Reading to Infants Benefit their Cognitive Development at 9–months–old? An Investigation Using a Large Birth Cohort Survey, authored by
Aisling Murray and Suzanne M. Egan, evaluates the extent to which reading affects a child's cognitive development. The article referred to a study
used to assess how often the child was read to, and the affects it had both long–term and short–term. Overall, the authors agreed that reading to children
affects their cognitive development in many different aspects before this study took place. Murray and Egan also observed whether talking to the child
frequently and showing the child pictures affected cognitive development.
The study this article uses as the basis for research is the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) study. According to the article, "This research involved a
nationally representative sample of 9–month–old infants and their parents who responded to a battery of measures used to investigate the factors that
might influence development during childhood" (Murray & Egan, 2014). The study used a random sample of 11,134 infants that were 10 months old
at the time of the interview (Murray & Egan, 2014). Statistics of the sample show that the study was parallel with the demographic percentages of the
population, such as the percentage of non–married mothers, gender, and where the parents were born. The study was conducted for an infant with both
available parents, but one–parent homes were still interviewed, so the actual sample size

Chapter 3: Research Methodology Research Methodology Is
Chapter 3: Research Methodology Research methodology is the process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business
decisions. Primary Research, Justification and Biases Primary research is the experiments, investigations, or tests carried out to acquire data first–hand,
rather than being gathered from published sources. However primary research is costly, time consuming, sometimes the feed backs are inaccurate and
the number of resources are required The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could
include both present and historical information. I will apply primary research because it addresses targeted issues. Data interpretation is also better. ...
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Issues can be examined in detail and in depth. These advantages of qualitative research include interviews which are not restricted to specific
questions and can be redirected by the researcher in real time. Also research framework and direction can be quickly revised as new information
emerges. The data based on customer service experience that is obtained is powerful and sometimes more compelling than quantitative data.
Justification and Biases A still common rhetorical device used to present what is generally referred to as qualitative research to audiences unfamiliar
with it is to compare it to what is generally referred to as quantitative research Eakin & Mykhalovskiy (2005). In such comparisons, qualitative research
tends to be presented as what it is not and as less than; as, for example, less mathematically precise and as producing findings that are not generalizable.
Quantitative Data that can be quantified and verified, and is amenable to statistical manipulation. Using Quantitative is an advantage for the researcher
to measure and analyse data, and research studied is studied in detail.Quantitative research can test experiments because it can measure data using
statistics.However the disadvantage of quantitative is that the context of the study is ignored and also the research does not happen in a natural setting
or they don 't discuss the meaning of things with

Sampling Vs. Stratified Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling vs. Stratified Random Sampling Sampling involves selecting a subset of elements from the population. In this case,
Stratified Random Sampling, and Simple Random Sampling plans are compared as data collection methods for a sample that a researcher would
consider using for a business survey for a marketing/advertising campaign. Simple Random Sampling is a sampling procedure whereby the researcher
defines the target population and then selects a sampling frame from the population. He then selects individual elements within the sampling frame
with each element having an equal probability of being chosen. Stratified Random Sampling is similar to Simple Random Sampling in that it is also a
probability sampling technique. However, there exists a major difference in that, with Stratified random sampling, the researcher divides the population
into different groups called strata. He then selects individual elements from each stratum at random. The same probability of being selected applies for
each of the elements in the population. As such, stratified sampling requires that the strata should not overlap in order to avoid some elements in the
population having a higher chance of being selected than others. The most common used strata include; age, socioeconomic status, religion and
nationality. Strengths and weaknesses The main strength of Simple Random Sampling that it is most likely to produce representative samples and
permits the use of inferential

The Gallup Poll
The Gallup Poll
When Gallup conducts a national opinion poll, the starting place is where all or most Americans are equally likely to be found. That place is in their
home, which is the starting place for nearly all national polling. The actual target audiences, referred to as "national adults", are aged 18 and over,
living in telephone households within the United States. What I don 't understand is that Gallup excludes college students living on campus, armed
forces living on military bases, prisoners, hospitalized people, and anyone else who is living institutionalized. I think these exclusions are unfair. The
article explains that the reasoning for not including the people who live in the places mentioned above is because of ... Show more content on
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Another thing I found interesting in this article is that Gallup as well as other major organizations use sample sizes of 1,000–1,500 because these
sample sizes are enough to give a good balance of accuracy opposed to much larger samples which would be very expensive. I hadn 't considered
expense when it comes to collecting a sample but apparently it can be very costly. For instance, if a sample size of 4,000 were selected each time there
was a poll, the increase in accuracy would be very small, and would not justify the increase in cost. Now, I believe this to be true because I do think
that the people behind things like the Gallop Poll are very smart statisticians and would not lie when it comes to what effects the sample size has on
the accuracy of results. It makes absolute sense to me that specific ways of measuring the accuracy of samples have been done for many years and the
processes and results have been analyzed thoroughly with each design.
The poll of such a small number of people do not invalidate the results since for instance, as stated in the article, if the sample size was raised to 2,000
instead of 1,000, for a Gallup Poll there would be a gain of only 1% in terms of accuracy, and a 100% increase in terms of cost. I can understand that
looking at results with a margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points is reasonable compared to spending a lot more money and only change
the margin of error by

Questions On Margin Of Error
What is margin of error?
Margin of error is a common summary of sampling error that quantifies uncertainty about survey results. Three pieces of data are needed to express
the "confidence interval," : statistic, confidence level, and margin of error. Confidence Interval is usually stated in the following format: 95 percent
confidence intervals, or accurate 19/20 times with a margin of error of +/– 5%. This means that 19 out of 20 times it is expected that the mean of the
survey result (stats) will fall within 5% above or below the true value. There are strict parameters that determines on which survey results a Margin of
Error disclaimer can included.
MRIA sets the guidelines for reporting research in Appendix "D"
MRIA Revised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(b) Researchers must ensure the reliability and validity of research data as far as reasonably possible when designing research methodologies and
instruments and in the collection, processing and analysis of research data.
Integrity of Reporting
(a) Researchers must not knowingly allow the dissemination of conclusions from a market research project which are not adequately supported by the
data. They must always be prepared to make available the technical information necessary to assess the validity of any published findings.
(b) This entails that:
1. Researchers must recommend those techniques and methodologies which are appropriate to the objectives of the research, avoiding those which
they believe may give misleading results.
2. Researchers must not provide or allow without protest, interpretations of the research that are inconsistent with the data.
3. Researchers must not present research results with greater confidence than the data warrants. Instead, as responsible professionals, members must
point out the relevant limitations of the research. This includes but is not limited to the following guidelines:
i. Disclosing relevant potential sources of error, both sampling and non–sampling (e.g. response, non–response, measurement, coverage, etc.).

ii. Being explicit about the assumptions

Salsa Dancing In Social Science Summary
In her book, Salsa Dancing into Social Science, Luker discuss the importance of sampling, operationalization and generalization in canonical social
science research while highlight the believe that each of these ideas can also be applied to qualitative research. While all three concepts are important
to consider when it comes of qualitative research. It is import to definite that similar and differences. The following gives an overview of how each
competent uses within canonical social science research, how that translates into effect qualities and explore the ways in which Hochschild utilizes
these methods in her research for Strangers in Their own Land Sampling Luker describes sampling through canonical social science research as a
"systemic random probability sample", with the goal of producing results that can then be apply and a general way. For example, with a research
question that focuses on voting in a election, A canonical social science research question may trying to determine how many voters are expected to
vote a certain way in a election. By using randomly sampling a certain number of voters could be surveyed the result can provide a general description
of the voting trend of an entire populations with similar characteristic as the sample group. While I agree with Luker that sampling is important to both
canonical qualitative and qualitative social science research, in the case of qualitative research, the word has different meaning. In contrast to the

Sample Data Analysis Paper
INTERPRETATION (DATA ANALYSIS):
It was found that the class mean scores data is significantly lower than the data found in the nutritional panel (refer to table 1 and figure A). The class
data regarding Nutri–grain indicate that it is almost three times lower than the information provided on the nutritional panel and Burger Rings show
that it is almost two times lower than the nutritional panel (refer to table 1). The personal data shows that for Nutri–grain the energy combustion was
somewhat close to the data shown in the nutritional panel (refer to appendix two and table 1) there is a difference of 90.79 between Nutri–grain and
the nutritional panel; however Burger Rings were significantly lower than nutritional panel data showing a difference ... Show more content on
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In this investigation the extraneous variables that aroused included: the outside breeze from the corridor would have influenced the results because
the set up was directly near the door, the temperature of the room was warm and humid therefore this affected the rate and way in which the food
sample were burnt at. In order to improve this weakness the extraneous variables should be controlled by setting up the experiment in an area where
the breeze is reduced to a minimum and the experiment should be set up in an area where the temperature of the room is at an

Language Learners ' Perception Of Peer Correction
Language Learners' Perception of Peer Correction
Abstract The 'recent' approaches and methods of language teaching emphasize learners' active participation in language learning and learners–center
teaching. So, nowadays peer correction has attracted the attention of many teachers. This study investigated learners' perception about peer correction.
For my research I chose a qualitative approach of grounded theory. Based on theoretical sampling procedures of Grounded theory sixteen ESL learners
were sampled to uncover their perception and opinions of peer correction through open–ended interview. The coding scheme of the Grounded theory
yielded three sets of categories: the first and second includes advantages and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peer correction has always taken as an effective way of improving students' involvement. However, students' perception for peer correction has never
been taken into account. This study examines students' perception for peer correction to see whether it helps them in the process of language learning or
not.
Literature review
Theoretical Background Making mistakes is inevitable for the language learners who are trying to communicate in target language. Krashen (1982)
argues, corrective feedback may be useless if learners are not ready to learn. Corder (1967) and Selinker (1972) considered errors as a part of the
learners' interlanguage and an evidence of progress. On the other hand, if the teachers don't correct learner's errors in the classroom, may the other
students of the class consider them as a correct form and it could lead to fossilization.
Behaviorists consider errors as a sign of failure and believe that teachers should correct learner's errors immediately. In contrast to Behaviorism is
Mentalism. According to Chomsky, Language learning is a process involving active mental processes and the learner is forming and testing hypotheses
during the process of learning. So errors are taken as a necessary part of learning process. Contrastive Analysis (CA) is a mechanism that Structural
linguists introduced. CA helps language teachers to deal with learners errors. CA states that with comparison

Essay about Report on Collecting Forensic Evidence
Procedures in Collecting Forensic Evidence The following are some irregularities found in the Apollo Shoes Case that shows there are possible
frauds exist: 1.Apollo's minutes of October 18, 2007 shows that Mr. Unum, the VP of finance at Apollo Shoes refused the new auditing firm's
request to contact the old auditors. This may lead us to think that something might have happened during the previous audits. 2.Apollo's minutes of
June 30, 2007 shows that Apollo approved an advance of $1,000,000 to Mr. Lancaster (CEO of Apollo Shoes) as a personal loan to cover personal
legal expenses. Mr. Unum later reclassified the loan as other receivable. This information gives us a "red flag" for possible misclassification. Further
investigation is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intelligence gathering provides the investigator with as much information as possible about the victim, the business, the suspect, and the alleged crime.
All of that information will help the investigator to proceed to the next step of the investigation process. The interview process is essential to an
investigation. Before interviewing people, the investigator should have a thorough plan for whom he should interview, what kind of questions he
should ask for each interviewee and when and where should the interviews take place. Investigators use a variety of interview techniques such as
NeuroLinguistic Programming and Kinesic Mirroring. A successful interview can increase the chances for the investigator to build a better rapport.
Documenting evidences is the last step in the investigation process. Documentary evidences such as receipts and copies of checks are gathered to
support the case. The original document is considered the best evidence although copies of the original documents are also acceptable in the court. The
common documentary evidences include signed statements, transactional paperwork intranet sources and e–mails. Documentary evidences can be
gathered from the suspect or from a third party such as the financial contacts or professional contacts of the suspect. The best approach to gather
documentary evidences is to start with those individuals who are

Auditors and Sampling Techniques
1)Describe the conditions under which an auditor might choose to select a sampling technique, either statistical or non–statistical, over a non–sampling
technique and vice versa. Include examples from both tests of controls and tests of balances.
a)Testing of Controls:
i)When sampling is appropriate and why?
Although there is an option not to generate a sample to test if the control is working effectively or not, it is rarely the case. For most controls being
tested, it would be too costly and ineffective to test all the transactions to ensure that the control is working effectively. As a result, an auditor will need
to determine the number of transactions to test, which transaction to actually test, and what test will need to be ran.
Throughout the testing that is being conduct, the auditor will have a determined tolerable deviation (error) rate. During or after the testing has been
conducted, the auditor has to compare the maximum deviation rate to their tolerable deviation rate. As a result, if the maximum deviation rate is lower
or equal to the tolerable deviation rate, the auditor can conclude that the control is working effectively. In addition, the auditor will want to use a
sampling method to ensure that the control is working effectively. If, at any time, the maximum deviation rate was high than the tolerable deviation
rate, the auditor will have to decide if the testing should be concluded with an ineffective control or the sampling size should be increased.

Case Study 2 Essay examples
BUSI 600
Dr. Michael Walker
Case Assignment #2
Jaime Arze
9/15/14
3. Describe the sampling plan. Analyze its strengths and weaknesses. Just about every research sampling plan can be associated with a variety of
strengths and weaknesses. These are challenges the decision maker in charge of the study must face when choosing the sampling plan for the specific
research. Penton media devised a sampling plan that would require several steps, in order to isolate an ideal population of users to poll for their
research. Their lengthy process included a multi–step system that began with a phone questionnaire; the second stage consisted of "pretest", which was
mailed to a smaller group of individuals pulled ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the trait of an efficient sampling plan, and shows that the data collected by Penton Media about the reader service cards will prove highly
efficient in their research. Among other strengths found in Pentons study was their ability to use an attribute–sampling plan and remain organized and
focused throughout their research. Pentons clarity, and organization with this study, paved the way towards accurate and efficient results. Throughout
the study, the problem was clearly identified; the research efforts and resources were always focused on identifying the root of the cause. This
allowed Penton to successfully conduct a research that would help understand the decline they were anticipating with their reader service cards. There
is however, more than just praise towards Penton medias sampling plan. Weaknesses are a part of every sampling plan, and research approach and
Pentons study is no exception. One of the bigger problems with the sampling plan is that only 710 responses were collected and studied, this comes
after the information implies that there is a pool of 1.7 million subscribers in the Penton Database. The rule of thumb with most research designs is that
the larger the sample sizes the more accurate the results. The sample size used by Penton media would suggest that the overall data recovered form the
small group does not accurately represent

Unit 10 M2 Business Enterprise Essay example
In this assignment I will be explaining the reasons for selecting the particular method of data collection for a selected product/service. The selected
product that I will be collecting data for is an anti–depression medication made my HML (Hutchinsons Medical Limited). The data collecting method
I've chosen is face to face interviews in order to get the respondents full attention and collect data without any distractions. I intend on finding out the
respondent's age, whether they suffer from depression/anxiety, whether they take medication for their depression/anxiety, and which form of our
product they would prefer to purchase (roll on, cream, liquid, pills). The sampling method that I chose was probability sampling. I chose this... Show
It's also not easy to have an accurate quota frame because of the unavailability on current information. You could divide the population in groups
but this means extending sampling requirements and bringing in more groups. This would cost money as well take time when the current method
itself takes a lot of time. There were some problems while collecting the data as some people that were interviewed didn't even suffer from either
anxiety or depression which meant that a lot of time was wasted. There were also some people that started to lose interest halfway through the
interview meaning that their answers became short and less detailed which didn't help at all. At one point there was someone that didn't really speak
English which meant there was a language barrier so a translator was brought in but this held up the process as we didn't know beforehand.
Secondary Data Collection I collected secondary data off google because it's easy and free as well as time and cost effective and I also wanted to find
out about the population and the side effects of anti–depression medication. Another site used was ONS they regularly update the information so it's
accurate. Conclusion Despite some problems with the data collection, it was still comprehensive enough to use for the HML anti depression product.
The aim for selecting certain methods of data collection i.e. secondary data and random sampling for HML products is because the

Biltrite case Module I through X Essay
Biltrite Practice Case
Module III: Control Testing– Sales Processing
1.The sampling plan in the design of controls does not provide tests about revenues and accounts receivables. The weakness that I could see is the fact
that goods that were delivered to customers were not billed which result in bill of lading not being pre–numbered. Because of this, bills of lading do
not count as an effective sampling unit. For a successful audit, auditors need to evaluate orders randomly and check to see if the goods were shipped
and the customers received invoices prior to the receipt of the product, Therefore in this case, existence/occurrence is the course of action for the
auditors.
2 and 3 are attached under "2009 attribu"
4. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Module V:Accounts Receivable Aging Analysis
1.
a.The proportion of the total dollar amount receivable I included in the confirmation request is in "Account Receivable Aging Analysis" by diving the
total amount that is collectible "C" by the total amount of sales. The result is 82% ($9,803,430/$11,920,028) of the total dollar balance in accounts
receivable.
b.In the event of no reply to a request for positive confirmation, as an auditor I need to ask for further requests, contact the manager and ask him to
get a hold of the customer. In case of no response from the customer, I should examine the document I have in hand such as sales orders, sales
invoices, shipping orders, and bills of lading.
c.The purpose of analyzing subsequent collections because it a way to check and make sure that the existence of the action took place. Also checking
subsequent collections allows the auditors to check the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. This helps the auditor to better calculate
the amount that is uncollectible from customers
2.I am not satisfied that I have sufficient evidence to evaluate the existence and valuation assertion because I wasn't able to get a hold of some
customers. Due to this inconvenience as auditors we should be suspicious about if those sales do in fact exist. Also, in terms valuation, additional audit
needs to be performed because from the confirmed amount owed, it is not sure

Customer Satisfaction Surveys And The Effects Employees...
Customer Satisfaction Surveys and The Effects Employees Have on Customer Loyalty Felicia Alvarez University of Incarnate Word Department of
Business Administration, University of Incarnate Word, 4036 Mystic Sunrise Dr., San Antonio, TX., 78244 Fela_alva@yahoo.com Abstract This
paper explores the effects that employees have on customer satisfaction surveys and how this could potentially make or break customer loyalty to a
business. Ha and Park (2013) suggest that attractivness affects customer loyalty. Through research of peer reviewed journals the process of how data
is gathered to create these conclusions are relative to the process taught in the Essentials of Business Statistics, Fifth Edition. Random sampling was
the basis for the articles considering when data was collected certain criteria had to be met this suggested convenience sampling. Conculsions of
employees displaying a positive attitude, were attractive and willing to help were the root cause to driving the customer satisfaction surevy, concluding
wether or not the employee had gained customer loyalty. This paper examines Ha and Park's (2013) research in relation to two other peer reviewed
journal that support the three variables which can drive the customer satisfaction survey. Customer Satisfaction Surveys and The Effects Employees
Have on Customer Loyalty Dick and Basu (1994, p. 99) define loyalty as "the strength of the realtionship between an individual's realtive attitude and
their repeat

Data Collection And Questionnaire Design
This chapter will address the research methodology used to satisfy these research objectives stated in chap one. It begins by explain the expected
sample size and sampling method. This is followed by the methods of data collections and questionnaire design. Finally, the proposed the data analysis
techniques used in this study are established.
Sampling Method
According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009), in research questions where it would be impracticable for researchers to colect data from the
entire population, it is necessary to select a sample. Sampling is "the process of selecting a sufficient number of the right elements from the population,
so that a study of the sample and an understanding of its properties or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, a precise sample size should be met in order to make generalizations with confidence about the constructs under investigation.
Therefore, the sample statistics can reflect the population parameters as accurately as possible with only a narrow margin of error (Sekaran, 2010).
The target population of this research is the Vietnamese customers who choose to dine in vegetarian restaurants situating in Hanoi city, Vietnam.
According to the General Office for population family planning, the population of Hanoi city was 6.448.837. According to the calculation for
minimum sample size, the sample size required to achieve a 95% level of confidence with margin of error of 5% was estimated as 385 (Saunders,
Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). The researcher finally acquired only ? responses or about ? of the total sampling size because of the time and budget
limitation. However, Aaker, Kumar and Day (2007) stated that 200 samples are sufficient to check the reliability and possibility of the results
Data collection
A mix qualitative and quantitative research was used in this study. These include literature review,focus group interview, and survey. In the initial
phrase, a focus group interview and literature review were used for identification the appropriate selection attributes and other relevent issues. The issue
is to identify the attributes that play a

Evidence Based Practice Paper
High quality health care with beneficial outcomes is the goal of evidence based practice (Schmidt & Brown, 2015). Nurses must identify whether the
research is accurate and relevant to clinical practice after the research studies are identified (Schmidt & Brown, 2015). When looking at evidence,
identifying whether the sample and sampling method is appropriately selected should be kept in mind (Schmidt & Brown, 2015).
The population of a study is described as the elements that meet study criteria and researchers must describe the population as specified in the
research question (Schmidt & Brown, 2015). The elements may be referred to as population units and may be composed of people, events,
experiences, or behaviors (Schmidt & Brown, 2015). When people are the elements, they are specified as subjects (Schmidt & Brown, 2015). A
sampling plan is created after the population of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be described as studies that can be generalized to target populations by achieving representative samples (Schmidt & Brown, 2015).
Generalizability or also known as external validity determines if the findings from the study is pertinent to the target population (Schmidt & Brown,
2015). In evidence based practice (EBP), generalizability is critical (Schmidt & Brown, 2015). The samples can be defined as representative when the
population, target population, accessible population, and sample are similar (Schmidt & Brown, 2015). Additionally, in order to be included in the
sample, researchers establish characteristics that each element must possess which can be defined as inclusion criteria (Schmidt & Brown, 2015).
Further, exclusion criteria is used by researchers which describes characteristics of elements that will not be included in the sample (Schmidt & Brown,
2015). Together, both inclusion and exclusion criteria enhances accuracy of the sample which leads to stronger evidence (Schmidt & Brown,

The rich and the poor
For the purpose of this essay this scholar will focus on an article that addresses population in the news. It is this scholar's intent to discuss the subject
matter in the article and specifically highlight the statistical information related to its findings. According to a January 12, 2012 New York Times
article written by Sabrina Tavernise there is a rising perception of class tensions between the rich and the poor due to income inequalities. This
opinion stems from the results of a survey that was conducted early in December of last year. The main idea on this article was to convey a message
that there is a rise in people's perception of class tension between the rich and the poor because of income inequalities. The author's... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background
The article was based on a Pew Research Center telephone survey conducted by Mr. Rich Morin, a senior editor at Pew Social & Demographics
Trends. The survey polled a sample of 2,048 adults during 6 to 19 December 2011. The survey had a margin of error of plus or minus three
percentage points for the results based on the sample. The same was conducted by calling the subjects that were living in the continental United
States. Out of the 2,048 subjects, 769 were called on a landline and the remaining 1,279 were called on a cellular phone. In addition, the survey
included a oversample of 808 adults within the ages of 18 and 34. Still, the main sample for the survey was a cross section of 2,048 adults. According
to the survey's composition and as it is in many cases with most polls, this sample is statistically representative of adults across the country, accurately
reflecting the gender, age, educational, geographical, and racial makeup.
As aforementioned, the survey poll had a oversample, which means that at times pollsters take additional samples of a sub–population over the original
portion of the main sample with the intent to reduce variances of important statistics of a target sub–population. Under those circumstances, the more
interviews are conducted the less potential random sampling error should be encountered. Moreover, before tabulating the data for the full sample,
pollsters

Taking a Look at Research Methodology
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Chapter 3 discuss about the introductory overview of research methodology. It includes the research
design, sampling and location, variable measurement, data collection and data analysis method. 3.1 Research Design For this research, we are using
descriptive research and quantitative research. Descriptive research is a survey which objective is to produce an accurate representation of person,
event or solution (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2009). Descriptive is useful in segmenting and targeting the market (Bajpai, 2011). Descriptive
research provides the researchers an opportunity to use quantitative data in order to find the data and characteristic about the population or
phenomenon that is being studied (Bajpai, 2011). Quantitative research can be defined as research that access causal relationship between variable
(Saunders et al., 2009). 3.2 Research Sampling Sampling is useful for the purpose of collect valuable and useful information from population (Bajpai,
2011). Sampling is important and useful because it is less time consuming and less expensive (Bajpai, 2011). In addition, the outcome of sampling is
more reliable compare with census because error can be easy to control (Bajpai, 2011). The first stage in sampling process is target population. The
target population for this survey is undergraduate accounting student in UCSI University (South Wing) in Kuala Lumpur campus because UCSI students

Determining The Standard Error, Or Standard Deviation Of...
Assignment
Ans 1.1
a) The standard error, or standard deviation of the sample mean, = population standard deviation/square root of sample size = $10.75/14
b) z = (60–68.30)/10.75 = –0.77
from the z tables we see that the probability that z is less than –0.77 is .2206, so the probability that x is GREATER than 60 is 1–.2206 = .7794.
c) Now we are dealing with variation of the sample mean, so the standard error is 10.75/sqrt(100) = 1.075
Z = (66–68.30)/1.075 = –2.14, and the associated probability is .0162.
5. 150–138=12 = 1 standard deviation. By the empirical rule, we know that 68% of the data fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, above and
below. Since the normal distribution is symmetrical, 34% fall within 1 standard deviation below the mean (i.e. between 138 and 150). So a score of 138
is the equivalent of a z score of –1. Similarly, a score of 162 is the equivalent of a z score of 1.
By the Empirical Rule, approximately 95% of the data fall within 2 standard deviations above and below the mean, so that would be from 126 to 174.
Same principle as above, but this time it 's plus or minus 3 standard deviations, from 114 to 186.
Ans 1.2:
a) The standard error of the mean, also called the standard deviation of the mean, is a method used to estimate the standard deviation of a sampling
distribution. To understand this, first we need to understand why a sampling distribution is required.
In statistics, point estimation involves the use of sample data to

Social Media And Self Esteem
Social media continues to grow in popularity as more websites and applications create various ways for people to share their lives through pictures
and words. It has become increasingly popular among teenagers and college students, resulting in everyone having the opportunity to judge and
compare others to themselves. This creates the problem of if social media can lower or raise the self–esteem of teenagers. As they spend more time
looking at various profiles, people will feel positively or negatively about themselves and their body. Even if someone is following a friend or another
person with good intentions, it can begin to affect the person negatively as he or she compares themselves.Teenagers that spend more time on social
media, viewing other people's profiles and statuses, are likelier to have lower self–esteem than teenagers who spend a small portion of time on social
media. The operational definition for self–esteem is one's appraisal of the value of the self. A teenager is a person aged from 13 to 19 years. Social
media is websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking; in this study it is Twitter and
Instagram. When people spend a large amount of time scrolling through social media, they are at an increased risk of comparing themselves to others.
This can result in teenagers having negative body image, leading to eating disorders or other illnesses. While it is more commonly known for women

4.1 Research Approaches. One Of The Questions That An...
4.1 Research Approaches
One of the questions that an organization must decide before conducting research is which research approach will be most appropriate. The approach
chosen will depend on the research question and the type of information is seeking. There are three general research approaches; descriptive,
exploratory and causal (Kolb, 2008).
.
Descriptive research
Descriptive research is used when statistical data are needed on a fact. The tool used to conduct descriptive research is almost always surveys (Kolb,
2008).
Exploratory research
Researchers should use exploratory research when a research question deals with finding information on consumer attitudes, opinions and beliefs. Such
exploratory research can be useful even when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Table Four Different Probability Sampling Methods Source: Burns and Bush, 2014
FIGURE A Graphical Illustration of Probability Sampling Techniques Source: Malhotra, 2010
Nonprobability Sampling Methods
All of the sampling methods we have described thus far embody probability sampling assumptions.
In each case, the probability of any unit being selected from the population into the sample is known, even though it cannot be calculated precisely.
Table Four Types Of Nonprobability Sampling Methods
Source: Burns and Bush, 2014
TABLE Choosing Nonprobability Versus Probability Sampling Source: Malhotra, 2010
In our study, we consider convenience sampling procedure when selecting consumers. Moreover, for selecting farmers and middlemen we apply

judgement sampling procedure.
Developing a Sample Plan
Up to this point, we have discussed various aspects of sampling as though they were discrete and seemingly unrelated decisions. However, they are
logically joined in a definite sequence of steps, called the sample plan, which the researcher goes through to draw and ultimately arrive at the final
sample. These steps are listed and described in Table .
Table Steps In A Sample Plan Source: Burns and Bush, 2014
The Confidence Interval Method of Determining Sample Size
The most correct method of determining sample size is the confidence interval approach, which

Wages of Graphic Designers Essay
Graphic design is a field that is constantly growing, and as it grows the average wage continues to change. Graphic designers create visual concepts to
communicate ideas to customers. Some of the responsibilities of being a graphic designer are creating recognizable logos for companies or creating
advertising. Being a graphic design major, I was interested in seeing what the average income was for graphic designers. I discovered that most
graphic designers work full time, but 29% of graphic designers worked free lance. After some research I was able to gather enough data to find out
not only what the average income was, but also the average income for the state. The population of the graphic design annual wage is 50, for the 50 ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So the wages can definitely vary depending on where you live and work. After taking the sample I then checked to see if there was a sampling error. A
sampling error is the difference between the data of a sample and the data of the parent population. After taking the mean of the sample which is
$45,730 and subtracting the mean of the population from it, $48,730 I got a sampling error of $3,000. After this I checked to see if there was a
non–sampling error, which is an error made from human mistakes. A non–sampling error can be found by subtracting the a new sampling error from
the original sampling error. Even though I used random sampling there could still be an non–sampling error, and after conducting a second sample
from the population I got $3,612 as my new sampling error. After subtracting my original sampling error I got a non–sampling error of $612. Which
means that there was a sampling error of $612 above the average. After statistical analysis, I determined that the mean of the sample was $45,730 and
the standard deviation was 6605.1917. So that would make the point estimate the mean of the sample, and you could infer from the sample that this
was the mean of the population. After inferring from the sample the standard deviation of the population should be 6605.1917 also.
The histogram is in a bell–shaped

Benefits Of Genetically Modified Food Products
Due in large part to the evidence that proves genetically modified crops to be much less safe than the crops that are bread without any modification,
many U.S. citizens express anger or disgust toward these food products. The acceptance of these modified food products in the U.S. is a controversial
subject, and it has attracted an extensive amount of research study due to the alarming difference between the opinions of the general public who say it
is unsafe, and the opinions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, who claim just the opposite, by an almost 90% majority.
According to a more recent meta–analysis of these research studies, people feel that there is a greater risk than benefit to eating the food. The... Show
Next, the study conducted an assessment of the participants' affective reactions by using a two–version scenario analysis that described the
consumption of some foods that had been genetically modified. From this assessment, they found that disgust had a closer relation to the idea of
moral absolutism than anger did. Finally, they discussed different regulations concerning genetically modified food in the U.S. and applied a
rating scale to determine the level of the participants support for such regulations. The results of this assessment pointed to the idea that disgust
does indeed have a role in the support for restrictions on genetically modified food. The final hypotheses from this research study are as follows:
First, since the majority of U.S. citizens who oppose genetically modified food products were proven to be moral absolutists, they are best
described as individuals who are evidence sensitive. Next, these moral absolutists, as well as the rest of the citizens who oppose genetically
modified food, will feel more disgusted than angry when considering eating genetically modified food. Next, the feeling of disgust as well as the
sensitivity to disgust can make predictions related to the support for different legal restrictions of genetically modified food. Lastly, moral absolutists
view the issue of genetically modified food differently from everyone else because one's personal values lead

Data And Information On Data
Data and InformationMany people actually think that data and information can be used interchangeably but this is not true. Data is raw material that
has not been processed and has been extracted from the source the way it is. Data is also unorganized therefore cannot be used for a meaningful
purpose. On the other hand, information is processed data therefore the latter has to be organized into a meaningful manner for the former to exist. A
good example of how data and information interact is through the use of computers; the computers need data and they process it into information that
is usable by humans. In the case of a computer, data is a series of 1s and 0s which means the data has not been organized or interpreted therefore the
human cannot understand it, but when these 1s and 0s are organized by the computer they give out information that can be used in decision making.
Data forms the foundation for information and knowledge. Data exists in the form of pictures, words, numbers, character, sound, and video that have
little or no meaning to the user. The etymology of the two terms can also be used to explain their difference. Data comes from the Latin word datum
which means something given. In the literal meaning, something given is handed over the way it is or in its original form. The word "information"
means the act of providing knowledge. The act of informing involves imparting knowledge, instructing or giving useful information to an audience.
Information is

Qnt/561 Applied Business Research & Statistics
Applied Research and Statistics QNT561 Research and Sampling Designs Shindeera Robinson June 21, 2010 Chapter 8 21. What is sampling
error? Could the value of the sampling error be zero? If it were zero, what would this mean? Sampling error is the difference between the statistic
estimated from a sample and the true population statistic. While we would expect the sampling error to not be zero, it is not impossible. For example
if you were evaluating the ethnicities of a population and everyone in the population was Caucasian then taking any sample would give you the true
proportion of 100% Caucasian. In other words, if the sampling error is zero then the population is uniform or you were taking a perfectly
representative sample... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Would it be reasonable to conclude that more than 10 percent of the applicants are now failing the test? In addition to the testing of applicants,
Fashion Industries randomly tests its employees throughout the year. Last year in the 400 random tests conducted, 14 employees failed the test.
Would it be reasonable to conclude that less than 5 percent of the employees are not able to pass the random drug test? Proportion is 14/220 = 0.064
Confidence interval= 0.064 +/– 2.575*sqrt(.064*.936/220) = (0.0215, 0.1065) 28 people who failed 620 tests= 0.0452 Critical values= 2.575 and
–2.575 z = (0.0452–0.05)/sqrt(0.05*0.95/620)=–0.548. 0.548 employees and not pass the random drug test. Yes I can conclude that less than 5 percent
of the employees are not able to pass the random drug test References: Fridah, M. (n.d.). Sampling In Research. Retrieved June 21, 2010, from http:/
/www.socialresearchmethods.net/tutorial/Mugo/tutorial.htm Lind, D. A. (2005). Statistical Techniques in Business & Economics (12 ed.). New
York: The

The, Inc. : An American Electronic Commerce And Cloud...
Introduction
Problem Background
Amazon.com, Inc. is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company residing in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet–based
retailer in the United States. Amazon.com started as an online bookstore and later it diversified its product range by selling DVDs, CDs, videos,
DVDs, electronics, toys, tools, home furnishings and housewares, apparel, and kitchen gadgets. The company also produces consumer electronics–
Amazon Kindle e–book readers, Fire Tablets, Fire TV and Fire Phone.
There is a wonder whether Amazon.com could be active in Vietnam and successful.
Major problems with online shopping include overstatement of quality, limited delivery services, and complicated ordering procedures, the survey
found. A draft circular that envisages requiring online retailers to register with the ministry and pay taxes has drawn mixed reviews. The Ministry of
Industry and Trade circular would require e–commerce and social media site retailers to register their transactions in order to facilitate the collection of
taxes, starting on January 20, 2015 (thanhniennews, 2015).
The regulation attracted broad public attention in Vietnam, where online shopping has recently flourished. Many have questioned the extent to which
the regulation is feasible. Tran Thanh Hai, general director of Vietnam Gold Business, said it is not easy to tax retailers who use sites like Facebook
because the host server is outside Vietnam and the retailers may be

Sampling Techniques
CHAPTER 7–SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.From a group of 12 students, we want to select a random sample of 4 students to serve on a university committee. How many different random
samples of 4 students can be selected?
a.|48|
b.|20,736|
c.|16|
d.|495|
ANS:D
2.Parameters are
a.|numerical characteristics of a sample|
b.|numerical characteristics of a population|
c.|the averages taken from a sample|
d.|numerical characteristics of either a sample or a population|
ANS:B
3.How many simple random samples of size 3 can be selected from a population of size 7?
a.|7|
b.|21|
c.|35|
d.|343|

ANS:C
4.Sampling distribution of is the
a.|probability distribution of the sample mean|
b.|probability distribution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sample statistic s is the point estimator of
a.|m|
b.|s|
c.||
d.||
ANS:B
20.The sample mean is the point estimator of
a.|m|
b.|s|
c.||
d.||
ANS:A
21.If we consider the simple random sampling process as an experiment, the sample mean is
a.|always zero|
b.|always smaller than the population mean|
c.|a random variable|
d.|exactly equal to the population mean|
ANS:C
22.The probability distribution of the sample mean is called the
a.|central probability distribution|
b.|sampling distribution of the mean|
c.|random variation|
d.|standard error|

ANS:B
23.The expected value of the random variable is
a.|the standard error|
b.|the sample size|
c.|the size of the population|
d.|None of these alternatives is correct.|
ANS:D
24.The standard deviation of all possible values is called the
a.|standard error of proportion|
b.|standard error of the mean|
c.|mean deviation|
d.|central variation|
ANS:B
25.A population has a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 8. A random sample of 800 is selected. The expected value of is
a.|8|
b.|75|
c.|800|
d.|None of these alternatives is correct.|
ANS:B
26.As the sample size becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a

Different Perspectives Of Knowledge Production
3.METHODOLOGY
3.1.Introduction
The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the relationship between several variables such as age, gender, locations and experiences, and the
degree of perceived cultural conflicts in the workplace. In addition, it also aimed to test the relationship between perceived cultural conflicts, support
from the HR department and the willingness to take online cross–cultural training.
In order to collect effective data, the researcher carefully made choices in terms of research design, research methods, and sampling. Next, limitations of
the selected research choices were clarified and discussed by the researcher. Last but most importantly, the researcher kept the ethical principles in mind
when conducting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theory can be viewed as 'an explanation of observed regulations' (Bryman and Bell, 2011). After that, the concept of epistemology and ontology needs
to be taken into consideration, which influences the formation of research questions and implementation of research (Bryman and Bell, 2011).
Epistemology is concerned about 'questions of what is regarded as acceptable knowledge in a discipline' (Bryman and Bell, 2011). Two main ideologies
in epistemology are positivism and interpretivism. The former combines both a deductive approach and inductive strategy; it aims to test theories
(Pugh, 1983). The latter aims to gather and appreciate subjective settings in natural contexts (Bryman and Bell, 2011). Ontology is relevant to the
nature of society and two main ideologies within ontology are objectivism and constructionism. Objectivism argues that social actors are independent of
social phenomena; however, constructionism argues that the actions of social actors construct the social phenomena such as organisational culture.
There is a difference between quantitative and qualitative research in terms of relationship with theory, epistemological and ontological orientations.
After taking epistemology (positivism and interpretivism) and ontology (objectivism and constructionism) into consideration, both quantitative and
qualitative researches were required in this research. Quantitative research was needed to test relationships

The Sampling Approach
One of the strengths of the sampling approach is that the external validity is strong for the population of interest: the sample is randomly selected
from veterans with PTSD all over the United States. The external validity is not strong for individuals who do not suffer from PTSD, or for
individuals who do not live in the United States, as they are not included in the study. The random assignment of the study is also a strength, as this
will help reduce sampling error and increase generalizability (Rubin & Babbie, 2016). Lastly, the compensation for completing the study could also
be viewed as a strength, as it is likely to increase the amount of participation; a larger sample is beneficial as it will yield more results and make the
study more general to the population of interest (Rubin & Babbie, 2016).
Research Design The name of the design is: experimental treatment pretest–posttest comparison design. After the participants are randomly selected for
one of the four groups (one to receive PE, one to receive CPT, one to receive both PE and CPT, and one that does not receive an intervention), they are
then administered the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory scale (Foa et al., 1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory scale is used to measure
PTSD symptoms, including frequency of dissociative reactions, recurrent distressing dreams, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and marked
alterations in arousal and reactivity, and is a reliable and valid scale (Foa et

Impact Of Group Dynamics On The Productivity Of An...
Impacts of Group Dynamics on the Productivity of an Organization Organizations around the globe understand clearly the needs of the people they
serve. For employees, the need for training is always to enhance their capacity in a way that helps them to perform their work effectively. Scholars in
the sociological and business sectors have developed effective approaches to improving the performance of employees (Jackson–Dwyer, 2013). For
business, the reason behind the enhanced training programs is to increase the competency level of their employees in a way that effectively
contributes to the success of their organizations. People are drivers of change, and this is normally witnessed when there is a change. Also, people are
the key elements in an organization as they are always the first people in that organization to feel the impact of any change. However, it must be
understood that the improvement of people 's productivity does not mean training and development. Research has shown that proper incentives and
motivation are also effective in delivering on objectives of the company (Kelley, 2013). Furthermore, the personal aim of people to grow in the jobs
and career can help in achieving the objectives of their companies. Background Study According to Jackson–Dwyer (2013), the idea of group dynamics
was conceived as a result of the need to combine social interaction with innovation. However, there is little research in this area. This aspect has led to

Explain The Effects Of Family On One's Political Values
Fundamental Values
Describe what a democracy is and why it is significant.
A democracy is a system of government where the people have the opportunity to have a say in important governmental processes. For instance, in a
democracy, one has the privilege to directly vote on key public officials. This can be seen in presidential elections, state elections, etc. A democracy is
significant because it protects the interests of the people, and allows citizens to feel a sense of authority in the nation's government. Essentially, ensuring
that the government does not have all the power.
How Political Values Are Formed Describe what political socialization is and how it is important.
Political socialization is the process where people tend to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, women are more likely to support the protection of the environment, pro–choice, health care, and are more likely to vote for Democrats.
Men are more likely to be more militaristic than women, and care less about the interests of women.
Describe how a person's education influences their political values.
Education plays an important role in the establishment of one's political values. In school, students are taught the importance of liberty, equality, and
democracy. These principles are repeated in every grade throughout school. If a student has a teacher or professor that shares their liberal or
conservative beliefs, students might unintentionally be indoctrinated by their teachers or professors.
Political Knowledge Explain why it is important that people be well informed and up to date in politics.
Many citizens are not well informed and do not have well established beliefs on politics. This is not a good thing because this means that they can be
effortlessly influenced by others. It is important that people be well informed and up to date in politics so that they can have their own opinions.
Citizens with political knowledge can express their beliefs and opinions when voting. Without political knowledge, it would be harder for citizens to
understand the political world they live in, making it hard for them to understand political issues, and voting.
The Influence of Political Leaders, Private Groups, and the Media

Data Collection And Recording Stage
Business Statistics Answer 1. A sampling plan is a detailed outline of which measurements will be taken at what times, on which material, in what
manner, and by whom. Data collection and recording stage : these include sampling plan data collection and data representation. Random sampling
The concept of randomness Before we discuss random sampling, you need to be clear about the exact meaning of "random." In common speech,
it means "anything will do", but the meaning used in statistics is much more precise: a person is chosen at random from a population when every
member of that population has the same chance of being sampled. If some people have a higher chance than others, the selection is not random. To
maximize accuracy, surveys conducted on scientific principles always use random samples. Imagine a complete list of the population, with one line
for every member: for example, a list of 1500 members of an organization, numbered from 1 up to 1500. Suppose you want to survey 100 of them.
To draw a simple random sample, choose 100 different random numbers, between 1 and 1500. Any member whose number is chosen will be
surveyed. If the same number comes up twice, the second occurrence is ignored, as nobody will be surveyed more than once. So if the method for
selecting random numbers can produce the same number twice, about 110 selections will need to be made to get 100 people. Another type of random
sampling, called systematic sampling, is more commonly used. This

Behavioral Assessments : A Behavioral Assessment
A behavioral assessment is a research–based approach to understanding the antecedents, behavioral components and consequences of observable
behaviors using various unbiased assessment methods. The major focus of behavioral assessments is to be able to measure individual changes, identify
circumstances that direct problematic behaviors and better comprehend individualistic occurrences. Behavioral assessments can be either direct or
indirect measures of behavior. Some examples of indirect behavior assessments would be self–report interviews, questionnaires and rating scales.
Indirect behavioral assessments are less time consuming but they may not be as effective since they are personal recollections of past occurrences.
Direct assessment behaviors would be self–monitoring, behavioral observations and the experimental control of specific variables to test a hypothesis.
This type of assessment is great for obtaining an abundance of information but it is also time consuming and requires a well–trained observational staff.
Targets of direct behavioral assessments methods include observing individual behaviors first hand and understanding the connection between the
individual and their environment. Direct behavioral assessments also allow the observer to establish behavior chains and record changes in behavior
over time. Targets of indirect behavioral assessments are more likely to determine psychological thoughts though various questions given during a
survey or interview.

How To Write A Research Proposal
Our Research Proposal
Topic:Newspaper reading habits
1) Problem Definition:
–What is the purpose of the study? Our purpose is to find out the number of students who prefer newspapers in our college campus.
–How much is already known? So far there is no data collected on this topic. But the reason behind choosing this topic is to know how many people
prefer newspapers over any other source of news related information such as magazines, journals, internet and so on.
–Is additional background information necessary? There is no requirement of background information as we are using direct observation methods in the
form of questionnaire.
–What is to be measured? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3) Data Gathering:
–Who will gather the data? Our group members will collect the data. Our group members are Ashish, Chethan, Jithin, Leo and Rohit.
–How long will data gathering take? It will take around 3–4 days.
–How much supervision is needed? A lot of supervision will be required by our group members as the data gathered maybe replaced or maybe lost in
the process which will affect the result of our research.
–What procedures will data collectors need to follow?
Steps in Selecting a Sample–Size

An appropriate sample size is based on a number of accuracy factors that you must consider. Together they comprise a five step process:
1. Determine Goals
2. Determine desired Precision of results
3. Determine Confidence level
4. Estimate the degree of Variability
5. Estimate the Response Rate
Step One: Determine Goals
First, know the size of the population with which you're dealing. If your population is small (200 people or less), it may be preferable to do a census
of everyone in the population, rather than a sample. For a marginally higher cost than a 134–person sample, you can survey the entire population and
gain a 0% sampling error. However, if the population from which you want to gather information is larger, it makes sense to do a sample.
Second, decide the methods and design of the sample you're going to draw and the specific attributes or concepts you're trying to measure.
Third, know

Validity Of Standardized Testing
Educational assessments have for long formed a fundamental part of the American school system. In fact, they have been so well established that most
of us could not imagine a world without them. For years, politicians have claimed that educational assessments, such as standardized tests, are a vital
determinant of the goals of education. Therefore, policies have continued to hold schools accountable for measuring up to the given standards.
Accordingly, because standardized tests are alleged to be objective, efficient, rigorous, and fair, educators and politicians have resorted to use thesetest
scores to allocate resources in public schools, and more recently, to evaluate teachers. However, although the intended role of educational assessments
is to measure how well students have learned the material, standardized tests have often failed to capture the diversity of its tested population. As a
result, "critics who ignore the impact of social factors on test scores miss the point" (Koretz, 2008). Likewise, the interpretation and actual use of the
results is often inappropriate, and therefore standardized tests have become an obstacle rather than a tool for education. As a result, it has become
essential to consider how reliability, validity,measurement error, and sampling error ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Koretz, 2008). For instance, standardized tests are norm–reference tests designed to purposefully discriminate between students in order to compare
scores, however, if these same test scores were then used to measure individual learning, you would no longer have a valid test because the curve will
predispose some students to score very high, whereas others will undoubtedly score very low, thus creating a batch of winners and

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