Essay On Baldwin Swamp

Essay On Baldwin Swamp
Baldwin swamp is an urban wetland, located in the heart of Bundaberg, providing a habitat to a
range of organisms. The environment is rich in biodiversity; with more than 150 species of birds,
variety of vegetation/plants as wells as creatures and mammals ranging from tiny aquatic wrigglers
to bats, which have recently inhabited the area. Wetlands can be swamps, boys and or areas next to
creeks. The Baldwin swamp can be best described as a network of ponds/swamps that channels into
landscapes of grassland. This area has a significant ecological impact as the relationships among the
organisms in relation to their food webs is vital to their survival. Abiotic factors such as humidity,
soil, pollution, Ph levels, temperature, dissolved oxygen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore there was a recorded 8 birds, 1 dove, 5 magpie goose and 2 pacific black duck, 3 weeks
after the floods. By 2017 the total of 8 birds, 3 species have now increased to a total of 25 birds, 6
species in 4 years. Though this being said many of the birds are 'new' to the area such as the 15
Cotton pygmy Geese and 4 recorded Dusky Moorhen. 6 bird species were seen/recorded in 2017,
these being the 2 Black cormorant, 1 pacific black duck, Cotton pygmy, Dusky moorhen, little egret
and willie wagtail. Other bird species such as the magpie goose which had a number of 41 recorded
in 2009, 5 in 2013 and now 0. This indicates that the diversity of birds and population has decreased
as a result of their habitat loss and or an a adequate supply of food.
The macroinvertebrates graph (figure 2) represents the diversity of species inhabiting the Baldwin
Swamp. In 2009 the Baldwin swamp was flourishing with a large diversity of species. A total of 33
macroinvertebrates, 8 species were recorded. At this time the baldwin swamp was healthy, abundant
in life and the ecosystem and food webs were unaffected by the floods. Whereas 3 weeks after the
floods swept through there were little to no range of species of macroinvertebrates. There were a
recorded amount of 2 Damselfly Nymph and 1 waterboat man. A theory to why these two
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Misconceptions Of Nitrates And Nitrites
The Misconception Concerning Nitrates and Nitrites With new advances in technology and
innovations in the medical field, the implementation of chemicals and preservatives into
consumables has changed the way food is manufactured. Recently, negative light has surrounded the
products that include these additives. More specifically, the consumption of nitrates and nitrites has
caught the attention of many and led to further investigations concerning this topic to decipher the
possible health risks or benefits that can come from their ingestion. The usage of nitrates and nitrites
in products has a negative connotation, however, it only poses a threat in specific conditions, and is
otherwise proved to have beneficial and common traits. These specific ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nitrates and nitrites are added to processed meat in order to preserve their color and prolong their
shelf life. When exposed to the protein, or amino acids, in these meats, they are capable of forming
compounds called nitrosamines when exposed to high temperatures (Healthy Child Healthy World).
Cooking processed meat creates the perfect conditions for nitrosamines, which can be lethal
carcinogens. More recently, the government has mandated that the manufacturers add Vitamin C,
which inhibits nitrosamine formation (National Center for Biotechnology Information). This shows
that the processed meats being manufactured daily have been regulated to significantly decrease the
probability of the negative effects of chemicals such as nitrate and nitrite. By moderation and
awareness, these issues can easily be avoided and even seem insignificant. An individual could
manage their consumption of meat and choose organic, lean subsitutes, or even consume more

The Observation Of Five Years
Results and discussion The observation of five years (From January, 2007 to December, 2011) of the
biomanipulation work done in the lake Nainital for its ecosystem restoration is presented in this
paper. In this approach we attempted to manipulate various levels of the food chain, assuming that
the nutrient input is stable and cannot be reduced to limit the primary production. At the start of the
work important physico– chemical and biological parameters were measured to know the present
scenario of the lake. Among physico– chemical parameters the water temperature, transparency,
total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, pH, nitrate and phosphate were taken into
consideration while in biotic factors, the qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytoplankton,
zooplankton and fishes was made. The water temperature varied from 10.0 0C in January, 2007 to
23.4 0C in June, 2011. The Secchy transparency ranged between 35.0 cm during January 2007 and
410 cm during December, 2011. The total dissolved solids varied between 160 mg/ l in April, 2007
and 536 mg/ l in June, 2008. The dissolved oxygen concentration at water surface varied from 3.0
mg/ l during January, 2007 to 12.5 mg/ l during May, 2009 throughout the experiment period. The
total alkalinity of lake water was found between 102 mg/ l during January, 2008 and 240 mg/ l
during June, 2011. The pH of lake water varied from 6.9 in April, 2008 to 9.8 July, 2011. The nitrate
was found between 0.12 mg/l

Johnson 's Seagrass And Its Effects
Johnson's Seagrass is a small, fragile seagrass that reproduces asexually. As a consequence, it's
range is limited to 200 kilometers in length of river mouths and tidal rivers off the coast of Florida,
making it the seagrass with the most limited distribution in the world. It's leaves are about 2–5 cm in
length. This seagrass is tolerant of variations in salinity but is not tolerant of damage caused by
human boating activities and actions including anchoring and dredging. This species of seagrass is
so easily moved that it is uprooted by the turbidity caused from boat propellers. Halophila Johnsonii
is also threatened by poor water quality including runoff and low oxygen levels. Johnson's seagrass
was declared a threatened species under ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically, "Important ecological and economic functions of seagrass beds have been widely
acknowledged, notably their importance to fisheries and their role in preventing coastal erosion and
siltation of coral reefs" (Erftemeijer and Lewis. 2006). Coral reefs are already disappearing at
astonishing rates and siltation is even more detrimental to their survival. Since the number of acres
of seagrass off the coast of Florida has decreased significantly in the past 65 years, it is especially
concerning that Johnson's seagrass reproduces asexually because " The plant has a reduced capacity
to repopulate an area if lost due to human or environmental perturbations" (Johnson's Seagrass
Recovery Team, 12).
The objective of this research is to determine whether or not Johnson's seagrass endangerment is
correlated to the amount of detrimental pollutants that humans are putting in aquatic ecosystems
such as excess nitrates and oil from dredging. The critical prediction in this experiment is that as the
concentration of a pollutant in the water Johnson's seagrass grows in increases, the amount of
growth decreases over time. The dry weight of the plant over time would decrease when grown in
polluted water when comparing the dry weight of the plant when grown in clean water.
The Flint River located in western Georgia is quite unpolluted and will be fit to reproduce these
clean water conditions in the laboratory.

The And Hydroponics Will Change The World Produces Food
Aquaponics and hydroponics will change the way the world produces food. By 2050 the world
population is expected to exceed 9 Billion people. With an increasing population and decreasing
farm land, the world is beginning to face a serious problem in food production. Not only is the
quantity of food produced in jeopardy, the quality and variety are declining as well. Four types of
plants provide more than half the plant based calories – wheat, maize, rice, and potatoes.
Additionally, 90% of the animal based protein consumed comes from only a dozen different species.
What is the answer to producing quality food at a quantity to sustain the world? Biodiversity.
Biodiversity, the interaction between different eco systems, has been shown to produce more and
healthier food. Traditionally the answer to feeding a quickly growing world has been to over
fertilize, use genetic modification, and ban the production of crops for use as biofuel. Unfortunately,
there has been very little priority placed on developing biodiversity as a means of sustainability. The
research that has been done on biodiversity, such as aquaponics and hydroponics, has shown that
high quality food can be produced quicker and with less resources than traditional growing.
Aquaponics is the process of integrating aquaculture, fish farming, with hydroponics, growing
plants in water. Since use of unnatural products such as chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides could
potentially harm either the fish or the plans,

Effectiveness Of A Patient Applied 10 % Potassium Nitrate
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Reinhart, T. C., Killoy, W. J., Love, J., Overman, P. R., & Sakumura, J. S. (1990)
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient–applied 10% potassium nitrate glycerine–
based gel in decreasing dentinal sensitivity on teeth with exposed dentin apical to the
cementoenamel junction. The patients were divided into 3 treatment groups: group 1 was treated
with a glycerine–based–10% potassium nitrate gel; group 2 was treated with a glycerine gel without
potassium nitrate; and group 3 received no gel and no treatment (control). Following brushing and
flossing, groups 1 and 2 applied the gel to the test teeth using custom–made soft acrylic trays, for a
period of 5 min/ day for 4 weeks. Patient responses to cold water stimuli were measured at baseline
(week 0), then at I–, 2–, 3– and 4–week intervals. Group 1 patients showed a significant decrease in
sensitivity to cold at week 2 only. The group 2 patients showed a significant decrease in sensitivity
to cold after 3 and 4 weeks. A statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was noted between
group 2 and group 3 patients at week 3, the most sustained decrease in sensitivity to cold was found
on teeth treated with plain glycerine.
Ide M, Wilson RF, Ashley FP. (2001)
The aim of the study was to investigate the reproducibility of commonly used measurement
protocols for dentine hypersensitivity on single or multiple teeth. In addition, newly developed
controlled air and cold fluid stimuli were

Compare And Contrast Ammonium Nitrate And Calcium Chloride
How will the temperature of the water change in reaction to the addition of the ammonium nitrate
and the calcium chloride?
Background Information: The experiment deals with cold packs and hot packs and it demonstrates
how they work. Cold packs and hot packs are used to help heal injuries mainly. Cold packs help heal
sprained ankles, since they remove heat from the inflicted area and make the blood vessels tighten,
which lowers the inflammation and pain. Cold packs usually include water, ammonium nitrate or
some other salt and fertilizer. The water is kept separate in an inner container separate from the
ammonium nitrate until the cold pack is needed. When the cold pack is needed, the cold pack is
squeezed, which makes the inner container of water open and the ammonium nitrate to mix. The
ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water and creates the cold pack. The cold pack is used to
decrease the effect of increased blood flow to an area, while a hot pack is used to increase blood
flow to an area, such as an area with deep muscle pain. The hot pack adds heat the affected area and
makes the blood vessels dilate. Hot packs usually contain the same stuff as the cold pack does, but
instead of ammonium nitrate, they contain calcium chloride. Therefore, when a hot pack is needed
the pad is squeezed and the water and the calcium chloride mix, which creates the hot pack.
There are new concepts that relate to this lab, such as exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Endothermic reactions

Nitrogen is used by plants in order to synthesize protein...
Nitrogen is used by plants in order to synthesize protein peptide bonds and for cell growth. Not only
is this nutrient required in the largest quantity by plants, but it is also the most frequently limiting
factor when it comes to productivity in crops. Plants cannot use nitrogen in the air and in the soil
system it is lost easily. Because of this plants are forced to obtain nitrogen in the form of nitrate and
ammonium from the soil. Too much nitrate can cause a negative effect on the plant including nitrate
toxicity. High levels of nitrate are not only bad for plants but can also be dangerous to animals or
humans in their presence. Here I discuss the scientific evidence of the effects of nitrate
accumulation on plants and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the rate at which the nitrate is reduced is lower then uptake, then accumulation of large amounts
of nitrate can occur. No accumulation occurs when the rate of uptake equals the rate of reduction.
Accumulation of nitrate usually results from plant stress, such as drought, and is made more
prominent by excessive soil nitrogen. Other forms of plant stress that cause accumulation of nitrate
involve the restriction of plant growth while the absorption of nitrate from soil still continues. Some
of these forms include certain herbicides, frost, acid soils, deficiencies of essential nutrients, low
growing temperatures, and finally reduced sunlight. Due to the fact that nitrate accumulation builds
up the most in plant stems instead of leaves. (3) Nitrate content in vegetables is influenced primarily
by light intensity and nitrogen fertilization. Diurnal changes in light intensity lead to a diurnal
pattern, a pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the Earth, in nitrate
accumulation in plants. (4) When plants receive too much nitrogen in the form of nitrate through its
soil, it can have several detrimental effects on it. Too much nitrogen in plants can deplete the plant's
carbohydrate reserves more rapidly, stimulate rapid shoot growth while slowing down root growth,
and result in thinner more succulent leaf tissue, which increases moisture loss. Other effects include
predisposing the plant to greater insect

Water Quality Lab
Water Quality Lab Reports: "Water Quality Lab Report – First and Last Name."
Before you begin writing, make a copy of this document and rename it this
Share your document with me, allow editing, UNCHECK "notify people via email," and fill out the
Submission Form to share your link with me.
After you copy, share, and submit your Lab Report: Write your lab report in complete sentences and
use paragraphs to organize your ideas. Use your lab handout guide and the Water Quality lab report
questions to help you as you write your lab report.
Proofread your work carefully! Check for misspelled words, fragments, and clearly written
sentences.
Delete these instructions once you have finished your lab report.
Purpose
The purpose of this lab ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost every experiment had good results. The only to bad results were the pH– using strips and the
turbidity. The pH – using trips was a 4 but doing the pH – using tablets had a 7. So it can go either
way. Turbidity was 20 but that isn't that high. The DO was 4ppm and that is almost perfect. That
means that it has plants, but not a lot of them. The temperature of the pond was not cold and not
warm. The temperature varies though throughout the seasons. There were 0 ppm results for the
nitrates. That is very good. It doesn't increase the plant growth but also doesn't decrease the plant
growth. The ammonia levels were also 0ppm. That means that the insects and animals don't get sick
by drinking the water or swimming in it. There were many bioindicators in the pond. There were
water striders, tadpoles, grass, flowers, algae, gnats, and cat tails. The Voyager pond is very healthy
and it should stay

Lake Tarpon's Water Quality: Change over an Eight Year Span
IV. Introduction: The purpose of this research is to determine whether there has been a change in the
overall water quality of the Lake Tarpon Basin, and if so, whether the quality has improved or
worsened. The variables that will determine whether the quality has changed are: nutrients
(phosphates and nitrates) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The expected changes are lower dissolved
oxygen levels (from the already low levels), higher nitrogen levels (from the already high nitrogen
levels), and the state qualifications still are not met for nutrients and dissolved oxygen (Levy, Flock,
Burnes, Myers, Weed, River 2010). This topic relates to environmental management because the
changes in water quality would be due to pollution, which relates to the question "How does human
activity lead to the pollution of water stores?" The hypothesis that will be tested is that Lake
Tarpon's water quality will have worsened since the last measurements by Levy, Flock, Burnes,
Myers, Weed, and Rivera in 2010.
V. Methodology: The water samples will be collected utilizing sterile plastic water bottles from
Lake Tarpon. The location the samples will be collected from is Anderson Park, by the boat docks,
located at 39669 U.S. 19, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The water samples will be brought to Tarpon
Springs High School to be tested, located at 1411 Gulf Rd, Tarpon Springs, FL 34689. The
phosphate, nitrate, and dissolved oxygen levels will be tested utilizing various LaMotte water
testing kits,

Effects Of Dietary Nitrates On Weight Maintenance
SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Submitted by: Ankita Chhabra
Student ID:16314994
Return address: 3/7 Pannill Place,Oteha,Auckland 0632
Email address:ankita6894@gmail.com
Paper Name:Nutritional Research Methods
Paper no.:151.708
Topic of research: The effect of dietary nitrates on weight maintenance in obese population
following a 10% weight loss
TITLE
The effect of dietary nitrates on weight maintenance in obese population following a 10% weight
loss
BACKGROUND
Dietary nitrates are inorganic inert anionic compounds in fruits, vegetables and cured meats. About
80–85% of the nitrate in our diets is derived from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We hypothesize the nitrate to have significant implication on the post weight loss RMR and possibly
cause relapsing of the weight loss.
STUDY DESIGN AND OUTCOMES
A 6–month randomized three–way crossover trial consisting of three groups: 20 healthy, 20 obese,
and 20 mixed participants (placebo group for nitrate supplementation)is proposed. All groups will
be screened for thyroid function, hepatitis A & B and HIV).All participants will be kept on a low
nitrate weight maintenance diet formula till the weight remains constant for 2 weeks (weight change
<10 g/d). RMR is measured using indirect calorimetry. They are then fed a hypocaloric diet(800
kcal/d) until a 10% weight loss is achieved(estimated time–12 weeks).RMR and weight is measured
again. The formula diet is reinstated and 0.1mmol/kg/d inorganic nitrate for a period of 3 weeks is
given along with it to the two groups excluding the placebo group. RMR, plasma and salivary nitrite
levels and weight changes are recorded.
SIGNIFICANCE
The only study on effect of nitrates on RMR was on healthy humans and no study has been done to
study their effect on weight maintenance. Obesity is a serious condition and long–term maintenance
of target weight by obese individuals is not very successful(Wing & Phelan, 2005). This study aims
study the differences in RMR changes after a nitrate–rich diet between obese and healthy subjects
and see the practical implications of a reduced RMR by dietary nitrates consumption on

The Effect of Pollution on the Distribution of Organisms...
The Effect of Pollution on the Distribution of Organisms Along the River Roding System
Method
Equipment
Pond net
Tray
Pots and lids
Spoons
Hand lens
Wellington boots
Specimen Pots
Freshwater Invertebrate Key
Scrap Paper (note pad)
Gloves
Tape to cover cuts
Pencil
I investigated how the quality, amount of dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and the temperature
of the water in the River Roding System affected the distribution of organisms in the river.
I chose six suitable sites along the river Roding System: Furze Ground, Pyrles Brook, Debdon
Brook Downstream, River Roding Upstream, River Roding Middle Stream, and River ... Show

more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We waited 1 minute. The colour on the pad was compared with the colour chart to see the nitrate
level. The nitrate level was recorded. Then a phosphate test was carried out. Firstly 5ml of the water
from the river was placed in a container. There were two reagents. 5 drops of reagent 1 and 1 micro
spoon of reagent 2 was added to the water. The lid was replaced and the container was shaken. We
waited 2 minutes and took the lid off. The colour of the mixture was compared with the colour chart
and the phosphate content was recorded. Then the oxygen test was carried out. The meter was set
for air and the probe was placed in the air. His was set as 100%. The probe was then placed in the
river and the reading went down or up comparing its oxygen content with the oxygen in the air.
Finally the temperature of the water was measured. This was done using a thermometer.
At each sight we also noted down descriptions of the site e.g. the surrounding land use, the
cleanliness of the water, the depth and width of the river. This was done so that the pollution of the
river could be explained.
Safety
While doing the freshwater fieldwork there were a few safety hazards. There was a chance of
infection occurring e.g. Weils Disease. Therefore I had to take precautions: 1) small cuts covered
with tape, 2) gloves worn, 3) no eating or drinking in the field, 4) no fooling

The Effects Of Nitrogen On The Dairy Industry
Nitrogen is one of the main biogeochemical elements, around which a cycle supports life on Earth.
Nitrogen can be found in many forms, one of which is nitrite, a toxic chemical that can produce
severe abnormalities in animals (Binta and Mushi, 2012). Nitrite is formed from nitrate by micro–
organisms and bacteria present in soil, water, saliva, and the large intestine of most animals. These
micro–organisms are present in high amounts in ruminants such as cows, which poses serious
implications on the dairy industry as nitrite poisoning, if nitrate levels are not closely monitored, can
lead to the death of large numbers of livestock as well as birth defects in calves. In ruminants,
nitrate is reduced to nitrite, and the rumen microbes utilize this nitrite by converting it into ammonia
as a nitrogenous source important in DNA production and synthesis of amino acids (Robson, 2007).
Though, when levels of nitrogen rise in excess, nitrite accumulates in rumen, and is then rapidly
absorbed into the bloodstream, then reacting with the ferrous form of haemoglobin to form met–
haemoglobin (met–Hb) (Sidhu et al., 2011). This is a serious issue as met–Hb is a poor transporter
of oxygen and the animal suffers from oxygen deficiency. Nitrite poisoning has become more
common over the past century as application of nitrogen fertilizer to farmland improves both quality
and yield of milk produced by cattle (Sidhu et al., 2011). Nitrogen increases the levels of crude
protein in forage, which

Nitrate Nitrite
However, nitrate reductase can further reduce nitrite to ammonia or molecular nitrogen, which does
not react with the reagents and does not produce a colour change. To verify nitrate has been reduced
past nitrite, zinc powder is added to the medium. If the medium does not change colour after the
addition of zinc powder, then the nitrates in the medium have been reduced further. If the bacterium
does not use nitrate, then the addition of zinc powder will reduce the nitrates in the medium to
nitrite, changing the medium to a pink or red colour.
I inoculated my bacteria into a tube containing nitrate broth, and waited until the next class day to
add the sulfanic acid and N,N–dimethyl–1–naphthylamine. After adding the two reagents to my
tube,

Wakulla Springs Report : Largest And Deepest Freshwater...
Wakulla Springs Report Wakulla springs is the home of one of the largest and deepest freshwater
springs in the world and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is designated as a
National Natural Landmark. Wakulla Springs is located 14 miles (23 km) south of Tallahassee,
Florida and 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Crawfordville in Wakulla County, Florida at the crossroads of
State Road 61 and State Road 267. Wakulla Springs is classified as a first magnitude spring and is a
major exposure point for the Floridian Aquifer. The spring forms the Wakulla River and flows 9
miles to the southeast where it joins the St. Mark 's River. After a short 5 miles, the St. Mark 's
empties into the Gulf of Mexico at Apalachee Bay. Sarah smith reported the first ancient fossil of an
ancient mastodon at the bottom of the cave. Scientists have identified the remains of at least nine
other extinct mammals that date to the last glacial period, deposited as far as 1,200 feet back into a
cave. The aquifer can date back to as long as 36 million years ago, but the Wakulla Springs lodge
was built in 1943 by financer Edward Ball. The springs has an abundance of species that call
Wakulla springs their home, animals that includes alligators, turtles, deer, river otters, and a variety
and land and water birds. There are many activities that take place at Wakulla Springs, such as
Swimming, going on boat rides around the spring and even going picnicking. Wakulla springs has
been

How Does Nitrate Contamination Of Groundwater
Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water
The Earth's surface is covered by massive amounts of water, but only a small measure of it is safe
for consumption. With a very limited supply, we need to focus our energies on preserving its quality
and quantity. Nitrates pose a great threat to our precious groundwater. There are many ways that
groundwater can be contaminated, but most aren't nearly as detrimental as an increase in the amount
of nitrates within our groundwater.
How do nitrates get into the water? We can help you with this answer. Nitrates get into the
groundwater from a variety of sources: some involve pastoral farming, market gardening,
application of nitrogenous fertilizers, and industrial and sewage waste disposal. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
We know that the results of these practices as well as many others accumulate underground rather
quickly and damage the quality of the water supply.
Contamination of groundwater is also affected by weather, soil types, and the depth of the aquifer. If
it is less than 100 feet to the water table, the vulnerability of contamination is increased. In the
Midwest, with a sandy to loamy soil, the groundwater will become more susceptible toward nitrate
contamination. In areas where the soil composition is more of a clay compound, no matter if there is
an over–use of fertilizer, the vulnerability of the groundwater is greatly reduced. This is the type of
situation that occurs in places like southern Indiana where the soils drain very poorly. Through the
many factors that are involved, we, as a society, have gained a great amount of knowledge on how
to reduce the amount of nitrates in the water source.
A couple of the most widely recognized concerns of high nitrates in water is its cause of
methemoglobinemia, more commonly referred to as "blue baby" syndrome, and other blood
disorders. If we don't start fixing the problem now, the critical effects of dangerous nitrate levels in
the water supply will be around for decades, and become increasingly difficult to manage.
There are a variety of approaches to avoiding the utilization of inadequate techniques. Individuals
can test soils before applying fertilizers, improve storage of fertilizers, test well

Chem Lab Project 2 Essay
Investigating the Determining Characteristics of Cations and Anions
Chem 111 Sec 560
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to study the specific characteristics of cations and anions,
and ultimately to be able to identify an unknown substance based on our studies and tests using the
logic trees developed through the experiment. A logic tree is a graphical display of the findings from
this lab which, through a series of yes/no questions, elimination tests, will help us to identify and
unknown sample. This lab will result in 2 logic trees, one for identifying cations and the other,
anions.
The lab was broken into three parts: Part 1 dealt with identifying a cation, Part 2 an ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting color flashes were recorded. The cation solutions were then disposed of in the
appropriate waste containers.
From the information in each of these tests, a Cation logic tree was formed for easy identification of
unknown cations.
Part 2: Anion Analysis: The experiment was performed on 4 anions: chloride (Cl
), sulfate (SO42
),
nitrate (NO3
), and carbonate (CO32
). A sample of each anion was prepared by placing 10 drops of
each anion solution into a centrifuge tube. The tubes were labeled accordingly. The original color of
the solution was recorded. The first test performed was an Anion Elimination Test, the Silver Nitrate
Test. 0.1 M AgNO3 was added dropwise to each tube until a precipitate was formed or 5 drops of
0.1
M AgNO3 were administered. First, 2 drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 was added to the tube containing Cl
‐
and the results recorded, noting the appearance (texture), color, and shape. This process was
repeated for all the anions as follows: SO42: 20 drops, NO3
: 20 drops, CO32
: 1 drop of 0.1 M
AgNO3 was added.
For each solution which formed a precipitate (Cl
,CO32
) the solution was centrifuged for 5 minutes
and the supernatant was decanted; 5 drops of distilled water were added to both

Chemical Safety Assignment On The Use Of Potassium Nitrate...
Chemical Safety Assignment
Student's Name:
Institution:
Chemical Safety Assignment
Answer 1
The chemical that will be analyzed in this section is potassium nitrate. There are different types of
information related to the chemical the student needs to gather to ensure proper air sampling is
carried out. It is necessary to determine the fire properties of this chemical and the level of damage
it might cause when left in the open. Significantly, the assessment must find out about other
processes that affect the usage of potassium nitrate in different environments within the organization
(McDermott, 2004). This knowledge will enable the worker to recognize how various control
measures can be used to deal with various hazards associated with the chemical that might cause
harm to different people. Therefore, evaluating the real magnitude of different dangers involved will
enable all those involved to come up with appropriate methods that limit workers' exposure to the
hazards.
It is important for the student to determine how the risk of fire and explosion after exposure to
potassium nitrate can be dealt with. In effect, this knowledge will equip the student with skills to
deal with the dispersal effects of potassium nitrate dust at the workplace when it occurs. More
importantly, it is vital for the analysis to determine if the dust has harmful effects to the respiratory
system when inhaled and the levels of protection an organization can initiate to prevent

Chem 112 Technical Abstract
Determination of Cations and Anions through Elimination and Confirmation Tests By: Symantha
Resendiz Introduction A topic of great importance to all scientists is the identification of
compounds, which is relevant in all aspects of their work in some way shape or form. Weather it
may be determining what is causing sickness or what is polluting the air, it is very prevalent in the
science world. In project 2, identification of cations and anions was preformed through a series of
confirmation and elimination tests that ultimately led to identifying an unknown ionic compound
made of cations and anions. Materials and Methods Part 1– Cation Tests To begin, 5 centrifuge
tubes were added 10 drops of one cation and labeled ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mixture was then transferred to a clean centrifuge tube via pipet, carefully not wetting the upper
walls of the tube. Zinc granules were then added and the tube was immediately plugged with cotton
1/3 of the way into the tube. The tube was then warmed in a hot water bath for about 5 minutes, the
folded red litmus paper was inserted at the top of the tube with a wet crease. After a few minutes,
nitrate is indicated on the wet crease of the litmus paper, turning it blue. For the Carbonate test, 25
mg of carbonate sample was added to a centrifuge tube and 3 drops of 6 M H2SO4 was added. A
disposable pipet was used to transfer a drop of Ba(OH)2, that hung directly from the pipet over the
carbonate solution, and the observations of the drop were recorded. Part 3–Cation and Anion
Analysis For the cation analysis, 0.566 g of an unknown compound was dissolved completely in
5mL of distilled water in a centrifuge tube, thus confirming this solution as a stock solution. A flame
test was performed on the stock solution to give a general idea of what test was to e preformed on
the stock solution deriving the information from our logic trees in part 1. The logic tree from part 1
and the flame test confirmed that we needed to conduct an ammonia test on the stock solution. To
being the ammonia test, 15 M NH4OH was added drop wise (about 20 drops) to the stock and the
color of the solution and the color of the solution was recorded. 10 more drops of 15 M NH4OH

The Effects Of Groundwater Pollution On The World
Groundwater pollution is a prominent problem in most areas of the world. High nitrate
concentrations have been identified as one of the main culprits of groundwater pollution.
Agriculture is a primary anthropogenic source involved in the spreading and distribution of nitrates
in rural areas. China is considered one of the largest in terms of agricultural production. As the
population of China increased over time, the recycling of plant nutrients could no longer renew the
loss of nutrients from harvesting. The famine between 1960 and 1970 caused radical changes when
it came to policies about population control and large efforts were made to increase agricultural
yields. This was encouraged by increasing the application rate of chemical fertilizers, especially
ones that were nitrogen based (Emteryd, Lu and Nykyist, 1998). However, higher irrigation and
nitrogen fertilizer inputs results in decreased water and nitrogen use efficiency (Hu, Li, and Chen,
2010). Currently China is the leading producer of rice, wheat onion cabbage and the second largest
producer of corn (See Appendix). Presently the average annual nitrogen fertilizer application is 200
kg N/ha in China (Zhang, Xu, XIaomin, Dong and Ballantine, 2013). As a result of this, China
unsurprisingly suffers from large amounts of nitrate pollution in its groundwater, especially in
northern China. The main focus of this paper will therefore be on the North China Plain and the
provinces surrounding the Yangtze River as

Essay on Effects of Nitrate on Water Quality
Water, water everywhere and not a drop to spare. This is the reality – especially when regarding the
amount of freshwater available. Fact: The earth contains only 3.5% freshwater. Fact: 98.8% of all
freshwater is shielded from our grasp in glaciers or groundwater. Fact: Only 0.0003% of the Earth's
water is accessible for consumption. With such a minute quantity of freshwater available, the high
amount of pollution contaminating this water is appalling. Water quality levels are decreasing,
hurting us as well as the countless organisms depending on freshwater habitats to be safe homes.
One of the main contaminants, nitrates, which spring from mainly manmade sources, are especially
treacherous... Many people are unaware of the impact of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The ideal solution is to eliminate the source of contamination, which may not always be practical.
Hence, we need to look for ways to intercept and divert the contaminants from reaching fresh water
sources.
One option that is practical and easy to implement are constructed wetlands. Constructed wetlands
(CW) are like natural wetlands, but manmade. Wetlands, rightfully named, love the water and thrive
in water–saturated environments. Because of this trait natural wetlands have long helped with
slowing runoff and other water–management techniques including: consuming nutrients,
denitrification (converting nitrates into nitrogen gas to release back into the atmosphere), and
breaking down pesticides.
Can we adopt the same techniques to solve manmade nitrate contamination issues? The answer lies
in CW. These habitats are perfect for dealing with excess nutrients from agricultural or septic
wastewater runoff like nitrates. By slowing runoff, sediments and nutrients suspended on the
waterfall out of place, thereby, never reaching the rivers or lakes. The bountiful biological life of
wetlands consume or utilize excess nutrients. For the remaining nitrates, denitrification, the removal
of nitrates by converting them into nitrogen gas, occurs as well. Finally, wetlands break down
pesticides and fertilizers that enter the wastewater stream before they reach other freshwater
habitats. Other processes for managing high concentrations of

Crim Dell Research Paper
Cleaning the Crim Dell
The synthesized plastic polymer PHA is a natural organic polymer derived from bacteria. These
synthesized plastic polymers have a plethora of functions and benefits, but its most important
function is its use in improving water quality.
The College Committee on Sustainability has already invested funds in producing and
experimenting with these PHA fibrous mats to improve water quality. In a laboratory controlled
environment, the PHA fibrous mat successfully denitrifies the water at a quick rate. From an
incubation completed in the Keck Lab, the experimental fibrous mat of PHA is shown to be able to
drop the nitrate levels in water to about one–fourth of the original concentration in less than 20
hours. Due to the success in a small scale lab experiment, there is a need for me to test the PHA
fibrous mat in a large scale environment to successfully assess its denitrifying effectiveness. I
propose that the most suitable large scale environment to test the PHA's denitrification would be at
the Crim Dell due to its low water quality levels and on–going nonpoint source pollution from
college runoff. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chambers is working to develop a proprietary blend of PHA and other chemicals that will be spun
into the fibrous mat for testing in Crim Dell this coming summer. Once the mat is created, it will be
placed at the groundwater inlet to the sedimentation basin, where nitrate–rich water discharges into
Crim Dell. I will set up automated water samplers upstream and downstream of the PHA mat, which
will collect water continuously at pre–set time intervals. These water samples will be collected each
week for analysis at the Keck Lab for nitrate, ammonium, and dissolved phosphate using standard
spectrophotometric methods. I expect to show that dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are removed
from the water column prior to discharge into Crim Dell, thereby improving water

Nitrates And Nitrites
The two primary metabolic processes nitrates undergo are through the entero–salivary circulation
pathway and the nitrate–nitrate–NO pathway (Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity 2013: Biologic Fate of
Nitrates and Nitrites, 2013). Inorganic nitrates and nitrites consumed through food and water are
first reduced in the oral cavity by bacteria present on the tongue. This reductive activity converts
nitrates to nitrites where it can further be metabolized through the gastrointestinal tract. After
conversion of nitrites to nitric oxide it is absorbed via the small intestine where it is distributed into
circulation. Once the nitrites and nitric oxide enter the circulatory system it reaches target tissues
where it may be used for cellular activity. It is found that 25% of nitrites are concentrated in the
salivary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reductive activity is absent of nitric oxide synthase and is carried out by the bacteria present in
the mouth. Bacteria on the tongue is capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites through its own
metabolic activity. This metabolic process is done in situ, or locally. The newly converted nitrites
then enter the gastric stomach where acidic conditions convert the nitrites to nitric oxide. Remaining
nitrites and nitrates that were not converted in the stomach are absorbed via the small intestine
where it is distributed to the kidneys and salivary glands. An active uptake of nitrates from the blood
allows entry into the salivary gland where the peptide, sialin, makes transportation and excretion
available. The bacteria present in the mouth reduces nitrates to nitrites and does not require nitric
oxide synthase activity (Lundberg, Weitzberg, & Gladwin, 2008). In this metabolic pathway, the
conversion of nitrates to nitrates are a result of the bacteria found on the tongue to carry out
reduction activity of the dietary consumption of

Nitrates In Water
Nitrates in groundwater have become a major issue around the world and have held people back
from drinking clean water. One of the many places being affected by this issue, is a city in the state
of Minnesota by the name, Cold Spring.The main issue for such high capacities of nitrate in water is
cropland agriculture. Cold Spring has had to forcefully shut down a couple of their city wells due to
these high levels of nitrate in their water, leaving the city with a very low capacity of water to use,
and drink. This issue has gotten very far, to the point that the safest level for drinking water is 10
milligrams. Drinking water that contains nitrates can be very harmful to the body and can also
develop syndromes in babies. It's not news that

High Rate of Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels in Children with...
ESTIMATION OF SALIVARY NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL
HEART DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
Heart disease is one of the most common developmental abnormalities among children, affecting
approximately 6 per 1,000 live births , .Dental management of children with congenital heart
disease requires special attention, because of their increased susceptibility to infectious endocarditis,
associated with bacteraemia induced by invasive dental procedures. Oral health in these patients is
not given due importance and thus they often have poor oral health. These patients also have
increased caries risk which may be largely attributed to the developmental enamel defects. , ,
There has been a mounting interest in the role of nitrates and nitrites in protection against oral
diseases particularly dental caries in the last few years. , There is a constant supply of concentrated
nitrates, the metabolic products of nitric oxide (NO) in the human oral cavity. It is generated either
directly from the physiological reduction of dietary nitrates or it originates from L –arginine
undergoing the reaction catalyzed by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is an enzyme
expressed in salivary glands and duct epithelial cells when induced by pro–inflammatory stimuli. , ,
,
Nitric oxide and its metabolic products, nitrates and nitrites, have been associated with various
deleterious effects in humans in the past decades. However, the recent evidence has suggested that
NO has a

Nitrates And Nitrites Lab Report
Factors:
There is some variation as to the levels of concentration in urine in regard to age and health status of
individuals. Certain disease processes and age, factor into the excretion of nitrates and nitrites via
the urinary tract. For instance, infants pose a greater susceptibility for toxicity. The presence of
bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract elicit a greater conversion percentage of nitrates to nitrites.
This conversion creates more nitric oxide metabolites which can cause a reduction in available
oxygen in the blood. The elimination of nitrates and nitrites concentrated in urine may give an
indication of the synthases taking place in the body. Concentration levels may be an indicator for
disease processes and may be tested for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nitrate is not combustible and accelerates the burning when in contact with combustible material. A
common mistake is to boil water that contains high levels of nitrate. For example, the (CCAMP,
2013) explains that "if there is a high concentration of nitrate in drinking water, an immediate
solution is to use an alternative source of drinking, cooking, and mixing baby formula." The best
recommended source of water would be to use bottled water.
To reduce the chances of exposure of high levels of nitrate concentration the most common way is
reverse osmosis. For instance, "treating technologies that remove nitrate include reverse osmosis,
ion exchange, and distillation" (CCAMP, 2013). Using these methods to treat the water will reduce
the levels of nitrate that are in the drinking water. Reverse osmosis will remove 83–92% of nitrates
in the drinking water (Linton, 2014). By using this method, the nitrate levels will be reduced enough
so that it can be acceptable to drink.

Healthy Septic System
Total: Educate customers on how to maintain a healthy septic system
Total Words in this Document:
Title: Time for Laundry? How to Maintain a Healthy Septic System
Whether you've chosen a septic system because it's an environmentally friendly option for your
home or because sewer isn't available where you live, a healthy septic system is vital for the long–
term care of your household wastewater. Properly maintained systems can last for 25 to 30 years,
and help to keep groundwater clean and free of pollution, bacteria and viruses, as well as the nitrates
and phosphates that can cause algae bloom in bodies of water.
Many homeowners, though, want to know the best way to take care of their septic system, and one
of the best ways to do so is by understanding how laundry can affect the overall health of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Certain cleaning agents, like bleach, soaps that aren't biodegradable, and antibacterial soaps, can
weaken and even kill the bacteria that maintains septic system health. Additionally, too much
detergent released into the tank can be the cause of clogged soil pores, preventing drainage and
inciting backups. Typically, liquid detergents are the best option when it comes to healthy septic
systems.
Certain detergents are labeled to be safe for septic tanks, and they are almost liquid, because they
have fewer ingredients that can be harmful for septic tanks. Some dry detergents use clay as a filler,
which will cause clogs. Others may include sodium as a filler, which can also cause problems.
Combining good laundry habits with the five most important tips that can protect your tank will help
your septic system operate at its best, giving you and your family peace of mind and a protected
investment that will keep the system running for 20 to 30 years. If you have a question about your
system, or want more information about how your laundry habits might affect your tank, call
Paradise Valley Septic

The Water Quality Of South Creek
Geography Internal Assessment
How does the water quality of South Creek in the Narrabeen catchment vary downstream and what
do these variations infer about human influences?
Candidate Number: 003047 0022
Word Count:
Table of Contents
Fieldwork Question and Geographical Context 3
Nature and Purpose of this Investigation 3
Location of this Investigation 4
Hypothesis 5
Methods of Investigation 6
Method of Measurement 7
The Water Quality Index 8
Treatment of Information Collected and Written Analysis 10
Data Collection and Processing–The Headwaters–Point A 14
Testing Conditions and Results 15
Qualitative Observations 15
Interpretation of Results 16
Data Collection and Processing–The Midpoint–Point B 17
Testing Conditions and Results 18 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This investigation is derived from:
Part 1. Patterns and change
1.3 Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability
3. Water and Change
Concerned with both environmental and human factors affecting water quality.
Part 2. Optional themes
Option A: Freshwater issues and conflicts
Which focusses on both the physical geography of freshwater and human impacts on water quality.
Location of this Investigation
South Creek is located in Narrabeen, New South Whales, Australia, within the Warringah area. The
Narrabeen basin is approximately 7km from north to south and 7km from east to west (Entrance
from Narrabean Lakes, Forest Way) (Mona Vale at Tumbledown Dick to Warringah road ). South
Creek flows through Oxford falls, Beacon Hill, Cromer, Narraweena, Wheeler Heights before

flowing into Narrabeen Lakes. The landscape of the area is dissected sandstone plateau with some
areas of flat land at height, such as Collaroy Plateau with an average height of 42 metres above sea
level.
Figure 1.1 Location of South Creek
Figure 1.2 Annoyed Location map of South Creek
Hypothesis
South Creek will start off with good water quality, but the water quality will degrade downstream
due to proximity to human influences.
Although South Creek begins adjacent to residential infrastructure, since it is the beginning of the
stream, I suspect the stream won't be that polluted

Studying The Chemistry And The Types Of Macro Invertebrates
In previous studies, studying the chemistry and the types of macro invertebrates that live in a pond
or stream can indicate how clean the water is; according to the North Carolina State university water
quality group, stoneflies like water rich in dissolved oxygen, cold in temperature and flowing
through rocks (Osmond watersheds page 1). In this lab, we went to two streams, cherry creek and
bear creek. We took physical Measurements like the width, depth, description of substrate and the
site. This was done for the upper, middle, and lower transect. and chemical measurements of the
streams like measuring pH, temperature, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, dissolved O2, and
dissolved solids. We also counted the macro invertebrates we found and then we Identified the ones
we found. With the data that we collected, we hope to find out how does the water affect the types
of macro invertebrates found in the stream which brings up my hypothesis which is The more
dissolved O2 found in the water, we will find bioindicators that indicate clean water. I predict if
there is high amounts of O2 dissolved, then there will be presence of bio indicators that only live in
clean water. Our variables are water quality as our independent and our dependent is the macro
invertebrates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To start off the lab, we went to cherry creek first, which is located on Speer and larimer. Then the
following week, went to bear creek which was located on Estes St. The controlled

Water Quality Analysis Of The Potable And Environmental Water
In this research project I conducted the water quality analysis of both the potable and environmental
water at various village sites, and in the New River Lagoon in Belize. The data collected in this
project contributed to the data collected over the past decade by previous McMaster fellows and
scholars. Moreover, we conveyed the results from this study to the community partners in the
villages San Carlos, Rancho Dolores, and with the Programme for Belize–the managing entity of
Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area ("RBCMA") which borders the New River Lagoon.
In the project we tested for bacterial contaminants, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorous, dissolved oxygen,
pH, free chlorine, and ammonia levels.
In this project we continue to analyze new samples and the baseline data for any trends in high or
low levels of chemicals, as well as to keep the Belizean community appraised of any hazards or
precautions they should be taking for their drinking water. By collaborating with our Belize
community partners, we are able to discuss possible solutions as to better techniques for cleaner
water or more efficient solutions to using clean safe drinking water.
Water is a necessity, but, when water becomes polluted with chemicals, both inorganic and organic,
it makes it difficult to use water for the health benefits and sanitation it is normally used for. Good
water quality is especially vital for Belize, as they are largely an agricultural country. The data
collected by the McMaster

Sustainable Development Is Possible For Academic Research
During the last eleven years my work in Belize has evidenced that sustainable development is
possible when academic research incorporates community direction, and recognizes local expertise
as a component in the formation of new knowledge. Indeed, we are able to manage problems–and in
many cases improve lives–by collaborating to undertake community driven and academically
supported initiatives. What is sometimes misunderstood in the context of academia, community–
based research promotes the creation of new knowledge through multiple sources including
academia, local tacit expertise, and cultural context (Strand, Marullo, Cutforth, Stoecker, &
Donohue, 2003). Collaborative solutions to issues and challenges that work within the parameters of
local resources are paramount to sustainability. Moreover, sustainability is critical in effecting a
lasting improvement in the human condition. The projects that I implemented in December of 2014
and December of 2015–particularly those directed at soil quality–are indicators of the effectiveness
and sustainability of these collaborative efforts.
Although these projects may seem diverse, in the context of addressing the challenges of food
insecurity, poverty, lack of access to clean water, and environmental degradation; interdisciplinary
solutions in the framework of the integrated natural resource management model could be employed
to resolve these issues (Sanchez, Palm, & Buol, 2003, p. 159). Agricultural communities–especially
with

The New Zealand 's Landscape
New Zealand's landscape is commonly identified by many people worldwide as being clean, fresh
and pure. The rivers, lakes, wetlands and pastoral areas within New Zealand are all unique and
allow life to flourish. However, over recent years, in some rural and urban areas, water quality has
slowly become more and more polluted as the need to use land by many growing industries has
intensified with one of New Zealand's main land users being Dairy Farming. This is a huge part of
New Zealand with dairy exports contributing $17.6 billion into the national economy in the previous
season of 2013–2014. However, the problem that comes with having a higher population of cows
than humans within New Zealand (4.9 million cows) is that the amount of waste that is deposited
into the soils and waters is excessive. Even though nitrates and phosphates within the waste are
essential for the nutrients of plants and soils, immense amounts can eventually be leaked through the
soils or runoff into the streams, polluting the ground waters and rivers creating a vast problem
environmentally, socially and economically. This issue summons huge conflict and controversy as
contaminated rivers can cause numerous health issues and cultural distraught that comes with the
steady increase of pollution within New Zealand's waterways. However this doesn't seem to be as
much of an issue to many farmers and dairy industries as their farms create a large profit which
seems to be their prioritized focus. Without

Water Essay
Water quality management in agricultural catchments, generally, appears to focus on identifying and
reducing nutrient losses from the root zone of intensive farming activities. In recent years, reducing
nutrient loss from root zone and minimizing the impact on farming practices of freshwater bodies
has taken centre stage in this debate (Clothier et al., 2007). To fully understand management options
of water this study will explore the vicious cycle of how on the source, the mode of transportation
and the impact on water catchments (Clothier et al., 2007). Transportation process that take place on
water surfaces is crucial in assessing the impact on freshwater bodies with respect to root zone
losses. Transportation process in this study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the amount of nitrate leached from the root is dependent on how it is transported and
transformed on the subsurface. According to Knowles (1982) dentrification process of nitrates
reduces/attenuate flow of nitrates from root zone to water catchment (rivers and lakes). This finding
were later supported by Rivett el., 2008, where he argued that dentrification process minimizes
nitrate influx from areas of high concentration beneath the water table. This process is catalyst by
chemical, physical and biological feature. In addition nutrients and oxidation of carbon act as
catalyst to this process (Rivett et al., 2008). Research show that Current nitrogen attenuation
exertions in New Zealand are focused on recognizing the thorough farms that percolate the major
amounts of nitrogen from the root zone. The continuous organization and moderation practices to
minimize the root zone nitrogen percolation to achieve specific confines. However, the disadvantage
of this approach is that it ignores spatial disparities hydrogeological backgrounds that might
increase or decrease. They might also attenuate leading to a flux in nitrogen level since it moves
from the root region to water bodies and rivers. Nitrogen leached then adds to ground water and
influences movement and conversion of nitrogen in the underground environment.
Leaching and cycling of nitrates in different profile of soil is well understood, however

Ammonium Nitrate
On April 19th, 1995 in downtown Oklahoma City, there was a domestic terrorist bomb attack on the
Alfred P Murrah Federal Building. The blast killed 168 people and hundreds more were injured and
before September 11, 2001, it was considered the worst terrorist attack to take place on U.S. soil
(History.com, 2015). The bomb used was an Ammonium Nitrate Truck/Fertilizer Bomb. Ammonium
Nitrate (NH4NO3) is a small, colorless crystal that is made by mixing nitric acid and ammonia salt
used all around the world. It is an oxidizing agent, which means that by itself, it isn't flammable
unless put under extreme conditions of heat and pressure in a confined space. However, but if put
around something combustible like wood, paper or oil, it will ignite ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It can be used for negative things like disasters such as the Oklahoma City bombing, where a truck
full of fertilizer bombs blew up the north side of a federal building, where ammonium nitrate was
used in a malicious intent, or the Texas City Disaster where a truck full of Ammonium Nitrate
fertilizer blew up from a stray cigarette. For neutral things such as miners using ANFO to clear
rocks so that they can keep mining for resources. Or for good like farmers use fertilizer to grow
crops to eat or laughing gas at dentist

Creek Scientific Paper
Exploring Freshwater Streams: Cherry Creek and Bear Creek
Trisha McNiff BIOL 2081
005 Tucker 04/23/2013
Introduction
On April 6th 2013, our Biology II lab evaluated the health of two freshwater streams in the Denver
area. Both creeks flow to the South Platte River but are situated in different environments (urban
and suburban) which cause variance in biotic and abiotic indicators of stream health. The presence
or absence of bioindicators is dependent on the water chemistry. Through the study of stream health,
we can gain insight on the stress that humans cause to freshwater habitats. I think that Bear Creek is
healthier than Cherry Creek because it is in a less urban environment and is less affected by human
influences. If the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bioindicators of stream health include blackfly larvae, caddisflies, and algae. The presence of
blackfly larvae indicates sewage pollution. Caddisflies indicate higher O2 concentrations. The
presences of algae can indicate different things. If algae is absent, there may not be enough nutrients
to support its growth. Thick algae indicates eutrophication. Previous studies by the Colorado
Department of Health Water Quality Control Commission in 1981 show comparable amounts of
dissolved O2 as well as pH, nitrite, and nitrate levels in both Cherry and Bear creek. The NH 3
levels were much higher in Cherry Creek at .10 mg/L compared to Bear creek where the NH 3
levels were at .06 mg/L (Colorado 1981). In today's society, it is important to find a balance between
preserving the natural ecosystem and accommodating the wants, needs, and desires of the humans
who affect it. (Meyer 1997). Pollution is inevitable but should be considered and kept as low as
reasonably achievable.
Materials and Methods The following procedures were carried out carried out at both Cherry Creek
and Bear Creek 04/06/2013. The Colorado Department of Health Water Quality Control
Commission 1981 provide abiotic standards for both creeks will be used as control for the chemical
data collected. The first task was to seek out an area that included a pool and a riffle. The pool was
identified as an area that is fairly deep with slow
flowing water. A riffle was found with fairly

Identifying Unknown Ionic Salts From Zinc Nitrate
Identifying Unknown Ionic Salts by Precipitation ––– Cindy
Aim: identify three unknown ionic salts from zinc nitrate, barium nitrate, lead nitrate, sodium
chloride, sodium carbonate and magnesium chloride by precipitation.
Equipment:
6 small test tubes
distilled water
measuring cylinder
3 unknown ionic salts (No.7, 8, 9)
rack
silver nitrate
sodium hydroxide
calcium nitrate
sodium chloride
copper sulphates Method:
1. Pick three unknown ionic salts (NO. 7, 8 and 9)
2. Use the measuring cylinder to get 1.5ml water and pour it into a test tube
3. Use a spatula to remove 3 scoops of the ionic salts powder into the test tube and dissolve them in
1.5 ml water respectively.
4. Put 2 drops of silver nitrate in each of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NO. 7 NO. 8 NO. 9
Silver nitrate PPT
Table 2: Test for unknown solid 7
Table 3: Test for unknown solid 8 and 9 NO. 7
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium nitrate PPT
PPT = Precipitation NO. 8 N0. 9
Sodium chloride
Copper sulphates PPT Table 4: Name of solid 7, 8 and 9
Number of the ionic solid No. 7 No. 8 No. 9
Name of the solid Sodium carbonate Zinc nitrate Barium nitrate
Dissociation equations of the ionic solids:
1. Na2CO3 (aq) + aq 2Na+(aq) + CO32–(aq)

2. Zn(NO3)2(aq) + aq Zn2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
3. Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + aq Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Precipitation equation:
1. Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + Ag2CO3 (s)
2. Na2CO3(aq) +Ca(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+ CaCO3(s)
3. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + BaSO4 (s)
4. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ BaSO4 (s)
5. MgCl2(aq) + 2Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + MgCO3 (s)
6. MgCl2(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s)
7. Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+Pb(OH)2 (s)
8. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ PbSO4 (s)
9. 2NaCl(aq)+ Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2 (s)
10. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl (s)
11. Zn(NO3)2(aq) +Na2CO3(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+ ZnCO3 (s)
12. Zn(NO3)2(aq) +2NaOH(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + Zn(OH)2 (s)
Discussion:
In the method, the first chemical that is used to identify the solids is silver nitrate

The And Sustainability Of The Pioneer River Catchment
1.0 Introduction
Catchments are depended on by the average household person, but even more valuable to the
farmers that are supplying the food to our nation. Therefore, action must be taken to ensure that the
catchments in our areas are healthy and will be able to be depended on for years to come. The panel
at Healthy Water Ways program has developed a study to guarantee the management and
sustainability of The Pioneer River catchment, by sending a team out to analyze the health of the
water ways and decide on a proposal that best suits the area to ensure future healthiness of the basin.
1.1 Background
The Pioneer River is a 120km river which is located in Northern Queensland, Australia and flows
through the city of Mackay. This river ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the two proposals given; More signage around the catchment area detailing how important the
health of the river is and the cause of negative impact will incur a $1000 fine or the employment of
an officer to patrol the wetlands and clean up littler, rubbish control weeds and report back on the
health of the creeks. One will be chosen that best suits this catchment and an outline of details will
be provided.
1.3 Methodology
This report is based upon the collected data from scientific tests and different data collection
experiments, these diverse range of observations helped in determining the health of the river and
catchment as a whole. The experiments tested a range of variables, some including; the levels of
nitrates, phosphates, temperature of water, pH levels, turbidity of water and dissolved solids. The
collection of water and recordings of microorganisms was examined and also recorded. As well as
these scientific tests, simple recordings were also taken of the surrounding area and the amounts of
rubbish and infrastructure that could be seen. The tests conducted in the river system occurred on
the 24th of May 2016, to conduct the tests the trail along the river was walked, furthering the
knowledge of the health of the river and how the the catchment area as a whole was fairing.
However, some differences to the data could be assumed as when tested it was not always done by
the same person, this could have then limited the accuracy. Another

Nitrate-Nitrite
The nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway can have beneficial health effects. Dietary nitrate has been shown
to improve the mitochondrial functioning as it affects proteins involved in uncoupling contributing
to an increase performance in exercise. The pathway begins through consumption of dietary nitrates
that are converted to nitrites by bacteria in the oral cavity. The reduction of nitrates to nitrites may
affect hemoglobin. Excess nitrites added to deoxygenated hemoglobin will oxidize to form
methemoglobin and nitric oxide (Gladwin & Kim–Shapiro,
2008). This formation can hinder oxygen transport and is the common cause for concern in nitrite
toxicity. Formation of nitric oxide allows for its use and reuse in cellular activities and may carry
out ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The body must go through chemical processes for healthy cellular function and homeostasis. Human
beings not only consume dietary nitrates but, the body also synthesizes nitrates endogenously. This
arises from the oxidation of nitrogen oxide and its end products. The synthesis of nitrates to nitrites
occurs endogenously and exogenously in the body. Consumption of inorganic nitrates and nitrites
will undergo reductive processes for the body's use and elimination. Nitrates and Nitrites both
contain nitrogen in its chemical structure. Nitrogen, in of itself, is often conserved to be reused by
the body's cells. Inorganic nitrates and nitrates that are consumed must be equally eliminated. The
metabolism of nitrates and nitrites ultimately result in its elimination through salivary excretion or
urination. Ingestion of inorganic nitrates will first undergo reductive activity in the oral cavity
through the bacteria present on the tongue. The metabolism continues until nitrites are converted to
nitric oxide where it enters the circulatory system and distributed to different target tissues. The
concentration of nitrites in the salivary glands account for 25% of total dietary intake of nitrates
(Gehle, 2007). The remaining concentration of nitrites are distributed in circulation and eventually
eliminated through the urine. Each route of elimination helps to rid the body of potentially toxic

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