The Migration Of Health Workers From Developing Countries

The Migration Of Health Workers From Developing Countries
Introduction
The migration of health workers from developing countries to developed countries has arisen
several aspects regarding this global trend. This phenomenon so–called ''brain drain'' is defined as
the movement of intellectual and highly qualified professionals in pursuit of improved quality of
life, higher wages, access to high–technology and good working conditions (Dodani & LaPorte,
2005; Afzal et al., 2012). This movement has become a global concern in the 1940s, when
professionals migrated from Europe to the United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom
(UK) (Dodani & LaPorte, 2005; Afzal et al., 2012). The ''brain drain'' has economic, social and
health implications including the impact on healthcare systems in source ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The main destinations are USA, UK, Canada and Australia, where approximately 20% of the
physicians are from low– and middle–income nations (Edge & Hoffman). Dodani & Laporte (2005)
argue that most of health workers go abroad to conclude specialization and postgraduate courses in
the recipient country.
Push and Pull factors
The main leading reasons why a considerable amount of health workers leave their home country
are: poor quality of healthcare systems; insecurity in remote neighborhoods next to the workplace;
low wages ; lack of career perspective; lack of job opportunities; nepotism influence to be recruited
and promoted; patient overbooking in referral hospitals; weak standard of living and quality of life;
tiring workload and high rate of unemployment (Kirigia et al., 2006; Edge & Hoffman, 2013).
In parallel, there are several pull factors that attract high–qualified professionals: access to advanced
technology; attractive infra–structure; availability of advanced equipment in hospitals, safer
workplaces and environments, better quality of life; and high demand for health workers due to the
''ageing of the baby–boom generation' (Dodani & LaPorte, 2005; Edge & Hoffman, 2013; Kirigia et
al. 2006). In addition, some countries encourage and finance health workers to fulfill existent gaps
in the healthcare system. For instance, Watkins (2005) states that in 2005 the British Government
was encouraging qualified physicians to join an
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Health Care Model Of Care
Introduction: Health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a 'state of complete
physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity' (Dempsey,
French, Hillege & Wilson, 2009). With the various health inequalities within Australia the WHO
developed the 'Primary Health Care Model' with a key goal of developing "better health for all"
(World Health Organization, 2014). The Primary Health Care model is the first level of care in
which individuals have contact with the health care system which is managed by various health
professionals outside of the hospital such as your local General Practitioner (GP). The Primary
Health Care model provides therapeutic treatments in cooperation with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Primary Health Care Model: Origin of what the healthcare model is: The World Health Organization
(WHO) had a major role in promoting and developing the Primary Health Care model to address the
major health inequalities within Australia and between other countries. The Primary Health Care
model provides the community with affordable, easily accessible treatment and disease prevention
strategies to improve health and quality of life for all (Talbot & Verrinder, 2010). The Primary
Health Care model "forms an integral part of the country 's health system... and it is the first level of
contact of individuals, the family and community have with the national health system bringing
health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a
continuing health care process" (Hall & Taylor, 2003, page 18). The main goal to arise out of the
Primary Health Care model was to achieve 'Health for all by the Year 2000' (Fleming & Parker,
2007, page 29). Targets that were set to help achieve 'Health by the Year 2000' were that five percent
of gross national product should be spent on health, safe drinking water should be available to all
within a fifteen minute walk, adequate sanitary facilities and that at least 90% of all children should
have a weight that corresponds to the national average weight values of children of the same age
(Australian Government,

Concept Of Healthy Children : The Nutritional Status Of...
Concept of Healthy Children: The nutritional status of children below five year age is commonly
assessed using three indices: weight–for–height (wasting) which reflects acute growth disturbances,
height–for–age (stunting) which reflects long–term growth faltering and weight–for–age
(underweight) which is a composite indicator of both long and short term effects. Weights and
heights of children are compared with the reference standards (NCHS/ CDC/WHO) and the
prevalence of anthropometric deficits is usually expressed as the percentage of children below a
specific cut–off point such as minus 2 standard deviations (2SD) from the median value of the
international reference data. Thus, children who are below the referred indices are termed as
unhealthy children. Children are first and foremost individuals, born with indivisible and inalienable
human rights. They also belong to families and communities that need to have access to resources
and services, as well as capacities to ensure realization of their rights. Policy approaches are needed
that address both the income and non–income dimensions of children's deprivations. Continued
neglect of material, human and psycho–social dimensions of child well–being can prevent children
from living a full life and from making informed decisions later on in their life. India too would
miss out on the dividends that can accrue from a full expansion of children's capabilities. The world
has just eleven years in which to fulfill the promise

Lack Provision Of Health Services
Adequate provision of health services in low and middle–income countries poses a considerable
challenge to governments of the same. Global health policy is currently shifting from centering
around older top–down and vertical disease programmes, to more horizontally integrated
programmes that are re–focusing on Primary Health Care. 'Community participation' is a popular
concept, where involvement of the community is considered one of the "foundational principles " of
Primary health care (Bath and Wakerman, 2013). Thus, it is important to understand whether and
how communities can successfully participate in determining how health services are delivered at
the local level.
To do so, it is important to begin by understanding what 'community participation' means, which is
what this essay seeks to do first. It will then demonstrate through examples that communities can
and have successfully participated in determining how health services are delivered at the local
level. It will subsequently also show that, despite these apparent successes, it is difficult to assess
the effects of community participation in delivery of health services. The essay will conclude with
the assessment that though there are questions about the exact mechanisms through which
community participation operates, its value in demanding and delivering health services should not
be underestimated. The concept of 'community participation' gained traction in the international
arena after the Declaration of

Pros And Cons Of Universal Health Care
To be or Not To be: A comprehensive in depth review addressing the various sides of providing
Americans with a Universal Healthcare system and weighing its Pros and Cons.
33 million people in the United States did not have healthcare in 2014, according to the US census
bureau. America, one of the richest nations in the world does not provide healthcare for its citizens.
Although, so many nations do. Healthcare is a basic right that should be provided for by the U.S
citizens regardless of religion, age, race, gender, and economic status. After all, our framers believed
that Americans had natural rights, which are a right to life, liberty, and property. Healthcare is
critical to establishing a just and fair society, while boosting the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the basis of this argument, I will focus on key pros and cons.
By instituting a right to health care the U.S. could possibly lower cost, and make health care
services more affordable for everyone. According to a 2012 study, using a single–payer system, in
which all citizens are guaranteed a right to health care, total public and private health care spending
could be lowered by $592 billion and up to 1.8 trillion over the next decade due to lowered
administrative and prescription drug cost. The cost of healthcare in America has increased ( Health
Affairs). A study done by Consumer reports in 2012 stated that paying for health care is the top
financial problem for US households. In Light of health care's expanding costs, many Americans are
delaying or not receiving treatment, as well as having trouble paying for care. According to a study
done by the American Journal of Public Health, Canada, a country that provides universal health
care, spends half as much per capita on health care as the U.S. The American Medical Association
has made a claim stating that, on average, private health insurance plans spends 11.7% of premiums
on administrative cost vs. 6.3% spent by public health programs. On the contrary, providing
universal

The Importance Of Public Health
The Lalonde Report in May, 1974 on 'A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians' (Rutty &
Sullivan, 2010) was influential in identifying factors driving public health other than the health care
system, promoted alternate pathways to health improvement, and emphasized the importance of
environment and lifestyle in addition to human biology and health care. The concepts from the
report helped to reorient public health towards health promotion along with protecting health and
preventing disease by environmental control and enhancing immunity via vaccinations (Rutty &
Sullivan, 2010). The Lalonde report prepared the ground for the Health for All (HFA) charter of the
late 1970s and since then, a social determinants approach has gained acceptance as the appropriate
framework for developing and delivering public health policy (Graham, 2004). Also, the 1978 Alma
Ata Declaration identified primary health care as the key to attaining "Health for All" and that
governments across the world are responsible for the health of their people and the need to provide
adequate health care (World Health Organization, 1978). These historical milestones influenced the
definition, scope, and practice of public health. Therefore, public health can be regarded as "the
organized efforts of society to keep people healthy and prevent injury, illness, and premature death
(Last, 2001)". Public Health is a combination of programs, services and policies that promote,
protect and preserve health through

Canada Case Study
ii. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Canada views the OECD as a key forum to discuss international and domestic economic and social
issues including refugee crisis. Canada ranks 7th in terms of assessed contribution to OECD paying
3.84% of members' contributions iii. Canada and United Nation
Canada, a participant at the San Francisco Conference (April 25 to June 26, 1945), is one of the
founding members of the United Nations. Canada has seven diplomatic missions accredited to the
UN. Canada works very closely with UNHCR for refugee selection and settlement. iv. Canada and
G7
The G7 Summit brings together the heads of government of the G7 plus the European Union to
discuss and build consensus on some of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Main highlight includes; Canada will demonstrate leadership on SDG 5, environmental
sustainability, contribute to the global fight against climate change, increased food security in
countries for food insecure populations, etc.
c. International Humanitarian Assistance
Canada, through its International Humanitarian Assistance Program, aims to save lives, alleviate
suffering, and maintain the dignity of those affected by conflicts and natural disasters by providing
timely and appropriate funding for food, water, shelter, protection and other humanitarian
assistance. Coming out of the World Humanitarian Summit and its Grand Bargain (May 2016) and
the United Nations Summit for Refugees and Migrants (September 2016), Canada made a
commitment to working differently to reduce unprecedented levels of humanitarian need and forced
displacement. These organizations ensure that people affected by conflicts, natural disasters and
pandemics are physically safe, receive health care, and have food, water and shelter.
d. Universal Health Access and Universal Health Coverage
Canadian health care model is founded on the universal access and coverage with zero cost at the
point of delivery. Canada Health Act 1984 relies on federal spending powers to establish a Canada–
wide, publicly funded health care system that bases patients' access to health care services on need,
not on the ability to pay. Universality and accessibility are among the major

Why Is Pressure Ulcer Important
Pressure ulcer has caused thousands of deaths in Australia every year. It is very common in elderly
people due to poor nutrition intake, fragile skin, reduced mobility and illnesses. Sally is an 82 year
old resident who has been under affected by diabetes for years and has recently developed a leg
ulcer. Her leg ulcer has become a serious health problem and is causing Sally a lot of pain while
decreasing her quality of life. Sally's leg ulcer has made her no longer socialize like she used to; she
could barely move or leave the house and also suffered lot of pain in her lower leg. Emotionally, she
become harder for her husband to deal with, she get anger more easily and enjoy her life less.
Physically, it is harder for her to do her daily living ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dealing with a death of a loved one is the most difficult experience; the bereaved person can be
struggle with depression, anger and frightening emotions. To help John go through this stage,
enrolled nurses need to be understanding and empathy. Taking to John is the best way to support his
feeling, make him feel relief and lead to more positive thinking. You can also offer John to joy some
community activities to distract him from thinking about Sally. Enrolled nurses should always watch
for abnormal symptoms and report it to prevent any misfortune. Griefline is an Australia helpline
service (website: http://griefline.org.au/). They provide counselling support services for individuals
and families include telephone or online counselling, in–home one to one and health support
programs. They help promote good mental health and protect everyone from anxiety or depression
by connecting people. Pressure ulcer continues to become a common health problem in elderly
people. There are many cases like Sally which all required for a good health service. Primary Health
Care is essential to provide services in all aspects of health and wellness. The principles of Wellness
apply to physical and psychological health; it is important for everyone to be self–conscious about
their wellness and seek for health care. A good study plan can make a huge different for patient as
they have a clear guidance and be more confident to solve their health problems. Caring for a
grieving person is also

Aboriginal Health Care
Indigenous populations in Australia are considered to have poor health conditions when compared
to non–Indigenous population. Their burden of chronic disease is 2.3 times than the non–Indigenous
peoples. Consequently, the life expectancy of Indigenous peoples is ten years lesser than the non–
Indigenous Australians. Poor health condition of Indigenous people has been significantly
influenced by social inequalities such as colonisation and subsequent policies, poor education, low
income, lack of employment, inadequate housing and lack of access to health services (Delbridge et
al., 2018). In this task it will be discussed about how primary health care services (PHC) provide
education, support, and health promotion in order to improve ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As an example, the life expectancy at birth for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males was 69.1
years, and 73.7 years for females in 2010–2012 and it was lower than the non–Indigenous
Australians. In
2008–2012 the infant mortality represented 4% when compared to 1% of non–Indigenous deaths
(AIHW 2104). Completing higher education among Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander peoples represent 30% when compared with non–Indigenous students (Sue and
Stephen 2011). The national Close the Gap Campaign, enhances the ongoing advocacy from
ACCHS and others to address poor Aboriginal health outcomes (Internal Medicine Journal,
2008). Australian Human Rights (2018) states the campaign allows Aboriginal peoples to participate
in decision making on their health and wellbeing. It helps to make a huge difference in primary
health care that helps to close the gap.
According to AIHW (2018), primary health care can be identified as the entry level to the health
system where a person usually encounters with health system for the first time

Health And Public Health : India Is Experiencing A Rapid...
Introduction
The term health has many meanings in terms of Indian development as since from the colonial past
till the present. Health is the pillar on which life of people and the well–being of the economy
depend. With respect to public health, India is experiencing a rapid epidemiological and
demographic transition whereby it has to deal with an unfinished business of infectious diseases,
nutritional deficiencies as well as escalating epidemics of non–communicable diseases. Such threat
to the nation's health and development requires prioritizing of public health policy with the
objective of cost–effective interventions for health promotion, disease prevention and affordable
health care.
After years of neglect, public health in India is witnessing some changes in terms of greater
financial commitment from the government for public and primary health care, pressure to meet the
Millennium Development Goals, and implementation of national level programs such as Rashtriya
Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) and National Rural Healt Mission, but the effectiveness and
outcomes of such changes needs to be analysed.
Literature Review
Healthy population is very important for a developed nation and public health is an important
indicator of holistic development yet public health is often ignored or at least its whole scope is not
very often realized as it is often reduced to medical services. Public health services as Monica Das
Gupta says is lot more than just medical services that are

The Importance Of Accessibility And Equity Of Primary...
Introduction
With the development of health care system and the enhancing awareness of public health care
among the society, the quality of health services is widely discussing in the global. Therefore, an
international conference on primary health care is committed which is the Declaration of Alma–Ata
on primary health care. It strongly reaffirms the importance of accessibility and equity of primary
health services no matter in developed or developing countries (World Health Organization, &
United Nations Children 's Fund, 1978). After that, the first international conference of health
promotion was held which is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and followed by seven
subsequent global conferences and it built on the progress of the Declaration of Alma–Ata (World
Health Organization, Health and Welfare Canada & Canadian Public Health Association, 1986).
Also, the foundation of primary health policy in New Zealand like New Zealand Health Strategy
(Ministry of Health, 2000) and The Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy (Ministry of Health, 2001)
are based on this declaration, furthermore, there are more policies were established in New Zealand
like the Better, Sooner, More Convenient Health Care in the Community (Ministry of Health, 2011).
The PHC strategy defined the role of Primary Health Organization (PHO) and Healthy Village
Action Zones (HVAZ) is a church–based programme that runs by the Auckland District Health
Board (ADHB) and three PHOs. It is crucial to explore

Social Determinants Of Health: The Concepts Of Illness
The Social Determinants of Health In this readings the authors tries to inform the readers about the
empirical and theoretical literature that can help explain the different factors that might push or pull
an individual from obtaining proper healthcare. To help the readers understand the main concepts
the authors included two case studies. The first case study was about a woman name Jan, who is the
mother of four kids, is unemployed and is having a hard time supporting her family. The second
case study was about Susana who is married to an abusive husband despite of her loyalty to him.
With both of these case studies the authors explains that Social Determinants of Health affects every
one of us one way or another and that it will take more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With that the authors talked about the Declaration of Alma–Ata, which aims to make healthcare
more access available everywhere. However, due to the unclear financing issues this created a gap
between the rich and the poor. Along the same lines the Measuring Health Inequalities article looks
at how does the World Health Report 2000 created a gap in health and not create equality despite
their best intentions. Both of these reading looked at different literatures in the past to help explain
to the reader that social inequalities in health is still present today even though people in the past did
their best to help lessen the gap between the social classes. I was having a hard time reading these
two articles because they did not have a lot of example to help me picture what was going on at the
time. The Reimagining Global Health Chapter 4 had a lot of jargon and abbreviated titles which
made it a lot harder for me to understand what was going

Taking Care of the Older People
Care for the older people
Table of contents
1. Executive summary 2
2. Ageing 2
3. Health and well being 4
4. Factors with impact on health for older people 5
5. Being dependent on care 7
6. Quality of care for older people 8
7. Conclusion 10
1. Executive summary
Improved living conditions and healthier lifestyles, progress in medical care leads to increase in
population size and increase in the number of older people (Phelan & Larsson, 2002). As a
consequence of the reduction of hospital beds in Swedish hospitals during the 1990s, older people
are often cared for in their own homes or special accommodations. This often means that the
community care services are responsible for many people with multiple complex diseases,
dependent on advanced nursing care and help with their daily living. In recent decades, a great deal
of research has been conducted which focuses on elderly persons' health and care and great diversity
has been found in regard to health problems in this group (Hellström, 2003; Jakobsson, 2003:
Borglin, 2005). It has also been found that care of older people can be both good and bad (Leino–
Kilpi, 1990; Halldórsdóttir, 1996; Lövgren, 2000, Haak, 2006). Since nursing is founded on the
fundamental idea that care should be based on the needs and problems of the patient (Henderson,
1969; Benner & Wrubel, 1989), one starting point for high quality community care, should be to
study how older people dependent on such care, describe their own

Emile Durkheim; Division of Labour in Society
Durkheim argued that social structure depends on the level of division of labour in a society .In
other words, in the manner in which tasks are performed. Thus, a task such as providing food can be
carried out almost totally by one individual or can be divided among many people .The latter pattern
typically occurs in modern societies;cultivation,processing,distribution and retailing of a single food
item are performed by literally hundreds of people. In societies in which there is minimal division of
labour, a collective consciousness develops with emphasis on group solidarity, implying that all
individuals perform the same tasks. Since everyone is engaged in similar work, each person
prepares food, hunts, makes clothing, and builds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emile Durkheim Functionalism A functionalism, mile Durkheim (1858–1977) argued that there can
arise from various kinds of interaction .Many individuals certain new properties (suigeners) not
found in individuals (customs, institutions, nations). Furthermore, the interactions of the parts of a
society were perceived as cohering into a unity; an integrated system with life its own, extension to
the individual and constant over his behavior. This direction of causation from group to individual
(rather than the reverse as conceived by most biologists of the time). Durkheim also pointed out that
groups could be held together or two contrasting basis; 1. Mechanical solidarity such as occurs in
friendship groups and among relatives and neighbors 2. Organic solidarity(organization of
complementary difference such as occurs in industrial,military,government and other organizations
that exist because they have tasks to perform. Defects with Durkheim Solokim an integralist argued
that for the civilization cultures that in their balance of lues and conditions could be vuived as
entities that had distinguishable life cycles with educational idealistic stages marking their growth
and decline. Tulcoh Parsons argues that for a society to survive there should be conditions that each
system must

Primary Health Care and Health Promotion
Primary Health Care and Health Promotion
Introduction
The significant improvement in primary health care and health promotion is an issue that should be
applauded and appreciated. The members of the community i.e. Government health care agencies,
nongovernmental health organizations and individual members of the community need to increase
their efforts and corporation to ensure that the gains achieved in the PHC sector are not lost. PHC
can be defined as the basic level of health care that is essential for a society and incorporates all
programs aimed at the promotion of good health, timely diagnosis of diseases and disabilities and
the prevention of factors and situations that can result into diseases(Integrating mental health into
primary care: a global perspective, 2008). The prevention of diseases is important since it results
into a huge decline in the cost incurred in treatment and losses arising from deaths and other
prolonged duration of illness by individuals. Prevention is thus better than cure. According to the
world health organization(WHO) 2008 report, PHC is defined as the fundamental health care that is
hinged on practical, sociable, scientifically sound and acceptable technology and methods in order
to ensure universal access to individuals and families in a community through their maximum
participation and at an affordable cost that country and the community can afford and maintain in
the future at each stage of its development and with the objective

The Social Determinants Of Health
Health is multidimensional and is largely determined by biological factors such as genes and
heredity, however, health is known to be influenced by many other factors including environment,
social interactions, income, education, culture, and individual behaviours, otherwise known as the
'social determinants of health' (McMurray & Clendon, 2011; Office of Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion, 2017). This knowledge of health's vulnerable nature has led to an increase in the
importance of health promotion (HP) to the provision of primary health care (PHC) within the
Australian population (McMurray & Clendon, 2011; Perez & Luquis, 2013). HP refers to public
policy which creates awareness of and addresses the impacts of the determinants of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 'Declaration of Alma–Ata' delivered the foundations of PHC by identifying a lack of, and
requirement for equality in health and health care between different communities and countries
(Talbot & Verrinda, 2013). The Alma–Ata defines PHC as being a responsibility of governments to
enable equal access to health care despite the varying impacts of socioeconomic, sociocultural or
environmental determinants, and should incorporate, at a minimum; education to patients,
preventative care, curative care, rehabilitation, adequate food and water supply, access to
medication, prevention of disease spread through immunisation, adequate sanitation, and support
through affordable access to care and increased awareness (Talbot & Verrinda, 2013). The 'Ottawa
Charter for Health Promotion' further builds on providing PHC, as outlined by the Alma–Ata, by
taking a HP approach (Talbot & Verrinda, 2013; WHO, 2017). The charter defines HP as a process
that encourages individuals to take charge over improving their health by providing a framework of
resources aimed to educate, enable, support and provide (Talbot & Verrinda, 2013; Keleher &
MacDougall, 2015; WHO, 2017). PHC and HP are largely focused around the social determinants of
health and aim to reduce the inequalities in health that may potentially be caused by the impact of
these determinants.
Challenges are

What Is The History Of Folk Medicine?
History: Nepal's history of folk medicine that are based in supernatural causes of illnesses like
demons and evil spirits hampered the development of a proper health care delivery network. Most
often, a medicine man or jhankri is the sole source of medical care available. Since the 1980s Nepal
progressed in health care,but facilities are inadequate in meeting the population's needs ("Nepal
Health Care Facilities," n.d.). In addition, the unavailability of modern health care and a general
lack of knowledge pushes people to adhere to supernatural ways of seeking health care. As a result,
Cambodia does not have adequate resources to professionally provide care and enable its population
to live as long as other countries'. In the same vein, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reorganization of health care made recieving modern health care more accessible and took steps
to evolve equitable health care and health care financing. Nonetheless, Malaysia must mobilize
better health care services by providing better financing systems. With that, Malaysia has a well–
established health system that can meet the needs of the population, explaining the modest life
expectancy, low under–five child mortality rates, and low mortality rates for adult females. Lastly,
the Japanese health care system has been widely recognized as a leader in providing quality
universal health for a relatively low cost. Historically, the systemization of medical care in Japan
started early with the introduction of Chinese medicine in the 6th century. This strong medical
tradition produced many notable Japanese physicians and continued up to the Meiji Restoration in
1868. As time progressed, Western medicine was promoted as a national policy, and led to Japan's
modern medical system (Hays, n.d.). Going back many years, Japan's strong emphasis on health
care has allowed it to evolve into one of the best health systems in the world. The early focus of
medicine Japan allowed an ample amount of resources and high amounts health expenditures to be
invested in health care, thus providing what is needed to allow the population to enjoy long life
expectancy and low mortality rates.
Gender and Women's Studies: The trend of lower–income countries having a higher fertility rate can
be

Essay On Corporate Governance
The corporate governance framework is there to encourage the efficient use of resources and equally
to require accountability for the stewardship of those resources. In the context of public service or
private sector organization, Good Corporate Governance is therefore about ensuring all
stakeholders' adherence to organizational policies, procedures and systems.
The right to health has been recognized ever since the birth of the United Nations (UN) in 1945. The
Charter of the UN urges state parties to respect rights to a higher standard of living and solutions to
international health problems. On 7 April 1948 the World Health Organization was founded as the
custodian of the world policies on health matters. It has 194 Member States of ... Show more
However, it is recognized that there is still a lot of ill health that is related to diseases of poverty and
ignorance. Of the six WHO regions in the world, the African Region bears the heaviest burden of
disease (WHO, 2000). Effective and efficient implementation of national and local policies can
reverse this trend. Indeed, the world press (2008) opined that a critical challenge for countries in
Africa is to move from policy to action in the health service delivery. This move from policy to
action should be grounded on each country addressing its priority health needs and mobilizing its
people to improve the state of health service delivery at personal and community levels.
According to a World Bank report, Sri Lanka has achieved a remarkable health service delivery as a
result of devolution (World Bank 2010). This has been attributed to successful implementation of a
credible budget constraint for the hospital; reform to strengthen the accountability of managers for
the performance of the hospital through the creation of a board of external directors or trustees, or a
hospital authority to supervise the manager; and increased managerial authority with freedom to
recruit, promote, set tasks and work hours, and decide on performance rewards and sanctions.
Further, Sub–Saharan Africa countries, in translating existing policies into national plans of action,
should also

The Research Paper Analyzes Decision- Making On What Type
The research paper analyzes decision– making on what type of health services are provided, which
is the key consideration in delivering the appropriate and accessible health care for rural and remote
populations. In regards, the research conducted from Bio Med Central (BMC), the discussion
suggested that financial ratios are important when understanding the financial conditions of the
company. There is representation on the Return on Assets (ROA) ratio, and identifies the financial
trends at BMC are favorable in the future. Despite residents of rural communities experiencing
poorer health outcomes and exhibiting higher health needs, workforce shortages and maldistribution
mean that rural communities do not have access to the range of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of utilizing liquidity ratios, helps an organization reflect their ability to meet the current
financial obligations. Solvency ratios assist in reflecting on the capacity to pay annual interest and
principles in regards to long term debt; and profitability ratios help the organization that reflects the
operating revenue over operating expense (Baker & Baker, 2014). In the research conducted,
explores decision–making about physiotherapy service provisions in eleven rural and regional
communities, against a context of health care rationing. Definitions of rationing and common
criteria are used to frame participants (employee, stakeholders, and investors) response that help
guide future discussions (Adams, Jones, Lefmann & Sheppard, 2015).
Research Questions
A brief description of financial ratios that is used by most financial analysts are used to evaluate the
financial infrastructure of applying to Central (BMC), also will provide an overview that will cover
the organization's ability to meet their financial obligations. According to the company balance sheet
(see Appendix A.) the discussions on the profitability trends that may be favorable, or unfavorable
are based on the ratio analysis. The financial ratio analysis is the methods used, which businesses
can make predictions based on the future performance of the company. According to the

Emile Durkheim; Division of Labour in Society
Durkheim argued that social structure depends on the level of division of labour in a society .In
other words, in the manner in which tasks are performed. Thus, a task such as providing food can be
carried out almost totally by one individual or can be divided among many people .The latter pattern
typically occurs in modern societies;cultivation,processing,distribution and retailing of a single food
item are performed by literally hundreds of people.
In societies in which there is minimal division of labour, a collective consciousness develops with
emphasis on group solidarity, implying that all individuals perform the same tasks. Since everyone
is engaged in similar work, each person prepares food, hunts, makes clothing, and builds homes ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is seen where the social responsibility or plough back effect into the society is far much less
than the profits generated after selling copper. In addition, copper(mineral royalty tax is only 3% of
the total profits raised compiled with low corporate tax(ZRA 2009 Brochure)
3. Despite societies becoming interdependent, their interdependency is enveloped with a capitalist
cover which always wants to gain more and more for self–intentions.Interdepency has been so
encouraged even at international level where the whole world is viewed as being in a global village.
However the developed countries have come up with a number of agreements such as the
Washington Consensus, the World Trade Organisation, where trade between the western countries
and the third world countries like Zambia has been encouraged but still in an exploitative ground.
Zambia would supply primary produces such as copper to first world on very cheap world
international market, which Zambians have no control over the pricing aspect meaning through
interdendepency is there ,it has a face of selfishness.....
Though Emile Durkheim's focused on mechanical solidarity, it is worth mentioning that there is no
society which is purely mechanical. For example not even the pre–agrarian societies were

Effects Of Alcohol And Academic Achievement
Introduction Overview University students are synonymous with drinking and testing their limits.
Maybe it's some kind of rite of passage or merely peer pressure but when you consider the average
age of students these days it hard to gain some kind of perspective. According to the most recently
available data, the median age of college students is 21.6 years, while for university students; the
median age is 22.8 years (see Appendix A). (Dale, 2012) The question needs to be asked; why
young adults of this age find it necessary to binge drink and also what the effects of this is on their
academic achievement. According to the research conducted for this report, there is most definitely
a connection between Alcohol and Academic achievement and based on the websites studied there
are three areas where alcohol affects student's grades: Firstly, drinking excessively has a negative
effect on class attendance and therefore leads to the students falling behind in their studies.
Secondly, the amount of time and the quality of time spent on studying is negatively affected by
alcohol use. Thirdly, there is a direct inverse relationship between drinking and grades. Studies have
shown that the majority of students who are at risk of failing admitted they fell into the heavy
drinking category. Please refer to Appendix B for a complete explanation of these three areas. This
report will look at the culture of drinking at University, the reasons students give for drinking, health
related

Health Area Action Zone A Church Based Program Essay
Primary health care is a service provided for the community where improving health care for all
New Zealanders and decreasing health inequalities between different ethnicity. Health Village
Action Zone a church–based program to help improve health care outcomes for Pacific people. This
essay will analyze the concept of accessibility to health care in Healthy Village Action Zone, the
practice of nurse in the policy of Better, Sooner, More Convenient health care to the community and
culturally appropriate service provide to the community as explained in Healthy Village Action
Zone article. "It's called 'primary health care' because it's the first (and the main) place people's
health needs are met (Ministry of Health, 2011).
Healthy Village Action Zone program has been operating for nearly three years in partnership with
Auckland District Health Board (ADHB) and three other primary health organizations (PHOs)
whereas, the District Health Board (DHB) had provided with funds for the churches to purchase
resources for the particular health programs. "Survey conducted in 2007/2008 showed that 16
percent of the around 120,000 inpatients treated at ADHB that year were Pacific" (Manchester,
2010). Throughout the Healthy Village Action Zone, the most affected inpatients are Pacific people
with high rates if pediatric rheumatic fever, diabetes, stroke and cardiac heart disease.
Primary health care nurses work for a wide number of roles in a variety of areas such as homes,
general

How To Write A Community Teaching Proposal
Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
Directions: Develop an educational series proposal for your community using one of the following
four topics:
1) Bioterrorism/Disaster
2) Environmental Issues
3) Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
4) Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population
Planning Before Teaching:
Name and Credentials of Teacher
Estimated Time Teaching Will Last:
30mins Location of Teaching:
Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish
Supplies, Material, Equipment Needed:
Paper handouts Estimated Cost:
None
Community and Target Aggregate: Catholic community, CCD class of 5th graders and 2 adults to
monitor discussion
Topic: Primary Prevention/Health Promotion, Hand washing
Epidemiological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If an HP2020 objective does not support your teaching, explain how your teaching applies to one of
the two overarching HP2020 goals.
The Healthy People 2020 has two over riding goals: Prevent, reduce, and ultimately eliminate
healthcare–associated infections (HAIs), and promote respiratory health through better prevention,
detection, treatment, and education efforts.
Controlling spread of infection is the key for the individual or the health care provider and washing
hands is the first step. Hand washing is the most single most important strategy for preventing
infection transmission. HAIs are the most common complication of hospital care. However, recent
studies suggest that implementing existing prevention practices can lead to up to a 70 percent
reduction in certain HAIs. The financial benefit of using these prevention practices is estimated to
be $25.0 billion to $31.5 billion in medical cost savings (Healthypeople.gov 2020).
How Does This HP2020 Objective Relate to Alma Ata's Health for All Global Initiatives (See page

116 in the textbook)? Declaration of Alma–Ata
International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma–Ata, USSR, 6–12 September
1978
The Conference strongly reaffirms that health, which is a state of complete physical, mental
And social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or

What Is The Difference Between France And Japan Healthcare...
On April 1st, 2011, Japan celebrated its 50th anniversary of universal healthcare, a healthcare
system which undoubtedly contributed to their 2015 number one ranking for life expectancy for
both sexes, in a list compiled and published by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Although not
in the top five, France made the list at number nine equal with Switzerland, and New Zealand sat at
number 15. So, what makes these two countries so different? Why is their life expectancy so much
higher than ours? Ultimately, it comes down to health care. The purpose of this essay is to describe
two different healthcare systems used in countries other than New Zealand, in this case, French and
Japanese systems, and the main similarities and differences ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Uninsured patients incur 100% of fees, however these fees are renounced for low–income
households receiving a government subsidy. Homeless people brought to hospital via ambulance
also have their fees waived. As with any healthcare system, universal healthcare has advantages and
disadvantages; "the advantages in comparison with private insurance are that being based on
solidarity, premiums are levied according to the ability to pay, and not on the risk of illness" (Sasaki,
Izawa, & Okada, 2015).
Comparatively, the French healthcare system combines similar universal coverage, with a public–
private mix of hospital and outpatient care. It is largely financed by the Government's national
health insurance, however patients can be refunded up to 70% of most healthcare costs, and 100% in
cases of costly or long–term ailments/conditions. France's healthcare system topped the rankings in
the World Health Organisation's Health Report in 2000 (Rodwin, 2003). France's universal
healthcare grants an automatic and continuous right to treatment, to those who legally reside there
for at least 183 days per year, or for three consecutive months and are a permanent legal resident.
From an outsider perspective, it may seem that these two countries have very similar healthcare, and
in some aspects, that is largely true. Both are big prescribers of medication, in some cases over–
prescribed, however in both countries, doctors practice homeopathy as well as allopathy, which begs
the question as

Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal Directions: Develop an educational series proposal for
your community using one of the following four topics: 1) Bioterrorism/Disaster 2) Environmental
Issues 3) Primary Prevention/Health Promotion 4) Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a
Vulnerable Population Planning Before Teaching: Name and Credentials of Teacher: Tamarra Matos
Estimated Time Teaching Will Last: 10 minutes of speech, 15 minutes of activity and 10 minutes of
discussion Location of Teaching: Pinelands Library 39 Allen Avenue 08055 Medford, NJ Supplies,
Material, Equipment Needed: 21 Pamphlets, 3 glasses, sugar Estimated Cost: $18.00 Community
and Target Aggregate: 15 Girl Scout Troop members and 6 parents. Topic: Healthy ... Show more
How Does This HP2020 Objective Relate to Alma Ata's Health for All Global Initiatives (See page
116 in the textbook)? Alma Alta's global initiative initiated the promotion of health care services
including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies to improve the health of all trough
education on existing health problems through prevention. Develop Behavioral Objectives
(Including Domains), Content, and Strategies/Methods: Behavioral Objective and Domain Example
– Third–grade students will name one healthy food choice in each of the five food groups by the end
of the presentation. (Cognitive Domain) Content (be specific) Example – The Food Pyramid has
five food groups which are.... Healthy foods from each group are.... Unhealthy foods containing a
lot of sugar or fat are.... Strategies/Methods (label and describe) Example – Interactive poster
presentation of the Food Pyramid. After an explanation of the poster and each food category, allow
students to place pictures of foods on the correct spot on the pyramid. Also, have the class analyze
what a child had for lunch by putting names of foods on the poster and discussing what food group
still needs to be eaten throughout day. 1. After completing this presentation the children and adults
will be able to choose 10 healthy foods from a list of healthy and unhealthy foods. 1. The food
pyramid has five food groups, which are grains, vegetables, fruits dairy

Primary Health Care Systems
Introduction Health care is everyone's business. It is what every individual fights to maintain, it
affects a communities social and economical status and is continually discussed at a global level.
Education, access to information, equipment and professionals has a direct influence on a
community's level of health. Health varies across regions, not everyone has access to these basic
health systems, in order to sustain a level of health, programs and promotions supported by
government funding and professionals are undertaken however there success can be depended on
the consideration of the external influences and restrictions. The world health organsiation (1978)
empowered nations to embrace a primary health care system. Primary health care is the first level of
contact people have with the health system, its aim is to bringing health care as close to people as
possible to where they live, learn, work and play. All health professionals should understand
primary health care, its philosophy, goals and determinants; it should be the underlying influence
which governs their practice. The key elements to the success of primary health care are; health
promotion, disease prevention, equity in health status, health education, inter–sectorial care
planning and organization, accessibility, appropriate technology, and public participation. A primary
health care system involves health professionals working together and delivering care within a
specific environment and local community.

Community Teaching Workplan Proposal
four topics which will be chosen within your CLC group:
1) Bioterrorism/Disaster
2) Environmental Issues
3) Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
4) Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population
Planning Before Teaching:
|Name and Credentials of Teacher: |
|Lali Alex, RN, CHN |
|Estimated Time Teaching Will Last: |Location of Teaching: ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Percent of non–institutionalized adults ages 20 and over with hypertension: 33% (2007–2008)
(Source: Health, United States, 2010 [pic]) 2. Number of ambulatory care visits (to physician
offices, hospital outpatient and emergency departments) with hypertension as primary diagnosis:
46.3 million
3. Nursing home care 1. Number of residents with hypertension: 790,300 2. Percent of residents
with hypertension: 53% (Source: 2004 National Nursing Home Survey[pic])
Nursing Diagnosis:
Potential for: Alteration in blood pressure Related to: 1. Age 2. Food habits
3. Lack of exercise
Readiness for Learning: Identify the factors that would indicate the readiness to learn for the target
aggregate. Include emotional and experiential readiness to learn.

1. Show up on scheduled time 2. Asking questions and clearing doubts 3. Listening carefully and
shows understanding
Learning Theory to Be Utilized: Explain how the theory will be applied. 1. Lecture 2.
Demonstration on how to check blood pressure 3. Showing slides 4. Giving reading materials about
hypertension and how to prevent future heart

Gibbs Model Of Reflective Essay
Step 2 Gibb's Model of Reflection (1988) Description Residents of rural and remote communities
tend to experience poorer health outcomes than those in the metropolitan area (Humphreys &
Walkerman, 2008). The fact that the high proportion of Indigenous Australians, which increases
with remoteness, reflects the lag in Indigenous health outcomes (Humphreys & Walkerman, 2008).
Feelings I believe that everyone should have equal access to all health services they require, no
matter their cultural background, or where they live. When thinking about the poor health outcomes
due to the lack of access that Australians, particularly Indigenous Australians, in rural areas it makes
me wonder how the health care system can fail to deliver care to those people. Evaluation I believe
a good thing about current health care in rural areas is The Royal Flying Doctors Service, which
delivers primary health care and emergency services to those in rural areas (Flyingdoctor.org.au,
2015). However, the lack of multidisciplinary health professionals and insufficient funding of
Indigenous health services in rural areas is not helping to decrease the health gap. Analysis While
implementing Primary Health Care models, identical to those in metropolitan areas, in a rural setting
is not practical, I feel there is an obvious need to improve primary health care in remote areas. This
is due to the significant health gap between Indigenous and non–Indigenous Australians, in rural and
remote areas

Cuba Health Care System
Cuba has been able to transform its health care system in order to prevent diseases, have national
health care, have a personal relationship between the patient and doctor, and provide services to
other countries. How is it that the United States being both a developed and an industrial country is
not able to provide what Cuba offers? Both Linda Whiteford and Laurence Branch explain the
medical history both before and post revolution and its improvements. The involvement of the state
and how community is a big factor in Cuba. Cuba experiment with different ways on treating people
to maximize the best results. Health is something we all should have and in Cuba they determine
health or health illness by, "'The major determinants of health or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They had high mortality rates and by identifying the desired outcomes they put models to work until
they came up with the PHC. They saw improvements and involved both the state and the
community to insure growth in the health care system. They found the best method not only to help
them but also go to other counties that are even poorer or underdeveloped. Cuba is an example on
how having a national health care system actually benefits the

The Life of Leon Trotsky Essay
The Life of Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky is well recognised as one of the greatest Marxists that ever lived. After being arrested,
sentenced to exile twice and supporting the Mensheviks, Trotsky was deported to New York
Citywhere he was to be a peaceful, productive member of society. Following the removal of the Tsar
during the Russian Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia in May 1917.
In August 1917, Trotsky joined the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party whose leader was
none other than Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky assumed key roles in the events and policies concerning
the Bolshevik Government, which included the Bolshevik Revolution, Treaty of Brest–Litovsk, the
Civil War and views on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trotsky 'marched' out of negotiations, however the immediate threat posed by German forces led the
Bolsheviks to sign the treaty of Brest–Litovsk and agree to even harsher terms than what was first
proposed. Trotsky was the main negotiator at the peace talks, supporting a strategy of 'no war, no
peace'. Despite Trotsky's actions at negotiations, forcing the Bolshevik government to agree to even
harsher terms, Lenin understood Trotsky's motivations as a show of loyalty to the Bolshevik
Government and allowed him to stay Minister of Foreign Affairs.
As the Civil War started, the Bolsheviks passed a declaration announcing the creation of the Red
Army, which was Trotsky's idea. On the 8th of April, Lenin appointed Trotsky as Minister for War.
Shortly after Trotsky introduced conscription and obtained the numbers to overcome the Whites, the
Red Army had a total of 3 million men by 1920. Trotsky's disciplinary actions paid off with the Red
Army being able to launch a counter–attack, driving the enemy back. Thus, with Trotsky's other
military success of the Bolshevik Revolution and the support from within the Army, Trotsky took on
another major feature of his life, the Civil War and successfully created Red Army into victory, as
well as consolidating his power by being made Commissar for War.
By the mid–1920's

The On Health Care Delivery
The Alma Ata Declaration of 1978 had significant consequences on health care delivery in
Australia, facilitating the introduction of primary health care (PHC) in Australia. PHC refers to an
"integral" health care approach (World Health Organization [WHO], 1978), defined through its
principles of accessibility, public participation, health promotion, intersectoral collaboration and
appropriate technology (Downey & Westera, 2009). Relations between obesity, being a National
Health Priority Area (NHPA), and PHC will be expounded using the "Five A's Framework" of The
Australian National Preventative Health Agency (Harris, 2012). Through examining the latter, the
reader will obtain an awareness of current management whilst identifying the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Continuation of bulk billing services minimise economic barriers, with 82% of general practice
attendances being bulk billed from 2012–2013. Statistics indicate its effectiveness, as 94% of
persons visiting PHCP's, such as general practitioners or allied health professionals, excluded cost
barriers (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2014).
Public participation in PHC refers to a "right and responsibility" to engage in one's health (Downey
& Westera, 2009). Public participation on the individual's behalf is essential, as inadequate
involvement could result in unsuitable referral or the absence of PHC itself. Westera (2009) outlines
the necessity of community participation, referring to Local Health Advisory Committees (LHAC)
(Downey & Westera, 2009) considered as the "central connection between the local community and
health service attitudes" (NSW Health, n.d). Through such involvement, PHC can be specialised to
specific communities, addressing strengths and issues (Downey & Westera, 2009), whilst
"empowering local members" through their contributions (NSW Health, n.d.).
Empowerment may also arise through health promotion, being defined as "activities which help
individuals and communities to increase control over the determinants of their health" (AIHW,
2014). According to Westera (2009), 'patient teaching' is integral to health promotion, involving the
deliverance of education pertinent to primary prevention and management of

Tipping Points
THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY According to the business dictionary the healthcare industry
comprises of providers of diagnostic, preventive, remedial, and therapeutic services such as doctors,
nurses, hospitals and other private, public, and voluntary organizations. It also includes medical
equipment and pharmaceutical manufacturers and health insurance firms. Research by Sheingold
and Hahn (2014) supports that healthcare began as a purely reactionary, medicinal practice, in which
people learned the medicinal properties of plants through trial and error, and then passed on that
knowledge to others. It later became a subject of purposeful study by many different cultures,
including the Persian, Egyptian, Greco–Roman, Indian, and Chinese cultures. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Though many looked to the Colonial governments for such provision, assistance was curtailed by
financial problems and inertia. However, public sector involvement began to germinate in the latter
portion of the 19th century. The Colonial governments established General hospitals in the more
developed areas and district medical officers, dispensers and dispensaries in rural areas (Theodore &
Edwards–Wescott, 2011). Public Health programmes were introduced in the English–speaking
Caribbean in the early part of the 20th century. In spite of these early public health programmes the
emphasis remained on the curative services through hospitals and out–patient type care which
resulted in the neglect of programmes geared towards prevention of diseases and those which
serviced rural areas (Theodore & Edwards–Wescott,

Venezuela Case Study
IV. Major Countries and Organizations Involved
United States of America (hereinafter USA)
The USA have been in opposition to both the Venezuelan government under President Chávez and
the government under President Maduro. The USA have repeatedly imposed sanctions on
Venezuela, the most pivotal of which was instituted on July 31 as a reaction to the election of the
National Constituent Assembly. The Trump administration prevents all American citizens and
companies from having business with Venezuela and has frozen Maduro's assets that are under US
jurisdiction. The US National Security Adviser H.R. McMaster explained that the election was an
"outrageous seizure of power" and openly accused Maduro of attempting to establish a dictatorship
by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
April 19th, 2013 Nicolás Maduro inaugurated as the successive president of Hugo Chávez.
December 6th, 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election ends 16 years of the Socialist party control
in the National Assembly.
March 30th, 2017 Venezuelan Supreme Court dissolves National Assembly transferring legislative
powers to itself. The decision is reversed shortly after.
April – June 2017 Partly violent protests against the Court's actions and President Maduro emerge.
April 16th, 2017 President Maduro deploys armed forces to the streets to counter protests.
April 27th, 2017 President Maduro announces Venezuela will withdraw from the OAS.
July 18th, 2017 Opposition calls for a general strike to prevent election.
July 31st, 2017 Election of the second National Constituent Assembly.
July 31st, 2017 Trump administration decides to impose sanctions on Venezuela.
August 1st, 2017 The opposition leaders Leopoldo López and Anotnio Ledezma are imprisoned.
September 11th, 2017 UN Human Rights Council calls for investigations concerning human rights
violations in Venezuela.
October 15th, 2017 Maduro's Socialist Party wins the Regional Elections.
December 11th, 2017 Maduro announces that opposition parties will be excluded from presidential
elections in 2018.
VI. Relevant UN Treaties and Events
Since the international community has not majorly contributed to the resolution of the conflict until
now, there are only few

What Is The Difference Between Hunt And Backman
Should a community have to choose between the right to practice their culture and the right to
health? The right to health is a highly contestable right, especially when it may conflict with
traditional rights or local customs. In the article "Health Systems and the Right to the Highest
Attainable Standard of Health," Paul Hunt and Gunilla Backman discuss the components of a health
system and how to implement it and right to the 'highest attainable health.' Notably among the
components, Hunt and Backman argue that there is a need for "international cooperation [to
actualize] health as a global public good," a "respect of cultural differences," and balances between
"competing human rights" (83–86). Many irreconcilable conflicts arose, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Transparency is needed because everyone should have access to essential health information.
Participation from the community is a component because everyone is a stakeholder. Hunt and
Backman also stress equity, equality, and non–discrimination because health systems must be
accessible to everyone and protected by the law. They also argue that health committee members
must show respect for cultural differences. Medical care is one crucial component of a health
system, but covering health determinants is equally critical in Hunt and Backman's framework.
They also cover the need for progressive realization to implement health systems effectively and
account for resource accessibility. However, Hunt and Backman state that distinct from the
progressive realization component are "duties of immediate effect" which requires that a list of
minimum essentials be guaranteed and minimum baskets of health services for each country are
adopted (84–85). There must be quality of care, and access to preventive care and effective referral
systems. All health care participants should coordinate health care at the international, national, and
departmental levels. There should be international cooperation in the control of infectious diseases,
distribution of health findings, and international regulatory plans. Participants must cover balances
between resources and rights conflicts and should fairly resolve by considering the viewpoint of the
least powerful participant. Last,

Health Rights Within The World Health Organization Essay
HEALTH RIGHTS IN CONFLICT/DISASTER CONTEXT
According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental and
social well–being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The above definition of health by the World Health Organization redefined the concept of health
among the different stakeholders involved in safeguarding people's right to health. Until then health
was merely seen as an absence of disease. But this definition helped the world to reimagining the
various dimensions of health. Thus it underscores the fact that health is directly influenced by the
environmental as well as social factors such as housing, education, food and a sense of safety from
physical as well as sexual violence too. Thus health effects of conflict and disasters are much
beyond the mortality and morbidity figures reported. http://www.uniteforsight.org/women–children–
course/women–war The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) declares health as a
fundamental human right . The right to health is considered as an inclusive right wherein its scope
extends beyond the conventional concept of right to healthcare. The Committee on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights specifies those underlying crucial determinants as safe drinking water,
adequate sanitation, safe food, gender equality, and healthy environment and working conditions,
health related education and information, adequate nutrition as well as housing. The health rights
mandate that all

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Health Care
India has a mixed system of health care where most of the preventive and promotive care is
provided by the government health services whereas a majority of curative care is through private
medical practioners and institutions. The government health system consists of sub–centres, PHC,
CHC and district hospitals which are usually distributed on a population norm throughout the
country. However, the level and quality of care usually cry off as one shift from metropolitan to
rural hinterlands. In India 83.3 crores population out of 121 crores population resides in the rural
areas (Census, 2011) and taking health care to the remotest and far flung areas is one of the prime
challenges which the Indian public Health System is facing in the present context. Availability,
Accessibility and Affordability are the prime concerns within the health care arena in India. It must
be essentially emphasized that in poor, backward and traditionally bound communities it is not only
a question of availability of the health care facilities in a region but the accessibility of the people to
the available facilities as well.
Mobile Health Unit is one such endeavor to provide health care facilities to those who generally
remain secluded due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public health essentially focuses on preventive health, health education, health behavior of
community, organization and society at large than focusing on individuals. Alma Ata Declaration
1978 "Health For All" and Universal Health Coverage focused on making health care services
available to all without any discrimination on the basis of ones sex, religion, caste, class, age and
other such parameters. Provision of health care facilities and the extent of their utilization is one of
the chief indices of human development .The overall picture of health care provisions and their
utilization is far from satisfactory in rural

The Use Of The Internet On Health Issues, Empowering...
The following paper discusses how everyday use of the Internet to seek information regarding
health issues is empowering people and changing the doctor–patient dynamic, as patients become
autonomous decision makers. In order to understand this, the paper details the history of asserting
an active role in one's health. The focus then turns to three main concepts: how the effect of using
the Internet to pursue health information is refocusing patients as passive receivers of information to
active consumers of information; the benefits of being an Internet informed doctor when consulting
with empowered patients; and the inevitable change in dynamics between doctor and patient. The
context and limitation of the discussion is that of people who use the Internet to gain health
information and attend face–to–face doctor consultations. The importance of maintaining an active
role in one's health is long recognised. In 1978 the Declaration of Alma–Ata (World Health
Organisation, 1978) affirmed, "people have the right and duty to participate individually and
collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care" (p. 3). Consequently, for many
years patients have maintained a central role in their personal healthcare, albeit one regulated by
doctors who, "were the only readily accessible source of information for most patients" (Broom,
2005b, p. 327) and specialised in understanding medical terminology. Other traditional sources of
health information originate from

Health Community And Society Advocate Healthy Life Style...
Health community and society advocate healthy life style to prevent chronic disease development
and reduce the prevalence of serious illness. Healthy lifestyle has been promoted in various ways by
health care providers, community, and government to broaden the impact of behavior change. As
part of health care delivery system, primary care offers the robust foundation in delivering quality
health care and result in encouraging outcomes. Emphasis of health care system has been evolved to
investigate and understand multidisciplinary impact on the health from identifying the clinical cause
of disease (Shi, 2012). Growing diversity of population requires the different aspect of primary
health care delivery system focusing on "person/family" and "community–oriented primary care".
(Shi, 2012) To provide effective primary health care, six domains of primary care that was
established by the 1978 Alma–Ata Declaration were recommended by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 2001 (Shi, 2012). Six domains of primary health care consist first contact,
longitudinality, comprehensiveness, coordination, person, or family–centeredness, and community
orientation. However, the disproportion of primary and specialty care services presented in the
United States and word wide despite of the primary health care treaty. Less than 40% of all patients
care physicians practice as primary health care physicians (Shi, 2012). There are several reasons for
the low rate of primary care service

Essay about Community Teaching Diabetics
four topics which will be chosen within your CLC group: 1) Bioterrorism/Disaster 2) Environmental
Issues 3) Primary Prevention/Health Promotion 4) Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a
Vulnerable Population *
Planning Before Teaching: Name and Credentials of Teacher: Red Group RN to BSN student |
Estimated Time Teaching Will Last: 1 hour | Location of Teaching:Church hall of the local Hispanic
Church | Supplies, Material, Equipment Needed:Power points, handouts, lap top, glucometer, and
supplies, common foods used by Hispanics to show calorie /carbohydrates. | Estimated Cost:$20 ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Self –Determination Theory
This theory focuses on the differences between control and autonomous motivation .Controlled
motivation means to do things to make others happy. Autonomous motivation means doing things
for oneself. This type of motivation is predictive of successful self–care , weight loss and glycemic
control. 4. Social learning theory
This focuses on the group's ability to understand and follow through an action plans . It is similar to
the concept of self–efficacy on self – confidence. Self–efficacy is one of the most consistent
predictors of successful self–care behaviors.
Goal: Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) objective(s) utilized as the goal for the teaching. Include the
appropriate objective number and rationale for using the selected HP2020 objective (use at least one
objective from one of the 24 focus areas). If an HP2020 objective does not support your teaching,
explain how your teaching applies to one of the two overarching HP2020 goals.
Healthy People 2020 has one main goal: Reduce the disease and economic burden of diabetes
mellitus (DM) and improve the quality of life for all persons who have, or are at risk for, DM. There
three main types of DM but there are many causes and

The Migration Of Health Workers From Developing Countries

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Anna Barrett

More from Anna Barrett (10)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Migration Of Health Workers From Developing Countries