Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile and more likely to fracture from minor impacts or falls. It often develops slowly over many years and is typically only diagnosed after the first fracture occurs. Common fracture sites are the wrist, hip and vertebrae. While fractures are painful, some people with osteoporosis develop a stooped posture from vertebral fractures. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, medications, and lifestyle factors like smoking and heavy drinking. Treatment focuses on fracture prevention using medications to strengthen bones. Preventive measures include exercise, calcium/vitamin D intake, and lifestyle modifications. Bone mineral density tests using DEXA scans are used for diagnosis by comparing results to healthy young adults.

1. TOPIC :- Osteoporosis
BIOMEDICAL DEPARTMENT
PRESENTED BY;
AMAR PANDEY

2. Osteoporosis
 The bones in our skeleton are
made of a thick outer shell and a
strong inner mesh filled with
collagen (protein), calcium salts
and other minerals.
•Normal bone on left
•Osteoporotic bone on right
 The inside looks like honeycomb,
with blood vessels and bone
marrow in the spaces between
bone.

3. Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. It
develops slowly over several years and is often only diagnosed when a minor fall or sudden
impact causes a bone fracture.
The most common injuries in people with osteoporosis are:
 wrist fractures
 hip fractures
 fractures of the spinal bones (vertebrae)
However, they can also occur in other bones, such as in the arm or pelvis. Sometimes a cough or
sneeze can cause a rib fracture or the partial collapse of one of the bones of the spine.
Overview

4. Osteoporosis isn't usually painful until a fracture occurs, but spinal fractures are a common cause
of long-term (chronic) pain.
Although a fracture is the first sign of osteoporosis, some older people develop the characteristic
stooped (bent forward) posture. It happens when the bones in the spine have fractured, making it
difficult to support the weight of the body.

5. Causes
Who's affected.
More than 500,000 people receive hospital treatment for fragility fractures (fractures that occur from
standing height or less) every year as a result of osteoporosis.
Causes of osteoporosis
Losing bone is a normal part of the ageing process, but some people lose bone density much faster
than normal. This can lead to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures.
Women also lose bone rapidly in the first few years after the menopause (when monthly periods stop
and the ovaries stop producing an egg). Women are more at risk of osteoporosis than men, particularly
if the menopause begins early (before the age of 45).

6.  Many other factors can also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, including:
 long-term use of high-dose oral corticosteroids
 other medical conditions – such as inflammatory conditions, hormone-related conditions, or
malabsorption problems
 a family history of osteoporosis – particularly history of a hip fracture in a parent
 long-term use of certain medications which can affect bone strength or hormone levels
 having a low body mass index (BMI)
 heavy drinking and smoking

7. Treating osteoporosis
 Treatment for osteoporosis is based on treating and preventing fractures, and using medication to
strengthen bones.
 The decision about whether you need treatment depends on your risk of fracture. This will
be based on a number of factors such as your age, sex and the results of your DEXA scan.
 If you need treatment, your doctor can suggest the safest and most effective treatment plan for
you.

8. Preventing osteoporosis
If you're at risk of developing osteoporosis, you should take steps to help keep your bones healthy.
This may include:
 taking regular exercise
 healthy eating – including foods rich in calcium and vitamin D
 taking a daily supplement containing 10 micrograms of vitamin D
 making lifestyle changes – such as giving up smoking and reducing your alcohol consumption

9. DEXA{Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry}
DEXA scan is an instrument used to measure the densit
used to measure the density of bones. DEXA stands for
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. It is now also called
DXA scan.

10. DEXA scan
 They may also refer you for a DEXA (DXA) scan to measure your bone mineral density. It's a
short, painless procedure that takes about 5 minutes, depending on the part of the body being
scanned.
 Your bone mineral density can be compared to the bone mineral density of a healthy young adult
and someone who's the same age and sex as you. The difference is calculated as a standard
deviation (SD) and is called a T score.
 Standard deviation is a measure of variability based on an average or expected value. A T score of
above -1 SD is normal between -1 and -2.5 SD is defined as decreased bone mineral density
compared with peak bone mass below -2.5 is defined as osteoporosis

11.  Use x-ray beam which has two different average x-ray energies
 • Measure attenuation at high and low energies
 • Calculate area density at each point by solving two simultaneous equations
 • Calculate BMC, bone area and average BMD
 • No need to keep total thickness constant

12.  DXA scans are used primarily to evaluate bone mineral density.
 DXA scans are also used to assess adiposity in children, especially to conduct clinical research.
 However, it has been suggested that, while very accurately measuring minerals and lean soft
tissue (LST), DXA may provide skewed results as a result of its method of indirectly
calculating fat mass by subtracting it from the LST and/or body cell mass (BCM) that DXA
actually measures.
Application

13.  This method is precise, accurate, and reliable. DEXA measurements are based on a three
compartmental model rather than two compartment as in most other methods.
 DEXA can also distinguish regional as well as whole body parameters of body composition. As
such, it is considered a reference standard, and the latest body composition research uses this
method.
Advantages

14. Disadvantages:
 The equipment is expensive, and often requires trained radiology personnel to
operate.
 It is so costly device.
 We can’t do this on pregnant woman and small childs.
 The diagnosis of using this device is so costly because of this poor people cant
affort this treatment.

15. Thank-You