Genetic Engineering And The Canadian Regulation

Genetic Engineering And The Canadian Regulation
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques and exploitation of biological processes used to improve and modify animals, plants and
microorganisms to enhance their value through genetic manipulation. Over time, advances in the field of molecular biology has allowed scientists to
take a particular gene from any organism, including, bacteria, viruses, plants or animals, and introduce those genes into another organism. An organism
transformed using genetic engineering techniques is known as transgenic organism (Independent learning center, 2012). This paper discusses the
positive and negative effects of genetically engineered organisms in agricultural applications and the Canadian regulation or legislation that relates to
this issue.
Many farmers in Canada have welcomed major crop plants produced by genetic engineering. Four major transgenic crops including canola, corn, soy
and sugar beet have been approved for commercial production in Canada (Canada & Agency, 2015). Transgenic organisms offer a range of benefits
in the agricultural applications. Over many years, transgenic organisms have helped increase crop productivity by introducing drought tolerance and
disease resistance to crops. Today, scientist has been able to select genes for disease resistant from other organism and relocate them to essential
crops. For example, in the 1980, researchers from University of Hawaii teamed up with Cornell University to develop a papaya cultivar resistant to
papaya
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From Alchemy to IPO: The Business of Biotechnology by...
The book From Alchemy to IPO: the business of Biotechnology (2001) was a wonderful read. Although a little outdated (before the 2008 financial
crisis), Cynthia Robbins–Roth was able to capture the thrill of starting the first biotech companies, the struggle to keep the companies afloat during
down markets, as well as the elation of success when a company succeeds where others failed. I was astounded that any new company could survive the
decade long march to putting their first product on the market, but Robbins–Roth provided direct quotations from the major investors that stuck with
the market when most other investors had pulled out. These quotes, by the end of the book, gave me a much better understanding not only of the
biotech industry but also the mentality of the major investors in the field. Although the sector is teeming with risky investments, if you educate
yourself about the companies and understand the science involved, and be ready for the long–haul it is possible to lower your risk to reasonable levels.
While reading the chapter on stock fluctuations, and the risks and profits to be made, I noticed that when the public is interested in the biotech sector,
there seems to be an opportunity to make money off of ignorant investors. Robbins–Roth mentions one instance where a company had a positive article
published in a prominent magazine which shot the stock up and back down in a couple days as people realized that it was bubble investment. If you
could

The Impact Of Genentech On The New Biotechnology Industry
Genentech was founded in 1976 by Robert Swanson and Herbert Boyer. The company was one of the first biotechnology companies. Its mission was to
develop manufacture and commercialize biotherapeutics drugs. Genentech main focus was in areas of oncology, immunology and tissue growth and
repair. After few years of company's development, Genentech scientists successfully produced the first therapeutic proteins which involve human
genes. Evaluating with the VRIO analysis, Genentech is valuable, rare, costly to imitate, and organized to capture value. The main advantage of the
company is that best scientists in the world doing their own research, focusing in produce the best–in–class medicines with leading–edge scientific
knowledge. Genentech has a rare resource, which provide opportunity for scientists to collaborate with one another. The working environment is also
rare, which provide the scientists with a 275,000 square foot state of the art facility. Herbert Boyer owns the first major patent in the new biotechnology
sector, which no other companies can duplicate or purchase those patent rights. This factor is costly to imitate because the company has the patent for a
period of time, thus creating a competitive advantage. Genentech is organized to capture value and sophisticated selection criteria in order to move
projects from discovery phase to commercialization. The projects are mainly based on scientific rationale, critical medical needs, significant market
opportunities,

oryx and crake technology
Oryx & Crake Technology Report: Biotechnology & Genography
At the first look at the title of this report, you will be thinking 'Oh wow, he is so out of touch with what is going on in the world today that he doesn't
even know genetic engineering/ gene splicing is already in effect.' I am fully aware that many different genetically modified organisms are being
researched on, such as the Flavr Savr Tomato on 1997, as well as corn crops being much more resistant to the cold weather in the north. Though we
have those certain organisms, which have had a specific gene implemented into them from a certain animal, plant or insect, we still have to have a
backbone in which we can actually add that gene towards. For example, we have things ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After doing research on Atwood and visiting her website
MaddAddams world, it is clear to see that she has a big interest in human fiction. I do not say science fiction in this case, because the book Oryx &
Crake does not deal with spaceships laser blasters, and other stereotypical sci–fi 'props'. Instead, she puts focus on something that could be completely
plausible in the world we live in today. There are already many genetic testings on animals, and we are already able to grow certain appendages on
other life forms, such as ears and other cartilage based body parts. It is thought by many people that implementing emotions to A.I would be done by
cognitive scientists and psychologists, but it is rather done by software engineers who attempt to add emotions into certain operating systems. As you
can see in this article http://ceramics.org/ceramic–tech–today/is–artificial–emotional–intelligence–possible–itdepends–on–whom–you–ask Atwood is
not too far gone to believe that the ability to control emotions in a 'man–made' species is not far off in a non–organic life–form, but the question with
relation to Oryx & Crake is how it can be done in a mind that thinks freely.
Much like the Rakunks within the novel, we can take a certain gene that we like from one animal, and implement it to another. For example, during the
early 90's, researchers at the
Calgene research centre in California

Biotechnology Controversy
Biotechnology is a broad term. Basically, it is the "tools and techniques [opening] new research avenues for discovering how healthy bodies work and
what goes wrong when problems arise"(Siedler para. 1). It covers controversial technology and procedure, like genetic engineering and gene therapy. It
is controversial because it can affect everyone(Jeremy para. 16). As a consequence, the development of biotechnology has been a "slow, quiet
progress"(Kirsner para. 3) because society may or may not recognize the repercussion of it. However, scientist like Smith– a previous chief for the
Cambridge biotech company, Genzyme– continues to develop biotechnology(para. 1). Because biotechnology can be controversial, yet scientist
continues to develop it; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Techniques, like "[plant] cell culture, recombinant DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] technology and cellular cloning, [would] now provide us with new
ways to tap into natural diversity"(Seidler para. 3). To put it another way, biotechnology could provide new medicines. New medicines could eliminate
side effect and eradicate repeated visit for injection in treatment for diseases or cancer(Christopher para. 4). Therefore, limiting biotechnology would
hinder the process of creating new medicine. Medine would not be the only one affected in the medical field, but in addition, diseases could be

The Biotechnology Innovation Organization Defines The...
The Biotechnology Innovation Organization defines the biotech industry as, "technology based on biology – biotechnology harnesses cellular and
bio–molecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet." This Vital sector of the free
market is comprised of many great companies. The five choices that I have selected are, in my opinion, the best choices to represent the biotechnology
industry. My first choice was AbbVie Inc., or (ABBV), and on the date of purchase their stock was trading at $64.08 per share. On the date of
purchasing their stock I bought 312 shares equaling a total of $19,992.96. This company is known for discovering, developing, and marketing both
biopharmaceuticals and small molecule drugs. One drug that is known as the world 's best selling anti–inflammatory medicine is Humira, which was
made by AbbVie. Drugs like Humira and Vicodin have proved to be household names. I chose AbbVie incorporated because their drugs are some of
the best on the market and cater to the needs of the masses. The second company I selected was Amgen Inc., or (AMGN), and on the date of purchasing
their stock it cost $172.04. I bought 116 shares resulting in a total of $19,956.64. Amgen Incorporated is a multinational biopharmaceutical company
that originated in the United States and is the world's largest independent biotechnology firm. On their company website, under product overview, they
say, "Amgen's medicines

Social and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology
Social and Ethical Technology Concerns–Biotechnology
Biotechnology is technology based on living organisms. It harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies or products which are
immensely useful to mankind. Biotechnology modifies living organisms according to our needs. Humans have employed this tool in the fields of
agriculture, food industry and medicine for more than 6000 years. We see numerous biotechnological applications in our every–day life. Preparation of
food products like bread, cheese and preservatives in dairy products are all outcomes of this great scientific tool (Biotechnology Industry Organization).
Modern biotechnological research has created wonders for mankind. It has provided products to combat rare diseases, vaccines for untreatable
diseases, food for the hungry and a safer, cleaner environment to our planet.
Biotechnology has played a vital role in reducing the green house effect and in producing a cleaner planet. Because of the worldwide economic and
environmental concerns regarding the use of petro–chemicals, extensive research has been conducted on residual biomass. Significant progress has
been made in the field of lignocellulose biotechnology. Lignocellulosic waste materials have been used in the production of bio–fuels, enzymes,
chemicals, the pulp and paper, animal feed and composites (Iqbal, 2013). Moreover, algal biomass has received huge attention in producing biofuels
due to their relatively high growth rate, great

Pros And Cons Of Biotechnology
Martha Zenaidi
Ms. Serwin
English 103
16 August 2017
Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect the Environment and Reduce Poverty in the Developing World
An article written by Miguel A. Altieri and Peter Rosset (1999) addresses certain potential issues and misconceptions aboutbiotechnology. For instance,
this article suggests that biotechnology will not ensure food security, protect the environment, and will not reduce poverty in the developing world.
The article points out that there is no relationship between a hungry country and its population, and that the world produces more food than ever
before. The real cause of hunger is not the lack of food but the lack of resources to buy it and the lack of land for people to grow their own food. New
improvements in biotechnology will not reduce hunger as the vast majority of improvements in biotechnology have been created not because
companies want to improve the agriculture or reduce hunger, but because they want to make a profit. An example provided says that new biotechnical
innovations increase expenses per acre for seeds plus chemicals, which results in a lower return to the growers – growers are spending more than what
they making. Discount packages are offered by biotechnology companies, but only when purchasing technology–packages.
Additionally, recent studies have shown that genetic engineered seeds do not increase the yield of the crops. In 1998 a study conducted by the USDA

Cynthia Robbins-Roth and the Biotechnology Industry
Cynthia Robbins–Roth is a strategic planner and business consultant to the biotechnology industry, named one of the Top 25 Biotech All
–Stars by
popular business magazine Forbes. Her book, published in year 2000, provides a broad overview of many biotech topics and draws upon her
experience and skill as a keen businesswoman. The engaging and informative work initially details the establishment and growth of the biotechnology
industry, as well as its historical origins and information on key players in its founding. Throughout her account of this "dynamic" industry's early
struggles, great successes, and current difficulties, Robbins–Roth presents her opinion of the industry's current viability and hopes of the future product
pipeline. Robbins–Roth predicts a revolutionary change in health management and treatment, which combined with the growing aged population, will
produce sufficient demand to propel the biotechnology industry past the well–established small molecule pharmaceutical companies. She asserts that
the biotechnology companies will emerge as the leaders in the world's medical research and development. Robbins–Roth further explains the intricacies
of financing a biotechnology venture, the necessity of efficient risk management, and the difficulty of selling an idea to non–scientist investors. The
author recalls that in the nascent biotechnology industry, companies were "trying to be all things to all markets," developing products for nickel
mining, oil

What Does Biotechnology Entail?
What is biotechnology? Biotechnology is the use of cellular and biomolecular processes in modern technology in order to reduce the use of chemicals
and other harmful products. This not only can improve our own lives, but also make our planet a better place and our future a little less bleak. But
what does biotechnology entail? And how long has it been around? As you will recall, we discussed the like of bread and cheese previously. Simply
put, that is biotechnology... at its oldest of around 6,000 years! However, it was little more than a 100 years ago that science started catching on to
the fact that microorganisms were responsible for all of these things happening around them. We know about bread, cheese, and yogurt. But what
else was happening with biotechnology in our past? Back in the 1700s, Edward Jenner pioneered vaccines with the small pox inoculation. a little
over a 100 years later, hybrid corn was created. In 1911 Peyton Rous discovered the first cancer causing virus, then 18 years later penicillin was
discovered (Organization, We Are Bio, 2016). In World War One, microbes were used to create some chemicals like citric acid and ethanol (Tortora,
Funke, & Case). Then in World War Two, penicillin nearly saved the day. From there on out, biotechnology rapidly grows, from artificial insemination,
to insulin, to Smallpox eradication. Today, biotechnology has become even more modern. We can use it to make new products, and make them using
cleaner greener

Biotechnology Advantages And Disadvantages
1.What is Biotechnology?
1.1. A definition of Biotechnology
The exploitation of microorganisms for industrial purposes or processes. (Sterrenberg, 2010) 1.2. Two advantages of Biotechnology with their
advantages and disadvantages Examples:
Antibiotics
Vaccines
Antibiotic destroy bacterial pathogens. Antibiotics have different chemical structures, therefore destroying pathogenicbacteria differently. There are two
manners in which antibiotics can destroy pathogenic material:
1.The bacterium cell is destroyed by causing the wall of the bacterium to weaken, therefore disfiguring the cell and forcing the cell to burst, spilling all
its contents, and destroying the cell from spreading its pathogenic bacteria.
2.Antibiotics can take the form of the pathogenic bacterium's metabolism. This completely destroying the bacterium when it is apparent in the body.
(Sterrenberg, 2010) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They cure many illnesses, for an affordable price.There are negative side effects such as nausea, discomfort and sensitivity towards light.
A reduction of bacterial diseases.Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics only kill bacteria, not viruses as well. (Som15)
Vaccines are used to create immunisation. They are taken orally by injection. Vaccines are a weakened form of a microorganism. It is injected to create
immunity against the specific pathogen injected. Therefore, creating antibodies and a memory of the reaction to the pathogen. Immunisation is now
created. When the pathogen attacks the body, the antibodies will respond and destroy the pathogen. Therefore making a person immune to a disease.
(Sterrenberg,

Biotechnology Industry Analysis
Biotechnology industry Analysis
BACKGROUND
The health care industry Provides health products and service which involved the leading technology of life science. It is a fast–growing industry and
will continue to grow in the future because of the increasing request to the advanced medical care. The Global Industry Analysis (GIA,2009) predicted
that the prescription drug market is value around $897 billion in world economy in 2015, and Asia–Pacific region is expected to have highest growth
in prescription drugs.
The health care sector in Australia is one of the most advanced and sophisticated industry in the world. Numerous world leading healthcare companies
are located in Australia. According to the Government Department of Innovation,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the companies in biotechnology industry have strong buyer power , and the price is acceptable to the consumers with the control from
government.
*Supplier Powerпј€
MEDIUMпј‰
Generally speaking, the supplier of biotechnology companies offer highly specify products, such as the blood sample from clinic or cells. It is not
difficult for biotechnology companies to gain these resource. On the other hand, the company have to get the approval to start the research from the
government regulators. The healthcare companies need put more efforts on getting the permission.
*Rivalry Among Existing Firms(LOW)
Most biotechnology companies have their unique products. For example, the CSL's specialty is Vaccines & Plasma Products and COH is specializing
in the Cochlear Implant Systems. Once the drug is discovered or invented, it is hard for other competitors to imitate because majority drug companies
used the patent system. (thusleem,2008). Thus,there is less competititive in the market.
*Threat of New Entrants(HIGH)
It is not easy for any investors to entry the healthcare industry. Large capital in R&D and fully qualified and skilled scientists and researchers are in
great demand. The research teams in biotechnology industry covered variety of

Prokaryotic Organisms: Essential to Agriculture and the...
With the significant increase in global human population in recent decades, the pressure for groups of people to produce enough food and energy for
everyone to consume while ensuring that these resources remain sustainable and replaceable has likewise dramatically increased. While the first
several challenges produced by the rise on population were met with advances in technology, notably the Green Revolution, the continued growth of the
population has placed further strains on the fields of agricultural, food, energy/environment, and biotechnology. Prokaryotic organisms, which are
single– or small numbered–cell organisms that lack nuclei in their cells are essential to these fields because they provide a mechanism for current
resources to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the fruit is improperly labeled, hazardous consequences may arise. Furthermore, genetically modified foods have not existed for long enough for
long–term studies to be conducted on the effects of their consumption. With the addition of genes that arise from different organisms, there is always a
risk that the gene will result in misfolded proteins or proteins that serve a different purpose from the desired effect. As with exposures such as tanning
or smoking, the effects of these behaviors may not be seen until several decades later, leaving consumers at risk (Fernandez–Cornejo).
Environmental biotechnology includes the fields of bioremediation (cleaning up environments that have been contaminated), pollution abatement
(reducing and eliminating air, water, and other pollution sources as a result of existing industrial technology), and continuing to make chemicals and
biofuels that are renewable and green. Because bioremediation is inexpensive and can provide the proper environment and nutrients for the prokaryotic
organisms that are used, the technology has been widely explored to clean up heavy metals (lead mercury, selenium, etc.), nuclear waste, and oil. In
order for the bioremediation treatment to be effective, environmental engineers must be able to maintain favorable conditions for prokaryotic growth,
usually by keeping the environment moist and full of oxygen. When conditions may be difficult to maintain, the microorganisms may be "seeded" by

Pros And Cons : The Impact Of Biotechnology Affects Our World
What is biotechnology? When I heard of biotechnology I assume it would be the study of technology and how it affects our life, but I was wrong.
"Biotechnology is the study and application of living organisms and processes to manufacture products or to improve the characteristic of bacteria,
plants, or animals." Biotechnology is scientist's way of advancing technology, providing the world with necessary needs. Which can be very
convenient providing the world with healthier food, improving the plants and animals and nature as it continues to advance their will be many other
things they will discover. Biotechnology is efficient because of the timing. It makes things happen quicker. Biotechnology has a major effect on our
lives; and eventually it will get better and enhance our lives in the future, yes there will be a couple pros and cons as there is already but society will
get through it.
Stated in an article called Impact of Biotechnology "biotechnology has helped improve the quality of people's lives for over 10,000 years. Today's
biotechnologies vary in application and complexity. However, they all have potential to change our society" (2002). Since the late 1900s, many people
around the globe has been helped by more than 200 biotechnology drugs and vaccines. There are more than 300 drug products and vaccines currently
being tested in trials targeting over 200 diseases, including: diabetes, cancer, AIDs, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, multiple sclerosis. In

Applying for a MasterВґs in Microbial Biotechnology Essay
Program: Master's in Microbial Biotechnology Statement of Purpose
Having pursued relevant projects, courses and considering my aptitude, I find myself interested in life sciences and more specifically in Microbiology.
I believe that pursuing Masters in Microbial Biotechnology at North Carolina State University will help me to widen my knowledge, hone my technical
and managerial skills and provides me an opportunity to contribute to cutting edge research in the field and contribute to its growth in Industry.
Consistently a top student in school, I developed an interest in science and technology, particularly during the formative years of my schooling. Being
among the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our approach was mainly based upon the studies of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from a jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Later, in the fall break, I got
selected for the short term internship in Globion India Pvt.Ltd–Hyderabad, India. I worked on 'Growth–curve studies of chick embryo–propagated
Infectious Bronchitis Virus' under the guidance of Dr. Sophia. The training was basically aimed at learning laboratory techniques inmicrobiology and
molecular biology. Working in a group of highly motivated individuals was a gratifying scientific experience. The fact that I was able to perform well
in the projects and at the same time enjoy the work, motivated me to pursue my research interests.
In the spring of my second year, along with few of my friends, I intended to work on a project to present it in the International Bio–molecular design
competition (BIOMOD) 2012 held at Wyss Institute, Harvard University, USA. It eventually led to the formulation of my third year summer
Internship in the lab of Dr. Yamuna Krishnan at National Centre for Biological Sciences (ncbs), India. We worked on a project 'chemically triggered
release of molecular cargo encapsulated within the DNA icosahedron'. The project aimed at controlled release of the encapsulated cargo in the DNA
icosahedron with spatial and temporal control aided by molecular cues i.e.

Essay on Successes and Failures in Biotechnology Innovation
Successes and Failures in Biotechnology Innovation
When I first started this paper I would have to admit that I was pretty green in the field of Biotechnology, I had a brief understanding but nothing near
an in depth understanding of the field. So when I first started looking for a success story, I tied my views on successful innovation in the areas that I am
familiar with to the biotech field. The major theme that emerged was that successful innovation equals a product that produces quality profits for a
company. After further research on the success of innovation, you do realize that profits may be the end goal of the company but success stems from a
total company wide effort, that may start many years before a single cent of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An innovation that can meet the needs of these three categories can be viewed as success in my opinion. Yes its true that there have been innovations
that have been viewed as a success even though they have meet one or more of these requirements but for the ultimate feeling of success I feel that
threes three categories have been meet in some way shape or form.
My success story starts with a company called Monsanto. They original started as a chemical company providing primarily chemical herbicides to
farm and household consumers for weed control but as of recent, nearing the expiration of the patent on their biggest cash cow "Roundup", they have
changed their scope a company focusing on innovation in biotechnology, genomics and breeding. (Monsanto, 2005) They saw that their herbicide was
still a leading seller in the industry and saw a way to improve on that product so they genetically engineered a soybean seed that would be resistant to
their herbicide Roundup creating Roundup–Ready Soy beans, the first genetically engineered crop to be commercially available. Farmers now had to
no longer apply herbicides before planting and on the borders of field they could spray the herbicides directly over the crops eliminating any weeds
from intermingling and taking away nutrients from their crops producing bigger yields. They

Biotechnology Essay
The term 'biotechnology' derives from three Greek words which are bios(life), technos(technology) and logos(thinking). According to United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity, biotechnology means any technological applications that uses biological systems, living organism, or derivatives
thereof, to make o modify products or processes for specific use. However, the American Chemical Society definesbiotechnology as the application of
biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and
organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops and lifestock. Basically, this technology is found due to evolution of certain industry. For instance,
biotechnology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, it is mainly classified into five major groups in biotechnological applications. These major groups are identified by a colour system. Biotechnology
is mainly divided into red, white, grey, green and blue biotechnology. However, there are other colour code for other areas of biotechnology too like
yellow, violet and brown. In overall, red biotechnology resembles technology used in medicine; white biotechnology is linked to industrial processes;
grey biotechnology is associated with environment; green biotechnology focuses on agricultural and environmental uses; and blue biotechnology is
used to manufacture products or application using sea raw

Essay On Biotechnology
Current advances in biotechnology through massively parallel sequencing, or Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), has allowed for the investigation
and in–depth sequencing of the human genome particularly for the study of biological markers, translational research and genotyping. Upon discovery
of cell–free DNA in maternal plasma, implementation of Non–invasive Prenatal Testing, or NIFTY/NIPT, has been actively performed throughout the
globe to test for fetal chromosomal abnormalities, particularly Down's syndrome. Detection rates of fetal aneuploidies can be done in the first and/or
second trimester – as early as 4 weeks of gestation, however, most accurate results are found at 7 weeks of gestation. The high accuracy rate of
detection of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each clinic has set several standards and cut–off ranges in order to reduce the rate of false positive that is dependent on the age of the pregnant mother
and the ranges set by the clinic itself (De Jong, A., Dondorp, W. J., et.al., 2010). The age of a pregnant woman can cause high–risk scenarios and
increases the chance of fetal abnormalities. A study conducted by Dr. C. Lewis and associates (2014) have shown that most pregnant women seeking
NIPT were typically older, predominately white, and well–educated. Furthermore, with the utilization of NIPT worldwide, there are various factors
contributing towards higher aneuploidy rates, especially in lower middle class communities, urban areas, and the slums.
Dr. C. Lewis and associates (2014) produced statistics that have found that there are typically higher rates of aneuploidy in rural and urban areas
because women tend to marry or conceive children at age 35 and older. Likewise, due to high consanguineous marriage rates in many parts of the
Middle East, there is a higher incident and increased rate of delivering a child with birth defects or a genetic disorder (Allyse, M., Minear, M., et. al,
2015). These studies have supported that although the number of cases associated with children born with a genetic disorder is unknown, there is a
high correlation associated with increased age of conception of the mother with some growing evidence of high paternal age as well, thus leading to
high termination

Biotechnology Affected The Making Of Beer
The term biotechnology defines itself. Bio means life and technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Therefor,
biotechnology is the manipulation of organisms primarily in the fields of agriculture, food science, and medicine to modify and enhance products,
plants, and animals as well as develop other microorganisms to invent useful things or solve problems.
Beer is one of the oldest beverages humans have produced, likely dating back to the dawn of cereal agriculture around 10,000 B.C.E. in ancient
Mesopotamia, the region of southwest Asia currently occupied by Iraq. No one is completely sure how the process of beer making was
discovered, or who first discovered it, but the alcoholic commencement is considered to have transpired when an early Sumerian farmer stumbled
upon some starchy or sugary material like fruit juice or bread that got wet and began to ferment within a few days resulting in an inebriating brew.
The reason someone would have thought to taste food that had been decomposing for days was most likely because during that time period, no one
would have dreamed of wasting any food, even if it smelled a bit funny. If there was a way to make it edible and it didn't kill you or make you sick,
people would do it to avoid waste. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost any substance containing sugar can naturally undergo alcoholic fermentation with the help of a microorganism. The production of beer uses
yeast and bacteria, both microbes, to produce ethanol during fermentation as well as provide flavor to the

Modern Medicine And Biotechnology Have Increased The...
Introduction
In the past couple of years, advancements in modern medicine and biotechnology have increased. Biotechnology, quoted from the Business Dictionary,
is the "application of biology to produce industrial enzymes, improved plants and animals, medicines, pesticides, etc., from living organisms or their
parts. Genetic engineering is a special application of biotechnology in which genetic (hereditary) material of a plant or animal is modified (at the
molecular level) to produce more desirable qualities." These advancements have helped increase the lifespan of humans across the world. One example
of a form of biotechnology are muscle stimulators, which help keep muscles strong while broken bones heal, because a human can't really use a muscle
with a broken bone. Another example is a nerve regenerator, which help produce cells that encourages nerve development.
Cloning is a form of biotechnology. The process of producing an organism that is genetically identical is called cloning. Cloning is an asexual
reproduction process. Cloning in biotechnology is manually cloning an organism or molecular cloning of DNA fragments. There are three types of
cloning in biotechnology; reproductive cloning which are used to produce an exact copy of an existing organism, DNA cloning which are used to
produce copies of DNA fragments, and Therapeutic cloning, which is used to for medical purposes.
What Is Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning transfer nuclear material isolated from

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Food Biotechnology And...
Food Biotechnology and Dairy Product
What is Food Biotechnology?
Food biotechnology is a branch of food science that works to improve foods and its production. Biotechnological processes which could be used to
improve the food production are industrial fermentation, plant cultures and genetic engineering.
"It must be noted that it is through genetic engineering that organisms can change the DNA of a food due to which new genetically modified food can be
introduced in the market. These genetically modified foods, which are high in demand, promotes new traits and great control as compared to the old
methods which include selective breeding and mutation breeding."(1)
History of Food Biotechnology:
"Food biotechnology leads back to the era of the Sumerians and Babylonians who made fermented beverages like beer with the help of yeast. Plant
enzymes like malts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It must be highlighted that cotton plant which was genetically engineered in China affected its agriculture as Bt cotton plant produced a chemical and
killed the cotton bollworm which proved very beneficial as the pests in cotton and its neighboring fields which included soybeans, crop etc were killed
hence increasing their production. (3)
Advantages and disadvantages of food biotechnology
It is alarming to know that there is a dispute over the use of the genetically modified food. Some people consider GM food to be dangerous and they
say that they are detrimental to health and biodiversity would be disturbed by their use hence they must not be used. On the contrary, others believe
that using GM food would benefit the world by providing disease resistant plants and save future hunger. There is still a debate going on whether GM
food products should or should not be used.
Advantages of using GM food include:
"improved storage and nutritional

Agricultural Biotechnology Essay
Agricultural Biotechnology Due to the greater understanding of DNA, the field of Agricultural Biotechnology has developed rapidly over the last
30 years. Agricultural Biotechnology is a set of tools to modify products, improve plants and animals, and make microorganism for agricultural uses.
It's being used to produce products cheaper and easy to maintain. More and more farmers and producers used genetic engineered crops because of the
price and resistances to insects and diseases. The main aim is to meet human and environmental needs. Biotechnology is a set of tools that uses living
organisms to produce or modify a product, improve plants or animals, or develop microorganisms for specific uses. The latest set of tool– some say
greatest–is genetic engineering. It allows the transfer of useful characteristics into a plant, animal, or microorganism by inserting genes from another
organism. Genetic engineering which uses molecular markers to select plants or animals that give a desirable gene, allows segments of DNA that code
genes for a specific trait to be recombined into a new. Desirable traits producers choose is short growing seasons, increased resistance to diseases and
pests, larger seeds and fruits, nutrition, and better adaption to environmental conditions. An example is the International Institute of Tropical
Agricultural has used molecular markers to obtain cowpea resistance to bruchid (a beetle). That's one type of genetic modification.
Traditional plant

Statement Of Purpose For Biotechnology
During my childhood, I lived in village where more or less every people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. I saw how hardship people
going through during plowing field, sowing seeds hoping the blessing of harvest. Hence, they did not produce expected amount of crop because
of few drawbacks likes low productive varieties, water crisis and so on. Even sometimes crops are completely destroyed by sudden drought, over
rain or outbreak of viral disease.. Suffering from frequent disaster, my family moved into city finding new way of livelihood. Then I thought if it
possible to develop plant required less water, could fight against pest and might grow without plowing. Later, I was taught biology in school and
learnt how living system works and was fascinated through the process by which we could manipulate plant life to use in human welfare. Thus, I
realized it is possible to minimize the sufferings of farmer of my community by developing noble varieties which could resist against the drought,
disease or other stresses caused by natural calamities. This urge drives me to study biotechnology in my undergraduate. ... Show more content on
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My undergraduate course curriculum (total 156 credits) balanced with courses of Biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, microbiology, plant
physiology, plant breeding, plant tissue culture, biostatistics, environmental biotechnology, microbial genetics, recombinantDNA technology, plant
biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, proteomic, genomics and bioinformatics and several others related courses that will help me in pursuit of
my graduate study. I secured more than 65% marks in almost all of the courses. During my under graduation, I love to do my lab works that makes my
theoretical knowledge more coherent. I always submit my assignment and project work in due

Genetics And Biotechnology And Its Effect On The World...
The definition of biotechnology, according to the fourth addition biology book from BJU press, states that Biotechnology is the use of technology to
enhance living organisms and processes.
Their are many aspects of biotechnoogy including cloning, genetic engineering, stem cell technology, gene therapy and genetically modified plants and
food. I will be splitting this paper off into sections by these specific aspects in order to learn more about genetics and biotechnology and its effect on the
world around us. So let's dive in. Section 1. Cloning
There are three common types of clones:natural clones, artificial clones and last but not least human clones.
Natural cloning occurs when animals without man's intervention create a native, unaffected genetic copy of themselves as their young. This occurs by
asexually reproduction, a process in which certain animals don't need two parents in order to create a young, but can make sperm themselves.
Organisms that are multicellular can reproduce by processes such as: fragmentation, budding or produce spores from asexual reproduction from natural
clones. Natural clones make an exact genetic copy of themselves except in the fetus stage. The organisms that can make a natural clone are some
jellyfish, some insects and some worms. Unlike most animals that are more common to us such as fish, birds and mammals reproduce sexually making
them inapplicable for natural cloning. Unlike the animal kingdom, plants can easily make clones and

The Monsanto Case Analysis
The objective of this report is to analyze the differences in Monsanto's experiences in the United States and Europe and the reasons of opposition in
Europe, despite that, why Monsanto pushed ahead so hard.
Monsanto is a leading biotechnology company, which an American–based company. The company had received import approval of some products
before concerns were elevated. They responded by launching an advertising campaign to discuss the potential benefits of biotechnology. Monsanto was
trying to impose America's food and production systems on the European life. Cultural differences were not factored into the European launch of GM
foods by the biotechnology industry.
When Monsanto enter into Europe market, the company did not anticipate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Europeans became increasingly skeptical that food regulatory authorities could adequately monitor and regulate the food supply. Europe–based NGOs
began to champion an anti–biotech movement in Europe, forming collaborative efforts to link and coordinate their activities.
2. The reasons of opposition in Europe
Despite the legality GM foods introduction to Europe, there were many points of resistance by European citizens, consumers, and activists. Monsanto
was not prepared for the negative response by environmental protection groups.
в‘ European culture differ from U.S culture
European cultures placed great confidence in knowledge learned through historical experience. Even food practices that were questionable by today's
standards were accepted in Europe of they had been going in for centuries without major incident. Factions of the European public opposed the
introduction of GM foods technology, and the majority of European citizens believed more caution was in order. Despite public trepidation, Monsanto
continued to stand by its genetic engineering program and planned to push ahead with the introduction of GM foods to the European market. This
position was motivated in part by the success of the products in the United States.
в‘ЎThe misunderstanding of advertising in Europe
Monsanto's introduction of GM foods in Europe faced serious challenges. As a fundamentally new type of food product, GM's had no historical
experience that people could rely on. Many at Monsanto just

Genentech Biotechnology
The birthplace of Biotechnology is located in South San Francisco, CA, where Genentech was started in 1976. Biochemist Dr. Herbert Boyer and
Robert A. Swanson were the founders of Genentech, and from 1995–2009 Arthur Levinson had become the CEO of Genentech; presently it is Ian T.
Clark. Genentech is the leading biotechnology company that uses human genetic information to discover, develop, manufacture and commercialize
medicines to treat people with serious life–threatening medical conditions (2014).
Biotechnology is the technology based on the science of cellular and biomolecular processes. The processes develop technologies and products that
help improve the lives of people and even affect the health of our environment. Biotechnology uses cellular and biomolecular processes by using
molecular mechanisms by which genetic and metabolic processes occur in plant, animal, and microbial organisms. By using this technology, it provides
breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environment footprint, feeding the hungry, uses less
energy and cleaner energy, and has safer and cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes. The many factors they are driven to prevent
in our environment overall affects our human health. Genentech provides products in the areas of immunology, oncology, and disorders of tissue
growth and repair. A familiar life–threatening disease is cancer. Whether it is melanoma, ovarian cancer, or

Global Positioning System: Decreasing Crop Chemical...
Decreasing Chemical Application with Technology
Works Cited Not Included
Many people may wonder why it is so important to decrease chemical application on the farm. When people go to the store they often do not think
about what goes into the apple or piece of bread they eat. The more chemicals that farmers use on the crops that are sold to the general public increase
the chance that those chemicals get into the food we eat. There are many ways that the government and farmers are trying to reduce the amount of
chemicals they are using. These range from simply doing crop rotation to genetically modifying plants and animals. Some of the most common ways
farmers are decreasing chemical application with technology are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Major new chemical resistant crops include oilseeds, corn, and cotton. Herbicide tolerant corn is now, including varieties that tolerate popular
herbicides based on glyphosate, glufosinate ammonium, and on imidazolinone ( U.S. Farmers pg. 1). This is a big break through for farmers because
they can spray chemicals that won't kill the crop that they spray.
There are many ways that biotechnology can be achieved, one of these is Recombinant DNA technology, this has reached a stage where scientists can
take a piece of DNA containing one or more specific gene from nearly any organism, including plants, animals, bacteria, or viruses, and introduce it
into a specific crop species. This is frequently been referred to as genetic engineering (Persley, Gabrielle pg. 1). Another common type of DNA
technology is genetically–modified organism (GMO). This is an organism that has been modified or transformed using modern techniques of genetic
exchange.
There are many people that fear biotechnology; they think that it will end up causing allergies, and super weeds. These people feel that biotechnology
should be done with traditional crop breeding. Using traditional breeding techniques would take way too long and would raise the cost drastically.
Biotechnology is an exact science and people that think super weeds such as Jointed Goat Grass, would be the result of biotechnology. Biotechnology
is the only way that we can keep up with

Recent Activities in the Biotechnology Industry Sector
Review of Recent activities in the Biotechnology Industry Sector : Focusing on Pharmaceuticals and the Company GlaxoSmithKline Biotechnology
can be defined as the industrial application of living organisms or biological techniques developed through basic research . One type of product derived
from these techniques is pharmaceuticals. Many pharmaceutical companies exist globally and produce mainly human health related products such as
medicines, vaccinations and dental care products. Due to the nature of the products being produced in the market, the speed at which new technological
breakthroughs affect new products and the high levels of competition within the market, the biotechnological pharmaceutical sector is an extremely...
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It has an estimated seven per cent of the world's pharmaceutical market . Its top product is asthma medication Advar which largely contributes to the
company's ВЈ17billion turnover in pharmaceuticals alone. Add to this their healthcare turnover of ВЈ3.2Billion and 2004's annual turnover sits at
ВЈ20.3billion, with the company recording a pre tax profit of ВЈ6.1billion . This high profit making and turnover has continued into 2005 where shares
in the company have rallied by about 25% . SWOT Analysis GlaxoSmithKline Strengths Weaknesses–Operating profits for 2005 have exceeded
forecasted results. –Many new products in advanced development stages. –Poor short–term liquidity –Reliance on a few high earning products.
OpportunitiesThreats –Potential new technology purchase from Nobex corp. –Building of new production facility in Germany –Office of Fair Trading
Price regulation. –Loss of patents and generic production. Strengths GlaxoSmithKline's operating profits have greatly succeeded those forecast by the
company. Considering during 2004 net profit at the company declined 3.9% from the previous year , the company predicted that this could again
happen in 2005. This has not happened which shows that new strategies introduced by the management of the company have worked. This upturn in
company finances looks set to continue into the next few years as of February this year over 140 products in the development

Breakthroughs In Biotechnology Research
Biotechnology to extend age in humans
Biotechnology is used everyday to change life, as we know it. In fact, people don't realize that early humans used biotechnology 10,000 years ago.
Early humans were producing beer, wine, bread, and yogurt by means of fermentation. Biotechnology is any technique that uses organisms or their
products to make a new product, to improve the life of humans or to develop microorganisms for specific scientific uses (Paul Cooley, 2014). As
early as 1500 BC humans were storing plants with certain traits such as disease resistance in order to selectively breed certain plants with certain traits
to better their lives (Jeffrey Kruck–Langland, 1999). A huge breakthrough inbiotechnology was the creation of penicillin in 1942 (Paul Cooley 2014).
This was a huge breakthrough and it save a lot of lives from disease during World War II. According to Paul Cooley (2014) in 1980 biotechnology
was used to rid the world of smallpox. Much disease such as breast cancer has been discovered through biotechnology such as breast cancer and
Parkinson's disease (Paul Cooley, 2014). They found these diseases to be gene related. In 1997 a sheep was cloned from a single adult cell through
biotechnology (Paul, Cooley, 2014). Biotechnology has been a very important part in many ways to human life, but most people do not realize that
Biotechnology may extend human life and create a better world of organisms. Biotechnology affects agriculture, the energy used to power

A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology Essay
A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology
The world of work in agriculture is in a process of rapid change. While "change" is by no means alien to agriculture, something new has entered the
arena which promises and/or threatens to fundamentally alter agricultural practices across the globe. Biotechnology has already begun to be
implemented resulting in what may be important shifts in not only agricultural production, but indeed changes in the very makeup of agricultural
products themselves. This promises to pose serious challenges and/or opportunities to farmers across the globe. However, this may of course depend
where it is particular farmers stand in relation to the power and socio–economic relations surrounding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 2000, robotics, will increase planting and harvesting efficiency. But the biggest change is the revolution of genetic engineering. Already in
hundreds of trials, gene manipulation in plants has created variations able to withstand lethal environmental conditions and pestilence. Creating new
animal "replicants" is so near on the horizon, you can't get a clear missile shot at it. Moreover, although the United States pioneered the biotech, other
countries are hot on our heels. The implication of this race is simply put by OTA's Michael Phillips: "We've been leaders in basic research, but
adapting and getting it to industry and marketplace has proved a stumbling block. And whoever gets to market first, wins." (Omni, New York, Jan 1993)
Keehn remarks:
The proponent's of today's genetic engineering movement say that they have brought [Rachel] Carson's vision to life, creating in their laboratories a
cornucopia of fruits, vegetables and grains whose genetic traits have been altered, heralding the birth of a brave new world for agriculture. Consider this
advertisement for Monsanto, and early plug for their biotechnology program. The ad focuses on a single stock of corn, growing in a desert.
Underneath appears this message: "Will it take a miracle to feed the world?" The implication?

Leading Biotechnology Company: Genentech Essay
Located in South San Francisco, CA, Genentech was started in 1976 by a biochemist Dr. Herbert Boyer and Robert A. Swanson. From 1995–2009
Arthur Levinson had become the CEO of Genentech; presently it is Ian T. Clark. Genentech is a leading biotechnology company, using human genetic
information to discover, develop, manufacture and commercialize medicines to treat people with serious or life–threatening medical conditions (2014).
Biotechnology is the technology based on the science of cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve
peoples' lives and the health of our environment. How biotechnology uses cellular and biomolecular processes are by using molecular mechanisms by
which genetic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Nelson and Quick the Yerkes–Dodson law is characterized by the idea that optimum stress leads to increased work performance (p.112).
The law explains that a person will perform at peak performance level when healthy amounts of stress are introduced into their work environment.
Stress is a mismanagement of energy in the response, or unique vulnerabilities in a person (Nelson and Quick, p.112). However, at points past healthy
stress levels one should expect a diminishing return, as the individual are overstimulated and become emotionally exhausted. For instance,
professional athletes are often expected to perform at this peak level of stress, thus producing high amounts of energy and performing at the expected
levels. Individuals who do not experience stress stimulation often perform under expected levels and are often bored and not satisfied with work,
which could result to distress. The positive stress ideology has been adopted by Genentech and makes them a staple in the work force for employee
satisfaction.
Genentech has created the perfect match between Yerkes–Dobson law and employee feedback to become a Forbes Top 100 Company. Genentech
encourages employee teamwork while also focusing on the importance of individual creativity and initiative. Employees are expected to perform at
peak levels and the company will provide them with positive stimulation. Genentech has created

A Brief Note On The Field Of Biotechnology
ABSTARCT
The field of biotechnology is always advancing . From finding ways to slow down th e process of food spoilage , advancements in genetic engineering
to adapting organisms to clean p contaminated environemets, new applications and biotechnological invntions are continuously being developed to
help our world. In the field of biotechnology biology is used involving the use of living organisms in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields
that have include anything with bio products. Those products are also used in biotechnology for manufacturing purposes. Other words that are alike are
ones that include the engineering of genes and also a technologies cell– and tissue culture. The basic idea surrounds a wide range of steps (and history)
for changing living organisms according to human purposes such as going back to the cultivation of animals, plants, and advancements to these
through programs that breed and that employ synthetic selection . When comparing biotechnology, bioengineering is basically thought of as a field
that has a lot of similarities especially with its emphasis for using living things.
MAIN BODY
A living system grows, provides for itself and reproduces by itself. The coolest thing about a living system is that it is composed of non–living
molecules and atoms. Biochemistry is basically that the pursuit of knowledge of what goes on chemically within a living system is classifies as such.
Although there are thousands of different types

How Can The Government Use Biotechnology Improve Public...
Andrew Firestone
Professor Feldmann
Biotechnology
12 November, 2015
How Can the Government Use Biotechnology to Improve Public Health?
Biotechnology is the use of existing systems and organisms to develop products(). One sector of Biotechnology that will help in improving public health
is medical biotechnology which focuses on genetic causes of diseases and individualized cures().The problem is that federal regulations affect research
choices and procedures that limit the potential of these study's. Public health issues range from infectious disease to prescription drug abuse. In order
for the United States government to resolve these issues it is not only going to take state legislatures shaping the public health system which includes ...
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Developing countries feel the affect of infectious disease greater than anyone else. Global health is something society works on improving every
day. To improve how society battles health disparities one must look at the science involved in curing diseases and sickness. Rapid and effective
diagnostic tools, new vaccines and drugs, and efficient delivery methods form the groundwork for a successful public health system that will in itself
lead to a global health improvement. In addition to improving global health, poverty will also come closer to eradication which is what society
strives for on a daily basis. The application of each of these improvements in societal health problems will effectively get people closer to achieving the
common goal of eliminating disease and discovering a perfect system that allows any individual access to health care. These means can be achieved
very effectively using biotechnology. Biotechnology has astonishing potential to address these problems and improve upon them.
A cure for the Ebola infection has not yet been found in humans but scientists in Canada announced the successful treatment of the infection in
monkeys in 2012. This was found using combined antibodies that agreed with the casing around the Ebola virus. This cure was found in a
Biotechnological laboratory in Winnepeg, Manitoba(). Although this may not be a cure for humans it is a big step forward. This eliminates many
difficult challenges that scientists were facing when

Pros And Uses Of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is defined as is the application of biological organisms, system or process to manufacturing and service industries.
Biotechnology is the integrated to the use of biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological application of the
capabilities of micro–organisms cultured as the tissue cells.
Biotechnology as the word suggests that it is combination of biology and technology. Biotechnology is the use of technology to use, modify or
upgrade the part or whole of biological system for industrial and human welfare and so on. Biotechnology can also be used for living things especially
cells and bacteria for production of various products for benefiting human beings.
Biotechnology is also a combination ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a combination of various technologies, applied together to living cells, including not only biology, but also subjects like mathematics, physics,
chemistry and engineering. Its application ranges from agriculture Animal Husbandry, Cropping system, Soil science and Soil Conservation, Plant
Physiology. History Biotechnology has been used by People for thousands of years. people were using biotechnology techniques thousands of years
before, but they did not named their working field as biotechnology.
The name biotechnology was given by Hungarian engineer Karoly Ereky in 1919 to describe a technology based on converting raw materials into a
more useful product.
Way back Egyptians also applied fermentation technologies to make dough rise during bread making. Due in part to this application, there were more
than 50 varieties of bread in Egypt more than 4,000 years ago
The ancient Egyptians also made wine by using fermentation techniques based on an understanding of the microbiological processes that occur in the
absence of oxygen.
Many people have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with
desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring
Fields in

Genetic Engineering Essay example
Genetic Engineering
There are many risks involved in genetic engineering. The release of genetically altered organisms in the environment can increase human suffering,
decrease animal welfare, and lead to ecological disasters. The containment of biotechnological material in laboratories and industrial plants contributes
to the risk of accidental release, especially if the handling and storage are inadequate. The purely political dangers include intensified economic
inequality, the possibility of large–scale eugenic programs, and totalitarian control over human lives. How should the acceptability of these risks be
determined? We argue that the assessment should be left to those who can be harmed by the decisions in question. Economic... Show more content on
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If, on the other hand, there is no God, we can only lose a few earthly pleasures by acting as if there was. Since the happiness and misery we encounter
if God exists are infinite, it is always, no matter how small the probability, in our own best interest to place our trust on His beneficient existence rather
than on the meagre pleasures of godless hedonism.
The ethos of Pascal's wager can be easily applied to genetic engineering. We can either believe or disbelieve that all living beings have an essence, or
nature, which must not, for fear of an unnamed but absolute horror, be tampered with. As our belief in this essence would only cost us a few
technological advances we can live without, we should not risk drawing upon ourselves the ultimate punishment by 'playing God' or by otherwise
acting 'unnaturally'. (3)
Deontological critics of biotechnology typically argue that the new gene–splicing techniques can involve acts which should never be performed,
whatever the consequences. For a proponent of this view, the dangerous element in genetic engineering is not the probability of concrete physical or
psychological harm which can ensue from its use, but the likelihood that it can lead people into performing acts which are categorically forbidden.
These acts are in some theories linked with the essence of humanity, and in others with the concept of absolute rights or

Relationship Between Science And Science
Policymakers use science daily to inform decisions that affect our health and safety. Scientists are confronted with greater demands for productivity and
effectiveness from industrialists, social actors, and policymakers, who are expecting answers to diverse issues afflicting present–day lives: from human
diseases to environmental perils, technological needs, or public controversies. At the same time, there are growing fears from the public vis–Г –vis the
side effects of modern scientific and technological innovations. These concerns are not incompatible but provide the basis for recognizing the role of
science in democratic societies (Pereira, 2004).
The relationship between science and democracy is an age–old conundrum with continuing public controversy and a fruitful but difficult co–existence
(MacLeod, 1997). As Fischer explains, democracy and science are both characteristics of the Western society and the tension between them is a
long–standing critical theme in contemporary politics (Fischer, 2003). While democracy represents open discussion on the part of all citizens, science
has always represented the sphere of the knowledge society. While democracy strives to promote a broad array of viewpoints and perspectives, science
for its part, attempts to restrict the number of participants seeking the right answer or assessment (ibid, 2003).
As more countries attempt to run their governments on democratic principles with their performance failing to meet the growing

The Effect of Biotechnology on World Economy and Society
Cynthia Robbins–Roth's book "From Alchemy to IPO: The Business of Biotechnology" is a must read for those who are passionate towards the field
of biotechnology. It offers a complete insight on the exciting world of biotechnology, right from its initial stages in the 1970's and 1980's. For many
centuries now, biotechnology has been in practice such as to bake bread, brew alcoholic beverages, and breed food crops or domestic animals. But recent
developments in molecular biology and genetics, have given biotechnology new meaning, new prominence and new potential. It has captured the
attention of the public. Modern biotechnology can have a dramatic effect on the world economy and society and this is the underlying statement
throughout the book.
In the first section, the author starts by explaining the rise of three major biotechnology companies, Genentech, Amgen and Genzyme and their
competition with the big pharmaceutical companies. These companies had and have the best working researchers when compared to the
pharmaceutical companies. As a former employee of Genentech, the author also gives accounts of inside stories. For example, the interactions of
employees with Bob Swanson (founder of Genentech). She then moves on to the research aspects of biotechnology and gives an account of the various
genetic engineering tools and techniques used such as Biochips and Microarrays .Other topics covered include tissue regeneration ,treating diseases
using antisense drugs, somatic

Biotechnology : Genetically Modified Foods
Biotechnology refers to the technology employed to use, modify or change the natural processes of living organisms to develop products, systems or
environments to be beneficial for humans. Biotechnology has been used by humans to produce staple foods since the beginning of civilisation. The
domestication of plants and animals and the use of microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt, bread, beer and wine are examples of early uses of
biotechnology. Modern biotechnology involves understanding genes and the study of genes, covering controlling gene activities and adjusting or
transferring genes.
In recent years, there have been many applications of biotechnology including DNA profiling (DNA analysis of samples from body tissues or fluids to
identify an individual), DNA cloning, IVF (in vitro fertilisation – conceiving a baby outside of the body), designer babies (baby whose genetic
make–up has been specifically selected), transgenesis (introducing foreign genes into an organism), genome analysis, genetic modification (including
genetically modified foods), stem cell research, tissue engineering (improving or replacing tissues) and also xenotransplantation (transporting organs or
tissues between two different species).
In forensics, through the use of DNA profiling, DNA can examined to determine the parentage of a victim, and also to determine the identity of a
criminal. Bioremediation can clean up pollution in the environment including soil, water and the surrounding atmosphere

The Controversy Surrounding Genetically Engineered Foods...
Food Biotechnology
There is much controversy surrounding genetically engineered (GE) foods and the use of biotechnology. However, they offer many scientifically
proven advantages that could have a dramatic impact on world hunger and our environment in the near future. At the same time, the public is asking
many good questions and raising concerns about what long term negative effects genetically engineered foods may have on the population's health and
the environment. Never the less, based on the following list, the advantages biotechnology currently provides, seems to out way the potential
disadvantages they could impose on our future.
Advantages of Biotechnology:
1. Genetically engineered fruits and vegetables provide extended shelf lives, which allow farmers to harvest them at the peak of flavor and nutrition.
The result is a better quality product, which is produced with less waste, can be transported farther for sale and provides more profits for farmers. (1, 3)
2. Using a strategy called biofortification; scientists are able to genetically alter crops to fortify themselves with key vitamins and minerals versus
having to fortify them during the food processing phase. The long term success of biofortification could effectively eliminate nutrient deficiency
diseases around the world. (1)
3. Foods can be processed more efficiently when they are genetically engineered. Production elements themselves can be genetically engineered, which
can saves time, money and space.

Genetic Engineering And The Canadian Regulation

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