Disadvantages of Biofuel Production According to Experts

Disadvantages of Biofuel Production
According to this article written by David Pimentel, Alison Marklein, Megan A. Toth, Marissa N.
Karpoff, Gillian S. Paul, Robert McCormack, Joanna Kyriazis, and Tim Krueger, the production of
biofuels is not only energetically wasteful in most circumstances, but it is also causing food
shortages throughout the world. By creating biofuels throughout United States, we are not only
using up valuable farmlands, but we are actually becoming more dependent upon foreign oil.
Throughout this article several statistics are given to show how energetically unfavorable the
production of biofuels really is. Not only does the production of biofuels require huge amounts of
resources like water, cropland, and chemical fertilizers, but in many cases it also consumes more net
energy in fossil fuels than it produces in alternative energy resources. Some examples of biofuel
production throughout the world include biomass resources, corn ethanol, grass and cellulosic
ethanol, soybean biodiesel, and algae for oil production.
Renewable biomass resources on planet Earth amount to nearly 92 quads or 19% of the global
energy use per year. One quad is equal to 1 quadrillion or 1015 BTU's. To place this into
perspective, a little over 1,000 BTU's are in a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. The majority of
these biomass resources come from wood harvested from forests throughout the world. Included in
this biomass calculation is the total forest biomass production that yields 38 quads or 8% of the
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Hydro Power Energy : Hydropower
Hydro power energy
Hydropower is the renewable energy contained in flowing water. Electricity generated using
hydropower is known as hydroelectricity and is generally considered to be reliable.
There are three main methods for generating hydroelectricity:
Storage – where a dam collects water in a reservoir, then releases it to drive turbines, producing
electricity
Pumped storage – where water is pumped to a higher reservoir, usually during times of low–priced
electricity, then released to a lower reservoir, again driving a turbine, usually when the electricity
price is higher
Run–of–river – where the natural flow of a river or stream is used to drive a turbine.
How electricity is generated through hydropower
In order to generate electricity from the kinetic energy in moving water, the water has to move with
sufficient speed and volume to spin a propeller–like device called a turbine, which in turn rotates a
generator to generate electricity. Roughly speaking, one gallon of water per second falling one
hundred feet can generate one kilowatt of electricity.
To increase the volume of moving water, impoundments or dams are used to collect the water. An
opening in the dam uses gravity to drop water down a pipe called a penstock. The moving water
causes the turbine to spin, which causes magnets inside a generator to rotate and create electricity.
There are a variety of types of turbines used at hydropower facilities, and their use depends on the
amount of hydraulic head (vertical

The Biofuel And Biomass Industry
Abstract
The biofuel and biomass industry has become potentially more beneficial over the last few decades.
They have considerably reduced the usage of fossil fuels. As the non–renewable energy is being
replaced by the renewable energy, new initiatives are proposed for the continuous development of
supply chain network for biofuel energy. The main aim is to determine the optimal model of supply
chain for the biofuel industry, operations of biofuel supply chain, and also design a reliable supply
chain network for the biofuel and biomass industries. Multiple papers have been discussed in
considering various challenges present in the biofuel production market. The key objective of the
paper is to maximize the profit, study the changes in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keywords: Mixed integer programming, supply chain, biofuels, biomass, CyberGIS
Introduction Renewable resources play a vital role in supporting the environment by balancing the
ecosystem. The production of biomass and biofuel over the last few decades has increased due to its
sustainability over the fossil fuels. The biomass and the biofuel supply chain production have
rapidly increased all over the world to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the extinction of
non–renewable energy. This paper discusses about the production of biofuel and biomass supply
chain. The below table includes the methods, objective function and problems studied in each
article.
Article Method Objective Function Problem Studied
1 MILP Maximize the net present value [1] Optimization of forest residue
2 MILP
Monte Carlo [2] Maximization of net present value Optimization of waste cooking oils
3 MILP
Benders Decomposition Algorithm [3] Minimize the system costs Network design, operations,
environmental issues
4 MILP Maximize the total economic value [4] Development of bio–products from energy crops
5 MILP Minimize costs of production Expand production of biomass from agricultural & animal
waste
6 MINLP
Genetic algorithm [6] Minimize the total costs Construction of new facilities and transportation
network
7 MILP
Cyber–GIS [7] BioScope Linear combination of all the costs [7] Designing a biomass supply chain

decision making process
8 MILP
Stochastic [8] programming Maximize

The Pros And Cons Of Biomass
Biomass is the organic matter in plants which can be burned to create energy. Forms of biomass
include wood, charcoal, farm crops, and different forms of waste. Some biomass can be burned
directly, while others are converted to methane gas or ethanol which can be burned or used to power
different things such as vehicles. Chiras states that Biomass is considered renewable, but it only is to
a certain point, it cannot be used faster than it is produced to avoid depleting the resource (2016).
Biomass can also be used in a variety of ways to produce energy such as burning it directly,
converting it to ethanol, or converting it to natural gas. There are many pros and cons of using
biomass over fossil fuels to produce energy. Biomass is great for undeveloped countries where they
can't afford other alternative energy sources because they can reduce pollution by not using fossil
fuels. One of the most significant pros of biomass as it relates directly to humans everyday life is
that ethanol created from biomass costs roughly 60 cents per gallon, and dropping, which means
fuel for vehicles can be produced much cheaper than fuel made completely from fossil fuels (Chiras,
2016). Not only is this form of fuel cheaper, it is also cleaner and does not release as many
pollutants into the atmosphere. Although biomass is relatively clean in comparison to fossil fuels, it
can release many pollutants into the air such as dioxins and creosote (Chiras, 2016). Biomass can
also lead to an

The Pros And Cons Of Biomass
There are many different types of renewable resources. There's wind, solar and many more. Today
we are going to talk about one of the many renewable resources. The renewable resource is called
Biomass. So let's dive into the amazing renewable resource called Biomass.
Biomass is an organic matter that comes from plants and also from animals and it is also a
renewable energy source. Biomass can also be used as a facility heating, Electric power generation,
and combined heat and power. Using Biomass is Burning, Fermentation, and Conversion. Reason
why Biomass is a renewable source cause supplies aren't limited. And biomass reduce dependence
on foreign oil cause biofuels is the only renewable liquid.
Biomass contains stored from the sun and plants absorbs the sun's energy in process is called
photosynthesis. When the Biomass is burn the chemical energy it releases as heats. The percent of
fuel of biomass contains about 5% for this time of year. Mostly researcher are trying to find more
ways to contain more biomass fuel for years. For this year wood has the largest amount of biomass
energy resources stored today but some other natural resources can be stored as well. And also
biomass has the potential to greatly reduce greenhouse gas emission. There are some pros of
biomass, but there are also some cons of biomass. One pro of biomass is the fact that it is a
renewable energy. It's renewable by converting one year's crop into fuel, and while you are doing
that,

Solar Panels, Hydropower, And Wind Turbines
DISCUSSION
How Biomass Works
Solar panels, hydropower, and wind turbines are all well–known renewable resources. However, one
of the most prevalent sources for energy is often overlooked. Biomass is a renewable and
sustainable energy resource that uses organic materials to generate electricity. ("Biomass Power
Association.") Biomass energy is made from any form of previously–living material. This includes
any animal material or product, all vegetation, and even human waste. Scrap lumber, forest debris,
crops, manure, and even industrial wastes can all be utilized and turned into renewable energy
through biomass. Often leftover materials from factories such as paper mills are used to help sustain
the renewable resource. However, this process tends to be inefficient and unreliable (Mary, Booth),
so frequently biomass energy is instead produced by cutting down forests or converting crops such
as sugar or corn into combustible fuels. Biomass is considered a renewable resource because organic
material and waste will always exist. Whether this is through forests, crops, or animals, as long as
humans inhabit the earth there will be waste to utilize. [figure 2]
Although biomass is sometimes considered inefficient in comparison to other fuels, biomass fuels
have two strengths when compared to widely–used fossil fuels. The first reason is the time
difference there is between fossil fuels and biomass. One example would be coal. In nature coal
requires close to 400 million

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Biomass
Cooking Using Biomass Energy Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological materials that
can be used as fuel or for industrial production.
Moreover, Biomass Energy is one of the most reliable alternative energy sources in the present and
the future as well. According Adria and Bethge (2013, p.9), more than 2.5 billion people still depend
on biomass such as wood, waste or drug for cooking, In Nepal about 88% percent of total energy
consumption is traditional biomass resources and out of the bio mass resources nearly 78% is met by
wood. The majority of the wood resources are used for cooking purposes but combusted in the
traditional wood stoves which causes major health and environmental impacts. Therefore, to use this
limited source of energy in a more sustainable manner more efficient devices and technologies have
to be promoted.
Types of Biomass stoves promoted in Nepal Mud brick stove This is the most widely used
technology in Nepal. 1 The mud brick is made of clay, rice husk, cow and few metal rods.
Moreover, the Mud brick is available in different models such as one pothole, two pothole and three
pothole.
Advantages of Mud brick It's cheap in cost Can be built very easily More than 15% of efficiency
Suitable in the mid–hills as in the northern part of Terai ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is eight goals to be accomplished by 2015 that relates to
the world's main development challengers (United Nations, 2000). Implementation of improved
biomass stoves like Save80 Stove in Nepal is a crucial factor to obtain the MDGs. The use of energy
sufficient and cleaner stoves helps on achieving MDG such as environmental sustainability; improve
maternal health and eradication of extreme poverty and hunger from improving health conditions
and reducing the cost associated with the energy for

Determination Of Biomass, Protein, Carbohydrate And Lipid
Determination of biomass, protein, carbohydrate and lipid For the estimation of dry biomass, 2 ml
culture was removed on 10th day from each flask, and absorbance measured at 750 nm
spectrophotometrically (Shimadzu UV mini 1601, Japan) and converted to dry biomass using the
regression equation Dry biomass (mg ml–1) = Abs750+0.0378/0.0009 (R2 =0.995; P< 0.001) based
on a standard curve constructed depending on Abs 750 vs dry biomass. To determine dry biomass 10
ml microalgal culture with known Abs750 ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 were filtered through pre–
combusted (100oC, 4 h) and pre–weighed glass microfiber filters (GE Healthcare, UK) and rinsed
with 5 ml of 0.5M ammonium formate. The filters were dried at 100oC for 4 h, cooled in a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Optimization of medium composition and culture conditions Experimental design Selection of
significant variables by Plackett–Burman design The screening of significant variables influencing
biomass production of Chaetoceros muelleri was accomplished by Plackett–Burman experimental
design using the statistical software Design Expert (version 6.0.9, Stat–Ease Inc, Minneapolis, MN).
Three nutritional parameters (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) and four physicochemical parameters
(temperature, pH, salinity, and agitation speed) were screened, having each variable tested at two
levels, as minimum (–) and maximum (+). The minimum and maximum limits of the variables were
nitrate (A):7.5–150 mg l–1 ; phosphate (B): 0.5–10 mg l–1; silicate (C): 3–60 mg l–1; temperature
(D): 20–30oC; pH (E): 6–9; salinity (F): 15–40 ppt and agitation speed (G): 100–200 rpm. For
screening the above variables, microalgal culture having absorbance of 0.2 at 750 nm was
inoculated to a final concentration of 10% (v/v) to 100 ml medium in 250 ml conical flasks having
varying composition as formulated by Plackett–Burman design. The design matrix, consisted of 11
variables with 12 runs (N), with D1 to D4 as the dummy variables was used to evaluate the standard
errors (SE) (Table 1) . The experimental cultures were incubated in triplicate for 10 days in a shaker

Annotated Bibliography On Biomass
Annotated Bibliography
Dickmen, Robert. "Biomass Explained." U.S. Energy Information Administration, Vol. 4, Issue 3,
May 16, 2017, 5 pages. One of the largest potential sources of energy that is going largely unutilised
is biomass. Biomass is organic material that that typically is considered waste. Most Biomass
products end up in landfills if not used to produce power. Examples of biomass include forest refuse,
mill refuse, mill refuse, agricultural refuse, animal waste, and crops grown for biomass fuel like
wood and grasses. These plants need a steady source of biomass which can be hard to supply.
Franklin, James. "Biofuels production." Market–Specific Solutions, Vol. 3, Issue 13, 2018, 5 pages.
Biofuels are substitutes for petroleum products, not replacements as of now. Biofuels is not cost
effective therefore production of these products have to be subsidised be the government. The
government wants to help fund Biofuels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electricity. New York: Franklin Watts, 1986, 96 pages.
The link between Magnetism and electricity became evident in 1820. This relationship is important
because electricity develops by the spinning of magnets around a coil of copper wire. In order to
produce electricity a fuel source must spine the magnets. Electricity can be used from anything from
communication sistemes to the everyday lightbulb.
Harmen, Jamies. "Nuclear Power in the World Today." World Nuclear Association, Vol. 7, Issue 19,
2017, 8 pages. Nuclear power accounts for approximately 11 percent of the world's electricity
production. Nuclear power is the second largest producer of low carbon energy production method
after hydroelectricity. The first nuclear power plant opened in the 1950s. Nuclear power plants can
fail catastrophically, which is uncommon but can be devastating. In the world about 450 nuclear
power plants in 50 countries actively produce power.
Johnse, John. "Natgas." WordPress, Vol. 17, Issue 4, 2013, 18

Energy Sources Of Renewable Biomass
I. INTRODUCTION
As an abundant, inexpensive, and renewable as well as environmentally–friendly (i.e. CO2–neutral)
energy source, biomass energy has been a particular focus of researcher and policy makers as well
as industries around the world (Chen, 2003). Renewable biomass presents an important research
area for energy source, considering the current global crises of exhaustible sources of energy.
Bioenergy is the 4th largest source of energy in the world, and it does not contribute to the global
warming through emissions of CO2 or any other green–house gases. Biomass pyrolysis has
witnessed exponential growth in its research and has been investigated extensively in the last few
decades, first in the form of fixed bed reactors and later in the form of moving bed reactors
(fluidized bed, auger bed etc). As the combustion of solid biomass is analogous to the combustion of
other solid fuels, such as coal and waste, essentially the same technology is applicable to all solid
fuels, although modifications are required to handle the high content of moisture and volatiles
typically associated with biomass fuels (Duffy & Eaton, 2013). In this paper, which reviews the
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of fixed/moving bed solid–gas reactors, biomass
pyrolysis, gasification and combustion has been the focus of the study. Combustion of biomass in
the presence of carrier gases like N2 etc has been extensively studied, with focus being on the
numerical or CFD models which have

Renewable Energy Sources Of Energy
The worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be
60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non–renewable energy sources, like coal
and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European
Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ,
2013). But, non–renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the
environment, since they generate greenhouse gases. So, it is very important to discover more
renewable ways to generate energy.
For a very long time, the only energy source that mankind had was the human muscle. After that
they discovered the fire and the animal domestication providing them a source of heat and help from
horses to plough their fields. The only other accessible sources of energy that they could explore
were wind and water. Sails were used on ships allowing people to move across water, windmills and
water–wheels were used to grind grains and pump water. At the end the 18th century Europeans
discovered the power of non–renewable energy sources and started to use fossil fuels, first coal then
oil and natural gas. With these new energy sources, a lot of new technologies were invented over the
years until in 1700 and 1800 when the industrial revolution occurred. These new technologies based
in fossil fuels allowed an exponential increase in the population and living standards. But, this
increase in

Biomass And Renewable Sources Of Energy
Executive summary
Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two
decades. Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products, dried
vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants. It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably
due to its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 14% of the world 's total energy
supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating. The wood
from trees is most common biomass used for energy. It has been used by humans for producing
energy for heating and cooking for a very long time. Biomass cannot replace our current dependence
on coal, oil, and natural gas, but it can complement other renewables such as solar and wind energy.
To converted biomass into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and at least
as economical, technological innovations will be needed. Gasification is considered as a key
technology for the use of biomass. In order to promote this technology in the future, advanced, cost
effective, and highly efficient gasification processes and systems are required. Generally all different
types of biomass can be converted by gasification into syngas mainly comprising hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane. . From this syngas, all kinds of energy or energy carriers
such as heat, power, biofuels, hydrogen, biomethane and chemicals can be provided.
Key words: renewable sources,

Productivity Improvement in Screw Type Biomas Briquettes...
Biomass densification by screw briquetting produces uniform, dense and durable solids desirable for
gasification, process heating, power generation and other heating applications which are currently
run by coal. Due to high wear rate, the screw and mould used for forming the briquettes deteriorate
leading to regular production stoppage and considerable down time losses. Hence Indian
entrepreneurs are apprehensive to adopt screw briquetting technology in spite of its potential. In this
work improvement in productivity parameters are tested for predetermined replacement of screw
before considerable damage is done. They were found to be significant and aiding quality briquette
output and smooth operation which could aid in improving ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the excess biomass materials are compacted to briquettes near their source they can be transported
to longer distances, stored for more duration unaffected much by humidity [9] and put into versatile
uses. There are many methods of densification available and screw briquetting is one good choice
for producing high quality briquettes, a sample of which is shown in fig 2. These types of briquettes
have uniform dimensions, high calorific value, less moisture are desirable feed stock for gasification
systems, process heating and power generation applications. But the screw briquetting technology is
having its own shortcomings like, the life of its parts like screw and mould are very short due to
high wear rate, need of skilled labors to run the machine and wastage of energy for heating the raw
material and the mould. The heating process is needed to eliminate moisture and volatile matters and
to melt the lignin content in the raw material which acts like a binder. The quality of briquettes
produced justifies the use of skilled labor. Due to high wear rate of screw and mould particularly the
screw which have very short life about 4 to 15 hrs [10] there are regular stoppages of production,
reconstruction of tools and wastage of output.Research works are going on all over the world in
designing compact briquetting machines,

Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Thailand
3.1.3 More advantages of Thailand
According to our research, we think that Thailand can provide a huge clean energy market for our
company mainly from four aspects:
1)Relations between Thailand and Philippines:
The bilateral relations between Thailand and Philippines will continue to be strengthened through
talks and agreements on economic, trades and security. (The Philstar, 2012). Johanna (2012)
reported that the previous JCBC had led to an agreement between Thailand and Philippines'
governments to set up energy forums and cooperation on education.
2)Government policy:
lThe Energy Ministry will propose a promotion strategy on biomass energy production to the
National Energy Policy Committee, said Secretary for Energy, Areepong Bhoocha–Oom. (Thailand
News, 2015)
lThailand strongly encourages overseas clean energy company to develop here. Therefore, the
government provides some policy incentives to relax the ownership restrictions under the Foreign
Business Law. (Investment Climate Statement–Thailand, 2012)
lA variety of tax ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Thailand Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy Development and
Efficiency(2015), Thailand as a whole has great solar potential, especially central and northeastern
area. Wilcox (2012) showed that solar power in Thailand was targeted to reach 95 MW by 2016 and
500 MW by 2022. Therefore, we plan to expand solar energy market for further development in
Thailand.
4.2 Win–Win situation
Because China–ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund (CAF) has recently signed the definitive
documents with National Power Supply Public Co. Ltd (NPS), we can get closer to China through
cooperating with NPS. Thus, it is a win–win opportunity that not only allows us to help NPS to

improve production and make more profits, but also to build a friendly relationship with China and
obtain the investment from CAF in the future.

Essay about Biomass as an Alternative Energy
Biomass
Abstract:
The current use of energy in the United States, especially California, is foreshadowing catastrophe
in our environment. Due to high demand of fossil fuels, the air is filled with more pollution every
day. In addition to, it can increase the chances of having global warming. Since fossil fuels are
generated from raw materials which are easy and cheap users are becoming extremely dependent on
them. The main problem with fossil energy is that the supply of fossil fuels is not continuous.
However, alternative energy is continual and harmless to the environment. Biomass does not pollute
the atmosphere as much as natural gas. One of the most convenient alternative energies that are
currently used for minor purposes is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biomass 3 Biomass energy or can be preferred as bioenergy has been used "since people began
burning wood to cook food and keep warm" (NREL, Biomass Energy Basics 2007). Though wood
is the "largest biomass energy resource today, other sources of biomass can also be used" (NREL,
Biomass Energy Basics 2007). These include crops, garbage, landfill gas, and alcohol fuels. For
centuries people have been using wood as a source of energy for mainly cooking and heating.
"Wood was the main source of energy in the U.S. and the rest of the world until the mid–1800s."
(eia, BIOMASS –– Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 2007). Thus, biomass continues to
be an important source of energy that would somehow prevent us from future disaster. "In the
United States wood and waste (bark, sawdust, wood chips, and wood scrap) provide only about 2
percent of the energy we use today. Many manufacturing plants in the wood and paper products
industry use wood waste to produce their own steam and electricity." (eia, BIOMASS –– Renewable
Energy from Plants and Animals 2007). Without having to buy much electricity, these companies
were able to save money because they did not have to arrange their waste products.
The other source of biomass which is garbage, also called municipal solid waste, comes from plant
or animal products. "MSW can be a source of energy by

Global Energy Propects : Challenges And Future Prospect
TITLE GLOBAL ENERGY PROPECTS:CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECT The world is
confronting energy destitution – absence of access to power, advanced vitality administrations and
mechanical power .Quarter of the total populace still lives without power, or different types of
present day vitality administrations, while as much as 33% of aggregate humankind depends on
conventional biofuels, for example, bovine manure or kindling .It brings about extraordinary cost to
wellbeing or economic welfare and security .The world additionally confronting twin vitality related
danger : that of not having satisfactory and secure supplies of energy at moderate costs and that of
ecological mischief brought on by its utilization. Reasonable vitality assumes a key part in financial
development and human advancement and taking off vitality costs and late geopolitical occasions
have helped us to remember the defenselessness of the worldwide vitality framework to supply
disturbances. Protecting energy supplies is by and by at the highest point of the worldwide strategy
motivation. The present example of energy supply conveys the risk of extreme and irreversible
ecological harm. So the objectives of energy security and natural insurance requires solid and
composed government activity and open support. The world 's vitality needs will develop
significantly more steeply from now than whenever since the start of the modern unrest. The number
of inhabitants in the industrialized world generally devour

The Burning Of Biomass And The Resulting Emissions
national borders. The burning of biomass and the resulting emissions are contributing to global
climate change. In particular, the incomplete and inefficient combustion by traditional cook stoves
releases greenhouse gases including carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and methane into the
atmosphere (Kees and Lisa, 2011). Meanwhile, other organic compounds and particulate matter
from biomass combustion contribute to local and regional air pollution.
Developing nations have sought to escape environmental ruin through the expanded use of energy
efficient and renewable technologies. Ethiopia's renewable energy potential is considerable, with
abundant biomass efficiency, biogas, solar, hydropower, wind, and geothermal possibilities available
(Forum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1.6. Importance of wind farm
Furthermore, in the world that has become increasingly concerned about climate change caused by
the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from burning fossil fuels, a particular emphasis has
been placed on renewable sources.
A Fuzzy Approach For Modeling Potential Wind Farm Areas: A Case Of Hitosa Woreda, Oromia
Region,
Ethiopia
2015/16
Ebisa Tesfaye Remote Sensing and Geo–informatics stream, AAU Page 10
During the global move towards cleaner and greener electricity and to reduce the cost of electricity,
developers are looking more favorably at renewable energy projects, especially wind energy.
Modern electricity generating grid connected wind turbines constitute a promising technology, to
supplement hydropower, especially because the correlation of wind resource and hydrology
availability is very good (EREDPC, 2007).
2.2. Wind energy resource potential in Ethiopia
The total wind resource of Ethiopia is estimated to be 20.064 TJ/year; however, a significant amount
of it had not been used yet throughout the country (Ramayya et al., 2007). As the study of
Woldeghiorgis Weldesenbet (1988) there are few promising windy areas in Ethiopian located
alongside the main East African Rift Valley, the Northern Eastern escarpment of the country near
Tigray regional state, the Southern part of Ethiopia near the Kenyan boarder, the central and eastern
part of Ethiopian specially south east of the Somalia region. Areas

Biomass As A Renewable Energy Resource
3 Biomass as a renewable energy resource
Biomass can be considered as a renewable energy resource, although burning biomass releases
carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere similar to burning fossil fuel (Liu H. 2011). There is a
significant difference in CO2 release between burning a fossil fuel and burning biomass. Burning a
fossil fuel releases CO2 that has been locked up for millions of years in the ground, affecting the
natural CO2 cycle and resulting in an increase in the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Burning
biomass simply return to the atmosphere the same amount of CO2 which was absorbed from the air
via the photosynthesis process while the biomass plant was growing over a relatively short period of
time (a few years to decade), and there is no net release of C02 into the atmosphere, i.e., CO2–
neutral, if the cycle of growth and harvest is sustained. Therefore, biomass can consider as a
renewable energy resource as shown in Figure 3.1 (Li u H. 2011). If the production and
transportation of the biomass fuel involve the use of fossil fuel, there would become net release of
CO2 with biomass combustion (Liu H. 2011) Figure 3.1 Biomass is a renewable energy resource
(Liu H. 20 11)
In fact, real biomass energy production systems are differing from the ideal carbon cycle shown in
Figure 3.1 in two important ways. Firstly, the production of biomass energy always consumes fossil
energy for the farming, transportation and production stages of the process (Hill et al.

Direct Combustion Of Biomass For Heat Generation
Direct combustion is the most common way of converting biomass to energy – both heat and
electricity– and worldwide it already provides over 90% of the energy generated from biomass.
Direct combustion of solid biomass fuel is well understood, relatively straightforward, commercially
available, and can be regarded as a proven technology. Biomass combustion systems can be easily
integrated with existing infrastructure. Direct combustion of biomass for heat generation is widely
used in cold climate regions where there are significant annual demands for space heating and hot
water. Domestic biomass –fired heating appliance in the developed countries have been improved
with automation and standardized fuel supplies (e.g. wood pellets). Compared with traditionally
open fireplaces, these advanced domestic biomass applications not only achieve efficiencies of over
70% but also with greatly reduced atmospheric emissions (Liu H. 20 II)
Figure 4.2 Three steps of biomass combustion (Liu H. 2011)
4.3.2 Biomass gasification
Thermo–chemical gasification is the conversion by partial oxidation at high temperature of a
carbonaceous feedstock such as biomass into a gaseous energy carrier (Liu H. et al. 2010). The gas
resulted from biomass gasification consists of CO,
CO2, H2, CH4, higher hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethene, water, nitrogen (if air is used as the
oxidizing agent) and other contaminants such as small char particles, ash, tars and oils. Gasification
can be carried out by

Management Of Soybean Cyst System
Management of Soybean Cyst Nematode
Soybean cyst management tactics include different methods from place to place, but all have the
common method of using resistant soybean cultivar and crop rotation and these are found to be more
effective than others tactics.(Niblack et al., 2003, Schmitt et al., 2004a, Oyekanmi & Fawole, 2010).
Host Resistance
Different resistance genes have been exploited from different soybean germplasm for developing
resistant soybean cultivar against Heterodera glycines (Concibido et al., 2004b). The resistance
genes to Heterodera glycinces were explored first time in soybean germplasm Peking, which
conferred three recessive genes rhg1, rhg2, and rhg3 in 1960(Caldwell et al., 1960) later the fourth
new dominant gene Rhg4 resistant to Heterodera glycinces was also identified in Peking, which was
closely linked to i locus and responsible for distribution of pigmentation of seed coat(Matson &
Williams, 1965). Likewise the another dominant resistant gene was discovered in germplasm
PI88788 and later named as Rhg5(Rao–Arelli et al., 1992, Rao–Arelli, 1994). For developing
resistant cultivar against Heterodera glycines seven differential line PI 548402(Peking), PI 88788, PI
90763, PI 437654, PI 209332, PI 89772, PI 548316 (Cloud) are mostly used out of those seven lines
PI 548402(Peking) and PI 88788 constitute more than 90% of the resistant cultivar in the United
states (Concibido et al., 2004a, Shannon et al., 2004, Schmitt et al., 2004b). A novel QTL

Pros And Cons Of Biomass
What is Biomass ? Biomass is the use of organic matter to make electricity. Organic matter such as
trees and plants are burned and heat water to create steam. The steam created from boiling water is
used to turn turbines to create electricity. Biomass can also be used to create Methane which is used
to create even more electricity. What are pros and cons of Biomass? The pros of using Biomass in
the world is that there is a abundant source of organic matter on Earth and the organic matter can be
used for more than just burning to create steam. Organic matter can also be used to create Methane.
Another pro of using Biomass energy is that almost everywhere in the world can use it. There are
trees and plants everywhere and Biomass uses them to

Productivity Improvement in Srew Type Biomass Briquetting
In spite of very good potential for using biomass as a renewable source of energy the practice is in
very early stage and limping. There are many factors which contribute their parts in making the
process unsuccessful. The major ones are seasonality of the raw materials, shortfalls in logistics,
absence of proved manufacturing systems, lack of skilled workers and very many technical factors.
Considering technical factors for the screw type of briquetting the biomass, the life of the screw and
the mould contribute the highest percentage of hindrance to the production process and hence the
highest chance of improving the total productivity. A successful process of producing quality
briquettes is very essential in using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To produce low–ash, high Btu briquettes form coal fine and timber wastes research works were done
in the University of Kentucky. More than 70 million tons of coal fines are dumped at the abandoned
site near the Appalachian coal fields. Combining the coal fine with the wastes from nearby timber
industries briquettes were made and tested for various parameters. It was concluded that the
briquettes were of premium quality and that offers near term practical solutions to generate green
energy utilizing existing equipments [1]. There are works going on in designing energy management
methods in biomass applications, as at least 15% of energy is wasted in drying the biomass before
using in boilers or any other heating system. The typical moisture content of biomass varies from
50% to 63% by weight in most of the situations including the seasons and types of biomass. A low
initial moisture level could utilize most of the energy released during combustion and it will make
larger boiler unnecessary. Utilizing exhaust gases to preheat the input biomass to a lower level of
moisture can conserve the energy significantly [3]. Though briquetting of biomass as a green fuel is
a necessary solution, the primary importance of any biomass should be for feeding animals. In
Mexico the excesses residues of corn, sugarcane, sorghum and wheat are briquetted and sent to
livestock growing regions to handle dry seasons. There were other advantages like homogeneous

Biomass Energy: Renewable Resources
Renewable Energy
Biomass is the energy we get from plants and animals that have died. It is organic material made
from microorganisms containing stored energy from a process called photosynthesis. When
photosynthesis occurs, plants take in sunlight with carbon dioxide and water, and then release
glucose, which the plant uses for food and oxygen, which is the air that we breathe. Then sooner of
later the plant will either die or get eaten. When it is eaten, the energy from the plant is passed from
the plant to the animal or people eating them. When they die, the energy is either released into the
air or it is used as fuel for burning or cooking. There are five types of biomass, wood, crops,
garbage, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. All of these are renewable because more trees and crops
can be grown and there will always be trash and waste. We release energy from these all the time
and most people don't even realize it, but when you burn these, energy is released. Biomass energy
is released in the form of heat. If you ever go camping and have a campfire, you are burning
biomass fuels and the heat from the fire is energy. You can use the heat from the fire to boil water
and create steam to create electricity. You can also use it to heat homes or other places. You can also
convert biomass to other forms of energy such as natural gas. You probably didn't know that rotting
garbage, human waste, and crops are one of the key ingredients of natural gas. Methane gas is also

Biomass: Macromolecules, Carbohydrates And Protein
Every function we perform as humans is somehow fueled by energy produced in cell processes.
These are happening a million times a second in our body, and it all has to do with biomass.
Biomass is the culmination of matter everywhere. Our biomass consists mainly of three
macromolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Proteins are everything that can be seen
externally on the human body, and can range from catalyzing enzymatic reactions (as enzymes), or
as structure for muscles. Carbohydrates, or sugars, supply short term energy storage for organisms.
Lipids, or fats, provide a long term energy source. A calorie is The amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of a kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. The relevance of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I thought this because it is a long term energy source therefore, it should contain more energy.
My hypothesis was supported by the data.
The buttered popcorn released the highest average k/cal per gram, at 1.65. Upon looking at the data,
it seems to show that the percentage of carbs in a food has no direct correlation to its K/cal per
gram, as the soybean, with the lowest carbohydrate composition is right in the middle of the ranks
for energy. However, there is an apparent connection between a food's lipid makeup and its k/cal per
gram. Buttered popcorn, the food with the highest average k/cal per gram, also has the largest
concentration of lipids (0.59%), and the marshmallow, which is lowest in lipids (0.03), is also lowest
in k/cal. The butter that was added gave the buttered popcorn a boost in k/cal and lipids, meaning
that the butter, a lipid, supplied the buttered popcorn with more energy. The chickpea was second
highest in its percentage of carbohydrate, but this didn't not supply much energy. The goldfish was
also somewhat high in carbohydrates, but to no avail. The cheeto was very low in protein, but
released the second greatest amount of energy, yielding no direct correlation between a food's
protein content and its average k/cal per

Lab Report On Algal Biomass
Algal biomass Chlorophyll a averaged 0.71µg/cm2 across all sites and sample periods and ranged
from 0.03 to 3.42µg/cm2. Before the disturbance, Chl a at the SFD sites was lower at Dry Hollow
(mean ±1SE; 0.21 ± 0.08 µg/cm2) than at Sis Hollow (1.11 ± 0.37 µg/cm2). Chl a values were
similar between the IFD sites [Point Remove and High Cedar (0.51 ± 0.26 µg/cm2 and 0.69 ± 0.37
respectively)]. They were higher at the LFD site, Powerline, than at Low Cedar (1.84 ± 0.55 and
1.04 ± 0.33 µg/cm2 respectively). There were no differences between control and impacted sites
prior to the disturbance (Table 4). There were no statistically significant 2–way rmANOVA
interaction terms between the BA and CI factors for any of the flow duration parings ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examination of the interaction between the BA and CI factors found no differences between the
control site and each of the impacted sites for either NO3– or SRP (Table 5; Figures 7 and 8,
respectively). Fine organic and inorganic sediments There was a trend of higher fine organic
sediments at impacted sites than at the control site, after 3 post–disturbance sampling events, with
the control having the lowest (17.87 ± 3.96g/m2), and site 3 having the highest (33.10 ± 10.05g/m2).
These differences could not be statistically tested due to issues with sample processing, which
resulted in a loss all fine organic sediment data during the first two sample periods. As with the fine
organic sediments, fine inorganic sediments tended to be lower at the control site than impacted sites
and ranged from 275.63 ± 66.08g/m2 at the control site to 482.97 ± 111.32g/m2 at site 2. Again,
these differences between the control site and impacted sites were not statistically significant (P>
0.05 for all pairings). Fine inorganic sediments did not differ between the control site and the
impacted sites prior to disturbance (Table 5). Additionally, there were no significant interactions
between the BA and CI factors for any of the pairings between the control site and impacted sites
(Table 5; Figure 9). Algal biomass Chlorophyll a measured across all sample periods was

Productivity Improvement in Screw Type Biomass Briquettes...
The sectional details of the parts are shown in fig 3 in which the machine shaft is supported by
radial and thrust bearings. Radial bearings support the dead load on the shaft, while thrust bearings
support the axial load due to compression of saw dust by screw. One end of the shaft is connected to
the gear drive. In the other end of the shaft screw is inserted. Starting section of screw placed inside
barrel conveys the material into the mould. Mould is made in two sections, first in which the cross
section gradually reduced to the final shape of briquette (called forming mould or wear sleeve) and
the later with uniform cross section of the final briquette which exerts necessary back pressure for
compression due to friction. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the second set of readings the stoppages are preplanned so that screw is removed before it was
damaged considerably. The heater is stopped earlier; very fine powder not suitable for briquetting
was introduced inside to push the previously formed matter out making the cleaning process easy
and short. The system will be started again with the new screw in place and heated to required
temperature about 250oC. The average down time in this trial was considerably reduced to 31
minutes. The experimental details are given in table 1. Table 1 Experimental details for Eutectrode
700 coated screw
The same kind of trials are repeated with screws coated with VAUTID 302 which is a tungsten
carbide electrode and its coating increased life of screw to more than 10 hrs[10]. The same type of
mould with Eutechtrode 700 was used in this trial but replaced along with the second screw
replacement. Readings were taken for 4 trials to keep the total duration similar to that of first set.
The next set of trials with planned stoppages was also conducted for 4 trials in the similar way and
the readings tabulated. The details of the experiment are presented in table 2. Preplanning downtime
has shown improvements in the following aspects.
 The downtime per setup went down;
 productivity has shown improvement;
 Even though it was not accounted labor productivity & morale went up significantly.
 The production of unacceptable quality briquettes at the last part of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biomass
In order to answer this question I have to carry out an experiment. This experiment will be
compared with past studies of the conversion of biomass to biofuel.
Biomass is a term defined as plant based material. Biomass energy is derived from five energy
sources: garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Forest residues such as dead trees,
branches and tree stumps, yard clippings, wood chips and garbage are often used. It can be used for
energy production through combustion or direct burning. Raw plant and tree materials can also be
refined in order to create what are called biofuels. One example of a potential biofuel would be
wood. Wood contains a lot of potential energy but in order to create the biofuel wood energy is
derived both from the direct use of harvested wood as a fuel and from wood waste streams. The
largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor, a waste product from the industrial processes
of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry.
Industrial scale biomass production is now readily being grown after an increased popularity for
biofuels. Biomass is now being grown from numerous types of plants sources, including sugarcane,
grasses, switchgrass, hemp, corn, pine, bluegum, poplar, willow, and sorghum. There is little
difference in the source that the energy is extracted from.
Biomass is a foundation which can be converted to energy (biofuel), it is potentially able to power
everything from cars to airplanes. Biomass can be converted to

What Is Biomass?
Variations: Virtual Resources| News | Did You Know? | Additional Activities MAYBE–Difficult and
technical––Mill and Logging Residue Activity: Youth will do calculations associated with forest
biomass and wood wastes and the transportation of those items. Access
http://www.biosat.net/index.html and click on the Guided Assessment tab. Select Forest for biomass
type and work with youth to answer mill residue questions on the related handout. Got Biomass?
Need Biomass? Visit the North Carolina Biomass Trader
http://www.ncbiomasstrader.com/home.aspx US Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technologies
Office is working to replace the whole barrel of oil using biomass feedstocks.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/about.html Sweet NC: North ... Show more content on
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Generally shows composure but may display impatience with contradictory or confusing ideas;
comments, but does not necessarily encourage others to participate; may tend to address only the
teacher or get into debates. Participates and expresses a belief that his/her ideas are important in
understanding the text; may make insightful comments but is either too forceful or too shy and does
not contribute to the progress of the conversation. Displays little respect for the learning process;
argumentative; takes advantage of minor distractions; uses inappropriate language; speaks to
individuals rather than ideas; arrives unprepared without notes, pencil/pen, or perhaps even without
the text. Speaking & Reasoning (Must speak with true effort at least twice) Understands question
before answering; expresses thoughts in complete sentences; moves conversation forward; makes
connections between ideas; resolves apparent contradictory ideas; considers others' viewpoints, not
only his/her own; avoids bad logic. Responds to questions voluntarily; comments show an
appreciation for the text; comments are logical but not connected to those of other speakers;
expresses ideas interesting enough that others respond to them. Responds to questions but may have
to

Comparing Dundee University's Heat Energy Systems And...
Introduction
This report shows the differences and the similarities between Dundee University's heat energy
systems and those that are employed by Hillcrest Housing Association. The main technologies used
in the university are gas fired engines, whereas the Hillcrest building which has a biomass boiler. As
far as models of ownership are concerned, the University has established a wholly owned operating
company DUUSCo to undertake the Project. While, although owned by Hillcrest the biomass
system is operated and maintained under a 10–year agreement by Angus Biofuels who sell the
energy to Hillcrest. Finally, comparing the risks associated with security of energy delivery we can
say that they are similar. Even if the two heating systems are different, both of them had the same
goal, reducing the energy used and achieve low energy consumption. And move a step closer to
sustainable and zero carbon buildings. An explanation of "zero–carbon" meaning is given.
Technologies used in Hillcrest and Dundee University
Hillcrest Housing Association (Appendix A) building uses for heating, except for the orientation and
the big windows on the North and south, the air. Air is brought into the building through 5 trunk–
molded conduits climbing out of the grass to the once again of the building (Appendix G, 4). Low
controlled fans support the methodology. The air is drawn into a "maze" of 600mm solid pipes that
bolster into a block chamber which works on the same guideline as an issue –

A Brief Note On Housing Association And The Center Of Dundee
HILLCREAST
Hillcrest Housing Association had developed to 600–700 staff, managing over 6000 properties.
Their headquarters was situated in a 1970 's building manufactured for a jute in the center of
Dundee. Hillcrest required more space for their staff, the new building serves solely as company
offices, with the Dundee housing office where tenants would come to pay rent or discuss tenancies
remaining at Camperdown Street at the docks in the city center. £5.3m budget.
Heating/cooling
Air is brought into the building through 5 trunk–molded conduits climbing out of the grass to the
once again of the building. Low controlled fans support the methodology. The air is drawn into a
"maze" of 600mm solid pipes that bolster into a block chamber ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In two rooms in the building it demonstrated unreasonable to depend on this framework alone to
give cool air and individual ventilating units were introduced – the IT room where significant high
temperature is created by the server and the meeting room where it was figured that a speedier
cooling time was needed than could be effected by the fan–aided characteristic ventilation. Also,
heat is provided by the biomass boiler feeding a high temperature collector which then bolsters
heated water to radiators all through the building, each one fitted with a thermostatic valve. Hot
water to tea–points, kitchen, gym shower room and toilets is given by a solar heated evacuated tubes
situated on the top of the boiler room.
Another important thing is that every window on the North and south exteriors is fitted with
physically worked roller blinds. The glazed West gable is fitted with mechanically worked blinds
activated by a light meter. Lamp units all through the building are low–vitality, with daylight control
and occupancy detection to minimize energy consumption. Showers, taps and WC 's are designed
for low water–consumption. Rain water is gathered from the top and recycled for use in flushing the
toilets. A SUDS is installed externally. The building envelope surpasses great practice measures for
air tightness with a measured air permeability of 3.3m3/ hr/m2.

A Research Study On Synthetic Biology
2.1 Fundamental research
Synthetic biology has a lot to offer in fundamental research. Starting from the most well
characterised laboratory organism, E.coli, we are still in half way from full knowledge of
understanding the function of all its genes as the functions of 20% of them are still to be identified
(Keseler et al., 2011). Moreover there are many more other microorganisms with great importance
which are even less–well understood.
Synthetic biology provides the ability to make specific modifications to the genome of a model
organism and to use this as a tool to study and understand the fundamental biological processes of
microorganisms, plants and animals and apply this knowledge to create novel products. One of the
major application is that these findings will expand the biological repertoire available for the
designing of new genetic pathways, proteins and cells to manipulate biological reactions that
normally occur. The current ambition is to create a database of shared standardised parts that will be
used to manipulate DNA. An example is the BioBricks Foundation which provides open access to
DNA sequences for cloning and expression of different nucleic acids and proteins. The information
that BioBricks provides, is shared through iGEM the annual international competition to students
from across the world who want to do research and give solutions to real world problems, such as
environmental pollution. (Synthetic Biology: opportunities for Scotland, 2014)
In

The Energy Supply Of India Essay
Abstract The development of a nation is also measured on the parameters like the adequacy of
electrical energy. To make a nation as the developed nation, the energy supply should have a reach
to the extreme parts too. As India is an agricultural nation and so sorts of agricultural left outs are
accessible here. Along these lines, this immense measure of agricultural wastes can be an input
resource for power production in Indian villages. Rice husk is one of the potential agricultural
wastes which can be utilized as an input source to generate electricity, conditioned that it will be
handled and processed effectively. The reason for this paper is to bring the focus on the alternative
power generation methods in the rural part. The rice husk plants are generally small and medium
scaled efficient enough to supply or to meet the basic need of a village. In this piece, the main focus
is to show the available rice husk in India, the distinctive possibilities and the procedure with which
it can be utilized to generate power. Finally, a decrease in competition in supply by the larger plant
may lead to the decrease in the cost. But various issues related to investment as the risk of failing of
plant, monopoly on the supply side of husk from various rice mills, institutional challenges related
to the distributional area. 1. Introduction Even with the increase in the demand for electricity
globally, India's peak demand of electricity is 165253 MW and we have a surplus supply.

Biomass Essay
Agricultural residue biomass is highly recommended as clean and renewable sources of energy that
increases the possibility of replacing the consumption of conventional energy fossil fuels. The
objectives of this review report is to evaluate the processes how briquettes are produced from
agricultural wastes/residues and To compare the intensity of greenhouse gas emission using
briquettes of agricultural wastes/residues with other forms of energy sources especially fossil fuels.
Thus agricultural residue biomass energy available for climate change mitigation by reducing the
amount of greenhouse gases emission from using fossil fuels and the pollutions resulting from the
high accumulation of these agricultural residues as wastes. The quality ... Show more content on
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 To compare the intensity of greenhouse gas emission using briquettes of agricultural
wastes/residues with other forms of energy sources especially fossil fuels.
2. Literature review
2.1. Concepts of Biomass Energy
World population growth results increase in energy demand, together with growing global
consciousness about the scarcity of the earth's natural resources, has turned the attention of
researchers into alternative renewable energy sources. Traditional energy sources are characterized
as exhaustible and some of them, especially fossil fuels, have substantial impacts on the natural
environment and are the main culprit of climate change. As a global solution, renewable energies
play a key and unique role, since they are obtained from natural, regenerative sources that do not
deplete; and they also cause minimal to no environmental problems, such as climate change,
radioactive waste, acid rain and air pollution. The sources of renewable energy that have reached
full commercial maturity are: solar, wind, tides and waves, rivers, geothermal energy, organic waste
and energy stored biomass (Okure et al, 2006).
2.2. Briquetting of agricultural residue biomass
According to the kind and amount of residue accessible for charcoal production, different types of
burning technologies could be implemented that include simple, low cost and manually

Report On Agriculture And Natural Resources
DRAFT
LITERATURE REVIEW
ON
IMPROVED COOKSTOVES IN MALAWI
Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources
August, 2014
Contents
Contents 2
Acronyms and abbreviations 2
Executive Summary 4
1. Introduction 5
1.1. Use of biomass in Sub–Saharan Africa 5
1.2. Use of biomass in Malawi 6
1.3. Energy Conservation Projects in Malawi 7
1.3.1 Improved Stove Design: Energy Studies Unit 7
1.3.2 GTZ Projects 7
1.3.3 Blantyre Fuelwood Project 8
1.3.4 MBAULA Network 8
1.4. Studies on improved biomass cooking stoves in Malawi 8
2. Conclusions and Recommendations 10
References 11
Acronyms and abbreviations
ICS Improved Cooking Stoves
ProBEC Programme for Biomass Energy Conservation
MBAULA Movement for Bio–energy Advocacy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The promotion of ICS concentrated in the Southern Region followed by the Central Region. It is,
therefore, recommended to carry out a comprehensive study on ICS adoption across the country.
1. Introduction
1.1. Use of biomass in Sub–Saharan Africa

Biomass (charcoal and firewood) is the major energy source in southern Africa, particularly in rural
areas. Most households rely on biomass energy for cooking and space heating. This exhaustive use
of biomass cause several health and environmental related threats. This heavy reliance on biomass
exerts pressure on forests and trees which eventually leads to extensive deforestation and as well as
soil erosion. Furthermore, the traditional cooking on open fire leads to severe problems of indoor air
pollution and its associated health hazards. It is estimated that about 3% of the global burden of
diseases is caused by wood smoke resulting in 1.6 million premature deaths every year including
900 children under five (Malinski, 2008; Warwick and Doig, 2004; WHO, 2002).
One of the factors that results in high demand for fuelwood is its low combustion efficiency
(Muneer and Mohamed, 2003). The development and distribution of energy efficient cooking
technology such as improved biomass cooking stoves (ICS) is considered as one of the best
technically possible, socially reliable, and economically viable interventions available that can help
to maintain low demand for fuelwood to reduce pressure on forest reserves (Arnold et

The Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies
4.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies
Biomass materials can be converted to various useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and
liquid fuels. The technologies used to convert biomass into energy ranged widely from the simple
combustion of biomass used for cooking and heating in developing countries to a variety of
technologies to generate modern energy carriers – electricity, gas, and liquid bio–fuels. Canada is
using various materials including waste and residuals to generate electricity, heat and, bio–liquid
fuels (bio–ethanol and biodiesel) (Defra UK et al. 2007). Biomass energy can be used at the
household (–10 kW), community (–100 kW), or industrial (– MW) scale. Key biomass energy
conversion technologies include thermal and thermochemical, and biological and biochemical.
Thermal and Thermochemical Technologies o Combustion – convert forestry, agricultural and
municipal residues into heat and power under environmentally sound conditions o Gasification –
convert forestry, agricultural and municipal residues into syngas o Pyrolysis – convert forestry and
agricultural residues into bio–oils and value added products o Thermal and Catalytic Processing –
convert a variety of new and used vegetable oils; tall oils; waste greases and animal fats into
renewable diesel fuels and diesel blending stocks
Biological and Biochemical Technologies o Fermentation – convert the starch and cellulose
components of biomass to bio–ethanol o Anaerobic Digestion – convert

Biomass Energy In Africa Essay
The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind written by William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer talks about
the deforestation in Africa, and the different type of experiments William conducted in search of
possible alternative energy. Deforestation is a growing problem in Africa due to the household
communities' dependency to use wood for fuel to prepare their daily meals, or use wood to create
charcoal and sell in order to buy food for their families and survive. For most households in Africa,
the use of wood to make charcoal is their way of life. Without this resource, it would make it
difficult for them to survive. Their dependency to use wood for fuel increases during the drought
season and when it is flooding. These circumstances leave them ... Show more content on
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Both forms of biomass energy uses recycled waste products, making it cost effective. Waste
management by recycling to produce biomass for an alternative energy source is cost–effective
because it does not require creating new material to produce energy, instead uses what is readily
available. It is beneficial to resolve the issues because of deforestation now, rather than allowing the
expenses to accumulate and in the future face the consequences due to unresolved past issues. It is
an irresponsible act to leave unresolved issues behind for our future generations to face. The use of
biomass material as an alternative source of energy carries long–term benefits; we will not only save
our environment now and its natural resources, but we will also save money now and for the future
than can be used to better protect and improve our planet's environment and natural resources. The
use of biomass as an alternative source of energy will provide relief to deforestation because it is
environmentally friendly. Biomass is a renewable type of energy; manufactured through recycled
waste products to create fuel, thus helping the environment clean by reusing waste.

Pros And Cons Of Bio-Fuel
A B S T R A C T
We know that our conventional source of energy like coal, fossil fuel etc. are limited in amount so
this is creating a serious concern in front of Human civilisation. Bio–fuel is an alternative source of
energy which can provide energy to today's human growth path. In this article we have reviewed
many research work which has been done till today in subject of Biomass conversion to Biofuel and
we also presented what are the pros and cons have those technologies, which technology will be best
from both perspective economically as well as environmentally. Introduction
Energy play a vital role in our day to day life. We can't think our life without energy. Everyone who
is existing on earth want energy for surviving his life.Today our world's population is in order of
billion and it is continue to increase very rapidly so, our demand for energy is increasing drastically
in recent time. Our conventional source of energy like coal, petroleum ... Show more content on
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These are non–renewable. We are continuously consuming these limited resources very rapidly. Due
to this the depletion of these resources is on peak in today world. We are also depriving the
opportunity of our future generation to use this limited resources. So, this is creating a big concern
in front of all Human civilisation. So, there is a need for an alternative sources of energy which can
provide energy very efficiently, effectively and also provide a way alternative to conventional
sources of energy so that human's dependence on these resources could decline. Bio fuel is an
answer to that alternative source of energy. Now the question arises is that why bio–fuel? There are
many characteristics which is carry by this fuel which make it a good alternative source of energy.
Bio fuel is a renewable source of energy unlike conventional source of energy which is non–
renewable. This fuel has no any environmental impact. It is eco–friendly. It is biodegradable. It does
not produce any Greenhouse

Essay On Bio-Oil
Another interesting topic he covered was how his source of funding has shifted over the years. In the
past, he has received funding from petrochemical companies, specifically BP during their campaign
to rebrand themselves as Beyond Petroleum. As of late, most of his funding comes from the
Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation, but both organizations are currently
being pressured from above to cut off these funds. In general, funding is better when oil prices are
high because companies recognize a need to expand their offerings when they have the resources to
do so. At the same time, with the advent of fracking came a lessening of the pressure associated with
the supply of petroleum running out, so now the need to develop ... Show more content on
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I imagine it would be frustrating to either modify or completely shift the direction of your research
when an administration with new ideas comes into power. In my class on Latin American Politics,
we've been discussing the instability of regimes in Latin America and the difference between short
term government policy unique to each leader and well–established state policy that cannot be
eliminated without severe political consequences. I wish that the push for renewable energy in the
US could be established as something similar to state policy, and though it already has achieved this
status in some ways, it's still not concrete. The content of Dr. Lobban's lecture best correlates with
standard five, "The importance, changes, meaning, modification, use (and distribution) of natural
resources." Within the context of biofuels, biomass is important as a natural resource because it's at
the heart of the entire process. As hard as it may be to believe, the viscous liquid that results from
pyrolysis was once switchgrass. Biomass is changing in the sense that researchers are finding more
and more ways to generate renewable energy from it. Even the research itself is evolving as the
focus shifts towards the creation of petrochemicals. Who would've thought grass could be used to
produce plastic? However, it is vital not to forget than biomass supplies, while renewable, can be
overdrawn in the same way as petroleum. This process of energy

Plant Biomass : A Source Of Energy
Woody biomass is a primary source of energy for 2.7 billion people worldwide (IEA, 2010). "Half
of all wood harvested worldwide is used for fuel and accounts for 9 percent of global primary
energy" (Bailis et al. 2015). Harnessing this energy in an efficient, sustainable manner is of the
utmost importance to combat climate change, global warming and public health issues.
In developing countries, the cookstoves used for burning woody biomass are rudimentary in design
and inefficient in thermal production and fuel use (Kshirsagara and Kalamkarb, 2014). The
emissions produced by the burning of biomass are known to be a source of greenhouse gases
(Koppmann, von Czapiewski and Reid, 2005). The compounds released into the atmosphere from
inefficient biomass burning, as well as the unsustainable forest degradation and deforestation are a
major source of the greenhouse effect. The gases trap heat released from Earth and are contributing
to global warming (Lankford, 2009).
Human exposure to these compounds can have a number of negative health effects ranging from
respiratory issues to death in some cases. In order to mitigate these global health and environmental
impacts, biomass energy reform is necessary. The development of clean, more efficient cookstoves
has showed great progress in reducing harmful emissions. However, development of these
innovations is just the first step; mass production, distribution and worldwide consumer adoption of
this new technology must

Disadvantages of Biofuel Production According to Experts

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