Health Behaviors Is Not Always Motivated By Disease...

Health Behaviors Is Not Always Motivated By Disease...
By simply taking a few small steps and trying to change health behaviours this could have crucial impact on mortality and enhance life. 50 per cent of
mortality from the ten principal causes of death is because of behaviour. Therefore it is very important to understand how and what helps people change
health behaviours, taking the right steps to change could be as simple as wearing a SPF when out in the sun to reduce risks of cancer (Mark P.
Zanna, 2011). 'A health behaviour can be categorised as an action taken place by a person believing that they are doing so to prevent disease'
according to Karl and Cobb (1966). A general assumption is that behaviour is motivated by the goal of health– however not always is this the case.
Change in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In society today around half of all deaths are connected to behavioural and lifestyle aspects, such as smoking, unhealthy diets, lack of physical activity
and large consumptions of alcohol. Therefore in 2010 a political group starting at 10 Downing Street as the world's very first organisation devoted to
the application of behavioural sciences. The organisation was set up to ensure that people could have better life choices and change certain aspects of
their life to try and improve health and wellbeing. The BIT team use tactics to make many services more affordable and convenient for every citizen.
Many ideas that are formed are from behavioural science literature where testing's and trials are used to ensure that their discovery's work (Behavioural
Insights Team, 2014).The role of the team is to reflect in different ways real life situations and to show how people truly behave, rather than how people
intend to behave. In 2011 the insight team collaborated with boots the pharmacy introducing a smoking cessation hoping to motivate individuals to
give up the habit. Therefore this organisation try and tackle the problem of bad health through environmental factors, not only psychological factors
through interventions. By producing posters, looking at the prices trying to target the
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What Is Humanitarian Work Psychology
At the moment, there are different trends that psychology is at and will progress to regarding demographics, technology, and innovation of ideas. An
article by the Monitor of Psychology demonstrates through a survey of health providers the reality of the demographic they are reaching out to. It also
addresses the different ways that practitioners are treating clients. According to the study, thirty–nine percent of respondents shared electronic medical
records with other professionals. And while only 19 percent saw patients alongside other professionals, 36 percent participated in multidisciplinary team
meetings and 33 percent reported integrated treatment plans (Clay 2016). This is showing an integration and community within the circle of therapists.
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Being bilingual, Hispanic, Christian, and my general passion for psychology will propel me in my ambitions. I have much to offer but also have
a lot to do before I can work in the field. Namely, I must assess my own opinions and challenge them as they will be challenged in the future by
future colleagues, church members, and by the community I am around. This is necessary because of my own biases, dogmatism in certain areas,
and because of the progress of man. The views of my faith, the people I am influenced by, and the reason I care must all be challenged. They may
be warped and feeding something inside of me or they be good to some extent; at the moment, I am not currently aware of that. The progress of
psychology is exciting nonetheless and will continue to be an area in which I will be developed by and

Biological And Cognitive Approach
An approach is a point of view that includes certain suppositions about human conduct, for instance the way they work and which parts of them are
deserving of study. There might be a few unique speculations inside an approach, however they all offer these basic beliefs. There are various brain
science points of view and these points of view include diverse clarifications for human conduct. The two perspectives that shall be explored and
compared is the biological and cognitive perspective.
The biological perspectives natural point of view is a method for taking a sight at mental issues, by concentrating on physical reason for creature and
human conduct. It is one of the real points of view in brain research and includes such things as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bandura, A. Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through the imitation of aggressive models explains how the biological
point of view considers the nature side of the open deliberation as it trusts we are a result of our qualities, mind structure, neurotransmitter and
hormone levels. However Skinner, B. F. (1957) explains how the cognitive approach considers the support side of the verbal confrontation, as it
recommends that compositions are learnt and we are hence a result of our childhood. To close there are such a significant number of alternate points
of view in brain research to clarify the diverse sorts of conduct and give distinctive edges. No single perspective has control over the rest. Just with all
the diverse sorts of brain research, which at times reject each other for instance the nature–nurture

The Supernatural Model of Abnormal Behaviours Essay
Over many years, people have been inquisitive about abnormal behaviours within their societies and beyond. A typical question pertaining to these
behaviours is, "why is he behaving this way." According to DSM–IV–TR, abnormal behaviour is defined as a person who experiences behavioural,
cognitive or emotional dysfunction, associated with distress and atypical in his cultural context (Barlow, Durand, 2009). However, the quest for
answers and remedies has drifted people from scientific models to traditional ones. One of such models is supernatural.
The supernatural model states that people believed and explained abnormal behaviours in terms of supernatural forces. In other words, abnormal
behaviours are caused by demonic and evil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He claimed to possess powers to cure any physical defects and emotional problems. Women who had emotional and psychological problems turned to
him for help and deliverance. Two particular women had the former problems and they sought him. The first woman, Tan Mui Choo, was under
depression at that point of time due to her grandmother's death and separation from her parents at the age of thirteen. The second was Hoe Kah Hong.
She was brought to Lim by her grandmother so that Adrian could cure her of outrageous anger. Moreover, she also was deeply affected over the death
of her husband.
Lim's treatment did not consist of exorcism but of other means. The first was ritualistic massage. He would use an idol of Siamese sex god called
"Phragann" and rub it all over the women's bodies. After that, he would proceed to fornicate with them. He claimed that this treatment was effective in
curing emotional problems. The second method was electro–shock therapy. He would attach electric wires on the women's temples and requested them
to soak their feet into a basin of water. Then, he administered electric shocks to them. He claimed those shocks would drive any evil spirits that was
causing problems and adversities to them (Rajendran, 1997).
There is no perfect model to explain abnormal behaviours. Similarly, the supernatural model has a number of strengths and weaknesses.
The foundation of supernatural model is primarily based

Notes On Twins And Nature Vs Nurture
Darian Rader
Kelly Fielding
August 21, 2014
Psychology 101
Twins and Nature versus Nurture What makes identical or fraternal twins different from each other? A few people might say it depends on how their
parents raised them, others might say that other forces such as what traits personality wise, they inherited from their family could have an effect on
their way they are. This in so many words in called Nature versus Nurture. This is an interesting concept, especially involving twins and their behaviors,
because they have the same DNA and studies might show better results rather than using regular siblings, with different genes versus twins who have
the same exact DNA.
From my personal experience as an identical twin, my sister Alexandra and I were raised together our entire lives and we would do anything to be
different from each other. If she cut her hair I would grow mine out, etcetera. Our personalities are very different as well, we had the same group of
friends, but we had hardly any classes together in idle school and high school. I was into sports such as cross country, tennis and track, Alex was into
her art classes and liked to make people laugh. There was another set of twins in our high school so similar to each other that their names were even
Brittani and Brandi. They had the same style of clothing, hairstyles and didn't do a lot of extracurricular activities. This is out of the norm for twin
studies because their parents both raised them together. So what

Lewin's Change Theory
Nurse as a change agent
"You must be the change you wish to see in the world."– Mahatma Ghandi
Overview
The theoretical foundations of change theory are robust: several theories now exist, many coming from the disciplines of sociology, psychology,
education, and organizational management. Kurt Lewin (1890 – 1947) has been acknowledged as the "father of social change theories" and presents a
simple yet powerful model to begin the study of change theory and processes. He is also lauded as the originator of social psychology, action research,
as well as organizational development.
Lewin's change theory consists of three distinct and vital stages:
Unfreezing
Moving to a New Level or Changing
Refreezing.
"Unfreezing"– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Change by Exception: occurs when someone makes an exception to an existing belief system. For instance, if a client believes that all nurses are bossy,
but then experiences nursing care from a very modulated nurse, they may change their belief about that particular nurse, but not all nurses in general.
Incremental Change: change that happens so gradually, that an individual is not aware of it.
Pendulum Changes: are

Technology And Social Effects Of Technology On Children
Social Effect of Technology on Children Alarm clock goes off– checks phone, sitting on the bus – plays games, eating dinner with the family – texting
friends, trying to go to bed – scrolls through social media... this has become the everlasting cycle that drives the typical teenage kid into social
destruction and retrains them from witnessing first–hand experiences of the real world. As the new generation becomes teenagers, we can see the
social development and can research how our technological age has affected them. The easy and typical solution can be shown to cause everlasting
consequences and needs to be redirected towards a moderate perspective for educational purposes. We will draw ideas from American Psychological
Association, International Journal of Technology, behavioral scientists, and parents to compare the facts and logic behind the effect of technology on
children and the solution to the problem. First, we need to view the nation's children as a whole to lay the foundation to the problem that arises. About
75% of children from ages eight to ten have their own smartphone as of 2016 and the percentage has exponentially increased since (Kids Wireless).
The effects of smartphones on these children have become prevalent to the everyday person. While walking around the mall or going to a restaurant
with your family, it has become impossible to ignore the fact that kids have their faces stuck in front of the screen. In class, teachers are constantly
berating

Interpreting The Characteristics Of My D Personality
According to personality chart I fall in the region of the "D" personality. While I find that interesting, I also find it troubling as I would say I have
many layers and people who first meet me will definitely miss out on my true and best attributes if they don't stick around to get to know me. By
layers I'm talking about the different characteristic that make up my personality. The personality chart says I have a "D" personality with a few
characteristics of "C" and "I" personality, but I would say I show just as much "C" and "I" as I do with "D." It just depends on the environment I'm in.
I tend to adapt to what's happening around me. For example in my kung–fu class when I'm teaching I'm demanding and direct to those who are learning
their new skills. I teach a variety of people in class from children, to kids my age, and even adults. Though... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"D's" make good athletes because they are competitive and want to be active, and I would definitely consider myself as both of those. I'm not just
competitive when I'm trying to win at a sport; I'm also very competitive when it comes to debating. I love to argue with people. I always look
forward to a debate in class because that's when people see the dogmatic side of me. I don't just debate in class though I often ask people questions
about their morals to see what they say, and then debate about to figure out why they think what they believe is right. Even if I agree with the persons
beliefs I'll argue the other side just so I can still debate with the person. Needing to be active is always a concern of mine. I hate just sitting around
doing nothing or what feels like nothing. I constantly need to be moving. If I'm just sitting then I'll either be fidgeting or messing around with
something. Most times though, if I can help it, I'll be up moving around; playing a sport, working, or just trying to figure out what I can do next so I
wont have to sit and be motionless. "D's" also

Nature Vs. Nurture : Addiction
Nature vs. Nurture: Addiction Introduction Psychology is a developing science which studies the mental functions, processes, and behaviors of an
individual. In the science of psychology, many debates arise; nature vs. nurture is one of the most popular ones. These psychological debates are
followed by research, backing up either nature or nurture or both. Nature suggest heredity impacts human psychological development; nurture suggests
the environment impacts our psychological development. Addiction plays a large role in nature vs. nurture. Addiction is defined as a person being
attached to a certain activity or item; an addict is one who has a dependency on particular substances or activity. There are many debates on whether
addiction is caused by genes or the environment. Many researchers believe if they had the answer of addiction being a genetic condition or an
environmental factor, they would be able to resolve the problem of addicts, or so they believe. Nature Aspect on Addiction Addiction has been proven
to be in the genes of humans. "Addiction is a notorious treatment–resistant psychiatric disorder characterized by the impairment of self–monitoring, loss
of interest in other targets of pleasure, and uncorrectable impulsive/compulsive drug–seeking behaviors"(Todo, 2012,para.1).
Susan Ferguson stated that the basal ganglia system and the striatum are thought to create positive and negative

Institutionalize Animal Testing
Animal experimentation has been at the forefront of brain research for decades. Rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, pigs, and monkeys are all used to develop
drugs and treatments to benefit humans. Even though animal brains do not precisely mimic the biology of the human brain, their brains have many of
the same basic structures and functions. Animal research, that is, the use of animals as experimental subjects in biomedical and behavioural fields of
learning, has been institutionalised on the basis of two key assumptions, one factual and one moral. The factual assumption is that animal research
provides a reliable basis for predicting the effects of drugs, products and yield significant scientific conclusions and medical benefits for society. The...
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Applied research focuses on answering a question of practical importance, such as finding a cure for a disease. Examples of applied research
include testing, breeding, defence research, and toxicology, including cosmetics testing. Basic or pure research investigates how organisms behave,
develop, and function. Those opposed to animal testing object that basic or pure research has little or no practical purpose, but researchers argue
that it forms the necessary basis for the development of applied research. It is difficult to predict when and what types of basic research will lead to
eventual applications however much of it eventually does, sometimes in areas far removed from the original research (Ferdowsian & Gluck, 2015).
All living things share certain characteristics, and basic research on one organism often produces knowledge that applies to many other organisms.
Both basic and applied research using animals are subject to a number of safeguards that make it very unlikely that the research will be unnecessary or
poorly done. Before an experiment using a vertebrate animal is carried out, the protocol for that experiment must be reviewed by an institutional
committee that includes a veterinarian and a member of the public, and during the research the animal's health and care are monitored regularly.
Researchers require healthy animals for study in science and medicine, because unhealthy animals could

The Study Of Psychology And Psychology
Firstly, it is important to know what is meant by the term "science", and then to establish whether psychology adheres to this. The Oxford English
Dictionary defines science as "the study or knowledge of the physical world, based on observation and experiment". This immediately raises issues
about this debate as many areas of psychological research do not involve the observable. For example, the areas of Clinical and Counselling psychology
rely on a patient's thoughts and feelings to help determine whether they suffer from a mental disorder. Owing to an advancement in technology,
however, phenomena that was once labelled as unobservable can now be observed. One example of this includes emotions, including happiness,
sadness, disgust, fear, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This, however, should not be taken at face value as these bodies would not want to portray themselves as being unscientific. Nevertheless, there is an
overall positive effect of the psychological bodies seeing themselves as scientific as empirical research will be promoted further, making psychology as
a subject more scientific.
Furthermore, psychology has become more scientific by the need to move away from pseudo–scientific perspectives. One such perspective, is Freud's
Psychodynamic approach. This focuses on the subconscious mind, and as this phenomena cannot be observed, it has been argued that the
Psychodynamic perspective is unfalsifiable and untestable. Both of these elements are key parts of what makes a science. However, others have argued
that the Psychodynamic perspective is testable, but that it has just failed those tests (Hansson, 2015). review
The Behavioural perspective was the first to try and move psychology as a subject away from the unscientific by focusing on observable and
measurable behaviour to gain empirical evidence. Moreover, since the 1970s, the Biological perspective has grown hugely with neuropsychology now
being a dominant approach. This shows that psychology has made a move to become more scientific in its approaches and methods over time. review
It has been argued that demarcation should be unchanging throughout time. Dolby stated that if

Dorothy Johnson's Theory Of The Behavioral System Model
The behavioral system model is a model developed by Dorothy Johnson. This theory was influenced by Florence Nightingale's book titled notes on
nursing and was developed using work of behavioral scientists in many disciplines such as psychology, sociology, and ethnology. This theory explains
that nurse's specific contribution to patient welfare is to foster an "efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the person, before, during, and after
an illness.
The theory sees a person as a system in which its parts interrelate with each other to form a whole to perform its functions. These interrelated and
interdependent parts are called subsystem which is analyzed and described in term of structural and functional requirement. There are seven subsystems
– attachment, attachment–affiliation, aggressive–protective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and sexual with each of them interrelated with the
others and its environment for three functional requirements – protection, nurturance, and stimulation. The four structural elements of the subsystem
include the following: drive (the ultimate cause of behavior), set (a tendency or predisposition to act in a certain way), choice (behavior to use in a
certain situation) and action (behavior of an individual). These requirements must be met through a person's efforts or with the outside assistance of the
nurse to maintain the integrity of the behavioral system.
Also, the model made some assumptions for a better understanding of the

The use of structural equation modelling (SEM) has...
The use of structural equation modelling (SEM) has steadily increased in behavioural science where two submodels are identified including a
measurement model and a structural model. In this study the research paradigm indicates and concurrently strives to combine measurement and
structural model for complete parameter tests. SEM is a quantitative data analytical technique which specifies, estimates and tests theoretical
relationships between observed endogenous variables and latent, unobserved exogenous variables. (Byrne, 2001) The SEM is a statistical methodology
that takes a confirmatory that is, hypothesis testing approach to the analysis of a structural theory. This theory represents causal processes that generate
observations on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taking the sample sensitivity and model specification into account root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), incremental fit index (IFI),
Tucker Lewis index or Non–normed fit index (TLI or NNFI) and comparative fit index (CFI) are considered in this study for evaluating fit indices.
The grounds for reporting these indices as fit measures are discussed in the following paragraph.
The RMSEA first developed by Steiger and Lind (1980) tells us how well the model with unknown but optimally chosen parameter estimates would fit
the populations' covariation matrix. In recent years it has been regarded as 'the most informative fit indices' (Diamantopoulos & Siguaw, 2000) due to
its sensitivity to the number of estimated parameters in the model. As it is a parsimony adjusted index it takes into account the error of approximation
which is not affected by sample size and reduces the stringent requirement on пЃЈ2 that the model holds exactly in the population. MacCallum, Browne
and Sugawara (1996) have used RMSEA values of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.08 to indicate excellent, good and mediocre fit, respectively and 0.10 as the cut–off
for poor fitting model. Hulland, Chow and Lam (1996) proposed that RMSEA values between 0.05 and 0.10 are sometimes considered adequate fit.
The current study uses the RMSEA value below and equal to 0.05 to indicate good fit and a value from

Belief In A Just World Analysis
Our personalities are a total of characteristics that make us different from others, it is what makes us unique. These characteristics can consist of
biological factors, developmental factors, cognitive factors, social factors and cultural factors. I have had many situations in my life where I question
what type of characteristics I have, or my friends, and where they come from.
One day I was talking with my friends, we were all just relaxing and watching a television show. We brought up the conversation of prom dresses
since it was close to prom season and we needed to go shopping. My friend Becky did not seem too excited about the topic and seemed distant, which
is nothing like her. I was surprised when she told me she was not excited for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, when I encounter evidence suggesting that the world is not just, I quickly act to restore justice by helping the victim or I persuade myself
that no injustice has occurred. This type of theory means we either lend assistance or we decide that the rape victim must have asked for it, the homeless
person is simply lazy, the fallen star must be an adulterer. These attitudes are continuously reinforced in the ample fairy tales, fables, comic books, cop
shows and other morality tales of our culture, in which good is always rewarded and evil punished. This legitimizes existing economic inequality which
places blame on the

Why Should Animals Be Used For Medical Research?
Why should animals be used for medical research? Is it because some animals are similar to humans probably. Even though animals have rights they
should still be used for experiments because if scientist experiment on humans and something go wrong they could kill that human being. That is
why animals should be used for medical research because they have different blood type and cells from us. Something that can easily kill us might
not kill an animal, so with that they can find a way to cure the disease. In this paper I will represent alternative positions on the topic of testing,
teaching and experimenting on different types of animals. I feel when testing things on different animals you get different results. When testing
different animals you would get different results because some animals are provided with the help of the law to be giving pain relief. Some species
are categorized based on the law. Animals that were funded by the law were the ones to get tested on. In this article Redmond states that "The
clinician's perspective on the value, suitability and desirability of animal models does not differ markedly from that of the neuro– biologist. From a
clinical perspective, the need is to use animal models to understand more about the disease mechanisms, to test therapeutic options and to investigate
disease clinical features in animals in a way that cannot be undertaken in humans for both ethical and practical reasons" (Redmond 2011). The
clinician's uses the

Role of Training and Development in an Organization
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As defined by Richard Beckhard, "Organization development" (OD) is a planned, top–down, organization–wide effort to increase the organization's
effectiveness and health. OD is achieved through interventions in the organization's "processes," using behavioural science knowledge.[1] According to
Warren Bennis, OD is a complex strategy intended to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is a behavioral scientist who knows how to get people in an organization involved in solving their own problems. His main strength is a
comprehensive knowledge of human behavior, supported by a number of intervention techniques (to be discussed later). The change agent can be either
external or internal to the organization. An internal change agent is usually a staff person who has expertise in the behavioral sciences and in the
intervention technology of OD. Beckhard reports several cases in which line people have been trained in OD and have returned to their organizations to
engage in successful change assignments. [3] In the natural evolution of change mechanisms in organizations, this would seem to approach the ideal
arrangement. Qualified change agents can be found on some university faculties, or they may be private consultants associated with such organizations
as the National Training Laboratories Institute for Applied Behavioral Science (Washington, D.C.) or University Associates (San Diego, California),
and similar organizations.
The change agent may be a staff or line member of the organization who is schooled in OD theory and technique. In such a case, the "contractual
relationship" is an in–house agreement that should probably be explicit with respect to all of the conditions involved except the fee.
Sponsoring Organization. The initiative for OD

Making Sense Of Implementation Theories, Models And...
Nilsen, P. (2015). Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implementation Science, 10(1), 53.
It is good to know how to distinguish among diffusion, dissemination, implementation, but I am wondering the reason why some people are confused
in using the terms of them. Obviously, dissemination focused on the "spread" of planned intervention, implementation more focus on the "process" of
using of intervention within a planned setting.
I think that the terms of models, theories, and frameworks are used interchangeably not even in implementation science but also in overall research
field. Then, is it a matter? Can a model not be a framework? I assume that a model can be a framework on further.
What theories can be used in Social work research? What are popular and what are new? For instance, is "Theory of diffusion", which the authors
introduced in the article, a common theory that can be applied even is the Social work research?
Improved Clinical Effectiveness through Behavioural Research Group. (2006). Designing theoretically–informed implementation interventions.
Implementation Science, 1(1), 4.
The authors focus on the explicit use of theory and they suggested that there are potential advantages of explicit use of theories in better understanding
of generalizability of implementation intervention.
When choosing appropriate and fitted theories to my intervention study, how can I examine the meaning of the theory and how can I consider the

Assessing Post Operative Pain On Rodents Essay
Assessing post–operative pain in rodents Introduction "The question is not, can they reason? nor, can they talk? but, can they suffer?" goes the
famous saying by the 18th century philosopher (Bentham 1789, as cited in Kuhse and Singer 1999). But how exactly can we tell, let alone
quantify, if an animal is suffering, is in a state of pain or distress? With the current consensus in the scientific community regarding animals'
capability of experiencing pain (Hawkins 2002), the next step is to reliably identify and evaluate negative emotional states in animals, in order to
alleviate their suffering. There are numerous reasons to do this, from scientific and financial interests to legal and moral obligations. All the more so
when the animal is in pain of our own infliction, such as the case of laboratory animals (Weary et al. 2006). In 2015 over 2,000,000 experimental
procedures were performed on laboratory animals in the UK alone, ranging from mild to severe according to the amount of pain that an animal may
suffer as a consequence (Home Office 2016). A 2005 literature review found that the overall use of post–operative analgesics for laboratory rodents
was low, and suggested a connection with poor pain assessment methods and overlooking behavioural marks (Richardson and Flecknell 2005,
Roughan and Flecknell 2003). As there is no gold standard for assessing pain in existence, there is a growing need for trustworthy ways to assess pain,
that can potentially be utilized by

My First Clinical Day At Loma Linda Veterans Affairs...
For my third clinical day at Loma Linda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, my assigned preceptor Filipina Gumangan assigned me one patient on
4NW. The specific portion of the unit where I precept is an intensive care step down unit. Filipina's objective for giving me one patient this shift was
to give me an opportunity to practice complete care; this meant I was responsible for many clinical duties corresponding to the care of this patient. My
patient this shift was Ms. R. She was a 66 year–old Vietnam War veteran recovering from general surgery. Caring for this patient showed me a
different perspective of nursing as well. My clinical duties performed that day involved practicing many of the skills I have learned throughout this
nursing program. Initially, I was responsible for getting a good hand off report during our walking rounds that morning. I utilized the method
Filipina had showed me during our first shift together. I went according to systems and this way I began to create a picture of Ms. R condition. She
was there because she had a partial colectomy. During this procedure, the surgeons removed parts of her large intestine due to her history of bowel
obstruction. She had an ostomy, which required that I put special care towards the newly created stoma. I was responsible for a full head–to–toe
assessment. In addition, I was responsible for recording my findings on her chart in the computerized system. I passed her medications and was
responsible for explaining what

Discuss to What Extent Psychology Can Be Considered a...
Discuss to What Extent Psychology Can Be Considered a Science. According to Merriam Webster (2008), science is a, "knowledge or a system of
knowledge covering general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method", with scientific method in five steps being, "observation
/research, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation and conclusion." (sciencemadesimple.com, 2006). With this to consider, is psychology a science and
if so, to what extent. It would be fair to say that psychology has not always been looked on as a science and its early roots were in fact based in
philosophy. This fact is highlighted in the word itself, Greek in origin, psyche meaning soul and logos meaning the study of a subject (Sdorow &
Rickabaugh, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not possible to repeat either of the methods to replicate results or further test a hypothesis. Also, variables cannot be controlled. Nor is it possible
to make generalisations therefore not allowing predictions for future behaviours. It is not possible to follow the scientific method as outlined within the
introduction with either research type; therefore psychology could not be considered a science using these methods alone. Surveys are a further
example of descriptive research. These can be carried out as interviews or questionnaires and can be carried out face to face or even over the
telephone. The key advantage of this form is that many people can be surveyed by comparison to observation or case study. Unless the sample is
entirely random it would be impossible to make generalisations using the results. However, the results produced from surveys can be replicated and
repeated and essentially fulfil the scientific method previously outlined and as a whole, descriptive research would fulfil the description credential of
the scientific goals and also account for the observation/research idea in the scientific method outlined within the introduction, allowing suggestion that
psychology could be considered a science. The second form of research is known as correlation research. In this the researcher would measurea
variable and then a second and then use the statistical information produced in order to

The Psychological Characteristics Of Breast Cancer
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic inheritance. Color of eyes, straight or curly hair,
pigmentation of the skin and certain diseases (such as Huntingdon's chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical characteristics, if
not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make–up of our biological parents.
Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability to specific illnesses (e.g. breast cancer in women) are positively correlated between
genetically related individuals. These facts have led many to speculate as to whether psychological characteristics such as behavioral tendencies,
personality attributes and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy, language acquisition and even cognitive development as
a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be confused with the other empirical / scientific
approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually "filled" as a result of
experience (e.g. behaviorism).
From this point of view psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It
is how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child development and the concept of maturation applies
only to the biological.
For example, when an infant forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes from imitating the speech
of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilization within which the
child is reared.
Examples of an extreme nature positions in psychology include Bowlby 's (1969) theory of attachment, which views the bond between mother and
child as being an innate process that ensures survival. Likewise, Chomsky (1965) proposed language is gained through the use of

Nature Vs Nurture : Nature And Nurture
Nature and Nurture:
How They Interact in Human Development
Nature or Nurture, which of these are the most important in shaping who we are? "Are genetics or environmental factors more important?" (Berk,
2014, p. 5) Researchers have been arguing whether nature or nurture is the most influential force in shaping human beings for a long time. The answer
seems to be a complex combination of both nature and nurture. One thing that everybody can agree on is that human beings are more than the sum of
our parts
Nature is defined in our textbooks as "the hereditary information we receive from our parents at the time of conception." (Berk, 2014, p. 5) Nurture
is defined as "the complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before and
after birth." (Berk, 2014, p. 5) In other words nature links to our biology and nurture is all the other influences. Of course it is never as simple as that,
our genetics can influence our behavior and our environment can influence our genetics. Trying to figure out where one influence starts and another
begins will keep modern researchers busy for a very long time.
Nature can also be defined as our genetics. Genetics are the blueprints that shape us, they unfold across our lifespan and also interact with our
environment. We are all made up of cells which contain chromosomes. Chromosomes store and transmit genetic information, we have 23 pairs of
chromosomes called autosomes, with one

Cardinal Principles Of Strategic Management Summary
Summary
In the domain of management, strategic management encompasses identification together with definition of strategies. Usually, managers employ
these strategies to strive for high performance as well as competitive advantage for a business establishment. In this respect, strategic management
draws higher profitability if well planned and executed. In addition to that, it includes decisions as well as acts managers set about, and which
determines the outcome of the organization's performance. Incisively, a science is whatever skill that manifests detailed use of facts for a particular
purpose. Subsequently, art is clearly characterized as the skill critical for any human tasks. Not only is strategic management a behavioral science, ...
With reference to strategic management, the same principles exist. For instance, cause and effect relationship where lack of stability in authority and
responsibility, leads to ineffectiveness. Second is examination of validity as well as predictability of the subject under consideration. In essence,
legality of scientific standards is proved at any convenience. It is important to note that, each test will give similar result. Furthermore, scientific
management principles can also be examined for validity by use of standards like unity of command through comparison of two persons.
Thirdly, generally accepted principles involve scientific standards which signify basic truth of a specific area of enquiry. Chiefly, these principles are
relevant . In brief, strategic management encompasses some cardinal principles for instance the principle of unity, which are used worldwide. Finally,
experimentation together with observation is involved which basically makes up thorough scientific look into a field under consideration. Similarly in
strategic management, principles founded on scientific research accompanied with observation like the principles highlighted by Henry Fayol. A
number of these principles are established by way of experiments as well as practical encounters of managers.
From above arguments, it is undeniable that strategic management like other sciences has a well arranged body of knowledge even though it is not like
that of other physical

Nature Vs Nurture : A Debate On Education Since The Late...
External Help: Maurika Smutherman WSSU Writing Center (336) 750–8748 wssuwritingcenter@wssu.edu Nature versus Nurture has been a debate in
education since the late 1600's. The debate began with John Locke 's perspective of children as "tabula rasa" meaning blank slate, when he stated that
at birth we are all the same, but it is our unique "experiences that write the script of our behavioral repertoire" (Allen, Boykin, & Jagers, n. d.). His
theory states that an individual 's experience and environment is what makes them who they are. This idea gave us the foundation for our "nurture"
argument, even though at the time he initially proposed this idea, it was seen to be in direct conflict with ideals of previous philosophers.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a part of our research, we developed a survey of ten simple questions. These questions were designed to determine whether the student's
environment has affected their academic success. There were many patterns found in the collected data. As a group, we hypothesized that nature has a
greater effect on an individual 's academic success and upon our analysis of the data we continue to believe that an individual's environment plays a
pivotal role in their academic success. Based on the survey results, it declares that 95%, a vast majority, of the class set agrees that their environment
has affected their educational experiences and academic career. The reports of Valerie Lee and David Burkham, authors of Inequality at the Starting
Gate: Social Background Differences in Achievement as Children Begin School, are shared in Joel Spring's American Education and show that there is
indeed a connection between family factors and reading and math skills upon entering kindergarten. Skills that have been listed in correlation with
stronger reading and math levels include: "frequency of reading at home, ownership of a home computer, exposure to performing arts, and preschool
attendance" (Spring, 2013). Many students in our testing set could read before kindergarten and had access to

Nature Versus Nurture Has Been A Big Debate In The Past
Nature versus nurture has been a big debate in the past few years. Debates and arguments from both sides has its own statements which makes their
side stronger. Some argue that it is in the genetics if a person is intelligent where some state the opposite, that surroundings make a person intelligent
which improves them in a person mentally and physically. In the 1950s psychologist Harry Harlow studied the effects of maternal deprivation on the
development of baby monkeys. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested "that certain things are inborn" (Saul McLeod, 2007), or that
they occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other examples of nature debates were Bowlby's 1969 theory of attachment likewise
Chomsky's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dizygotic twins show a higher correlation than their other siblings even when reared apart supporting the theory that nature does have a major
influence on human intelligence. Nurture intelligence is another factor which is still unfolded. Some believe that upbringing a child in a proper
environment can effect their mood, body and their views towards to world. If someone's brought up in an environment where he or she gets all the
facilities and necessities of daily life, it will help through the entire life, in saying that if the person receives the correct surroundings, family support,
supportive friends circle, it can help them throughout the journey of life. Family habits, interests and company of good people as mentioned above
will leave a significant effect on the person's development. The nature theory holds the genetic influence over abstract traits however, the
environmental factors are the real origins of our behaviour. We want to be according to the environment around us. At the end we are still confused
which way is right nature or nurture since both sides have valid reasons to be right. Some traits come to us by genes and some we experience through
travelling and experiencing different situations in our lifetime, which is a proven fact. Nurture helps shape our intelligence in the sense that what
surrounds us is what we end up liking and

Is Psychology a Science? Essay
The British Psychological Society states that 'Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour' (BPS). In this essay I will be
discussing what is actually meant by this and whether psychology fits into both the traditional views of a science, as well as more contemporary
perspectives. It is widely suggested that Psychology is a "coalition of specialities" meaning it is multi–disciplinary (Hewstone, Fincham and Foster
2005, page 4). I will therefore examine whether it could be considered wrong to think that all parts of the discipline should neatly fit into one view of
a scientific approach. In order to be considered a science, Psychology must consequently adhere to using a scientific method. If this were, as usual, ...
Studies such as the afore mentioned Milgram study showed that what may appear to be the most expected outcome may, in truth, be very different. I
would also go on to argue that in actuality all sciences are some adaptation of common sense (Oppenheimer, 1956), leaving Psychology in this way, no
different to any of the others. Ben Goldacre even argues that particular forms of science, such as neuroscience, regularly offer empirically incorrect
research in reputable journals, claiming statistically significant results without the appropriate statistical tests (Guardian). Furthermore, there are three
main aspects which were customarily associated with a science: metaphysical, theoretical and methodological assumptions. Under metaphysical it is
believed that to gain scientific status requires the certainty that the subject matter i.e. human thought/ behaviour, is similar to that of other accepted
sciences. This could then be true for Psychology, as particularly since Darwin's suggestion of a continuity between behaviours of humans and other
species, behaviour has become more scrutinised. However, this must be assumed in respect of determinism, suggesting predictions could be made.
'Heisenbergs uncertainty principle' suggests that when relating evidence of indeterminism within the universe to human behaviour, it proves
ambiguous, and with parts of the discipline believing strongly in free will it seems difficult to establish a common ground (Valentine E.R. page 2).

Hamlet Behavioural Changes
The Supernatural Leads to Behavioural Change
Over many centuries, people have been curious about abnormal behaviours within their societies and beyond. Many of these unusual behaviours can be
caused due to the supernatural. The supernatural is caused by forces that cannot be explained by science (Cambridge Dictionary)
It leads to seeing and experiencing non–material beings like ghosts and spirits. In Hamlet by William Shakespeare and "Onrushing Influences" by Ron
Price, the supernatural leads to a change in behaviour for both Hamlet and the speaker of the poem. Firstly, due to the supernatural existence in both
pieces of work, it appears that both characters are possessed since they are not behaving like themselves. Also, since Hamlet and the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
But now the time has come, and he is going to rise from his lowest point and will get better. Drawing near to the that summit of glory means he is
gradually returning back to his highest point. In this case, it means coming out of the depression and experiencing the supernatural, due to being in
war. It is arguable that anyone who goes to war would experience the supernatural. As a result, the speaker of the poem is at his lowest point and
must build his way back up to being normal. While Hamlet and the speaker of the poem face depression and are brought to their lowest points,
Shakespeare's play shows how the protagonist overcomes his obstacles and overcomes depression. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet is mourning
the death of his father, King Hamlet. "But I have that within which passes show, / These but the trappings and the suits of woe" (Shakespeare
I.ii.85–86). It can be seen here that Hamlet is at his lowest point after his father's death. Eventually he will rise up from his depression after interacting
with the ghost of his father. For Hamlet to accept the fact that his father was murdered by his uncle Claudius. In the end, Hamlet's happiness is fulfilled
when he gets revenge for his father by killing Claudius. Without a doubt, both the speaker of the poem and Hamlet must bring themselves back up
from their lowest point. Evidently, it can be proven that the speaker of

Women Refugees: Hacking, Lindgren And Strasser
Hacking, Lindgren and Strasser's views can all be related to how social construction affects the internal and external reactions of individual beings.
In Hacking's article, he touches upon the social construction of women refugees, it should be noted that he does not believe that women refugees
are socially constructed as individuals, but it is rather women refugees as a type of person, the classification itself, and the matrix in which the
classification works that is socially constructed. The classification of a woman refugee is important as it allows her to stay in a country such as
Canada, whereas if she is not classified as such, she may be deported or go into hiding. These women and their experiences are changed as a result of
this social... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lindgren references Gergen by stating "social constructionism is viewed as an approach whose primary emphasis is on discourses as a medium for the
construction of the self and society, and on how these discourses function and affect social relations" (Lindgren, 2005, p. 6). Lindgren goes on to
discuss that social constructionism is a result of certain problems faced by other dominant perspectives in social and behavioural sciences and that
these are commonly referred to as the crisis of representations, value neutrality and transcendental positions (Lindgren, 2005, p.15). Social
constructionism has been seen as a positive turn as it emphasizes language, meaning systems, discourse and social relations (Lindgren, 2005, p. 15).
Thus based on this, Lindgren holds that social constructionism can be applied in many areas such as the relationship between nature and culture, the
development of a criminological relevant theory of action and studies that deconstruct and unmask social deviants (Lindgren, 2005, p.17–18). Ian
Hacking has a very different view than Lindgren, this can be seen as he focuses on the science wars and states "I do not want peace between
constructionists and scientists. I want a better understanding of how they disagree..." (Hacking, 1999, p.31). He

The Influence Of Nature And Nurture On An Individual 's...
INTRODUCTION
The following research shows the influence of nature and nurture on an individual 's intelligence. Intelligence can be defined as "The aggregate or
global capacity to act purposefully think rationally and deal effectively with the environment." Thus intelligence helps define ones action in a given
situation. Intelligence can be influenced by many factors, mainly being the nature and environmental. The natural factor consists of the inborn
tendencies and genetics that show that a part of intelligence is inherited. The nurture consists of environment and socio economic factors that contribute
towards ones intelligence. The issue of nature versus nurture has been constantly debated over in terms of intelligence. Over the years, the pendulum of
intelligence has been swinging from nature to nurture determining them to be an independent factor for one 's intelligence. However this pendulum is
seen to be coming to a standstill forming a theory which supports both the nature and nurture and their contributions towards one's cognitive abilities
and intelligence.
NATURE AND INTELLIGENCE
Over years of study it is has been observed how a part of intelligence is heritable in nature. Heritability being an estimate of the size of the genetic
effect (Dunn and Plomin, 1990; Collier, 2008) In the field of Behavioral genetics, Studies on monozygotic and dizogotic twins have shown that
monozygotic twins have a variance of 0.64 to 0.74, assuming that there is no environmental

Statement Of Organisational Psychology
Addendum by Erden Ozan Cesur
As the one that has worked in various areas of Human Resources for more than 13 years, it is my strong desire and goal to make a career shift to
academic life in the field of Psychology in general and Organisational Psychology in particular. The main motive that leads to this major shift in my
career is that I believe that an academic career starting with master degree and then followed by a PhD in the field of Organisational Psychology is
promising opportunities for gaining life authoring insights and greater understanding about cause and effect relations that will unlock secrets about the
main motives of behaviours by the help of knowledge offered by Psychology. In that respect, I believe that Organisational Psychology programme,
which has unique characteristics in many ways, especially on the base of social justice focused philosophy of the programme, offered by Adler
University would make great contribution to my professional career and personal development.
In order to take necessary steps that lead to my objective, as it is known, I made an application to Adler University for the programme commencing by
September 2015. Due to economic instability in my home country, unfortunately, my family came across with financial problems and for the sake of
supporting them financially and emotionally throughout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would like to share this paper as an attachment to this addendum because subject of study was inspired from the conversation that I had with
Dr.O'Neill about subjects of thesis carried by cohorts at Adler University. For the future, my intention with respect to this paper is expanding its scope
through reconsidering 'whistle–blowing' phenomena as a case study, which is a kind of concrete manifestation of courage in

Longitudinal Study Essay
ABSTRACT
This study describes two types of research methods frequently used by researchers to conduct their study. The two type of research methods undertaken
for this study are the Field Experiments and Longitudinal Study. The aim is to promote a better understanding of each of the two research methods.
This study also compares and contrast the two methods and study advantages and disadvantages of each one.
INTRODUCTION
A research method refers to a way of conducting and executing a research. Researchers frequently use a single or a combination of methods in their
studies. The two methods, that is, the Longitudinal study and the Field experiments have different methodologies. A Longitudinal study involves
studying a sample or a subject repeatedly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most crucial demerit of Field experiment is the ethical issue pertaining it. Since the subjects are often unaware of the fact that they are observed for
an experiment, the morality of field experiments is always questionable. The second disadvantage is that in field experiments random variables may
adulterate the results since its very difficult to control external factors in natural settings. Also if the subjects may get aware of the study being
conducted they may change their behaviour thus invalidating the results. Field experiments may be very hard to replicate since environment and
subjects may differ at different

The Importance Of Psychology As A Scientific Study Of A...
Psychology enables us to better understand, explain and predict human behaviour, emotions and mental processes therefore defining psychology as the
scientific study of behaviour. Psychologists seek to collect data through observations, laboratory experiments, thematic analysis etc which enables
researchers to gain knowledge about our behaviour and to make appropriate conclusions. This essay will seek to evaluate how psychology has become
scientific over time, in particular looking at how psychology was scientific during the 1870's and in present time. The major psychologists relevant to
this essay are Wunt, James, Pavlov, Piaget and Baddeley focusing on their role to making psychology ascience. Finally, this essay will also seek to
describe Newton's influence on psychology.
Wundt (1832–1920) was the first psychologist to develop psychology into a science by creating the first research laboratory of experimental
psychology. Therefore this enabled Wundt to establish psychology as a separate science using scientific approaches to "study the structure of sensation
and perception" as well as questioning sensory information and how this "gives rise to complex perceptions". Whilst naming his approach
structuralism, his work was criticised for his reliance on retrospection "his laboratory work would not be considered true experiments by present day
standards" due to the fact that the "observers were taught to engage in introspection". Whilst wundt's aims were to "analyse the

Biological Anthropology Personal Statement
Away from anatomy and genetics, humans are unique in their ability to form cultures and traditions. Evolution has given mankind the ability to not
only be self–aware but to self–explore and self–understand. Studying anthropology is a way of using this gift to the fullest and carrying on the long
human tradition of self–discovery.
Science provides mankind with a way of interpreting the world around us. No longer is it common knowledge that earthquakes are the wrath of
Poseidon or that witchcraft is responsible for weather changes. Science alone can explain almost all natural phenomena however, when it comes to our
own endeavours, there is an additional variable to consider – culture. This combination of science and social construct propel my ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Having the opportunity to shadow in many healthcare environments including general practice and a hospital rehabilitation ward allowed me to learn
about a range of conditions that affect the human body. Observing people from a variety of races and cultures interested me and made me feel
privileged to live amongst a modern cosmopolitan population and is a topic I would be interested in taking further into higher education. I decided to
complete an extended project in order to expand my knowledge in an area of study that interests me. My chosen area being the identification of human
remains through forensic odontology. Areas that I found most interesting were the ethnic and sex differences in human teeth and the surrounding
craniofacial bones. Identification is not only important from a forensic or legal perspective, but to fulfil the innate desire of primates to mourn death
and have true closure. Exploring the variety of methods for identification was intriguing and is a specialism of anthropology that I would enjoy
post–graduation. Despite my commitment to the dental profession, it has always been apparent to me that a career in forensic odontology and
identification would be distinctly appealing to me due to my passion for the sciences and fascination with the anatomy of the

Problem Statement In An Investigation
The meaning of problem statement in an investigation varies according to different sources. Bryman (2007) states that a problem statement is a clear
statement about the topic of interest, a condition that can be improved, an obstacle to be removed, or a problematic theoretical question that is present
in scholarly literature. It may also be present in existing fields that has a need for more comprehensive understanding and research. A problem statement
does not state the method of doing something, offer generalised proposition, or provide a value question. It serves several purposes, the first is
introducing the reader to the importance of the topic being researched on. Secondly, it ensures that the topic is placed into a particular or narrowed
context that defines the parameters of the research topic. Thirdly, it serves to provide a framework for the researcher to report the result and shows the
probable requirements needed to conduct the study and provide explanation on how the findings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is called Casuist research problem which is about the right and wrongs when it comes to matters of conduct and conscience. This is done
through analysing moral dilemmas by applying general rules and carefully differentiating special cases. Next, is the Difference research problem
which is commonly used to compare or contrast between two or more cases. It is mostly used in clinical social sciences or behavioural sciences as
an approach to define the problem. Thirdly, Descriptive research problem attempts to describe the significance of a situation, state or existence of
particular phenomenon by asking "what is...?" It is usually applied to reveal hidden or understudied issues. Lastly, there is relational research problem
which proposes a relationship between 2 or more variables to be researched. It is ultimately used to investigate the qualities that are connected or
related in a certain

Should Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?
A dog is a man's best friend, is a commonly used phrase to describe an intimate relationship between human and dog that has developed over the
centuries. But is this popular phrase true? Are dogs truly a mans best friend? Some argue of course they are– they are friendly, loyal, and in most cases
considered a part of the family. But there are those who will disagree–people from other parts of the world, and at different times in history. Take
scientists from the nineteenth century, for example, where a man's best friend was used in scientific experiments that led to the discovery of insulin
for diabetes, and saved millions of lives (MacGill: par. 1, 2016). So, where do we draw the line from justifying the use of animals for scientific... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, I will conclude by highlighting the main ideas, and will finish off with my own reflections regarding the debate.
Source Methodology This section will describe sources, both academic (scholarly journals and peer review), and popular (articles, blogs) that has been
used. All sources were equally important and essential to the formulation of all findings presented in this research paper.
Academic Sources All sources listed in this section are all peer reviewed or are written by academic scholars, that speak to the debate on animals and
scientific experiments. For my scholarly sources I examined the following publications: Firstly I used Laura Cox and V. Tamara Montrose's empirical
research, "How Do Human–Animal Emotional Relationship Influence Public Perceptions of Animal Use?" Journal of Animal Ethics. 2016.
DOI:10.5406. Both authors have acquired PhD's and a bachelor's degree in animal sciences. According to the publisher, this particular journal is
dedicated to research regarding animal ethics, and issues in the field of animal sciences, and therefore is useful to this research topic. Another academic
research based journal I reviewed was, Cattaneo C. et al.,"Animal Experimentation in Forensic Science: How Far Have We Come?" Forensic Science
International. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.024. The authors

Genetics & Human Behavior Essay
Genetics & Human Behavior
The world of Genetics is one that is both fascinating and interesting. When tackling how genetics plays a role in behavior, one must look within the
scope of what genetics is before dealing with how it plays a significant role in one's behavior. Simply put, genetics is the study of genes. It is a
biological component within the entire study of biology itself. Scientists who study genetics and perform research do so with the intent to learn more
about how genetics affects the overall attitudes, behaviors and dispositions of individuals. It could be said that genetics is somewhat of a
psychological–biological science as researchers look at the underlying patterns within the genes that cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4) Parents, both of whom have a lethal recessive gene, can produce a child by cloning rather than risk the one–in–four chance that their child will face
an early death.
5) Clones could be produced to provide organs for transplants admittedly, transplant that could jeopardize or even end a clone's life.
6) Other clones could be produced with unusually high or low mental capacities that would suit them well to do socially needed tasks, for example,
challenging problem solving or menial labor." (Kilner, 2002)
By examining each aspect of this utility justification, human cloning has more
pros than cons. The autonomy justification speaks more to the aforementioned ethics
and morality issues regarding cloning itself. In terms of autonomy, there is a
tremendous amount of appeal amongst scientists and even laypeople for human
cloning. The problem lies with religious based groups and organizations and those
who deem this to be an issue with God. While that premise has some merit, the

overall arching aspect of autonomy gives credence to the thought that genetics does
indeed play a role in the behavioral parts of individuals. It therefore creates a mindset
that one is arguably selfish in their intent with regard to behavior.
There are some points of autonomy that directly affect the discussion regarding human cloning such as: "personal freedom and reproductive
Decisions "

The Captivity Of Wild Animals
The captivity of wild animals has been a highly debated topic for many years. Zoos and aquariums are huge attractions and can be found all over
the world. Movies such as Black Fish and Unlocking the Cage showcase some of the troubling behaviors animals in captivity portray. Advocates for
animal rights can use these movies to push their agenda and people who oppose these films say they are forms of propaganda. The fact of the matter
is that it does not matter what side of the argument that you are on it cannot be denied that these moves spark mass discussion. The question can be
asked are animals places on this earth for our amusement and entertainment or they here that we may cohabit with all aspects of life. Science has
proven that some animals have shown signs of distress while being in captivity.
Animals have been known to control and also are able to modify their environment. An important part in doing that, animals exhibit normal behavior.
Animals that are being held in captive environments may see changes in their normal behavior that can be a result from extreme amounts of stress.
When animals start to exhibit behaviors that are considered abnormal it can be thought that the animals are unable to adjust their behavior. So what
affects could captive animals have on experiments; validity, reliability, and replicability. Validity can be affected when researchers introduce abnormal
animals into the experiment. When introducing these abnormal individuals the variation of

Antz I/O Psychology
Industrial–organizational (I/O) psychology is the application of psychological principles and the scientific method to solve work–related problems
(Spector, 2008). I/O psychologists help solve different problems of the workplace by studying worker attitudes and behavior. The film, Antz (Darnell,
Johnson, Alcott, Weitz, & Weitz, 1998) is set in an ant colony that represents a workplace and gives examples of various topics correlated to I/O
psychology. The goal of this paper is to highlight the topics of I/O psychology portrayed in the film. I will discuss five different I/O topics shown in the
film, which include job satisfaction, organizational commitment, employee selection, leadership, and motivation.
Movie Synopsis
Antz is an animated

Management Theories During The Industrial Revolution
During the industrial revolution, a number of management theories were introduced which have helped contribute to our understanding of the structure
of management in the current business setting. These many different theories have assisted managers in conceptualising new ways of the organisation
and management of their workplace. Several theories have influenced and contributed to today's modern management theories, these include the
Scientific Management Theory, which was introduced by Frederick Taylor and the Human Relations Movement developed by Elton Mayo and his
work on the Hawthorne studies. Both of these theories tried to introduce the best way possible to achieve maximum productivity within the work place.
This essay will discuss the contributions of these theories in the development of the modern management theory, and in particular, how these past
theories have contributed to the development of the contingency theory, and two separate approaches to modern management, in the quantitative and
behavioural approach.
Scientific management – Fredrick Taylor
Several modern management theories have been shown to have their roots stemming from the ideologies of the scientific management theory. The
basic principles of scientific management include standardised work activity based on measurement and formulae, workers are matched to tasks,
coordination of activities in order to execute a number of related tasks and separation of planning and execution with the aim of maximum output. (4)
The scientific management theory explores the idea that managers should manage and the workers should work. The industrial revolution era brought
the need to bring about an increase in the effective rate of output and productivity and that led to the introduction of the scientific management theory
by Frederick W. Taylor. Taylor was an engineer interested in efficiencies through work measurement and coordination of tasks and focused on the
problems of dividing up labour tasks. He believed that the most efficient methods for completing a task and for the selection, development and
motivation of employees could be scientifically determined, Taylor concluded that there was one best way to achieve things (4). Taylor had four

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