The Representation Of Media Representation

The Representation Of Media Representation
In today's vast globalized world, representation is present and has left its impact everywhere, from
politics to media to parts of our everyday life. Representation is defined as the description or
portrayal of someone or something in a particular way (Oxford University Press, 2016). This has
shaped the way people think, talk and view the things around them. Thus, media representation is
the portrayal of a group, community, person, event, idea, experience or perspective by the media,
regardless of whether it is visual or verbal. Media representation is also a choice made in
constructing facets of reality such as people, places, objects and events in media. Such
representations exist in a multitude of forms such as print, films and writing. Generally, it would be
difficult to showcase every feature of the person or thing, hence, media has been essentialising the
representations to suit the views of the majority.
Media representations show a version of reality that appeals to the masses, seldom appealing to the
minority. Media representation matters as it shapes and influences the perspectives, thoughts, beliefs
and recreates reality and has representations on age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, social statuses
and many more. Media representation is also important as representations are constructed,
representations are judged and representations are selected. They also carry the power to impact
society and could be passed down from a generation to another. Therefore, it
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Electoral Thresholds and the Representation of Women Essay
Electoral Thresholds and the Representation of Women
There are large cross–national differences in the percentage of women in legislatures. Institutional
arrangement is a considerable explanatory factor in the disparity in women's representation, and
many mechanisms have been implemented to increase parity. Within PR systems, electoral systems
are a way to try to increase the representation of women. Previous studies have linked thresholds to
increased party magnitude and in turn to increased women's representation, but there have not been
extensive studies to directly link thresholds to women's representation. This paper analyzes the
impact of thresholds directly, finding that the relationship between thresholds and women's ... Show
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Not all proportional electoral systems are created equal. Various institutional "tweaks" can alter the
woman–friendliness of a system. Electoral thresholds provide a strong example of how particular
rules can affect the membership of a governing body. There is debate regarding the effect and
importance of thresholds, and this paper adds to that discourse by directly examining the impact of
thresholds on women.
An electoral threshold is the percentage of votes that must be achieved in order to gain access to the
legislature. The relationship between thresholds and women's representation has not been
conclusively studied. In theory, high electoral thresholds are seen to decrease the number of parties
admitted to the legislature, thereby increasing party magnitude and women's representation. At the
same time, low electoral thresholds may be important to women's representation. Low thresholds
allow new, small parties access to the legislature. These parties may be leftist and friendly to
women, such as Green parties, and increase the number of women brought into the legislature.
Despite these conflicting theories, there has not been a study directly examining the linkage between
electoral threshold and women's representation. Does such a relationship exist? And if there is a
relationship, why should we even care and what does that imply? The answers to these questions are
extremely important, especially since electoral thresholds are

The Democracy Of Canadian Society
Canadians, like citizens of numerous countries around the world, take pride in living in a democratic
nation. While Canada is unequivocally a democracy, there are certain aspects of the system that call
into question its true democratic nature. The electoral system Canada currently has in place is
undemocratic and unjust, as it undermines millions of citizens' rights to vote. This has influenced a
great deal of subsequent apathy and indifference toward politics in the masses, and democracy no
longer seems to be a benchmark of Canadian society.
It is imperative that Canada implement sweeping electoral reform to reintroduce balance and
fairness into politics, and reinject democracy into Canadian society. The current First Past the Post,
or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first step is the same; votes are tallied up for candidates, and whichever ones have the most
votes are sent to Parliament Hill. This step fills only half the seats in the House of Commons. Once
this process is completed, attention shifts to the second part of the ballot, as individual votes for
each party are counted. Once these numbers are announced, the remaining half of the seats are
distributed among all parties, in accordance with how many seats had already been won in the first
step, to ensure the final seat count is proportionate to the percentage of votes each party received.
Since the second half of the seats are assigned to a party and not to a specific candidate, it is the
parties duty to make a list of the candidates, those of which were not elected within a riding, that
they would like to appoint to enter parliament. Not only is the riding system and local representation
maintained, but MMP also introduces a system where proportionality and equal representation also
takes precedence ("Mixed Member Proportional Representation Explained").
It should be noted that certain parts of Canada have attempted to usher in electoral reform in the
past. Alas, when various types of reform, including mixed member proportional and single
transferable vote, were proposed to voters in

Is The Electoral College System Ever Since The World?
There are many different kinds of voting systems used throughout the world. The U.S. has used the
electoral college system ever since the Constitution was written and ratified. The question is, is it
time to change our government and the way it is set up because the world has changed so much?
Although the Constitution was written in a totally different time period and the world has evolved
significantly in this time, the Constitution has made it to this day. Our government is not perfect but
it has been functioning well ever since we adopted the Constitution. Our nation has been a national
superpower and overall, been seen as a strong nation which means that our government system has
served us well so far. Nevertheless, there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Majoritarian government is a good idea in theory but this system would not last. When you think
about a government ruled by majority, you tend to think that it would be a good thing because it is
simpler than the electoral college and it would be what the majority of America wanted. However,
you have to think about the downsides of this idea. It would not create a lot of stability in our
government. It is no secret that we elect our president and the idea is that the majority of America
favor that presidential candidate. Still, you see all the time that people are not happy or satisfied
when their preferred candidate is not elected. I believe that majoritarianism would make this
problem worse. It would allow for minorities to be excluded easily because if they did not have the
majority support then they would never be able to win representation in government. Quickly, the
government would end up being overtaken by a specific party. A big danger would be a political
party becoming too powerful if they continue to control representation in election after election. The
reigning majority could end up just becoming like a monarchy if they stay in power long enough. A
proportional representation system would allow the minority groups even more of a say than they
currently do.

First Past the Post versus Proportional Representation...
Britain is considering changing current first past the post voting system (FPTP) to proportional
representation (PR). The main reason is that FPTP is "quasi–democratic" voting system under which
there is only one majority party ruling the government and it does not represent wishes of all voters
as some votes are wasted. Whereas, PR seems to be the best alternative voting system with
proportionality of seats in mandatory places, more parties ruling government and etc. Let us look at
these two voting systems and analyze whether PR is suitable and alternative change for FPTP and
do advantages of PR outweigh disadvantages. First of all, let us start with First Past The Post. FPTP
is the current voting system which is used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1997 Labour pledged a referendum on PR, but it was postponed and it has been argued that two
strong political parties, Labour and Torries, would have lost the most if there were any changes in
voting systems. If the referendum took place in 1997 elections, Labour majority would have to
share, approximately, from 46 seats to 166 MPs with Liberal Democrats. Liberal Democrats gained
16,8% of the total votes, but won less than 10% of the total seats. To clearly understand the concept
of PR and how does it work, two most common forms of PR must be evaluated. They are Single
Transferable Vote (STV) and Additional Member System (AMS). In Single Transferable Vote (STV)
each voter has only one vote. As in the name of the system word "Transferable" occurs, so votes
may go from a candidate who is first preference, to the second and continues if there is no
opportunity for a preferred candidate to win or a candidate already has enough votes. In this case it
is not obligatory to have a majority of votes, because all is needed is just to reach a "quota" of 50%.
Candidates, who have the least votes are eliminated and votes are redistributed. Using this voting
system, voters have more choice than in any other systems. Additional Member System is the fusion
of FPTP and Party List. Also it is known as Mixed Member Proportional (MMP). Under

The Argument For Equal Representation Of Women In Politics
Politics is a world stage for decision making. With the lack of women presence and voice, men are
less likely to take into consideration rape, domestic violence, women's health care, and child care.
According to Rosa Linda T. Miranda, the decisions that are made. It is a fact that women make up
half of the world population. One of the simplest arguments for women representation in politics is
this cold hard fact. Why isn't there equal amount of men and women in these role, if they bot make
up 50% of the population? Each argument for equal representation of women in politics fall in to
one for three categories. The three types are formal, descriptive, and substantive representation
(Paxton and Hughes, 2014).
According to our Paxton and Hughes, this is the earliest and simplest formulation of equal
representation, in simple, women have the legal right (the same as men) to participate in politics.
Formal representation is important because it requires that any and all legal hurdles for women be
removed, so that they have the same opportunity as men (Paxton and Hughes, 2016). Formal
representation gives women the right to vote, the right to run for office, and the right to hold office.
Descriptive representation This type states that is women make up 50% of the population, then they
should also make up 50% of the legislative and executive bodies. If many of the positions have to be
held by women, this limits who can be voted in. While the idea of this type of representation

Canadian Electoral System
When evaluating either the liberal democracy or constitutional monarchy in Canada it is
rudimentary and essential to first recognize that any one given governing structure or system cannot
unequivocally be correct or incorrect. Therefore, the present Canadian liberal democratic system
functions well; nonetheless, it would further benefit from adopting both the Nordic democratic
socialist model and the proportional representation electoral system. The Nordic governing system
would benefit the individuals by providing them with parallel wages, universal health care, free or
affordable education, public pension plans, welfare, and free trade. Next, if Canada is to adopt the
proportional representation electoral system the votes will better represent ... Show more content on
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However, Canada can advance its current democratic liberalism by implanting the Nordic system
and bringing in electoral reform through the proportional representation electoral system. Despite
this, the current liberal democratic state of Canada is not completely flawed; for instance, Canadian
citizens are granted many overlooked rights such as the right to compel the government into
changing their decision. Thus, Canada's governing system, although not completely faulty, will take
a step in a positive direction by establishing the Nordic System, introducing proportional
representation, and continuing to protect the right to the defiance of

Reforming the Canadian Electoral System Essay
Although Canadian electoral system has always undergone periodic reforms, new challenges always
accompany electoral changes and therefore the system should be consistently reformed to meet new
circumstances.The current electoral system in Canada is a product of a series of electoral changes
that have always taken place since the foundation of the Canadian confederation in the mid 1880s.
During the early years, the rights of individuals to vote were significantly limited as only white
males had the right to vote but only after meeting certain requirements. A secret ballot was unheard,
and it was only after a number of changes were implemented that all social groups in Canada were
given the right to vote. Even after these changes, electoral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Canadian electoral system is largely based on the single member plurality (SMP) system which was
inherited from its former British colonial masters. The system dates back to several years before the
formation of the Canadian confederation. Some of the common features of the Canadian electoral
system include election candidates to represent designated geographical areas popularly known as"
ridings", counting and tallying of the votes casted on the basis of the districts as opposed to the
parties of the candidates (Dyck, 622). Finally, a candidate only needs a simple majority over the
other candidates in order to be considered a winner, even if the winner has a small percentage of
votes. This system has however been heavily criticized for its winner takes all way of judging
victory. Critics argue that if the winner takes over the whole system, it may result into unfair
representation of the various social groups, but it may also bring into power unstable minority
participation in government. For example, a candidate can win even with barely 25% of all the votes
casted, while the small parties may end up with no seats in the parliament. On the other hand, the
Canadian electoral system has also been accused of being undemocratic and unrepresentative in
many aspects. Although the Canadian single member plurality

Electoral System And Representation Of Representation,...
The variety of electoral systems currently in place has important political implications for matters of
representation, accountability, and government effectiveness. A given electoral system determines
the extent to which voters have choices in the election process, the way in which parties and
candidates are elected as representatives, the extent and form of political competition, and the means
by which the electorate vote is translated into legislative representation. Adopted by nations
worldwide are two voting systems known as single–member plurality and proportional
representation. As a result of the divisions and proportions of representation, two significantly
contrasting dynamics of electoral and governing processes emanate from the practice of these two
systems. This paper will comprise a systematic explanation of proportional representation and
single–member plurality for its style of voter choice and its method of electing candidates, followed
by a comparison of the forms of representation offered by and resulting from each system. Single–
member plurality.
The electoral system most familiar to the democracies of Canada, the United States, and the United
Kingdom is that of single–member plurality (SMP). A nation is divided into many districts or
constituencies. Each elector votes for a single candidate for their constituency on a ballot to
represent them in the legislative body. A candidate is elected to office if he or she receives the most
votes in his or her

The Electoral System
Electoral systems have shown to be one of the most stable democratic institutions. The small
changing of rules and regulations with respect to the administration of elections is common practice
and encouraged through various amendments (Norris, 1997: 297). Maurice Duverger in 1946 stated
the effects of the electoral system and after analysis formulated three sociological laws. He
concluded that a majority vote with a one–ballot formula leads to a two–party system, proportional
representation tends to multipartism and a majority vote with a two–ballot formula contributes
towards a multiparty system and promotes the forming of coalitions (Duverger, 1972: 23). Through
the consequences of "under–representation" and "polarisation" a majority vote with a one–ballot
formula badly affects third parties (and any other parties thereafter). Subsequently, this leads to a
two–party system. I will be arguing for Duverger's law with reference to the 1964 British Liberal
party. I will also be critiquing Duverger's second and third laws, proportional representation and a
majority vote with a two–ballot formula both tending to multipartism. The argument stems from the
notion that proportional representation ensures no matter how ineffective the minority is, the party is
assured representation within the legislature and multipartism occurs (Norris, 1997: 303; Duverger,
1972: 24). This concept will be explained with reference to the Belgian Liberal Party in the early
1900s. Finally, I

Managing Red Tape From The Point Of View Of A Business...
This article provided insight on managing red tape from the point of view of a business founder. The
author who founded the Virgin Group of companies describes red tape as a hinderance to startup
companies, as if its intended purpose was to limit or prevent success. The author uses his experience
with founding companies to elaborate on the cautionary measures a startup must take as it grows to
prevent the hierarchy of bureaucracy from taking over. The author illustrates his point by using the
example of the Tesla automobile company 's recent clash with the state of New Jersey caused by the
companies desire to sell their electric automobiles directly to customers, although state statutes call
for automobiles to be sold through auto ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author 's comments about Airbnb are shorter, presumably due to the fact that they adhere to the
rules and regulations laid before the company instead of refusing to accept them and accusing a
government official of illegal activity in the manor Musk chose to. This article strongly suggests the
common opinion on red tape, rules, and regulations implemented by government is that they are a
hassle, they prevent success, and their purpose is to create obstacles for startup companies. Perhaps
this article 's intent of advice is skewed, but it effectively raises the questions of how can red tape be
monitored and applied to the necessary recipients in a way that they respect and understand the
necessary process? Büschgens, Thorsten, Andreas Bausch, and David B. Balkin. "Organizational
Culture and Innovation: A Meta–Analytic Review Organizational Culture and Innovation: A Meta–
Analytic Review." Journal Of Product Innovation Management 30, no. 4 (July 2013): 763–781.
Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 10, 2014).
This analysis reveals that Quinn and Rohrbaugh 's Competing Values Framework serves as an
appropriate structure for displaying aspects of the culture of organizations. This framework is
derived from the two dominant dimensions of opposing values which are flexibility versus control
and internal versus external orientation. Through this article, that framework provides

Essay On Role Of Women In History
Canada's population of women has hit 52% as of 2017. Even though our population is equal
between men and women, our national assembly is grossly underrepresenting the female population
in Canada. Canada's House of Commons only has 22% of the members of parliament that identify as
female. This puts Canada in 48th place in the world, for the number of women in its national
legislature. Women could run for positions in the House of Commons in 1919, and almost 100 years
later we have not made sufficient developments. The United Nations believes that a countries
national legislature should have a minimum of 30% women, to make sure that societies values are
adequately represented.
In 2004, the Centre for Research and Information in Canada came ... Show more content on
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This lacks a small usually left–leaning group that prioritizes minority rights. Women are
disadvantaged by single–member systems because of their "decentralized nomination structure".
Even if political parties wanted more women to be nominated, it is incredibly hard due to do so.
This means that the central government does not control the nomination process, so this makes it
hard for the government to create and enforce a law. Some defenders of the first past the post system
claim that women are at an advantage because of the incumbency effect of Canadian politicians.
Women do not reap the same benefits as men do in regards to incumbency. Between 2008 and 2011,
19% of women incumbents were a part of their party's stronghold.
If Canada wants to ensure that more women are elected in the future, then they must adopt a multi–
party system with proportional representation. A multi–party system is when multiple people are
voted in to represent a riding. Proportional Representation is one of the key factors if women are
going to be a prominent part of Canadian politics. "All of the 10 Countries with over 30%
membership of women use proportional representation (PR) utilizing the party–list system...".
Proportional representation is so successful at giving minorities a chance to run successfully for
legislature because "voters choose a preferred party and seats are allocated to parties according

Symbolic Observation Essay
1. How does the child show curiosity? Is the child showing interest in a new situation? Describe a
time when a child was curious. (2 points) He showed curiosity by staring at a child who was looking
at the toy cars. He shoes interest in the situation by looking very intrigued whenever the cars crash.
He goes back in forth from putting the toy cars in boxes and then crashing the toys together on the
track.
2. When they are challenged some children will stay with an activity for a long time. Give an
example of the length of this child's attention span. (2 points) The child, at the most, stayed doing
one activity for five minutes and then switches. Although he changes what he does with the toy cars,
he continues to play with the same toys.
3. Watch and describe how the child participates in problem solving. Did the child learn by trial and
error or by another approach? Was the child supported by another child or an adult? (3 points) The
child, a first, was not able to stack blocks without them falling over. He saw other children stack the
boys in a neater way and managed to learn without and adult showing him.
4. Look for evidence of symbolic representation. Did the child use one object to represent another?
(2 points) The child did not show, in his play, that some toys were symbols for other things.
Symbolic representation is when an object that represents, stands for, or suggests an idea, belief,
action, or material entity. An example would be a child using a banana as a

Conch Symbolism In Lord Of The Flies
Symbols: a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or
process. Throughout this story the use of symbols were greatly used as a representation of a
civilization journey. The process was made up of 3 important symbols in the novel to which helped
the boys find an escape from the island. The boys found an escape route even if the symbols were
made as a negative impact on how they lived or as a positive impact. The novel, The Lord of the
Flies, written by William Golding utilizes the symbols of: the conch as an illustration of leadership,
the signal fire which illustrates a man's struggle for survival, and the beast is a representation of
man's fear of the unknown.
The conch is used as a symbol in the story as order to act as leader while holding the conch. As the
boys held the conch to speak they were given the chance to let out what they have to say without
everyone talking at the same time. "That's what this shell's called. I'll give the conch to the next
person to speak. eaking." "And he won't be interrupted. Except by me." He can hold it when he's
speaking." "And he won't be interrupted . Expect by me." "We can use this to call others. Have a
meeting. They'll come when they hear us–" As a person receives the conch the boy's fight over to
who holds it next to speak which causes unbalanced emotions which causes a separation into two
groups. The importance of the conch served as how they reacted with each other in society manner
wise, since one person could only be the one speaking the others would have to show manners so
that no conflict would start over who's talking and to wait a turn.
The signal fire was used as an resource for man's survival as a way to be found by using it. The
source of the fire comes to as a personal idea on how Ralph thought of the idea to create a fire to be
later be found by aircraft. "There's another thing. We can help them to find us. If a ship comes near
the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a
fire." "There's another thing. We can help them to find us. If a ship comes near the island they may
not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire." The boys

The Representation Of Miss Representation Essay
Miss Representation is a documentary that depicts how the media plays a significant role in the way
women are portrayed in modern culture and society. The documentary forces us to realize the
gruesome reality of how women are disempowered, sexualized and misrepresented in the media,
and how this ultimately limits their roles in areas of social life such as politics and leadership and
also has a negative effect on the way people perceive women. The title Miss Representation
signifies how women are essentially "misrepresented" in the media in today's society and culture.
The documentary is arguing that women in the media are not represented when it comes to politics
and other important areas, are objectified and sexualized, or are overall demeaned and undermined.
Currently, there are many women who hold high positions such as CEOs yet are still not represented
in the media. Also, the way women are portrayed in movies, television shows, and the internet is a
huge misrepresentation of who women are and what they do in real life. For example, a majority of
the female characters on television are in their 20s and 30s, when in reality, women "in their teens,
20s, and 30s are 39% of the population, yet are 71% of women on TV." Furthermore, the media
holds women back when it does represent them. In many movies when we think women are the
protagonist or the hero, the story ends up revolving around the man. An example utilized in the
documentary is how in most love stories and "chick

Electoral Systems in the Caribbean
Essay Question Number 4; The Electoral systems in the Caribbean needs to be changed. How real is
this view?
An election as a political process serves as the single most important mechanism for citizens to
participate in the selection of a government. When conducted to international standards, elections
tend to confer legitimacy on a government. In the Commonwealth Caribbean, the electoral
experience varies and tends to reflect not only the socio–political culture of the member state but
also its particular electoral system.
The electoral system determines the difference between votes and seats; how votes are translated
into seats. How many and what kind of votes are needed to get a seat varies from system to system.
As a result, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electoral systems in the region are mainly of the first–past–the post type. Electoral systems are
essentially the electoral formula used for electing the executive and legislature. In the Anglo–
Caribbean countries (except Guyana), the first–past–the–post system elects the members of
parliament, a majority of whom nominate the prime minister. In the Latin Caribbean and Guyana the
electoral formula is more complicated, often including proportional representation and either an
indirectly or directly elected president. Caribbean electoral systems reflect the influence of the
former colonial powers and national circumstances such as the racial composition of the population.
Elections and electoral systems aim at converting the popular will expressed as votes into choices
between candidates of political parties for political offices in the executive and legislature. The
electoral system therefore reflects itself in the party system and the structure of governmental
representation. This association between elections, parties and government takes different forms.
Ideal electoral systems should comprise of competition, effective government, and fair
representation along with free and fair voting.
A review of the Caribbean electoral system show how these aims are attempted and the strengths
and weaknesses encountered. In the Dominican Republic there is a mixed electoral system where
the

Essay on Mixed Member Proportional in Canada
There is a fundamental problem with the democratic process in Canada. This problem is rooted
within our electoral system. However, there is a promising solution to this issue. Canada should
adopt the mixed–member proportional representation electoral system (MMP) at the federal level if
we wish to see the progression of modern democracy. The failure to do so will result in a stagnant
political system that is caught in the past and unable to rise to the contemporary challenges that
representative democracies face. If Canada chooses to embrace the MMP electoral system it will
reap the benefits of greater proportionality, prevent the centralization of power that is occurring in
Parliament and among political parties through an increased ... Show more content on
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The system that the Law Commission ultimately recommended was the mixed–member
proportional electoral system. In the MMP system a portion of representatives, usually between 50
and 60 percent, are elected from single–member districts, similar to FPTP, with the remainder of
seats being elected from party lists, based on the party's share of the popular vote (Law Commission
22). Each voter gets to cast two votes, one for the party that they support and another for the
representative member that they prefer. Party lists can be either closed, where voters are not able to
influence the order of candidates, or open, where voters have the ability to influence the ranking of
candidates. A threshold for representation is usually set in order to prevent fringe and extremist
parties from gaining seats in government. This system is used in Germany, New Zealand, Venezuela
and Lesotho (Joseph 113). A transition to MMP at the federal level will result in marked
improvement in a number of functional electoral areas. The first of which that will be addressed is
that of greater voter turnout at elections. The majority of research conducted on electoral systems
and voter turnout has supported the notion that voter turnout is greater in countries that have some
form of proportional representation (PR) over countries with plurality or majoritarian electoral
systems (Karp and Banducci 311). The average increase in voter turnout in countries with PR, as
found across a number

Democratization And Afghanist Changes Essay
Democratization and Afghanistan: Changes Needed to Stabilize Afghan Democracy
Executive Summary: In 2001, the Bonn agreement laid out the framework for a democracy in
Afghanistan, however, the transition to democracy has been met with many challenges. The
establishment of a bicameral legislature, popularly elected president, and the restoration of civil
liberties showed hope for democratization, but the institutions established in the country fail to
provide the stability needed for Afghanistan to successfully transition to a democratic regime (Zain
84; Reynolds 104,105). New electoral systems are essential to providing stability and legitimacy to
democracy in Afghanistan and balancing ethnic interests in a nation marked by strong ethnic
cleavages.
Context and Importance of Problem: Afghanistan has experienced political instability and conflict.
After the Soviet invasion in 1979, Afghani mujahedeen waged a jihad against the communist
government. In 1989, the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan, but the civil war continued until
1996, when the Taliban seized Kabul and introduced fundamentalist Sharia policies. After the
September 11 attack on the United States, the U.S. and their NATO allies began bombing
Afghanistan. When the Anti–Taliban Northern Alliance forces took Kabul, the Taliban were
overthrown (Rubin 63–65). In December 2001, the Bonn Agreement set up a foundation for
establishing a democracy in Afghanistan. The agreement sought to set up an interim

John Winthrop And James Madison
From the beginning, America has been a safe place for the fostering and cultivating of new thoughts
and ideologies, but not without repercussion. This is evident in the life of both John Winthrop and
James Madison. From early on in their political careers, both leaders faced political opposition. John
Winthrop left familiarity in search of religious freedom and the pursuit of a life pleasing to God.
James Madison, in creativity, thought of an entirely renovated way to successfully restructure the
government of a nation that acted more as separate states. By using their backgrounds as a driving
force for innovation they renovate governmental systems and lead the people from the ground up,
inspired by Reformation and republicanism. Their implementation of government was different in
emphasis, but the republican ideals behind it were the same. In Edmund S. Morgan's, The Puritan
Dilemma, it was evident that John Winthrop focused his entire life around glorifying God, in turn
creating a government that did the same. This ideology translated into the way he shaped and
structured Puritan society. Winthrop first focused on the formation of a community of unity and
harmony, then built a government that fostered it. All of the governmental structures in place were
supporting one main focus of the Puritan society being "a city on a hill." Citation Further, Puritan
society was to act as an example for the surrounding colonies of godly living. Harmony was backed
by their ideals of

What Is Proportional Representation In Canada
First Past the Post Vs. Proportional Representation in Canadian Elections Two years have passed
since Canada's last election. The 2015 Canadian election was promised to be the last election using
the first–past–the–post system otherwise known as a single–member plurality system ("The
Electoral System of Canada"). Proportional Representation is another system that has been touted as
an alternative to Canada's current system. While it remains to be seen if Canada's election system
will receive an overhaul, proportional representation could be the future system Canada uses to elect
our government. First–past–the–post and Proportional representation are two very different systems;
electoral reform that adopts proportional representation would ... Show more content on
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While their strength in the House varies with each election whether they receive a minority or a
majority government, it has always been between these two parties. This leaves little hope for the
NDP or the Green Party to ever win even a minority government. However, during minority
government situations the ruling party will usually negotiate with the third party to ensure their
legislation is passed leaving the third and fourth parties with a bit more power in the House of
Commons. On the other hand, using a PR system, many different situations can arise once the votes
have been cast. In the example above, the Liberal party would have a minority government and
would most likely be able to get most pieces of legislation passed without much issue, but
occasionally with a need to negotiate with other parties for support. However, it can also occur that
there are multiple parties with a similar number of seats. Who becomes Prime Minister? How does
legislation get passed? Frequently in this situation in other countries parties will negotiate a coalition
government. In this situation, the parties are forced to work together to establish who will become
the prime minister, and to ensure legislation passes. This ensures voters are fairly represented, and
that the government will pass legislation that all parties involved in the coalition agree on ("Direct

The Concept of Political Representation Essay
In "Political Representation," Shapiro et al. (2009) say that "political representation lies at the core
of modern politics." Representation is usually linked to the concept of democracy (Shapiro et al.
2009). The concept of representation is explicitly mentioned in the U.S. Constitution (U.S. Const.
art. I, § 1, 2). However, the meaning and appropriate form of "representation" have been debated by
political theorists and philosophers for centuries. The definition of representation one chooses to use
is influenced by the form of representation one finds most appropriate. Given the different forms of
representation, legislators can be responsive in different ways. Representation also operates at two
different levels – the national and local ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2009). According to this view, the representative represents the interests of the state, not the
individual, and a discrepancy between the constituency's preferences and the representative's actions
is not problematic, because the representative does not directly represent the views of the
individuals who elected him (Shapiro et al. 2009).
In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke (1823) argued that natural rights such as life, liberty
and property could not be taken or given away by individuals. These "inalienable" rights limited the
power of the king, who acted only to enforce the natural rights of the people. If these rights were
violated, the people had the right to revolt and create a new government. Although Locke supported
the idea of a representative government, he wanted representatives to be men of property (Locke
1823). Jean–Jacques Rousseau (1988) also wrote about representation in The Social Contract.
Rousseau felt that individuals should enter into a social contract in which they gave up their rights to
the entire community, rather than to a king. Rousseau viewed a

The Ethical Dilemmas of Collecting Data and the...
In today's society, there is a growing amount of people whose data is being collected through
different mediums within their everyday lives. This information is also known as big data; great
amounts of data collected through various forms into large data systems. Ed Dumbill (2012) claims
the input data is collected through systems such as "chatter from social networks, web server logs,
traffic flow sensors, satellite imagery, broadcast audio streams, banking transactions, MP3s of rock
music, the content of web pages, scans of government documents, GPS trails, telemetry from
automobiles, financial market data, the list goes on". The data is then stored within large data
systems that are both restricted and highly accessible to certain individuals and groups. Many
companies, who have increasing accessibility to big data, have been using this information to
understand the wants and needs of their target group for the sole purpose of monetary or political
profit. Big data analytics can reveal insights hidden previously by data too costly to process, such as
peer influence among customers, revealed by analyzing shoppers' transactions, social and
geographical data (SOURCE – online article ed dumbill). As a result, people's information or data
has become assets to companies, being regarded as property to be bought and sold to between
companies. However, this has put forward the following primary ethical dilemmas surrounding
human rights: the right to informed consent and the

Party Influence on Democratic Elections
According to Merriam–Webster Dictionary, "democracy is a government by the people." Merriam
additionally specifies democracy as the "rule of the majority." In government, this definition may be
a contradiction. A classic democratic state is defined as a government in which the supreme power is
invested in the people which is exercised directly or indirectly through the use of elections.
However, according to the definition of Merriam–Webster the power comes from the masses. In the
parliamentary democracy of the United Kingdom and Sweden either theory may be applied. In both
countries, the Constitution declares the people as the main source of public power. Nevertheless,
voters are hesitant to exercise their right of control through free ... Show more content on
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Therefore the opposition party has the chance to participate in legislative decisions before either
house votes.
Subsequently, it has been criticized that the electoral system employed in Britain works only to the
advantage of large parties, the winning party in particular. This has in turn led to an over–
represented government at the expense of third parties. This can be seen in recent general elections
where a single party emerged with clear majority legislation, then able to form a dominant
government. As a result, voter participation has been low. It appears to citizens that their vote does
not have much political weight when electing officials from minority parties. Thus, causes a low
percentage of voter turnouts.
On the contrary, the Sweden Parliament is a unicameral government. The Riksdag is the national
legislative assembly of Sweden. The assembly contains 349 members who are chosen by direct
elections based on suffrage for all Swedish citizens aged 18 or over who are residents of Sweden.
Consequently, general elections to the Riksdag are based on proportional representation for a fixed
term of four years. The state of Sweden is divided into constituencies from which seats are
distributed between political parties. The numbers of seats assigned to parties corresponds to

The Election Day Of Canada
Election day in Canada comes around again, but Mr. Low decides to stay home. He thinks that there
is no point in voting, since the results in his riding are always the same and the candidate he votes
for never wins. One may think that he is just being a sore loser, but he has a very valid point. In Mr.
Low's riding, there are 3 main parties; Liberal, NDP, and Conservative. Mr. Low likes the Liberal
candidate, but he knows he has no chance of winning, and the outcome is either the NDP or
Conservative candidate. Mr. Low can tolerate NDP, but he really cannot stand Conservative, so if he
were to vote he would vote for NDP, not because he genuinely wants to, but because he wants to
prevent the Conservative from winning. This is called tactical ... Show more content on
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The first past the post system is unfair because it is disproportionate, much of the population goes
unrepresented, and it creates false majority governments that govern with absolute power. It should
be abolished, and replaced with a system called Mixed–Member Proportional (MMP).
MMP is a proportional representation system used in many countries such as Germany, New
Zealand, and Scotland. Under MMP, a voter has two votes on election day. The first vote works just
like the current system, so that it goes to electing an MP to represent the riding. The other vote is
what makes the difference. One uses the second vote to vote for one's favourite party, and the total
number of votes that party gets is tallied up nationwide, meaning that all votes matter. Then,
members of that political party are added to the legislature according to a list made by that party
until the number of seats a party has is proportional to the number of votes it got. For example, if the
Pirate party only wins 5 seats from the ridings but gets 10% of the overall vote, they would get 29
more seats so that the number of their seats out of 338 corresponds to approximately 10%. A party
will need to get at least 3–5% of the overall vote to be given seats.
While some may argue that first past the post is a simple voting and counting process that usually
forms a strong, majority government that does not need to bargain

An Argument For Single Transferable Vote
An Argument for Single Transferable Vote
One of the main functions of elections is to ensure representation. Yet, it is arguable that most
electoral systems do not return proportional results and therefore do not ensure proper
representation. There are numerous electoral systems that are used all over the world and every
country seems to have adopted a particular system that works well for them, but may not for others.
For much of the BC Legislative Assembly's history, the First Past the Post (FPTP) system has been
used for elections. As with most things political, each system has its positives and its flaws – and it
is the flaws of each used system that contribute to the failure of BC to provide proportionality where
it matters most. It has become evident over the years that there has not been equality in terms of
representation. For example, while women represent about half of the population, only about 25% of
elected politicians are women. It is even worse when it comes to minority groups – indigenous
people are severely under–represented in the government.
The currently used First Past the Post system is widely the most recognized and known system to
BC electorate. The next best–known system is Single Transferable Vote, a type of proportional
electoral system. In 2005, there was the first of two referendums to change to an STV electoral
system. The Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform first recommended this system in late 2004.
Ultimately, the results from both

Leyster And Daumier Painted Everyday Life Events
Leyster and Daumier painted everyday life events, despite the different intentions. The time and
styles of the artwork are not similar at all, other than the intention to capture everyday life events.
Leyster 's Self–Portrait focused primarily on herself, how she viewed herself, and how she desired
others to view her. This type of painting was extremely rare, if not unheard of during a time when
female artists were seen as inferior. The Baroque style of painting exhibits bold colors and dramatic
lighting with loose brush strokes. Leyster painted herself looking straight, a slight smile, and
comfortable posture; showing a sense of confidence and engagement she desires to capture as
though she were looking at the viewer directly. Leyster also had a smooth finish to her painting
making it look more like a photograph, than a painting. Daumier 's work however, is related closely
to the working class and the deep impact the time had on people, using warm colors. Daumier's
heavy paint application with harsh dark outlines related to his art as a caricaturist. Daumier worked
to express the struggles that time had brought among the lower or working class by the truth relayed
in his painting. The family in this photo is looking down, with expressed fatigue demonstrated by
the women's drooped shoulders and uncomfortableness in the crowded Third–Class Carriage. There
is no direct engagement with the viewers but rather a sense of compassion is expressed. Daumier's
painting is left

The Current Winner Take All System
The current winner–take–all system is serviceable, but it is prone to polar inversions due to its
bipartisan nature. Neither party adequately represents the values of most Americans. Worse, is the
fact that most of the votes that go toward an independent or third party candidate are essentially
wasted, discouraging voters from selecting such candidates. It is a system which generally makes it
difficult for smaller parties to gain influence, and which rarely provides accurate representation to
the voters.
A winner–take–all system is, as the name suggests, one where the winner (the majority vote in this
case) is the only one selected for representation. The margin of victory does not matter; a 45 percent
majority is counted the same a 60 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Winner–take–all systems tend to be significantly simpler and more stable. However, the
representatives in this system tend to be more polarized than the average voter in the districts they
represent. Additionally, winner–take–all systems tend to keep a very small number of parties in play,
limiting the voters' perceived reasonable choices. As pointed out earlier, the majority vote does not
even need to be a majority of the total. A candidate only needs more votes than any of the other
candidates to win, which may not be representative of the electorate. In a system with two major
parties, one of the worst–case scenarios could be an election where the winner only has about 45
percent of the total votes. This would mean that around 55 percent of the district's population is not
being properly represented. Minor parties are often looked at as hopeless non–options, since they
appear to be lacking the support necessary to win. Voters do not want to waste their votes, so they
will try to make what they believe to be the best decision between two highly polarized parties. It is
like trying to draw a rainbow in black and white–possible, difficult, yet not likely to produce an
accurate depiction. While this makes the system significantly simpler for voters, it also makes the
system more easily corruptible, and almost certain to produce a less accurate representation of
public interests. Part of the appeal for the argument of keeping this system is that doing so

Proportional Representation System Analysis
Proportional Representation (PR) is one of the most widely–used systems worldwide, supported by
many groups as a replacement for the existing First–Past–the–Post electoral system on the basis of
its ability to accurately represent the wishes of the entire electorate. The table and graph illustrates
the results of an election conducted under Proportional Representation1
Year Conservative Labor Liberal Democrats Others
2015 249 206 53 32 SNP, 85 UKIP, 25 Green
2010 266 214 170 None Pass threshold
1979 295 248 92 None Pass threshold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because most votes in UK elections are divided among the three major parties, and it is
extraordinarily hard for one of these parties to break through and obtain a majority.
Minor parties, such as the SNP, Greens and UKIP only manage to gain representation in the 2015
election. This is because prior to 2015, none of these parties managed to gain over 3.25% of the vote
that is required to break into parliament under this form of PR. However, it is important to note that
this model does not keep into account the different ways people vote in PR, and it is likely that with
a more fragmented party system in PR, many more minor parties gain representation.Capture
The Liberal Democrats appear to consistently gain seats with PR – they are almost always
underrepresented compared with other parties. When compared to FPTP, the Conservatives lose out
most of the time, and gain slightly only in the period of Labor dominance from 1997–2005. Labor
seems to consistently lose out in a PR system.Capture2
When compared with the results under an Alternative Vote (AV) system, it appears that the Liberal
Democrats maintain their gains, whilst Labor and the Conservatives lose out in the periods of time
when they are the first party in

Underrepresentation In Canada
For this study, my research question is "does representation on the Canadian House of Commons
affect likelihood of political participation of visible minority groups?" The Canadian House of
Commons is not a mirror representation of the Canadian population, so underrepresented groups
may not feel as if their voice is being heard in the Canadian government.
This leads to my hypothesis "if a minority group is underrepresented in the House of Commons,
then they are less likely to participate in politics". According to Cardoza and Pendakur (2017, p. 81),
as the minority population rises in Canada, the number of people running for office in these groups
should increase. Citizens often vote for representatives of similar origin to them, but visible
minorities fit their name, they are usually the minority in their constituency, therefore they do not
get accurate representation. According to Bird (2012, p. 450), 6.5% of Members of Parliament
(MPs) were from visible minorities. At the time, 13.6% of Canada's population were visible
minorities (Bird, 2012, p. 449). The non–mirror ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To analyze this variable, I will look at country–level prevalence of visible minorities according to
the 2011 National Household Survey by Statistics Canada ("Visible minority population", 2011). It
is necessary to know how many MPs that identify with these groups are currently in the House of
Commons and the total percentage of seats occupied by these MPs to compare and see how severe
the underrepresentation of these groups are (Tolley, 2015; "Current Members Data Set", 2015). The
article by Erin Tolley provides data based on visible minorities in Parliament and how well the
population is reflected. The data set from the Commons website displays the name and constituency
of each current MP, which I will use to match names to the MPs of diverse ethnic

Uk Election Process
Publicity and Electioneering Activities
It is important that a candidate becomes well known in the area they are hoping to represent and to
this end they will often undertake a great deal of publicity work, such as leafleting houses,
displaying posters, and canvassing door–to–door for votes. Publicity costs money and so the more
wealthy parties will have an advantage. In addition, during a general election you will often see
party political broadcasts for the main parties outlining their policies. This is because they can afford
publicity campaigns that include film–making.
Voting Processes Used
As technology has evolved there have become more ways to cast a vote than ever before. Most
people are familiar with the traditional way of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These can then lead to bigger elections down the line. An election period can last for anything from
1 year up to 5 years. A mayor will serve for 1 year; a local councillor will serve for up to 4 years and
an MP will serve for up to 5 years. The Prime minister will serve up to 5 years and can call an
election whenever they want in this time period, they will usually call for an election after a
successful or something that will make them be favoured by the public to increase their chance of
being re–elected.
The Influence of the Party System on Elections
Political parties have a tremendous amount of influence on the election process. Firstly and most
importantly, the political party in power is the one who chooses when to have a general election.
This means they can call a general election at any time within the five–year period that suits them
and makes it more likely for them to win. The party in power is likely to have the funds to support
their candidates and the resources for publicity to help them win the seat. This puts smaller parties
and independent candidates at a distinct disadvantage.
The Influence of the Party System on Elections
Political parties have a tremendous amount of influence on the election process. Firstly and most
importantly, the political party in power is the one who chooses when to have a general election.
This means they can call a general election at any time within the five–year period that suits

What Is The Strengths Of Proportional Representation
"The system of proportional representation ensures that virtually every constituency in the country
will have a hearing in the national and provincial legislatures" (Tutu, 1994). In Humphrey's book
"Proportional Representation: A Study in Methods of Election" he defines proportional
representation as an electoral system where seats in a legislature or council are allocated to various
interests in proportion to their strength in the electorate. He further argues that with such
constituencies it would be possible to approximate to a true representation of the electors. In his text
he argues against the plurality system, stating that exclusive majority representation–has often, as
we have seen, resulted in a gross exaggeration of the majority, sometimes in the total suppression of
the minority; and, on other occasions, in the return of a majority of representatives by a minority of
the electors. These evils have happened when only two parties have been seeking representation.
Humphrey further argues that Self–government can only be realized when every ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He argues that proportional representation systems increase interest and turnout among minority
voters since they provide groups previously denied access to political decisions the opportunity to
elect representatives. He uses Finland as the prime example of how proportional representation has
increased voter turnout in the country. According to Humphrey, In the more thickly populated
electoral divisions the percentage of voter turnout was much higher: thus, in the Nyland division,
which comprises Helsingfors, it was 74.2 percent; in several polling districts as many as 95 and even
98 percent, came to the polling station (2013). Humphrey identified another strength of proportional
representation in that it translates votes cast into seats won, and thus avoid some of the more unfair
results propelled by plurality electoral

Drude Dahlerup As A Critical Mass Theory
Critical mass theory
Drude Dahlerup first conceptualised critical mass in a feminist theory context in her 1988 article,
From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics. A critical mass, applied to
women in politics, is a threshold that allows for women's issues to influence legislative and public
policy changes once passed (Beckwith, 2007). In critical mass theory, once a minority group (in this
case women) reaches a given quantity of descriptive representation, qualitative change occurs –
affecting norms, values and institutions. Kanter (1977) developed a four–category typology to assess
group dynamics in organisational culture, which Dahlerup builds on: uniform, all one gender group;
skewed, with an 85:15 split; tilted, a 65:35 split; and balanced, a 60:40 or 50:50 split. According to
Beckwith, 'skewed' is the most common ratio in business leadership and legislatures. Dahlerup
posited 30 percent as the 'critical mass' in which substantive representation occurs, supported by
academic consensus and a 1992 United Nations report (Kurebwa, 2017).
These assertions about critical mass tend to align with New Zealand's substantive representation
discussed earlier in this essay. Since the introduction of MMP in 1996, women have held above 30
percent of parliamentary seats (excluding 2002, with 28 percent) (NZ Parliament, 2014). In this
time, significant reform for women's issues occurred, including the previously mentioned paid
parental leave and 'Working For

Examples Of Virtual Representation In The American Colonies
After the French and Indian War the United Colonies and Britain began to clash. This was, for the
most part, due to taxation without representation. Britain had began to tax the colonists heavily due
to the debt of the war. On top of this King George III had just made the proclamation of 1763,
preventing all colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. This upset the colonists
because they had just fought risking their lives for that land and now they are told they cannot use it.
Britain's point of view on "taxation without representation" was that the colonists were being
represented through virtual representation. While the colonists' point of view was that virtual
representation was not a fair way to be represented and instead should be represented through actual
representation. Britain believes that the best way for the colonies of america to be represented is
through virtual representation. Virtual representation means that the representatives themselves are
not necessarily from the region they are representing. Britain's thinking process on this, and
argument of why virtual is better than actual representation, is because with virtual they are able to
have an expert on that region as the representative instead of someone who may be from that region
but is less qualified. An example of virtual representation was the Stamp Act where the colonists had
no say or control over it being passed. The Stamp Act was a direct tax on paper products. Other
examples of

Electoral System Of The Modern World Essay
Representative democracies all require an electoral system of some sort to serve as the method for
electing their representatives. One of the most commonly used electoral systems in the modern
world is the first past the post electoral system. In the UK, the first past the post (FPTP) system is
the voting method used to elect Members of Parliament to their seats in the House of Commons, and
is also the means used to elect the Prime Minister. By design, the system results in the outright
victory of whichever person or party gets the majority of their constituents' votes, regardless of how
narrow their margin of victory may have been. This system commonly results in one–party majority
governments, with extensive influence, being voted into power. There are 58 countries around the
world that use the first past the post voting system including; The United States, Canada, India,
Bangladesh and many others. Most European countries do not use the FPTP system and have
instead opted for the system of proportional representation, which means that the distribution of
seats in their parliaments directly correlates with the percentage of the vote that each political party
receives. This essay will look at the political consequences of the first past the post system in the
UK and discuss some of the positive and negative effects of the system.
One of the aspects of the FPTP system, sometimes referred to as 'plurality', is its propensity to
produce large majority governments, rather than

Electoral Reform And What It Would Mean For Aboriginal...
Electoral Reform and What it Would Mean for Aboriginal Peoples
Jesse Macmillan
Ryerson University
Electoral Reform and What it Would Mean for Aboriginal Peoples
Canadian politics still operate under the outdated First Past the Post electoral system. Many believe
that it is time for Canada to change its electoral system to a Proportional Representation system.
This would be especially beneficial for Aboriginal peoples, as they remain severely under–
represented and discriminated by the First Past the Post system. This essay will argue that the
current First Past the Post electoral system in Canada is oppressive of Aboriginal peoples for these
reasons: it creates barriers for Aboriginal candidates to be elected, it leaves ... Show more content on
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The reason behind this was that Aboriginal peoples did not pay taxes, so it was believed that they
should not have a voice in how taxes were collected and paid (Knight, 2001).
Although they have made social progress over the course of the 20th century, Aboriginal peoples
still remain under–represented in politics (Biles, 2004). Canadian parties have recently nominated
more minorities in winnable ridings, however the figures are still far too low (Pilon, 2001).
Parliament is composed of only 2% Aboriginal people (Biles, 2004). In fact, Aboriginal peoples
have never gained seats in the House of Commons that were in proportion to their overall population
("Plurality–Majority Electoral Systems", n.d.). A democratic system cannot truly be democratic
when an entire group of people are being so under–represented.
Under–representation in Parliament has a damaging effect on Aboriginal peoples. While Canada
itself is diverse in its regions and cultural backgrounds, many groups feel as though elected parties
do not represent them, including Aboriginal peoples (Couture, 2014). Aboriginal peoples want their
historic claims to be made good (Pilon, 2001). However, this can be difficult to achieve without
proper representation. Without proper representation of Aboriginal peoples, issues that affect
Aboriginals such as historic claims and treaties can remain largely unchecked. A mere 2%
Aboriginal voice can be easily drowned out by the other 98%

Woman and Canadian Politics
Prior to 1921, men were the only members of the Canadian parliamentary system. With the first
Canadian women being elected into the Canadian parliament in 1921, women have had the ability to
participate and become elected into the House of Commons. Since then, Canadian women's
participation in the House of Commons has substantially increased from 1 female seat holder in
1921 to the present day 64 seats held by women. Although this increase is seemed as substantial, the
debate about the underrepresentation of women in politics has been a central topic of debate by
politicians, scholars and the general public in Canada. Although it is widely agreed that
representation of women in the House of Commons needs to increase, there are two ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To accommodate the financial difficulty of competing nominees the 1974 Election Expenses Act
was implemented, and in 2004 Bill C–24. The 1974 Election Expenses Act introduced restrictions to
the amount that candidates and parties could spend on elections, as well as gave tax deductions to
sponsors, and partial reimbursement to parties and candidates wining more than 15 percent of the
vote. Bill C–24 introduced restrictions once again on sponsorship spending placing boundaries on
who can sponsor and caps on how much can be sponsored, while giving parties subsidies for each
vote they received in the last election. By placing these restrictions and caps on spending, the
competition in the financial field became less of an issue. The facts that these barriers have been
acknowledged and attempts have been made remedy these burdens, not only benefited women's
likelihood to get nominated, but made competing playing field equal. Candidates who did not find
finance as a burden were restricted to a cap, therefore made it more likely that all candidates would
have around the same amount of money to spend on their promotion. Both men and women have to
go through the same nomination process to become a candidate for elections; whether they choose
to pursue the legislative route is based on personal choice, not political inequality.
Thirdly, feminists are concerned that the small numbers of women in the House of Commons means
that women's interests and needs are not being

Britain's Electoral System
The change of electoral system of Britain from first–past–the–post to form of proportional
representation caused discussions and argues in the whole country. Does new system inspirit and
change course to better or lead to weak and indecisive government? Whereas first–past–the–post
developed stable majorities in parliament, there are always was a lack of suffer from grave
shortcomings, for example majority of population remains unrepresented in government bodies, and
a party, which wins less voices in selection than their contestants, can be represented by more seats.
Nation is looking forward to see the fairness and progress of parliamentary works of country, which
can be motivated by advantageousness of proportional representation. ... Show more content on
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This is why the proportional representation is more fair system than first–past–the–post.
Nevertheless proportional representation has it disadvantages. First of all, there are complexity in
formation of government because of multi–party coalitions includes parties with different majorities,
goals and assignments. Owing to that, it is quite hard to produce common, clear and strong program.
A regime, which is based on this background, differs with instability. Secondly this system brings to
the situation when legation in government bodies gets political power. Also, in proportional
representation, because of election process carry out with political parties, not with specific
candidates, direct connection between constituents and their representatives is weak. Finally,
whereas the election of this system is for political parties, delegates depend on their partial
guidance. It can badly result in debates and important documents adoption. It seems clear that both
first–past–the–post and proportional representation electoral systems have their own advantages and
disadvantages. However, no doubts, despite all this disadvantages, comparing two systems gives
that in multi–party conditions proportional presentation more democratic than first–past–the–post.
Eventually, the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of proportional representation shows that
even with this numerous defects of system, PR can inspirit government with only

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Proportional Representation
Proportional representation system is a system in which the variety of seats held by way of
contributors of a political party in a legislature (such as a parliament) is decided with the aid of the
quantity of votes its candidates get hold of in an election.[ (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, 2016,
from http://www.merriam–webster.com/dictionary/proportional representation
]With the proportional illustration system several participants of parliament are to be elected per
constituency. Basically each and every political party offers a listing of candidates and voters can
choose a list, that is they vote for a political party. Parties are assigned parliamentary seats
proportionally to the quantity of votes they get.[ Proportional Representation. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Because PR structures reward minority events with a minority of the seats, they are much less likely
to lead to situations the place a single party holds all the seats in a given province or district. This
can be specially necessary to minorities in a province which may now not have huge regional
concentrations or alternative factors of get admission to power.The voters have the ability to rank
candidates, the most disliked candidate cannot win, as they are unlikely to pick up second–, third–
and lower–preference votes too and there is no need for tactical voting.[ (n.d.). Retrieved September
5, 2016, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/modern/uk_gov_politics/elect_vote/revision
]Lastly , Parliament is extra in all likelihood to be both reflective of a nation's views and more
responsive to them. Parties are huge coalitions, and can have a markedly vast vary on a lot of issues.
With solely one party character per constituency, the representatives elected might also well now not
replicate the views of their electorate. Proportional representation system would help voters to
choose a candidate who most closely displays their very own views and values.
[ Switzerland, M. G. (n.d.). Voting Systems. Retrieved September 04, 2016, from

The Pros and Cons of Proportional Representation (PR)
The results of recent elections in Britain raised many significant questions about current political
situation in the country, particularly concerning electoral system. Therefore the problem of "crisis"
in democracy of Britain was the subject of wide speculation among analysts and political scientists
over last years. In addition it is widely recognized that the traditional electoral system in the UK–
first past the post– is the main cause of that crisis and should be replaced as part of a plan to
reconstitute the democratic culture (Kelly 2008). By longstanding critics of the system, opponents
advocate the use of proportional representation (PR) for selecting MPs. Due to this problem it is
going to be a referendum on changing the electoral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall public participation estimated to be 10–12 rercent higher in countries with PR than in
appropriate countries having FPTP (Lijphart 1997). This is mostly because of the trust of people that
their vote would be reckoned, supporters of small parties are likely to be represented by delegates to
share their political views and beliefs.
According to many researches PR provides better representation for racial and sexual minorities.
The 1982 amendments to the Voting Rights Act in USA leaded to increase in number of Black and
Latino members in House (Guinier 1994). Due to increase of representation, PR in turn inspires
minority communities to activate and win access to authority.
Also it could be argued that PR finishes gerrymandering, the process of drawing distinctive lines for
political purposes. If to believe the words of congresswoman E, Johnson the redistricting process "is
not one of kindness. It is not one of sharing. It is a power grab." PR makes gerrymandering more
difficult, the smaller the percentage of "wasted votes" – the harder for legislators to manipulate
election results.
Despite its flaws, there are many drawbacks of changing which may have negative consequences.
The belief is wrong, according to which the

The Representation Of Media Representation

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The Representation Of Media Representation