Circumcision In The Maasai Warrior

Circumcision In The Maasai Warrior
Moreover his father was a strict father and during the time that he was following the tribe he was
still staying with all of his family. While still having the thought of being circumcised he is still
frightened by the idea of it actually happening, but it must be done so he gets respect and gains his
presence in the tribe."Maasai believe that the pain one feels during circumcision is symbolic. the
pain has a deeper meaning and people should respect circumcision. Circumcision implies a
transformation from childhood to adulthood". Even as a young child, Saitoti still has the thought of
rebelling against what his culture wants in order to initiate a Maasai Warrior. This is significant,
because Saitoti sees the awful spotlight he is in since
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Objective. 1- The Objective Of This Case Study Is To How
Objective
1– The objective of this case study is to how to accurate assess patient diagnosis with Candida
Balanitis.
Case Study
Al is a 16–year–old caucasian boy a complaint of sore, reddened, inflamed and swollen glans penis
and foreskin. He is partial circumcised has a small skin adhesion on the anterior portion of the glans
penis. The patient disclosed the following during our interview: Al patient denies that he also has
discharge from his penis but he did notice white film surrounding the head of his penis when he
retracted his foreskin. He stated it hurts to retract the skin from on his penis; therefore, he does not
retract it routinely to clean it. He says he has had symptoms for several days and that they are
getting worse. Al ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He refused to attempt to care for the child 's penis growing up; whenever he bathed him as a young
baby or toddler he only washed the external penile shaft. However, his mother pulled back the
foreskin and washed his penis during bath time but Al always appeared in pain when the skin was
retracted. The mother was uncomfortable with this process but continued to cleanse his penis until
he was of age to provide proper care to his own genital. Al was diagnosed with Diabetes at the age
of 12. He takes 10 units of Lantus subcutaneous every day at bedtime. He checks his blood sugar
every morning when he wakes up for school at 7 am before he eats breakfast. His blood sugar range
between 70 and 95 usually. He sometimes forgets to take his blood sugar on the weekend. He
notices the last two days his blood sugar was elevated; one day it was 120 and the next day it was
130. He did not have any changes in his eating pattern but he was not alarmed because he felt fine.
Examination and Laboratory Studies
The doctor ordered a urinalysis to rule out UTI and Candiduria due to dysuria. The urinalysis results
were normal with the exception of the high level of glucose in his urine which is a common
occurrence in diabetics with an infection. Therefore, a fast glucose level was ordered and the reading
was 130 which is high. A culture of the purulent drainage was done by a sub–preputial swab to
exclude or confirm a fungal infection; the results revealed

Essay On Circumcision
wikihow.com wikihow.com Circumcision is something that we consider very normal in our
American culture. Although we may consider ourselves familiar with the concept of this practice,
there's still a lot we don't know about it, and quite a bit of misinformation on the topic. You would
be surprised at how wrong some of the information you assume to be true actually is. Here are some
of the most common misconceptions about it. Number Eight: Circumcision Protects Against
Medical Issues There are NO proven medical benefits to circumcision, although many people
believe there are. The procedure is purely cosmetic. Number Seven: Having an Intact Male Baby
Means More Cleaning This is another myth. When a baby boy is born and is not circumsized, ...
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The head of the baby's penis is left raw and bloody and is a very painful and traumatic experience.
Number Three: The Medical Industry Doesn't Benefit from Circumcision A lot of people don't
realize that this is an extremely profitable industry, making $400 billion every year, which explains
why it still happens even without proven benefits to the child. Doctors sell the foreskins to medical
research agencies and they are quite expensive. Number Two: Uncircumcised Babies Might Have to
Get the Procedure Later This is a rumor that's passed around from person to person and has no basis
in reality whatsoever. A few men may choose to have the procedure done later in life for cosmetic
reasons, but the case of a boy needing it done for medical reasons is extremely rare and would only
happen in cases of frost bite, gangrene, or other conditions highly unlikely to reach the foreskin.
Number One: Male Circumcision is not as Bad as Female This is false. Male circumcision is equally
damaging as female genital mutilation, which many people find horrific. We hope that this article
was informative and helped teach you something. Thanks for

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans Research Paper
Men who are affected by unusual spots, penis pain, thickening of the penis skin, and phimosis – the
inability to retract the foreskin – may be affected by a condition known as balanitis xerotica
obliterans. While this condition is not generally serious, it can get worse without treatment and may
lead to more serious complications. Not all doctors are familiar with this condition, so men who
experience the related symptoms should be familiar with the disorder so that they can help their
doctors understand what to look for.
Following is a brief overview of balanitis xerotica obliterans, as well as the available treatments and
some tips to proper penis care.
What is balanitis xerotica obliterans?
Commonly abbreviated as BXO, this condition is considered as the male manifestation of lichen
sclerosis, a benign condition that affects the skin. While the symptoms are not confined to the penis,
they can be most worrying in this area, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there appears to be a hereditary component, and men who suffer from BXO are also likely
to experience other autoimmune type conditions. While BXO may appear unattractive and cause
issues with sex, the condition is not contagious and cannot be passed to a partner, either through
sexual contact or otherwise.
Common Symptoms of BXO
The most common symptoms of BXO include white patches on the glans penis, as well as under the
foreskin; a thickened ring of tissue may also form around the tip of the glans, and penis pain may
also occur. Adhesions of the foreskin to the glans may also occur and lead to phimosis, a condition
in which it is difficult or impossible to retract the foreskin over the crown of the penis. Erectile
issues may also accompany these symptoms.
In more advanced stages, the white or grayish patches may reach the shaft, and even the scrotum.
Scrubbing or otherwise attempting to move the lesions is not effective and may cause further
damage to the skin.

The Ethical And Religious Aspects Of Circumcision
Male circumcision is performed for either medical or religious purposes. There is a significant
amount of controversy regarding to the benefits and complications of male circumcision, therefore,
it is a common research topic in both pediatrics, urology, ethics, and public health. Many studies
have found multiple benefits in circumcision and as of today, the World Health Organization finds
circumcision as one of the preventive methods against HIV/AIDS infection and transmission in
developing countries (WHO, 2014). However, circumcision is not totally safe procedure and several
acute and chronic risks are expected.
The aim of this paper is the presentation of advantages and disadvantages associated with male
circumcision based on peer reviewed articles and recommendations of WHO. The ethical and
religious aspects of circumcision will not be discussed in this paper.
Introduction
Circumcision is a surgical removal of the prepuce (the foreskin), which is a highly innervated and
vascularized section of penile tissue that provides both protection and motorization to the glans
penis. One of the main medical indication for circumcision is phimosis that is unresponsive to
pharmacological treatment. Phimosis is a scarring and thickening of the foreskin that prevents its
retraction back over the glans (Sorokan, et at, 2015). During decision making for a circumcision it is
very important to differentiate phimosis from normal physiological process, because many patients
undergo

Gomco Case
The GoMo study: a randomized clinical trial assessing neonatal pain with Gomco vs Mogen clamp
circumcision Reviewer: Leya Saju, MS3 Clinical Bottom Line: This study is the first randomized
controlled trial comparing neonatal pain in Mogen circumcision to Gomco clamp since the
American Academy of Pediatrics required in 1999 that all such procedures be performed under
anesthesia. Although both techniques had minimal complications, Mogen circumcision was
observed to be faster, and associated with decreased heart rate as well as mean arterial blood
pressure when compared to Gomco. Furthermore, despite there being no difference in the clinically
validated neonatal pain score CRIES (crying, requires increased oxygen administration, increased
vital ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gomco clamp was observed to be associated with a significant increase in post–operative heart rate
and mean arterial blood pressure. Table 4 summarizes the CRIES score associated with and duration
of each circumcision technique. Both groups were observed to have the same CRIES score.
However, Mogen clamp was found to be significantly faster than Gomco. Comments: There are
several strengths to this study. This is the largest randomized, controlled, clinical trial comparing
neonatal pain between Gomco and Mogen clamps. Furthermore, by having all the circumcisions be
performed by a single provider group, the authors were able to control for provider confounders.
Both procedure protocols were solely based on the most recent recommendations from the American
Academy of Pediatrics. However, as the study was exclusive to healthy and term infants, the results
can only be generalized to this population, not to premature infants or older males. Another
limitation is that these observations are regarding short–term outcomes of the procedures, not long–
term outcomes of Gomco and Mogen clamp circumcisions. Furthermore, the research nurses who
scored the pain were not blinded to the treatment

Benefits Of Having A Circumcision
Male Circumcision's
Many years' people have made the conscious decision to either circumcise their new born baby or
have the surgery themselves and remove the foreskin from the penis. However, most people make
these decisions are solely based on culture and religion rather than the need of the patient. Although
some may argue that it is a necessary act for a new born baby boy to be circumcised due to the fact
that maintaining care is much more efficient. There are other whom deem this practice unethical and
inhumanly unnecessary. That having this surgical procedure done can cause more harm for either the
baby and cause medical and physical problems in the years to come of a young and growing man.
Benefits of having a circumcision #1
Many people thought the world have either chosen to have the surgical surgery to remove the
foreskin around the penis or have the chose for the hours old infant son. As with any surgical
procedure it is preformed to prevent future problems and improve a person's way of life. For
instance, an uncircumcised male could develop a medical condition known as phimosis.
(medicine.net) Phimosis is condition to where the foreskin does not retract and can become very
painful and is susceptible to harboring bacteria. In addition, to bacterial infects those that are not
circumcised are prone to other types of infections such as unary tract infects. Young infant males
that are not uncircumcised are at a much higher risk of developing unary tract infection and

The Act Of Male Circumcision
The act of male circumcision is a practice dating centuries. Accounts of circumcision can be found
all over the world with many different myths and legends. There are many different reasons why this
antediluvian ritual takes place. In ancient times, circumcision was regarded as a rite of passage. The
act was a symbolic transformation from adolescence to adulthood. Many other ancient cultures
participated in circumcising as a means for eliminating masturbation. Today, circumcision is
performed for very different reasons. Parents who circumcise may do so out of religious beliefs.
Some may circumcise because of social pressure. Many parents feel an obligation to circumcise in
order for their child "fit in". Others circumcise on the basis of health and hygiene concerns. Some
even circumcise out of pure ignorance about the issues that arise from the procedure. While the
motives for circumcision have constantly changed, the practice still remains. The effects of
circumcision are damaging to the male child's body and mind. Circumcision is a permanent decision
forced upon a child with no say in the matter. These days, it is no longer considered a rite of passage
or a sacrifice needed for salvation. The health benefits circumcision claims seem to be under–
investigated and minimal. So why do Americans still circumcise their children? Perhaps it is the
social stigma of remaining intact or the misguided health concerns. Maybe it is a lack of knowledge
about circumcision. No matter what

Circumcision: Division In The Early Church
Circumcision is the action or practice of circumcising a young boy,but do not judge this word by its
short definition ,it is more perplexed , complicated and older than it seems. According to Genesis,
God told Abraham to circumcise himself, his household and his slaves as an everlasting covenant in
their flesh. Those who were not circumcised were to be 'cut off' from their people (Genesis 17:10–
14). Circumcision was the first major dispute in the early Church. Circumcision is as controversial
today as it was in the New Testament times. Then, as now, it could tear marriages and families apart.
Fortunately, insights we can gain from the Bible about circumcision can guide us today.The purpose
of this paper is to examine this issue who brought division in the early church and how the church ...
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Based on Galatians it appears that Paul had taught the Gentiles that they do not have to follow the
Jewish Law to be part of the church. "for in Christ neither circumcision nor uncircumcision means
anything but faith working through love" (Galatians 5:6).This also included food laws ."Look: I,
Paul, say to you that if you accept circumcision, Christ will be of no advantage to you. I testify again
to every man who accepts circumcision that he is obligated to keep the whole law"(Galatians 2–
3).Paul here is speaking of circumcision not as it was an ordinance by God but as it was now
abolished by Jesus. On the other hand we have the idea of "circumcision of the heart"(romans
2:29)which says "a jew is one inwardly and circumcision is a matter of the heart ,by the spirit ,not
by the letter".so if this statement is analyzed that means physical circumcision does not make one
child of god but faith does .True "children of god" are those who follow abraham's example of
believing god (genesis 15:6).God is not concerned with circumcision in the flesh because his
priority was a spiritual circumcision of the heart

Persuasive Essay On Child Circumcision
Imagine you are in hospital room somewhere in Malaysia. A young girl timidly toddles in with her
mother, and is soon restrained by her mother and a medical attendant while her genitals are cut
against her will. This will ensure that her body is cleaner, her mother has been conditioned to think.
It will also make her daughter's genitals look more aesthetically pleasing. After the procedure has
been completed, the girl lay there suffering in pain, and the doctor proudly announces to her mother,
"Congratulations! Her circumcision is finished!" As appalling as it is to imagine this scenario,
thousands of American newborns go through this trauma every day; simply change the gender from
girl to boy. Routine infant circumcision (RIC) is described as "the nonreligious elective removal of
the prepuce of the penis in the days following birth, [and] is the most common surgery performed in
the United States." (Mitchell and Beal)
Although circumcision is thought to be one of the oldest procedures in the world, the manner in
which American doctors perform it is relatively new. Unbeknownst to most modern day Americans,
circumcision wasn't widely practiced in the country until about 1910. As a matter of fact, none of
our founding fathers, including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, were circumcised!
Americans tend to be dumbfounded when they learn that "about 80 percent of the world's population
do not practice circumcision, nor have they ever done so." (Wallerstein) We are, in

Circumcised
even though the majority of guys worldwide are intact – that's, have a penis with a foreskin – in
some constituents of the world, equivalent to the U.S., most guys are circumcised. In such areas,
women not often come into contact with a foreskin and so might benefit from a brief guide to this
body section. Although there is ongoing (and often fierce) debate as to whether being circumcised or
intact is "higher" or has a confident influence on penis health, most intact guys are rather convinced
with having a foreskin. What's it? The technical time period for the foreskin is "prepuce," although
there are a lot of other slang phrases for it (corresponding to hood, cap, sheath, and many others.).
The foreskin is a flap of epidermis that covers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some intact guys decide on to slip a condom on with the foreskin masking the glans; others select to
roll again the foreskin and expose the glans before becoming the condom on. It's most of the time
advocated that a man be retracted. If a woman is helping observe the condom, she should ask a man
for guidance in order to not go too fast or difficult. – Hygiene is principal. For all men, just right
penis hygiene is relevant. For intact guys, washing "below the hood" is most important – and can
mostly be slightly tricky. This is peculiarly proper if the foreskin is tight; rolling it again to clean
underneath the foreskin may also be difficult. However, many times a man can over wash–
underneath the epidermis, which can rationale the glans and surrounding subject to dry up. Utilizing
a first–rate penis wellbeing creme (health gurus recommend Man1 Man Oil) can help with these
foreskin cleaning challenges – and a girl can consultant her man to this alternative. A crème with a
combination of a high–end emollient (reminiscent of Shea butter) and a usual hydrator (reminiscent
of diet E) can support to preserve the epidermis moisturized. All guys are inclined to penis smell
problems; when cleansing underneath the foreskin is difficult, this can also be stated. Fortunately, a
crème with vitamin A, which has amazing anti–bacterial residences, can help to kill the bacteria that
make contributions to power penis odor stipulations. Women

Effects Of Alcohol On Body And How It Affects People Essay
Chapter Six discusses the effects that alcohol has on the body and how it affects people. The
amounts of death by drinking and driving have started educational efforts such as MADD (Mothers
Against Drunk Driving). Physically alcohol makes significant damage to the human body. It
damages nerves in the body creating permanent damage. The liver stops working because it
becomes hard, called cirrhosis. The blood cannot go through and has to go through other avenues in
the body causing stomach distension and bloating. The heart cannot work as well and therefore there
is fluid built up in the legs and abdomen. Brain damage is caused by the loss of vitamins, creating
memory loss. Bill W. created Alcoholics Anonymous to help other alcoholics in a Christian way. He
used the five C's that he learned from Rev. Sam Shoemaker. The five C's are Confidence,
Confession, Conviction, Conversion and Continuance. Rev. Sam made clear that if you leave God
out of anything that you need to do, you add pride to whatever other sins you are committing.
Psalms 23: 19–21, describes how alcohol may look piece and pretty at first, but it bites and leads to
pain and hallucinations. Chapter seven discusses smoking. Lung cancer today is the number one
cancer killer. One in four cancer deaths. It was not until the 1950's until doctors discovered that it
was the smoking that was killing so many people. Smoking not only causes lung cancer, but also
bladder, pancreas, and breast cancer. The

David Peter Reimer Research Paper
David Peter Reimer was a Canadian boy born in Winnipeg, Manitoba on August 22, 1965. David's
parents noticed he had an unusual way of urinating. He was diagnosed with Phimosis at
approximately six months of age. David was taken to the hospital at eight months for the standard
procedure of circumcision. During the procedure, the physician accidentally burned David's penis
far beyond surgical repair. The cause was due to an electrocautery needle that was used instead of
the usual scalpel. After the unfortunate procedure, a psychologist named John Money, who oversaw
the case, suggested David have a sex change performed to "fix" the problem of the burnt–off penis.
David's parents were distressed and were uncertain whether or not to go along with the sex change.
They eventually decided to agree with the procedure after constant persuasion from John Money and
other medical staff. David ended up having the sex change while John Money selfishly oversaw the
case and used David Reimer as a private study. His belief was that ... Show more content on
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After the sex change, Dr. Money forced Brenda and her brother to rehearse sexual acts stating that
the sexual play was crucial for "healthy adult gender identity" (Top 10).
. Dr. Money occasionally made the siblings remove their clothes and perform "genital inspections".
He concluded that the experiment was a success, but failed to report that Brenda behaved more like
a stereotypical boy and was constantly confused about many things. Brenda's parents continued to
raise him as a girl and did not tell him about the procedure or anything that happened when he was
an infant. This had traumatic results on Brenda and his family. Brenda's brother was diagnosed with
depression. Her mother was also diagnosed with depression and was often suicidal. Over time,
Brenda's father increased his drinking and turned became an

Persuasive Essay On Male Circumcision
The world is in a constant conflict in terms of defining a man with bodily features – what truly
makes a man, a man? For years upon years, society has placed an emphasis on the process of
circumcision, the removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis. Typically completed just after
birth in the United States, this is amongst one of the most common surgical procedures completed
with an average of one million newborn children receiving this procedure annually. Surely, a
procedure as common as this must have some societal significance, which this paper aims to
discover. What is the true meaning we put behind male circumcision? Are the religious and ethical
reasons truly significant enough to reliably promote a medical procedure this significant? Why do
we still perpetuate a culture surrounding the masculinity of circumcision? As stated earlier,
circumcision remains to be one of the most commonly completed procedures around the world. The
surgery is usually carried out in infancy after informing the parents of the procedure, any possible
health complications, and various statistics regarding the benefits. Shortly after, newborn children
are secured to an operating table and local anesthetic is applied to the genitalia. Then, the surgeon
uses one of three common techniques to remove the foreskin and "recreate" the aesthetics of the
head of the penis. This procedure doesn't necessarily take place in the sanitary environment of an
operating room, as the procedure is often done

Foreaskin Research Paper
Foreskin Hygiene, Pediatric
The foreskin is the loose skin that covers the head of the penis (glans). Keeping the foreskin area
clean can help prevent infection and other conditions. If this area is not cleaned, a creamy substance
called smegma can collect under the foreskin and cause odor and irritation.
The foreskin of an infant or toddler does not need unique hygiene care. You should wash the penis
the same way as any other part of your child's body, making sure you rinse off any soap. Cleaning
inside the foreskin is not necessary for children that young.
RETRACTING THE FORESKIN
Usually, the foreskin will fully separate from the glans by age 5 years, but it may separate as early as
age 2 years or as late as puberty.
When the foreskin has separated from the glans, it can be pulled back (retracted) so that the glans
can be cleaned.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forcing the foreskin to retract can injure it and cause problems.
Children should be allowed to retract the foreskin on their own when they are ready.
KEEPING THE FORESKIN AREA CLEAN
Before puberty, the foreskin area should be cleaned from time to time or as needed.
After puberty, it should be cleaned every day.
Until the foreskin can be easily retracted, wash over the foreskin with soap and water.
When the foreskin can be easily retracted, wash the area under the foreskin in the shower or bathtub:
1 Gently retract the foreskin to uncover the glans. Do not retract the foreskin farther back than is
comfortable. The distance the foreskin can retract varies from person to person.
2 Wash the glans with mild soap and water. Rinse the area thoroughly.
3 Dry the glans when you get out of the shower or bathtub.
4 Slide the foreskin back to its regular position.
Teach your child to perform these steps on his own when he is ready to start bathing himself.
During urination, a bit of foreskin should always be retracted to keep the glans

Circumcision Persuasive Speech
Title: Circumcision in baby boys
Name: Leya Saju
Plain Language Summary
What is circumcision? What are the benefits? What are the risks?
Circumcision is when the skin that surrounds the tip of the penis is removed. It is a very common
surgery in the United States. It is usually done in newborns, but can also be done in older men.
Families choose to do circumcision because of personal hygiene, faith, tradition etc. While other
families see it as unnecessary.
Circumcision makes it easier to wash the penis and keep the area clean. It also decreases the chance
of getting infections. Sometimes in men who are not circumcised, it may become difficult to pull the
foreskin back. This may cause that foreskin or the head of the penis to become inflamed. Also,
cancer of the penis is seen less in circumcised men. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rarely, the foreskin does not heal properly or the cut may be made too short or too long. The
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends circumcision because there are a lot more
benefits than risks, but the decision is entirely up to the parents.
How is it done? Does it hurt?
Circumcision is usually done within 10 days after birth at the hospital nursery. It takes about 10
minutes to do. The baby will lie on his back and the foreskin will be removed by attaching a Mogen
or Gomco clamp to the penis. Ointment and gauze are then used to wrap the penis.
An injection with anesthetics or a cream for pain is used first. To distract the infant, sometimes sugar
water is also used. Research also shows that there may be a difference in pain when a Mogen clamp
is used instead of Gomco. These clamps are common tools used to hold the foreskin away from the
tip of the penis so that your doctor can make a neat cut and reduce any harm to the head of the

Why Circumcision Is Wrong
Circumcision is considered "normal" in America, but what if it isn't as normal as we think? Did you
know that most of the world does not participate in this practice? Here are some reasons why, if you
have a baby boy, you should reconsider getting him circumcised.
Number Eight: There is NO Medical Reason or Benefit
People in Asia or European countries are often shocked to hear that circumcision is a routine
operation in the USA. People from these parts of the world (where 90% are uncircumcised) suffer
no bad consequences as a result of keeping their foreskins intact.
Number Seven: Circumcision is Becoming Less and Less Common
You may be afraid that your son will get, as they say, "laughed at in the locker room", but times are
changing. In 1981, over 80% of boys were circumcised, and that number has dropped drastically.
Today, only 55% of boys are circumcised, because people are realizing it's pointless. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This skin is there for a reason. It wasn't an evolutionary mistake.
Number Five: You Would be Decreasing Your Son's Pleasure Potential
The foreskin is full of nerve endings. When you cut this off, you are reducing your son's sensitivity
by up to 40%! This is a choice he should make on his own, if he decides he wants it as an adult.
Number Four: It's Not a Hassle to Clean the Foreskin
Folk tales and rumors would have you believe that bacteria is a danger for uncut penises, but that's
not true. It only takes a few seconds longer to wash than a circumcised penis.
Number Three: It's Permanent, and Your Son May Regret

Essay Male Circumcision is Unnecessary and Wrong
Male Circumcision is Unnecessary and Wrong
I am opposed to the circumcision of infants. Here are my reasons:
The reason circumcision is performed at all is for historical and religious reasons, not for medical
reasons. Circumcision is not medically necessary; the medical societies now consider it optional,
and will in time recommend against it because of the risks involved. The health benefits claimed are
always statistically minor and so do not warrant the practice. Additionally, any putative health
benefits mostly relate to adult males; to circumcise a baby today for benefits that are hoped to
accrue decades later is unwarranted, because advances in medicine that will occur during those
decades may make such prevention ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Removal of an equivalent amount of skin from any other part of the body, such as earlobes, would
be considered mutilation, pure and simple. The only reason circumcision is not considered
mutilation is again for historical and religious reasons which should carry no weight in a rational
discussion of public policy. It's always been done, hence it's okay, seems to be the reasoning
involved. The same argument can be made in favor of female circumcision among those cultures
that favor it, yet this practice is viewed with horror by most Americans.
Circumcision reduces the sensitivity of the penis, and so reduces sexual pleasure in adult males, and
a botched circumcision can ruin a man's life.
Circumcision removes a necessary protection of a sensitive part, as nude sunbathers discover. This
protection is also useful while clothed.
Circumcision is performed on a patient who cannot give his consent. Because it is not medically
required, for reasons of medical ethics it should be withheld until consent is possible.
Circumcision is performed in the name of a religion which may be repudiated by the recipient when
he becomes able to judge. For such persons, the religious purpose becomes nugatory. The bodies of
children should not be sacrificed to the religion of their parents.
The religious purpose of circumcision may have been repudiated by the church of which the parents
are members. Through

Persuasive Essay On Male Circumcision
In September of 1997, it became illegal in the united states to perform circumcisions on females
(Horowitz, 1997). However, to this day there is still a gender–based human rights violation that has
not been protected by law. Male infants often undergo genital surgery that is not medically
necessary. Male circumcision is the only non–therapeutic surgery performed on minors as an
attempt to prevent disease. It is my hope that one day, all newborns will be protected from having
their genitals altered, unless medically necessary. Many people become outraged at the thought of
females being circumcised, but are okay with circumcising males. The double standard in America
is astonishing. While other developed countries are trying to out this barbaric procedure and
recommending parents leave their babies intact, the U.S is still promoting this outdated and
unnecessary surgery. There are no medical organizations in the world that recommend routinely
circumcising all infant males. The Canadian pediatric society states "The CPS does not recommend
the routine circumcision of every newborn male (Canadian paediatric). The Royal Australasian
College of Physicians' state: "After reviewing the currently available evidence, the RACP believes
that the frequency of diseases modifiable by circumcision, the level of protection offered by
circumcision and the complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision
in Australia and New Zealand." () There is currently no

Circumcision Research Argumentative Essay
Let's say breakfast cereal was invented to prevent you from masturbating and keep men pure and
sane. In Jewish, Islamic, and Christian practices a newborn boy must be circumcised in order to be
accepted by their god. Others have formed organizations fighting circumcision –– a surgery that
removes the foreskin covering the glans of the penis –– because it is viewed as inhumane and
extremely traumatic to a newborn boy. Thankfully, people have found scientific proof which provide
the public with medical reasons and facts as to why circumcision might or might not be necessary in
a male's life. In American Culture, circumcision has been a medically suggested practice in order to
prevent penile cancer, urinary–tract infections(UTIs) and a lower risk of sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs). Not to mention the astounding amount of numbers that show over 2.1 million
males in America that have been circumcised since 2008 at some point in their lives. Despite what
side a parent or adult male may side on as far as getting a circumcision research is important.

Pros And Cons Of Circumcision
Debate the for (pro) circumcision stance and address the cultural and socioeconomic influences in
your debate.
"Male circumcision consists of the surgical removal of some, or all, of the foreskin (or prepuce)
from the
penis. It is one of the most common procedures in the world. In the United States, the procedure is
most frequently performed during the newborn period. Elective circumcision performed soon after
the newborn
period is generally a result of deferral because of low birth weight or illness in the newborn."
(Pediatrics 2012)
Examples of why circumcision is a pro choice, is that there is a decrease in UTI's, decrease in
infections, decrease in cancer, and decrease in STI's. Why is there a decrease with one getting a
circumcision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Possible mechanisms for the protective effect of circumcision
include the fact that the foreskin's thin inner surface is susceptible to microtears and abrasions
(especially during sexual activity), which provides a port of entry for pathogens.
The foreskin also contains a high density of HIV target cells (ie, Langerhans cells, CD4 T cells,
macrophages), which facilitates HIV infection of host cells. The preputial space provides an
environment that
is thought to trap pathogens and bodily secretions and favor their survival and replication."(Gunsar
2004)
(Pedatrics 2012) So leaving the foreskin intact would or could lead to issues down the road, when
the

newborn grows up, and they would have to be educated on how to properly take care of themselves
in order to
prevent any issues. If you take that you have to educate uncircumsized child in proper care, it also
brings
up the discussion on how in America many children are circumsized, and the child might feel
singled out
since they are not. Some countries it is the norm to leave a child uncircumsized, where currently in
America it is considered not norm to do that. Religions also play a part for some

Diagnosis Of Benign Scrotal Surgical Specimens
Abstract
Purpose: We recently demonstrated that pathologic analysis of benign scrotal surgical specimens
may be unnecessarily increasing costs of patient care. Adult circumcision specimens may also
routinely be sent for pathological analysis even when penile cancer is not suspected, increasing costs
with little benefit. To assess the utility of foreskin pathology analysis, we evaluated the outcomes
and the costs of this practice in patients where penile cancer was not suspected.
Materials and Methods: All adult patients who underwent circumcision between January 2000 and
August 2013 at a single institution were evaluated by retrospective chart review. Cases of suspected
penile cancer (n=6) were excluded. We identified cases where foreskin specimens were sent for
pathological analysis and reviewed pathology reports. Our Department of Pathology estimated the
cost for evaluation of specimens at $311 per case.
Results: A total of 147 circumcisions were performed in patients with no suspicious findings.
Pathologic analysis was obtained in 69% (101/147) of the cases. Inflammation (58%) was the most
common finding. One unsuspected instance of squamous cell carcinoma (Tis) was identified in a
patient with HIV (1/147=0.7%). The overall cost of pathology analysis in this study was $31,411.
Conclusions: In individuals without predisposing immunodeficiency and where cancer was not
suspected, we found that pathology analysis of circumcision specimens identified no additional

PRO OF CIRCUMSICION Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. This
practice of male circumcision was started century ago by Jewish people as part of religious ritual
(Pillitteri, 2014). Today there is controversy with this practice. For this week's discussion, we are
going to concentrate on proponents of the practice. Male circumcision has been a practice in various
social groups in many countries around the world including Jewish people, Muslim, and even
citizens of the United Stated of America (Chiringa, Ramathuba, & Mashau, 2017). Culture and
religion have had a great impact on decision making regarding male circumcision. Many believe
that circumcision offers some medical health benefits, such as, the reduction of the risk of urinary
tract infection, protects against penile and cervical cancer, and decreases the incidence of sexual
transmitted disease. Patients report that circumcision improves sexual function and gives creativity
during intercourse. Some believe circumcision reduces the risk of paraphimosis which is when the
skin gets stuck behind the head of the penis. If paraphimosis is left ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
, Here in America this helps because patients do not have to endure the surgical removal of the
foreskin when they get older, and they run the risk of the most considerable complications (Pillitteri,
2014). The socioeconomic influences of male circumcision are becoming more common because of
the desire to be traditional in countries where the majority of boys are circumcised. Circumcision
has health benefits, and it would be helpful for circumcision to be accessible to parents. This can be
attained with health provider education. Today awareness of improved hygiene and lower risk of
infections through male circumcision have motivated the spread of circumcision practices in the
developing countries (Chiringa, Ramathuba, & Mashau,

Persuasive Essay On Circumcision
Let's Talk About Penises! Once upon a time in a land not so far away, a bouncing baby boy was
born. His mother and father fawned over his features, from his bald little head to his tiny wrinkled
feet. After speaking on the perfection of the entirety his existence, they pass the baby boy off to a
nurse who brings him to a table where he is tied down and mutilated against his will with little to no
anesthesia. The doctor performing the operation will say, "he will not even know it is happening,"
while the baby screams his head off. After having a perfectly natural piece of his genitalia removed,
he will be returned to the arms of his parents. This is the reality for 58% (BabyCenter) of the 2
million or so (NICHD) boys born in the United States every year. Circumcision is an unnecessary
procedure that violates the rights of boys. Circumcision is the surgical removal of foreskin, which is
the skin covering of the tip of the penis (MayoClinic). The foreskin serves several purposes to the
penis, including but not limited to: keeping moisture retained in the penis, protecting the penis from
outside bacteria and contributing to sexual pleasure. Circumcision is not a surgery that is exclusive
to infants, however, later in life circumcisions are uncommon. It is considered a low–risk procedure,
however there are risks such as infections, excessive bleeding, both of which can and have lead to
fatalities, as well as reattachment requiring more surgery, or the failure of the penis to

Analysis Of The Book Cosmopolitanism : Ethics And A World...
Kwame Anthony Appiah is a philosopher who deserves great recognition in this age. After earning
his Ph.D at Cambridge University he went on to teach at many Ivy League schools. He wrote the
book Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers which touches on many of the controversial
topics of our present time and connects them to past problems that now seem to have a clear
solution. Appiah 's discussions of various topics point out many of the difficulties faced by the
HIV/AIDS victims, who are gone into more detail by Helen Epstein, author of "AIDS, Inc.," and the
ordeals that women have been put through in order to escape the gruesome rituals that have been
required for their marriage. Conversation is the root of cosmopolitanism. Appiah mentions that "we
need to develop habits of coexistence: conversation in its older meaning, of living together,
association (Appiah 48)," supporting the idea of cosmopolitanism by encouraging tolerance and
understanding between every being, not just on a international level, but also on an individual level.
This also ties into multiculturalism in a simple and straightforward definition: the existence of many
cultures in one place. In order for all cultures to function peacefully there must be a strong sense of
conversation, in both its older meaning and its simple meaning of talking to one another. Appiah 's
childhood town; Kumasi, located in the capital of Ghana 's Asante region; was a melting pot of
cultures. Appiah gives no

Hanna Rosin's Argument Analysis
On the issue of male circumcision Hanna Rosin presents arguments that support the procedure while
Michael Idov argues against the act. Rosin begins her argument by describing her own experiences
when her sons were circumcised and the anger she felt when hearing them howl in pain. However,
she follows this up with an acknowledgment that the feeling quickly dissipated once her sons were
completely healed. Rosin then goes on to describe many of the benefits of circumcision, focusing in
on the health aspect. Specifically, her argument hinges on studies that correlate a higher rate of HIV
and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to men that are uncircumcised. Michael Idov also
utilizes the health angle to support his argument and even

Research Paper On Circumcision
When having a child many questions arise such as where will we take baby while we work, how are
we going to accommodate another person in the household, and the ultimate will we circumcise?
For some families in the world it is not even a familiar question discussed, but unfortunately in the
US it is a very prevalent practice. It saddens and almost scares me that we have become so
desensitized to the thought of male circumcision of newborns. In reality it is a very horrendous
unnecessary procedure that is far too over looked. Majority of the world do not participate in the
circumcision of male newborns and deem it unnecessary. I believe this barbaric practice should be
stopped. Hopefully in the next few decades' circumcision will ultimately no longer be the decision
of parents in the US, unless deemed medically necessary. Cutting off a vital piece of skin on a
vulnerable, sensitive, healthy organ should be the decision of the person in question not the parent,
not your body not your choice. The origins of circumcision date back farther than the bible. One
theory that stuck out to me was one that originated in Africa as a way to purify people, as sex was
considered to make one impure. Therefore, how would you keep people from having sex? I would
assume maybe to desensitize the sex organs would be the best option, hence circumcision. The well
cited source, CIRP, states that, "Human sexuality was seen as dirty or impure in some societies;
hence cutting off the

Circumcision is a procedure that has been done for many years. This procedure has been performed
all over the world.When it comes to circumcision there are pros as well as cons. Over the years this
procedure has become more welcomed, but there are still some parents that choose not to have this
procedure performed. The question still remains whether or not to get your son circumcised.
What is circumcision? Circumcision is the "surgical removal of the prepuce" (Chabner 325). The
prepuce is the foreskin that is covering the tip of the penis. Circumcision is a common procedure
that is done in many parts of the world to new born baby boys. This procedure does not have to be
performed so early in the child's life. If the procedure is performed later in the child's life, the
procedure will be a more difficult task to perform. This choice can either be the parents or the child's
when they are old enough to decide. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Jewish culture is one of the biggest religious groups that have male newborns undergo
circumcision as part of their religion. Not only is circumcision practiced in the Jewish religion, but
is also practiced in the United States, Islam, Australia and Africa. There are many benefits as to why
circumcision should be performed some including: "sufficient hygiene, prevention of penile
problems including cancer, decreased risk of urinary tract infection, and sexually transmitted
infections" (Mayo Clinic). Another pro for this procedure is that the future fertility of the baby will
not be affected by the removal of the foreskin of the

Cutting Vs Circumcision
On the two stories from the reading 25 and 26, we can find two sides connections, as I find a
different situation between male circumcision and female genital cutting. These two topics show a
different relation just on the fact that male circumcision is a procedure for a safety matter in or a
protection against STDs and HIV, but referring to (Darby, 273) I quote this line "Laumann found
that circumcised men had more STDs, and the United States reports an HIV incidence six–time
grater than Japan". This line clarifies that that circumcision is not a safe practice to avoid any STDs
but this actions that families make to their kids at a younger age is just for the matter of safety
knowing that is not going to protect them from any type of sexually

Why Is Circumcision Wrong
Circumcision is a barbaric practice that has no medical purposes besides for appearance and what is
more attractive to the opposite gender. Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, it is a practice
that got started because of religion. Circumcision is usually performed on the second day after the
baby is born. During a circumcision, the foreskin is freed from the head of the penis, and the extra
foreskin is removed. The foreskin is a normal part of a male child, it is not a birth defect or
something that has to be removed for the safety of the child. Circumcision is painful to the baby boy,
they do not give them medicine to numb the pain or put them to sleep. The baby is in so much pain
from the removal of the foreskin they go into shock ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In adult men, they sometimes can get something called phimosis which is when the foreskin is tight
and will not pull back. There is also paraphimosis which is when the foreskin will not go back into
its normal position after being pulled back. It causes the head of the penis to swell and become
painful. All of these would be reasons to remove the foreskin.
A male child cannot speak up and say he does not want this done, many people just do this to their
children without thinking of what they may want in the future. Many parents have decided to wait
till there baby is older and able to make a choice himself about if he wants to be circumcised or not.
The older the child is when choosing to circumcise the doctors will put them to sleep and the
process won't be near as

What Is Circumcision?
In addition the Lord then informs Moses that the heavens and everything in Earth belongs to the
Lord your God. The Lord announces this due to him being the creator, "In the beginning when God
created the heavens and the earth." (Gen 1:1 NRSV) The Book of Genesis informs us that the Lord
created the heavens, earth, and everything residing in it. The creation took the Lord only seven days
and when the seventh day arrived, the Lord rested. The Lord then informed Moses that amongst
everyone in the world, he has set his love amongst his ancestors and has chosen him out of all their
descendants. The Lord then commands the Israelites to circumcise the foreskin of their hearts.
Circumcising the foreskin of your heart means to erase any stubbornness ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Lord reminds Moses that Israel has seen these awesome acts the Lord has done for them. The
Lord has committed acts such as freeing the Israelites from their slavery and unjust treatment in
Egypt, guiding them away from their captors towards safety and then sending them to the land the
Lord that was sworn to their ancestors. The Lord reminds the Israelites that the covenant was first
started with Abraham, an ancestor of the Israelites, and how Abraham and his family originally
journeyed to Egypt with only seventy other people. However, thanks to the power of the Lord he has
made Abraham's descendants as numerous as the stars in heaven. A promise that was included in the
first covenant between Abraham and the

Circumcision As A Medical Term Meaning
The word circumcision in the natural is a medical term meaning to remove the prepuce of (a male).
Circumcision is not just an act of removing the foreskin on a males' penis but it is also the removal
of part of the clitoris (female).
Circumcise first appears in Genesis 17; God told Abram that he will be circumcised in the flesh to
show his covenant with God (ESV). In the Old Testament circumcision was done a sharp flint stone.
It was not just for the Israelites but it was also for the foreigners and servants in the land.
God is talking to Moses in Deuteronomy 10:16, were he makes a covenant with Moses. Verse 16,
God tells Moses "circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart and be no longer stubborn"
(Deuteronomy 10:16). This is a parallel meaning. First God has obliged the cutting of the foreskin of
the genitals males and now he is making everyone to have their foreskin of their hearts cut.
New Testament circumcision is used in the physical; Jesus told them to circumcise the little boys on
the eight day after his birth (Luke 1:59). However, because in the later writings of Paul,
circumcision had become a overpowering deal between the circumcised and the uncircumcised that
it took away from the Glory of God.
Now, because of Jesus, there is no circumcision nor circumcision because Jesus has become the
savior of both.
II. to be Cancel
Cancel is defined in the American Heritage dictionary as to cross out with lines or other markings;
to annul or invalidate; and to

Circumcision After Birth Care
Circumcision, Infant, Care After
These instructions give you information about caring for yourself after your procedure. Your doctor
may also give you more specific instructions. Call your doctor if you have any problems or
questions after your procedure.
HOME CARE
Give your baby over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your baby's doctor.
Follow instructions from your baby's doctor about how to take care of your baby's penis. Make sure
you:
○ Wash your hands with soap and water before you change your baby's dressing. If you cannot use
soap and water, use hand sanitizer.
○ Remove the dressing at every diaper change, or as often as told by your baby's doctor. Make sure
to change your baby's diaper often. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ask your baby's health care provider if you should use a mild soap. Do not pull back on the skin of
the penis when you clean it.
○ Apply ointment to the tip of the penis. Use petroleum jelly or the type of ointment that your doctor
recommends.
○ Cover the penis gently with a clean gauze dressing, as told by your baby's doctor.
If your baby does not have dressing on his penis:
○ Clean your baby's penis each time you change his diaper. Do not pull back on the skin of the
penis.
○ Apply ointment to the tip of the penis. Use petroleum jelly or the type of ointment that your doctor
recommends.
If your baby was circumcised using a plastic bell–shaped device, the plastic ring will fall off in 10‒
12 days.
○ Let the ring fall off by itself. Do not pull the ring off.
Check your baby's penis every time you change his diaper. Check for:
○ More redness or swelling.
○ More blood after your baby has already stopped bleeding.
○ Draining of cloudy

Is Circumcision A Surgical Procedure?
Circumcision is a commonly performed and highly controversial medical procedure. This procedure
is not new however, it has dated back centuries in humanity. "Circumcision is a surgical procedure
that involves removal of the foreskin on the glans penis"(Hisley&Ward, 2009). There are many
reasons this procedure is controversial including religious and social beliefs, medical risks and
benefits, and personal opinions. The medical benefits of having this procedure done are not believed
to be true by everyone which creates different opinions by medical professionals, although
circumcision has become a very common procedure in the United States and is accepted by the
majority of the population. Circumcision is a fairly routine procedure in which the surgeon removes
the foreskin or the prepuce that covers and protects the glands of the penis. Depending on the beliefs
or wishes of the parent the procedure can either take place in a hospital or a community setting, but
should always be performed by a skilled professional using a sterile technique. During the procedure
the child is restrained and local anesthetic is used when the patient is still younger then 6 weeks old.
Circumcision at this young age is preferred because it puts less strain on the baby and reduces the
risk for complications. "New born circumcision is frequently performed with the use of a surgical
device such as the Gomco or Yellen clamp or the Mogen clamp."(book) A dressing is then applied
after surgery for

â€¢ Describe The Structures And Locations Of The Penis,...
25. Describe the structures and locations of the glans penis, crus, bulb, and prepuce.
The penis is the male organ through which sperm cells are transferred from the male to the female.
The penis contains three columns of erectile tissue. Engorgement of this erectile tissue with blood
causes the penis to enlarge and become firm this process is called erection. Two of the erectile
columns form the dorsum and sides of the penis and are called the corpora cavernosa. The third
column, the corpus spongiosum, forms the ventral portion of the penis. It expands to form a cap over
the distal end of the penis. The spongy urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum, penetrates the
glans penis, and opens as the external urethral orifice. At the base of

Research Paper On Balanitis
Balantiis Balanitis is characterized by inflammation of the end of the penis, or the glans. Often, the
foreskin is also inflamed. There are several causes which involve bacterial and candidiasis
infections, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), diabetes, phimosis, poor hygiene, skin conditions
or irritation. It can occur at any age but most commonly affects young boys under 4 years old and
uncircumcised men. It is uncommon in men who have been circumcised. Symptoms of balanitis
include irritation, redness, and soreness of the end of the penis, or the glans. It ranges from a small
localized area of redness confined to superficial skin surface, to the entire glans becoming red,
swollen and painful. There may also be a clumpy, thick, discharge beneath the foreskin. In some
instances, it is impossible to retract the foreskin or the patient may have painful urination. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With identification of the condition, it can easily be treated with antibiotics. If the condition is
difficult to treat, a sample can be taken to identify the causative agent, allergy testing, assess for
diabetes, refer to urologist or skin specialist. Treatment of balanitis may include antibiotics,
antifungals, antifungal or steroid creams depending on the cause. Antibiotics treat infections that are
caused by bacteria, including STDs. Steroid creams can be used as an supplement to antifungal or
antibiotic medication to decrease inflammation caused by infection. Steroid creams reduce
inflammation that are caused by allergies or

Pros And Cons Of Human Circumcision
The practice of routine neonatal circumcision for medical, cultural, or religious reasons is a subject
that remains to be a strongly debated because it brings up emotions and strong arguments pro and
against the procedure.
Routine baby boy circumcision is one of the most common surgical procedures done every year in
the U.S.A. . There is assumed that circumcision has medical and health benefits for the baby thought
out life such as, decreases risk of urinary tract infections, reduces the risk of sexually transmitted
diseases, protects against penile cancer and cervical cancer, prevents infection and phimosis, and
also helps to keep the penis cleaner.
Actuality, there are many researches that show there are little or no medical reasons to

Essay On Male Circumcision
The choice of circumcision is purely a personal choice and an elective procedure that each family
can make their own decision on. However, there are many medical benefits that have medical
evidence to support. Male circumcision is the removal of some or all of the foreskin covering the
head of the penis (Circumcision Academy of America, 2016). This procedure is one of the most
common medical procedures performed on male infants in the United States, typically occurring
after 24 hours of life, and almost always done within 10 days. There is current evidence that the
"health benefits of newborn male circumcision outweigh the risks," and therefore "justify access to
this procedure for families who choose it (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012)." There are many
medical benefits of circumcision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Circumcision reduces the risk of penile cancer. It has been found that the incidence of penile cancer
is about 1 in 100,000, but in uncircumcised men is 1 in a 600 chance (Hall, 2008). Penile cancer is
almost exclusively found in uncircumcised men. Uncircumcised men have a higher etiological risk
including of human papillomavirus (HPV), phimosis, and balanitis due to their location of the glans
penis and coronal sulcus which is covered by the foreskin (Morris, et al., 2011). There is evidence
that circumcised men may clear HPV more quickly and phimosis which is a congenital narrowing of
the foreskin opening, restriction impeding the passage of urine and the ability to clean under the
foreskin (Circumcision Academy of America, 2016). Phimosis almost exclusively occurs in
uncircumcised men (Morris, et al., 2011) and increases the risk of penile cancer 12–fold
(Circumcision Academy of America, 2016). There is also significant evidence of circumcision

Essay on Circumcision is NOT Necessary
Circumcision is NOT Necessary The baby, Phil, is less than a day old. His tiny head still slightly
misshaped, his eyelids puffy, his mouth half–open in his sleep. The nurse has taken him from his
mother and is carrying him to another room in the pediatric ward. The nurse clicks on a white metal
lamp with a twist of her fingers, removes the child from a cozy blue blanket, and lays him in a cold
molded plastic form that is bolted tightly to the counter. This form fitting shell is called a
Circumstraint. There are indentations for the baby's arms and legs. The nurse methodically binds the
secure restraining straps around his limbs, bends the flexible metal light over him and steps back.
The baby is naked and spread–eagle, and he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
America is the only country in the Western world that routinely circumcises newborn boys. Eighty–
five percent of the world's men are uncircumcised. "The practice violates all seven principles of the
American Medical Association's code of ethics," charges George Denniston, M.D., a Seattle
physician and founder of Doctors Opposing Circumcision. "By definition it's not even surgery.
Surgery is removal of diseased tissue, or a repair of some kind." "Nonsense," says Edgar Schoen,
M.D., director of perinatal screening at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in California, and an
outspoken proponent of circumcision. "There are numerous medical reasons for it." This pro and
con argument has been raging in the medical community for almost three decades. Meanwhile, the
circumcisions continue. The doctor enters the room, scrubs his hands in the sink, and snaps on
plastic gloves. The nurse passes him a package, and he opens it on the counter beside the child.
Inside are several large, light blue cloth napkins; some squares of gauze; a squeeze–tube of Betadine
(an antiseptic ointment); and an assortment of stainless–steel utensils: a pair of scissors, two
hemostats (small needle–nose pliers), a heavy metal clamp attached to a hollow cone, a scalpel
handle, and a scalpel in a sterile packet. If you're like most American men, you're circumcised. But
you probably haven't given it any thought since junior high school, when you first noticed that not
every kid in the locker room

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