Khoikhoi Hottentots

Khoikhoi Hottentots
A group of indigenous people, Bushmen, live in Southwestern Africa and are among the most
ancient population groups in the world. They are characterized with an average height of five feet,
unique facial features, and a lighter skin color than the taller Bantu populations that have greatly
displaced them. They maintained their way of life, hunter–gatherer and pastoral herding, until very
recently; the poor economy is one of the main reasons that the Bantus, with their more productive
agricultural methods, were able to displace and assimilate many of the Bushmen populations.
Descendants of the Stone Age, Bushmen inhabited the regions of southern Africa for around 30,000
years, and are also known as Khoikhoi, Hottentots, and San. They are a division of the Khoisan
ethnic group, a rich tradition of oral history that details the exploits of their gods and heroes. ...
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They called Bushmen "Hottentots," which meant stutter, because of the clicking sounds they made
when they communicated. The Dutch considered them subhumans and pushed them into the
Kalahari. They also imported Zulu warriors to aid in fighting against the Bushmen. The only choices
they had were to fight, die, or be captured. Most Bushmen didn't want to be captured because they
knew they were going to be converted to slaves. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly
continued, forced to servitude.
In 1809 the so–called "Magna Carta of the Hottentots" required Khoisan to register and carry a pass
or risk being arrested as vagabonds. Fortunately there were a few exceptions to this cruel situation.
For example Van der Kemp married a Khoikhoi woman, and complained to London the ways the
Khoisan were enslaved.Their charges of cruelty and murder were investigated by judges in what was
called the "black circuit". But the Bantu attacks continued, in this case the Xhosa, with continued
raiding and many Khoisan were killed, these Xhosa raids ended up in an open
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Essay on The Civil War in Kenya
In early 1964, less than one month after independence, Kenya found itself in the midst of a civil war.
Riots, attacks on police stations, and assassinations quickly placed the Northern Frontier District
(NFD) under a state of emergency as pre–existent conflicts escalated. British political decisions
from the colonial era played the largest role in dividing the country between the newly formed
Kenyan government and the Somalis of northern Kenya, who desired to unite with the Somali
Republic. In an attempt to marginalize the secessionist movement, President Jomo Kenyatta coined
the term shifta, or "bandit" in Oromo, to classify the military wing of the Northern Province People's
Progressive Party (NPPPP) in charge of anti–government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By the time Britain granted Kenya independence, the government realized that secession of the NFD
would benefit both Kenyans and Somalis. A Pan–Somali movement had been fermenting in the
Horn of Africa as early as 1946, when British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin suggested the creation
of a "Greater Somalia" ("Pursuing Pastoralists"). Kenyan Somalis assumed that independence was
tantamount to secession, but their aspirations were crushed by President Jomo Kenyatta's declaration
that "Kenya will never surrender any inch of her territory to anyone" ("The Somali Dispute: Kenya
Beware"). This statement was made despite the results of a 1962 commission of inquiry, reporting
that over 87% of the NFD population favored secession ("Being Oromo in Kenya"). The Human
Rights Watch reports that the locals were routinely "rounded up and interrogated. Thousands of
Kenyan–Somalis were beaten by the security forces and accused by the acting District
Commissioner of harboring anti–government elements" ("Kenya"). Kenyatta's intransigent policies
and the political separation of Kenyans and Somalis during the colonial era constituted the largest
causal factor of the Shifta War. The groundwork of post–colonial Kenya was further stressed by
radical economic disparities between Kenyans and Somalis. Ethnic Somalis acquired resources
through nomadic pastoralism, and hoped to continue their practices regardless of state

The Massain and the Nuer Peoples of Africa
The Massai and The Nuer are two ethnic groups that are known for utilizing pastoralism as their
primary food procurement strategy. However, due to the harsh weather conditions that continually
plague the African continent at various times during the year, the Maasai and the Nuer must
occasionally rely on other methods in which to obtain food in order to feed their families. In Nuer
society, horticulture is favored after pastoralism, and in recent years, the Maasai have even taken to
using horticulture to grow crops. This was not an easy transition for a group that has only ever had
to rely on their cattle and livestock for their food. It was abundantly clear, however, that the Maasai
could not rely solely on pastoralism as an adaptive strategy for survival. After numerous discussions
with informants from both groups, it is extremely clear how valuable cattle are to both societies and
how they feature in almost every aspect of their lives. Cattle not only provide the groups with a
variety of essential food products, they are also extremely valuable both religiously and
economically.
The Maasai are a race that have adapted extremely well to the unforgiving climate of the African
continent. Not only do they possess remarkable survival skills that have enabled them to survive in
an incredibly harsh environment, they also employ several food procurement strategies that ensure
that all people within their communities have access to food. After numerous consultations with an

Subsistence Strategies From Four Discrete Categories :...
I would like to address topic A, regarding the placement of subsistence strategies into four discrete
categories: hunting and gathering (foraging), horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture. While this
quick categorization of human subsistence behavior has benefits to introduce these concepts, it
falsely assumes that each behavior exists independently and ignores their location on a continuum,
often blending from one strategy into the next. In this essay I will introduce each subsistence
strategy, show examples of it and finally show ways that even among groups of people who would
seem to fit the archetype of each behavior they often adopt strategies of others in a sort of mixing
and matching process, especially in times of duress. First, I would like to discuss the strategy of
hunting and gathering, the sole strategy until twelve thousand years ago. Hunting and gathering is a
form of subsistence dependent upon wild plants and animals for the majority of the calories of the
diet. While its name underscores the importance of hunting in this lifestyle, this is misleading as the
majority of caloric needs in societies practicing this strategy are met by gathering wild edible plants
and berries. Due to the dependence upon naturally occurring sources of food, which are not always
found in the same abundance as in agricultural cultivation, hunter–gatherers are usually found in
bands of less than fifty people and in areas with low population density. This subsistence strategy

Subsistence Strategies In Ancient Maya
Subsistence strategies are patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a
society employ to ensure the satisfaction of the basic material survival needs of humans. There are
many forms these strategies can take. These groups fall into two main categories, food collectors
and food producers. Food collectors are those who gather, hunt, or fish for food. Examples of this
would be pastoralism, and horticulture. An example of pastoralism can be seen in the savannas,
pastoralists and their animals gather when rain water is abundant and the pasture is rich, then scatter
during the drying of the savanna. Horticulture can be seen in ancient Mayan culture, in the
cornfields, multiple crops were grown such as beans (using cornstalks as supports), squash,
pumpkins and chili peppers. Food producers on the other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Examples of food producers would be foraging and agriculture. An example of a modern foraging
culture is the Ache people of Paraguay. The men spend their time hunting for game. The women
follow behind, gathering resources such as fruits, palm starch, and larvae. Agriculture has three
different types of cultivation, extensive, intensive, and mechanized industrial. Extensive agriculture
requires extensive use of a land. Intensive agriculture involves using plows, draft animals, irrigation,
and fertilizer. This method bring more land under cultivation at one time and produces more yield.
Lastly, mechanized industrial is a form of farming that has become organized along industrial lines.
This brand of farming in a new age way of producing food and transforms production into a large
scale, technology dependent industry.
2. The three modes of exchange are reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange. These modes
of exchange are cross–cultural. Reciprocity is the oldest and most historic method of exchange.
Reciprocity is alike many egalitarian societies. One example of these

Study Of A Study Area Essay
3.1 Study Area The study area would be in the Semi–arid rangeland Samburu County, Kenya. The
vegetation classes are Acacia woodland along major rivers, grasslands and shrub lands while the
soils are generally silt loam to clay loam with low organic matter. The main land use type in the
study area is livestock production. Over the past two centuries, some of the pastoralists in the study
area have combined crop production with pastoralism, with those practicing pure pastoralism having
a sedentary lifestyle which entails movement of herd for about 20–30km in case of drought
conditions (Little et al., 2008). 3.2 Research Design The study will utilize the randomized complete
block design (RCBD) since there will be two different treatments that will be grouped into blocks.
In each treatment there will be three samples. The treatments will be varied so the results may be
compared. The researchers will determine if there is a significant difference in the calorific values
and the ash content of the briquettes. The study will use a t–test for testing the difference between
two means with small independent samples. The approximate ash content and moisture content will
also be determined. The approximate ash content will be determined by weighing the briquettes
before and after burning using denatured alcohol, and the approximate moisture content will be
determined by weighing the 50g briquettes after it is dried. The briquettes will be produced from
selected invasive species mixed

Pastoral By Thomas Gray
The pastoral is a literary style that shows a formal pictures of rural life and the naturalness and
innosence environment,which totally differ from the frustration and corruption in cities, the life of
pastoralism is characterized by laughter, song and absolute freedom from care and anxiety. It is a life
of sweet deliciousness and joy. Pastoral is a mode of literature in which author tried various
techniques to place the complex life into simple one
Terry Gifford–a prominent literary theorist, defines pastoral in three ways in his critical book
Pastoral:–
Firstly–in which writer discuss about the countryfield and the life of shepherd.
Secondly–in which writers draws a contrast between country and the urban life and thirdly–in which
writer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a romantic comedy, his idea towards pastoralism is that who ever comes in rural life, enjoys a
natural and care free life and nothing to worry about and he has shown court life as full of jealous
people and fake courtiers. He has really touched the pastoral life in his play As You Like It, so that it
gives a real view and audience can imagine about the rural or pastoral life. The pastoral is a literary
style that shows a formal pictures of rural life and the naturalness and innosence environment, which
totally differ from the frustration and corruption in cities, the life of pastoralism is characterized by
laughter, song and absolute freedom from care and anxiety. It is a life of sweet deliciousness and joy.
Pastoral is a mode of literature in which author tried vaThe story takes us to an asylum, "taking the
notion of victimhood to its extreme" and gradually focuses on one old Sikh inmate named Bishan
Singh, but who is called Toba Tek Singh because he had been a wealthy landowner in a village of
that name. Although unable to speak except in nonsense syllables, 21 upon hearing of the intended
transfer, he tries to find out whether Toba Tek Singh is in India or Pakistan. He cannot understand
why he is being uprooted from his home. That was the question over two million people asked their
governments

The Development Of A Primary Education For All
Why Educate Nomadic Pastoralists?
There are a number of global efforts to help promote and work towards universal primary education
for all, which includes pastoralist communities. Education development in Africa has been a concern
and topic of discussion dating back to the 1960's and before. "The Development of Education"
conference took place in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia where leaders examined strategies to attain
Universal Primary Education (UPE) by 1980. More than 2 decades after "The Development of
Education" conference, African leaders met once again in Harare, Zimbabwe at the Conference of
African Ministers of Education, where The Harare Declaration was drafted, which included several
strategies for addressing the challenges the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Success document) Partnerships between local governments, communities and schools allows for
transparency and understanding amongst each other. With a better understanding, collaboration is
possible and together, viable solutions can be examined and enacted.
At the World Education Forum that took place in Dakar, Senegal in 2000, The Dakar Framework for
Action, Education for All: Meeting our Collective Commitments was adopted. The framework gave
specific instructions for each state's government to have a plan developed by 2002 to enact
Education for All (EFA) with the goal of achieving EFA targets by 2015. The EFA frameworks were
designed and adapted for 6 different regions in the world including Sub–Saharan Africa
(http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf). The EFA framework and the World
Declaration on Education for All in 1990 were designed and supported with the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights in mind. While pastoralist communities are not explicitly identified in
the EFA framework, it is widely known that pastoralists are a hard to reach community due to their
mobility, and the laborious nature of their livelihoods, which necessitates significant human effort.
In addition, due to the geographic locations of many pastoralist groups, draughts and floods often
impact schools and their ability to function and provide education. Despite the fact that pastoralists
are hard to reach,

Pastoral Elements In Pastoral Elegy
Pastoral:–
writer depicts the country life wirh degorative classifications.
John Milton wrote most famous about pastoral elegy in 'Lycidas',which was written on the death of
King Edward. Pastoral elegy which uses the pastoral elements to someone death or loss. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pastoral is a mode of literature in which author tried various techniques to place the complex life
into simple

American Pastoralism
American Pastoralism through high wages and Timber Henry Ford was a car mogul who through his
Model T car and high wage to workers became a symbol of US progress. He had multiple projects
that tried to follow his philosophy of progress through a community that was self–sufficiently
maintained through agriculture and manufacturing. Although his initial project of creating a model
city Muscle Shoals failed, he tried to create his model city in Brazil which came to be known as
Fordlandia. Fords goal in Tapajós region, similar to US involvement in Latin America, was
motivated both from his economic interest and his desire to implant his ideal town into Latin
America, promising change and prosperity for those in the region. The way to understand ... Show
As Grandin says, "...mechanization marked not the conquest but the realization of nature's secret and
thus the attainment of the pastoral ideal; that the history is best understood as the progress of his
realization, of gradual liberation of human from soul–crushing toil; and that America has a
providential role to play in world history in achieving this liberation." Ford and the US in its
ventures in Latin America, see themselves as bringing technology that improves the lives of those
living in the region. The need of US to bring technology to places like the Amazon to improve the
lives of the natives comes from the US perception of humanitarian help. As a letter from LaRue
describes the troubles that many natives seem to live, such as poverty, lack of money, and
exploitation. The line in his report that brought the need of Ford's involvement was, "LaRue ended
his report with a prediction sure to arouse Ford's self–image as a man with the power to pull
humanity from the brink: 'They will all die.' " The trouble coming from this mixture of economic
and humanitarian motive in Latin America for Ford was his lack of understanding the customs and
need to adapt some techniques. One way to understand Ford's goal to improve the lives of those in
Tabajo was high

Essay on Anth Final
Veronica Kim
Final Exam –Anth101
Kohistani Violence
Thull, is an area where the violence of Kohistani was studied by R. Lincoln Keiser. In this region,
the Kohistani, initially did not believe in bloodshed in order to solve conflicts. As elements in their
traditional lives changed, Kohistani violence became more and more prevalent in their culture.
Three specific changes were the main reasons for the growth in violence. One change led to another
change, which then led to a third change. These changes to the traditional culture of the Kohistani
were the reason for increased violence among the Kohistani in Thull. The Kohistani were originally
pastoralists. Their subsistence methods consisted of a balance of farming and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when the Kohistani entered the market economy through the development of roads, they
were able to purchase firearms. In the past, they protected themselves against enemies with other
weapons such as knives and spears. As a result, when conflicts surfaced, the men of Thull were
required to come into close proximity to their enemies. This was not a reasonable form of conflict
resolution for the people of Thull. Therefore, violence was not the primary means of resolving
disagreements. Once firearms were introduced, there was a new form of protection for the
Kohistani. There was no longer a reason for the Kohistani to resolve issues through negotiations.
Instead, there was an increase in violence and blood feuding because they were able to fight and
easily murder their enemies from afar. The construction of roads not only exposed the people of
Thull to firearms and the market economy, but also to different influences and religions from other
regions. One specific religion that influenced the Kohistani of Thull was fundamentalist Islam. The
major beliefs of fundamentalist Islam were the protection of women's purity and one's honor. A
man's honor was directly related to a woman's purity. For this reason, men of a family needed to
protect the women in the family. A male member of the woman's family avenged any type of insult
or action that was believed to be a

Pastoral
Pastoral:–
John Milton wrote most famous about pastoral elegy in 'Lycidas',which was written on the death of
King Edward. Pastoral elegy which uses the pastoral elements to someone death or loss. ... Show
into simple

Pastoralism In Country Music
Country music, more than any other musical form, has been identified closely with the pastoralism.
An amalgamation of nineteenth century stage entertainment, the folk music tradition and "old time
religion", country music has long embodied the simplicity and strong ties to a redeeming lad
characteristic of pastoralism, Country music tended to shift the focus of these pastoral characteristics
from a strictly farm based context to the more exciting environment of the cow boy. As early as
1908, cow boy songs gained popularity especially Nathan Howard Thorp's Song of the Cow–Boys
(1921) and John A. Lomax's Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads (1910). Record companies
and radio promoters tapped into this desire, and 1920s aggressive promotion

Romanticism In The Last Of The Mohicans
Aspect of Romanticism in The Last of The Mohicans Romanticism is an artistic and intellectual
movement mainly in France and England that started in the last 18th century and came to America
in the 19th century. Honor, Nationalism, Superstition/Horror, Pastoralism, and Love are all the
aspects of romanticism that showed up in Michael Mann's movie The Last of The Mohicans. Honor
is good reputation: good quality or character as judged by other people. Two subcategories of honor
are heroes, persons who are admired for great or brave acts or fine qualities, and chivalry, the
qualities of an ideal knight. In The Last of The Mohicans, Hawkeye, Uncas, and Chingachgook all
rescued Duncan, Alice, Cora during the attack on them in the woods. Duncan ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There were many relationships in the movie, the first one was between Duncan and Cora. Duncan
wanted to marry and be with Cora but she didn't feel the same way about him: "My feelings don't go
beyond friendship." Later on in the movie, Cora even gets disgusted with him because he was
agreeing with her father about the imprisonment of Hawkeye; the only reason Duncan supported the
punishment was because he was jealous of the relationship brewing between Cora and Hawkeye.
The second relationship in the movie was between Cora and Hawkeye; at first they were just
casually flirting nothing bigger than that. "'What are you looking at sir?' Cora said, 'I'm looking at
you miss.' Hawkeye replied." Shortly after that they kissed and shared a romantic moment together
in a tent. A while later, Hawkeye even risked his life to go and save Cora from getting captured by
the Huron. The last and final relationship in The Last of The Mohicans was between Uncas and
Alice; it was unexpected at first but it started when Uncas first noticed Alice's fear of water on their
way to Colonial Munro's fort. While hiding from the Hurons, Uncas was comforting Alice when
Hawkeye told Alice and Cora about their father not making it out of the attack. At the end of the
movie, Uncas died trying to save Alice from Magua because the Hurons took her so Colonel
Munro's genes would live on and

Pros And Cons Of The Pinntupi People
The Pintupi people, who live in the Gibson Desert in west–central Australia, are a people who live a
very simple life. Rather than producing food and keeping livestock, they have to forage for their
food using very simple tools and technology such as hand axes and spears. Foraging includes the
hunting of large and small game, fishing, and collecting fruits and vegetation from the land in which
they live (Culture Counts 111). Foraging is not meant to support large groups or tribes of people. It
usually is practiced with communities ranging from 20 to 50 people and mostly used in either desert
or tundra environments (Culture Counts 111). Since the Pintupi people have to search for their own
food, they have passed down knowledge throughout the generations of what is safe to eat and what
is not safe. The Pintupi can identify more than 126 plants and over 138 functions for these plants
(Culture Counts 112). Their biggest problems they face are a constant search for water and the
weather. For the people who live in the developed world, weather is rarely a problem when we are in
need of food. The Pintupi do not have this luxury. When it is hot and dry, sometimes even 120 ℉,
vegetation struggles to grow (Culture Counts 112). The lack of rainfall does not help much either.
Compared to other ways of procuring food, there are more cons and almost no pros. For example,
there are almost limitless factors when it comes to how food grows, the amount grown, and how
easy it is to get the

How Did The Neolithic Revolution Occur
The Neolithic Revolution, Reading #1
The most important technological development ever to occur in human history was the
domestication of plants (agriculture) and animals
(pastoralism). Together these developments are called the Neolithic Revolution and they allowed the
development of urban centers (towns and, later, cities), trade and most of the other things we
consider to be components of "civilization." When and how did this most important event occur?
The Neolithic Revolution occurred first in the so–called "Fertile Crescent" or Mesopotamia in what
is now modern Iraq. It also occurred independently (probably) at later dates in China, the Americas
and possibly in parts of Africa and New Guinea. Agriculture and pastoralism diffused from ... Show
Myths were often invented to guarantee their exalted position over many generations. The art of
kingship was born.
Disease
The new sedentary lifestyle brought with it an unprecedented and enduring threat. For the first time
in history, large groups of humans, animals, waste material, and rubbish were concentrated together
in the same households5. This close proximity conferred advantages to select organisms who were
quickly able to jump species, infecting the human population in large numbers for the very first
time.
Examples included smallpox, tuberculosis and measles, influenza and malaria. It was around this
time also that the rat attached itself to human societies and has prospered ever since. Although
medicine has played a major role in quelling many diseases in modern society, many of them
continue to kill millions of people each year.
Other Outcomes
Additional direct effects of the Neolithic Revolution would include pet ownership (cats, dogs),
selective breeding (all farm animals, cereal crops, fruit, and vegetables), the foods that we eat today
(e.g. bread, milk, beef, chicken, eggs), the clothes that we wear (wool, cotton, leather), the
landscapes of today (massively denuded of trees, and in the Middle East, arid desert caused to some
extent by

Forging, Horticulture, Agriculture, Industrialism And The...
The five modes of livelihood are, foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, Industrialism and
the Information Age.
Foraging is based on obtaining food only available in nature, this includes fruits, small animals,
nuts, berries, and etc. This is done by either gathering, fishing, or hunting resources. The labor of
this system is family based and the gender roles do overlap. Though men tend to do the hunting,
while the females do more foraging. Foraging has a high degree of sustainability if there's
undisturbed outside forces.
Horticulture is the process of getting food by cultivating crops within gardens. These crop yields
support denser populations than foraging and allow for permanent settlements. The labor is made by
usually a main family. Men often do more work in terms of actual manually labor, such as clearing
the land. Everyone has a part in the process even the children. They help out by caring for siblings,
fetching fuel, and hauling water. The system has a high sustainability, but can get threaten by
outsiders taking land, urban development, and dam construction. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These animals help provide over half of a group's diet. Pastoralists also tend to trade with other
groups to secure food and goods they cannot produce. Again like horticulture the organization of
labor is made up of families. The work between genders also overlap. However, women are usually
the ones to process the products while men herd the animals (Miller 50). This process is sustainable
system if outside forces do not encroach on herding lands and water sources. They also have to be
aware of any encroachment environmental change or country

The Neolithic Era And The Paleolithic Era
i. The Paleolithic Era began at the beginning of human life and ended 12 thousand years ago. The
era was given the nickname "The Old Stone Age" because stone was used both in tools and to make
tools. One of the most important tools used by humans was the spear. Spears were made for hunting
for food and protection from dangerous wildlife. During the Paleolithic Era the climate was much
colder than the present. This made food limited so humans had to follow the migration of game. ii.
Hunter–gatherers, also known as foragers, thrived from the beginning of human life to about 12
thousand years ago. The time period of the hunter–gathers corresponds with the Paleolithic Era.
They started off in East Africa and slowly moved to Eurasia. Foragers did not farm and had no fully
established homes. They lived in temporary homes that were easy to be made mobile. They migrated
with animals and collected other food sources from the land. This lifestyle can be described as
nomadic. iii. Controlled fire was very important to humans during the Paleolithic Era. The first fires
were started with lava or lighting at the source. Eventually humans realized rubbing two sticks
together or other materials could start a fire also. Fire now allowed for cooked meat which was the
number one source of protein. Also fire was used to harden wooden weapons and tools and treating
animal hides. Last, fire was used for warmth and light. iv. The Neolithic Revolution began 10,000
years ago. This

The Past And Present Defining Characteristics Of The Sami...
Evidence suggests human presense in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and even Russia over
9,000 years ago (Joessefson, 142). However, it would not be until thousands of years later that a
highly unique and successful tribe would form, known as the Sami. While many Sami have
assimilated into modern European culture, central traits still exists within this indigiouns group
native to the Sapmi region. Some Sami still practice modes of subsistence, systems of marriage,
kinship, social organization, and religion common to their ancestors. However, today, the Sami are
faced with social issues distinct from those of their predesesors, such as pressures to conform to
modern society, economic struggles, and in some cases, loss of community. It is important to
evaluate both the past and present defining characteristics of the Sami peoples to fully understand
their culture. One of the most well known characterisitics of the Sami is their skill in reindeer
pastoralism. Though, pastoralism was not their initial mode of substiance, instead, the Sami began
as a hunter gatherer society. As northern Europe is subject to extreme and lengthy winters, the Sami
caught and harvested what they could. Beaver, reindeer, and fish were among the most commonly
hunted by the Sami (Bergman, other 27). Artic rose, a plant rich with vitamins, was a popular edible
plant that was also central to the Sami diet (Loeffler, 70). As well, geographical positioning
distinguished the diets of some Sami bands

Summary Of Assyrian Emperor's Resume
Emperor Ashur–Nasir–Pal's An Assyrian Emperor's Resume provides an intricate look at the
Assyrian Empire – located in the modern day Middle East – during ca. 875 BCE. Within the source,
Emperor Ashur–Nasir–Pal lists out his various "heroic" deeds of conquering and slaying hundreds
of people to make his image appear god–like to his followers. The source demonstrates the
influences society and leadership had on the society, while also revealing aspects about importance
placed on concepts; it also indicates facts about the near east, however, it presents some form of
potential issues – as does any historical source. Assyrian society and leadership heavily valued a
military–based, stratocracy form of government, with high ideals focused on the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exaggeration presents the biggest problem within the text, as the Emperor – the author of the piece –
would want his tirades to seem much larger and damaging than they actually were – as evident by
the descriptive, almost imaginative language used without the text. The verb usage he uses to
describe his deeds also indicates an exaggeration, as the tone of the text presents Emperor Ashur–
Nasir–Pal trying to appear as a god–like figure to the Assyrian people and thus, create a threatening
feeling toward his subjects. Another issue would be the translation from an old language, and all the
translations following it, creates a work in which its original meaning or words could potentially be
lost; however, this is a risk for any historical

Cattle Raiding in Uganda
Cattle raiding is the act of stealing cattle. It is not a new occurrence, in fact it is ancient. However,
due to several unfortunate stressors experienced in northern Uganda, it has become a major issue.
Particularly the impaction of AK–47 weapons that the Karimojong agropastoralists needed to adapt
to in order to survive. Cattle raiding with AK–47 guns rapidly increased among the nomadic herding
societies in the 1970s. Several studies have shown that there have been dire consequences due to
these methods. Such as; decreased female fertility and an increased mortality of young children
along with adult males as well. The study in the article was "initiated by ____ Gray in 1998 to
document changes in the sturucutre and functioning of an African pastoralist ecosystem as a result
of economic development and modernization and to quanitfy the effects of this transfomration on
human biobehavioral adaptability" Northeastern Uganda has suffered multiple economic
develpments which greatly effected herd management. As well as land use, and distribution of
resources become unstable during harsh seasons. Thus, their livestock and rangeland depleted
leaving the population with scarce foods and subjected to an increase of life threatening diseases.
The Karimojong consist of specialized pastoralist societies. The Turkana, the group of people who
the Karimojong are frequently compared to, seem to have come from a common ancestor of the
Karimojong. Although, both share ancestry that can be

Navajo Culture Essay
Every culture has their own way of life, their own religious beliefs, their own marriage beliefs, their
own values and feelings on life and the options it has to offer. Each culture has their own way to run
things within their own government, and own way to keep their economy up to their standards. Also
each culture and society have their own primary mode of subsistence that makes them unique.
Among the Navajo culture their primary mode of subsistence are pastoralists. Pastoralists have an
impact on different aspects with in the culture. The aspects that I will be discussing will be the
Navajo's beliefs and values, economic organization, gender relations and sickness and healing.
The Navajo are the largest federally recognized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The unemployment rate is at 43% and the annual income is $5,759 according to the Navajo Division
of Economic Development. What are the different gender relations within the Navajo tribe? The
Navajo people have different marriage traditions, customs, and labor within the male and female
people of the tribe. The Navajo people lives by a matrilineal system. This is where women own
livestock and land. Once married, a Navajo man would move to live with his bride in her home,
along with her mother, and his wife's clan. Daughters or if there were no daughters, other closely
related females are traditionally the ones who received the inheritance of their property. The
property could be that of a dwelling, or livestock. The children are "born to" and belong to the
mother's clan, and are "born for" the father's clan. The clan system is exogamous. This means that
the people must date and marry people who are outside of their own clans. The great majority of
Marriages were always monogamous, but polygyny was permitted until recently, and it is estimated
that about 10 percent of Navajo men had two or more wives. Residence for newly married couples
was ideally uxorilocal, (meaning to reside with a wife's kin). It was also fairly common for couples
to move from the wife's family or tribe to the husband's, at some time after their marriage. Both
marriage and divorce involve very little formality, and the rate of divorce is fairly high. But the great
majority of

The Wayuu People of Colombia and Venezuela: On the...
The Wayuu people today, number over 400,000 spread over the northern parts of both Colombia and
Venezuela, and speak their own language known as Wayuunaiki. They are a society organized into
twelve clans, with the associated animal name passed down through the generations. Being a
matrilineal society, the mother's bloodline holds the clan name, and women hold high positions in
the Wayuu society.
They practice nomadic pastoralism, herding goats and roaming in the arid desert. The large majority
of Wayuu people reside on the Guajira peninsula, which occupies the northeastern Colombia and
northwestern Venezuela. The Wayuu people are Native Americans. The Spanish neglected the
Wayuu because they lived in a seemingly barren and desert area. Thus, European acculturation has
overlooked the Wayuu people almost completely. They exhibit a relatively low social density, living
on ranches to ensure full use of available resources. They focus their survival, as well as economic
status and prestige on goat herding; the amount of goats directly parallels the influence a person has
in Wayuu culture.
The Wayuu people bestow great importance on children, because they are the future of the Wayuu
culture. In times where food resources are scarce, the adults, and even the elderly will diet or starve
themselves to ensure that the Wayuu children get ample nutrition for growth . Being a society with
strict gendered lines, the Wayuu isolate girls from boys from a young age. At the time of

The Rural West
The article discusses the changes in the rural West that caused it to move from agricultural to a more
urbanized domain and how these changes effected the socio–economic and ecological landscape of
the West. Research Question The purpose of this article is to conduct research by reviewing
literature conducted on ranching. It observes the change in economy within the rural West due to
advancements in technology, the regulation of resources, the battle between interest groups who
claim certain portions of the land, and the struggle to find a common ground so that the rural West
can become an economically and socially functional landscape (Sheridan 2007, 121). Sheridan is
proposing that the length in time of which anthropologist have ignored the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The increase of demand on the rural West has caused ranch owners to sell out to developers
(Sheridan 2007, 130). Based on the data presented within the article, Sheridan concludes that
political organizations are forming to protect the open landscapes still available within the rural
West (Sheridan 2007, 132). The fast pace market exchange dealing with the agricultural aspect of
the rural west has pushed out ranchers not because of financial issues but rather because of the
change in culture that has caused ranching, grazing and pastoralism to become dull (Sheridan 2007,

Is Pastoralism a Practicable in Somali Region?
Is pastoralism impracticable in Somali Region?
Pastoralist Livelihoods in Somali Region have suffered a series of problems in recent years, some
natural and some policy–related, which in combination have been so severe that resilience and
ability to cope have been seriously compromised. Most likely the most overwhelming livelihood
problem that Somali pastoralists and farmers face is drought, and the series of low rainfall years that
started in 1999/2000 have been so frequent, with insufficient time in between for herds and flocks to
reconstitute, that some observers interpret this as a long–term decline in rainfall (indicative of global
climate change) and are predicting the end of pastoralism in the Greater Horn of Africa (Devereux
2006).
Drought is not the only risk that people face in dry land areas. There are multiple sources of
vulnerability. The implication is that a multi–dimensional approach to manage risk and reduce
vulnerability is required. The reason why past rangeland development projects in Africa have failed
was their focus on only a single issues and interventions in isolation, such as addressing animal
health problems with veterinary services, or addressing the under–provision of education and health
services with mobile schools and clinics (Devereux 2006).
Two interpretations could be given to the evidences of pastoralism in the region. The first is that
pastoralism in rural Somali Region is becoming increasingly impracticable, and that more
intervention is

Transitions From Hunter-Gatherer To Pastoralist Society
As societies develop, many changes occur that help the progression of a better civilization. While
some changes are subtle, others are incredibly dramatic and alter the course of human history. Few
changes of this significance have occurred and one of these more notable changes appeared in the
era of the Hunter–Gathers. The drastic changes from a Hunter–Gatherer society to an Agriculturalist
or Pastoralist civilization are some of the most radical alterations in societal development on earth.
First, the shift from a Hunter–Gatherer society to an agriculturalist civilization was tremendous. The
innovation of various occupations, government, and gender roles all stemmed from the adaptation of
agriculture. As food sources became more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point, much more structured religion began and the free flow of ideas also created much
larger advances in art. The contrast in religion from their time to a Hunter–Gatherer society is
tremendous as well. Hunter–Gatherer religion was animism, where certain objects and features had
gods. As it evolved, later religion became monotheistic and centered on this one god. Mesopotamia
for example had a polytheistic religion up until the 1st century C.E when Christianity began to
develop. Another significant change was in the civilizations arts. Hunter–Gatherers were quite
primitive and instead had cave paintings, whereas art in other civilizations was much more
advanced. In Harappa, art was very developed; they had many stone carvings as well as necklaces
consisting of rare stones. In addition to the digression into agriculture, Hunter–Gatherers also
developed into Pastoralist societies. This development altered many aspects to a Hunter–Gatherer
society. The creations of trade as well as warfare were expansions from Pastoralism. With
Pastoralism, the society is dependent upon their domesticated animals and their stock. Therefore the
need for good pasture and god locations for their stock is necessitated. The main areas where early
Pastoralism occurred were in the Western area of Asia, known as the Steppe. The environment in
this area was very harsh and had rugged terrain which provided very little for livestock

Horses, Pastoralism, And Overabundance: The Southern Plains
Horses, Pastoralism, and Overabundance: The Southern Plains
Horses were introduced to the southern plains Indians by the Spanish who settled in New Mexico.
The Jumanos, a tribe that occupied the Texan plains, acquired horses through trade even before the
Spanish settled in New Mexico. The Jumanos' long time rivals, the Apaches, became skillful raiders
and riders by the 1650s.These cultures were able to quickly adapt to equestrianism because of the
compatibility of horses with the environment of the Southern Plains. The region provided a lot of
grass, the main food staple of horses. Horses helped the Indians with buffalo hunts and nomadism.
Both the Jumanos and Apaches were easily able to incorporate horses into their societies, but their
horse cultures did not last. The Apaches used their newfound power to obliterate the Jumanos.
Shortly after this, a new tribe came down from the Arkansas Valley called the Comanches that had a
specialized mounted hunting system.The Comanches invaded the grasslands and rapidly became
equestrian, mastering mounted nomadism, hunting, and warfare within a generation. The
Comanches started a guerrilla war with the Apaches over grassland for their herds, and by 1760, the
Apaches were wiped from the Southern Plains. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Comanches became the primary suppliers of horses and mules in the Northern Plains, the
Southern Plains, and New Mexico. The epicenter of the Comanches' trade was in the Upper
Arkansas basin, where they ran a seasonal trading center that sold horses, mules, and other goods to
European settlers. Another key place for trading was the Llano Estacado, in New Mexico and Texas
where Comanches traded with New Mexican traders called comancheros.They received thousands
of dollars in goods through

The Basseri of Iran
Running head: THE BASSERI OF IRAN
The Basseri of Iran
Alejandra Garza
Ashford University
Introduction to Culture Anthropology
ANT 101
Wendell Johnson
Feb 13, 2011
The Basseri of Iran
The Basseri culture is one of the traditional Pastoral nomads who inhabit in Iran. The Basseri speak
dialect of Faris. But the majority knows only the Basseri dialect, but there few that speak Turkish or
Arabic. In these research paper I will be writing a little of the aspects that identify the Pastoralism. I
will also be writing about the Basseri culture and the many aspects that identify their economy,
social organization and religion.
Pastoralism is an economy based on herding. They mainly maintain herds of animals and use their
products to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Labor is also divided among household members by sex and age, but few tasks are allowed to only
one sex or one age. Domestic tasks are mainly done by woman and girls. They prepare food, wash
and mend cloth, and do spinning and weaving. The men and boys provide the wood and the water.
They also participate in the repairs of the equipment and their tents. The general level of nutrition
and hygene among the basseri is quite high. They are relatively healthy and robust, which
contributes to a high fertility rate in females of the tribe.The average of children a woman can have
varies from three to five.
Among the Baseri, each household has from 6 to 12 donkeys, and less than 100 sheep and goats.
Since their herds are very important to them they spend great amount of time tending them.
Sometimes two to five tents may combine their flock and entrust them to a single shepherded. The
shepherd is always a male and he is occupied with the flock all day .
During the winter, groups of two or five tents associated in herding units make up local camps that
separate each tent three or four kilometers. At other time of the year the camps are larger and usually
number ten to forty tents. The members of the camp are very clearly founded social group and their
relationships to each other are continuing neighbors. The maintance of the camp as a social unit
requires daily agreement on questions of migration, the selection of campsites, and other
economically

Agriculturist Research Paper
I personally do not think that agriculture was the worst mistake in human history, but many of the
negative results of it are still in existence. Some of the consequences that affected agriculturists
during its early times have been resolved or neutralized. As humans became more proficient at
growing crops and trade became more efficient and viable, a larger variety of food was available.
The biodiversity in the food has increased now so that today, there is not a consistent low–
nutritional diet for most people. Pastoralism has also advanced to the point were animal products
and meat are more available for everyone. The overall life expectancy has also increased greatly
from the 19–26 years presented. There are also medical advances and

Sweet Potato In Florida
The earliest pioneers that came to Florida from Europe, Spain or Africa practice foraging,
pastoralism and horticulture. These immigrants and the indigenous Seminole people settles and live
on the abundant resources such as wild caught birds, berries, and hogs in the Everglades and the
fishes, crustaceans, shellfish, or freshwater catch in the terrestrial coastline of the Floridian Keys.
One essential major crop that is famous in the 1800–1900s in Florida is the sweet potatoes. The
ancestor of sweet potato is I. trifida, and it was not until after 1565 was this particular important
crop introduced to the Timicua tribe in northern Florida. Known as the "root of Ipomoea batatas,"
sweet potato (sweet tuber) was introduced by the Spanish and found

Inequality Around The World Essay
Poverty is the state of having little to no money, goods, or means of support. It is a necessary evil
that plagues a part of all countries, ranging from 1.5% of the population in Taiwan, to 80% in Chad.
At the root of this problem, as is at the root of many more, is an inequality within today's society.
Society is guided by culture, or, in other words, the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects
that form a people's way of life. Culture, in turn, is shaped by society, and it's incessant need to not
only survive in an environment, but to thrive. Our need to succeed is so great, that we have lost our
ability to depend upon natural instincts, and, instead, have decided to listen to what our fellow
members of society believe should be done. Thus far, it has worked. We have gained so much
knowledge, and have begun to prosper, but victory has it's own repercussions. One such side effect
was the creation of inequality across the world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this free time, people began to learn and philosophize about new things. They now had priests,
leaders, and people that made things. These people no longer had to help get food, they worked for
food. This was the birth of specialization and trade. With the next age came even more new
technology, and the metamorphosis of society yet again. Leaders now had more power than ever.
They set the standards for all of society, and laid the foundation for the future leaders to have the
same amount of power, if not more. One thing that hasn't changed since those first true leaders in the
Horticulture and Pastoralism time is the way that the guidelines for society, pertaining to the
economy, are set. They keep the rich on top and the poor from getting

Analysis Of The Poem ' The Star Of The Show '
This topic is divided into four scene but this poem is all about the beauty & sacrifises
of urn . In this poem the star of the show is URN. keats describing the beauty of urn
in different ways. In the poem speaker is saying that it 's a married pride but still virgin.
Then the poet looks more closely at the specific scenes depicted on its sides. He praises
its shape but disses its "overwrought" decoration. Finally, he treats it like a sage with
wisdom to impart.
THE FIRST SCENE: MEN AND MAIDENSINTRODUCTION
Pastoral:–
John Milton wrote most famous about pastoral elegy in 'Lycidas ',which was written on the death of
King Edward. Pastoral elegy which uses the pastoral

Limitations Of Lactase Intestinations
The limitations that are necessary to be taken into consideration are the errors associated with the
above research attaining methodologies. Using a lactose tolerance test the arbitrary cut–offs are
difficult when taking into consideration borderline values. The impact of certain cut–offs would
eliminate or include participant values that could impact on the big picture of the results. For breath
hydrogen analysis and lactose tolerance test, another error is the likelihood of false positives and
false negatives. Most commonly is found in studies is that breath hydrogen reveals the most accurate
results (Mulcare, C. A., et al, 2004). The other errors come from the human participants themselves,
which is why necessary eliminations are used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consideration would then be required of the types of pastoralism within the population is currently
practiced and the relationship that holds with the practices in the past. A specific understanding of
the types of milk that was consumed whether lactose rich forms was ingested first or bacteria
converted dairy products resulting in lower lactose–containing foods. The Khoe and the San
represent the current day populations reflective of their original ancestors of the same area (Breton,
G., et al, 2014). The ancestors of the Khoe–San populations of Southern African region likely
diverged at a minimum of 100 thousand years ago from all human ancestors (11 – Breton, G., et al,
2014).
Assuming the data could be collected for the Khoe population, the hypothesis being tested through
further evaluation whether the recorded lactase persistence is realistic given the subsistence
behaviour of the current population. This would require archaeological evidence for the pastoralist
population by the original ancestors of the area. The introduction of pastoralism to southern areas of
Africa is widely debated. It has been accepted the pastoralism spread from North to East Africa and
then to Southern African. There are a few pre–existing hypotheses attempting to explain the
occurrence of pastoralism (Breton, G., et al, 2014). One is called the demic diffusion model which
suggests the ancestors of the Khoe originated from an East African or external population that
migrated

The Natural Environment
How does the natural environment influence culture?
There is a myriad of varying definitions for the word 'culture.' Instead of defining culture in general
terms, it is often defined by how it is related to the environment; and consequently, how it is
affected. Culture provides direction, and reason. Throughout history, people have remained stalwart
and true to their roots and traditions. However, it has become evident that, with the changing
environment, many traditional practices have had to adapt. Climate change is a key component
causing this adaptation. Through reflecting upon environmental relativism, and cultural aspects,
such as subsistence patterns, economic systems, and religion and world view, it can be concluded
that the natural environment influences culture by causing environment–based traditions to mould to
external factors.
Environmental relativism can be defined as follows: the ways in which certain aspects of the
physical environment are relevant to cultures and traditions. It is how the environment relates to a
culture (personal communication, Kathy Rettie, September 7, 2017). The environment is an ever–
changing system; it often cannot be predicted. Climate change, such as warmer winters, rising sea
levels, and changes in precipitation, provide evidence that the individuals affected by the physical
environment must change their way of life to adapt. This is particularly true for many nomadic
cultures, who base their survival off the changing weather

Ap World History Midterm Study Guide Essay
AP World History Midterm Study Guide Period 1: Technological and Environmental
Transformations, to c. 600 BCE Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth 1.
Humans first appeared on Earth during the Paleolithic Era. The evidence of burial grounds, stone
tools, and other items shows a general migration path of humans out of Africa, and support the
theory that these groups were nomadic hunters and foragers. Early humans were mobile and could
adapt to different geographical settings from savannah to Ice Age tundra. Anthropologists infer that
these bands were relatively egalitarian. 2. Using the evidence left from early human burial grounds
and stone tools, anthropologists were able to infer that early human societies were egalitarian,
hunter–gatherers, nomadic, easily adaptable, and developed sophisticated technologies. 3. Humans
first appeared In East Africa and later migrated to Europe and Asia. Early human societies were
egalitarian, nomadic, and hunter–forages. Meaning that humans moved from place to place, moving
to an abundant food supply. The first human technologies included fire and some stone tools. As for
culture the first humans sang and danced, with animistic beliefs. 4. Humans used fire to ward off
predators, adapt to colder climates, and to assist in hunting and gathering. Other technologies
included stone tools which were used for both hunting and protection. 5. The earliest known religion
is animism, which is the belief that everything has a

Pastoralism In As You Like It By William Fitzgerald
Pastoral:–
writer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
into simple

The Uses Of Human Biological Remains
The use of human biological remains can tell us quite a lot about how past civilizations lived. One is
able to deduce from the findings whether groups of people were transient or stationary by examining
findings from a midden. Refuse stashes also tell us much of what a specific group consumes in
terms of diet or housing materials. One is able to discover how long ago an individual lived by using
dating measurements such as radio carbon dating or argon dating. The use of human biological
remains is the most beneficial and educational resource for archeologists in the field and in the
laboratory.
There are many ways to determine antiquity with archeological findings that fall under two main
categories, relative dating and absolute dating. Relative dating uses techniques applied by the
archeologists themselves and produce a general understanding of the age of findings while absolute
dating can provide an exact date the biological remains were alive and uses much more elaborate
and in depth laboratory testing techniques. Absolute dating techniques such as dendrochronology,
radiocarbon dating, and argon dating are the most effective and wide spread methods for dating
human biological remains to provide a detailed analysis of antiquity. Radiocarbon dating is the most
widespread and commonly used technique for dating human remains in archeology. It is known that
all living things contain carbon and upon death carbon breaks down at a specific and steady rate
once. By

Indo European Societies
The Indo–European and Bantu peoples were great societies who advanced well during their years.
The articles, "The Indo European Migrations" and "Bantu Migrations and Early Agricultural
Societies of sub–Saharan Africa" both featured in the book " In Traditions and Encounters: A Global
Perspective on the Past" by (Jerry Bentley) both explicate information about the two societies.
Additional information will also be applied by the book, "World Civilizations: The Global
Experience" by (Peter N. Stearns). Although the Bantu and Indo–European Societies were in
different locations, common similarities occurred which allowed both societies to advance.
The Indo Europeans started off in their homeland, Eastern Europe (Ukraine and southern Russia)
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to "Bantu Migrations and Early Agricultural Societies of sub–Saharan Africa" the Bantus
shared a common language, although differentiated, this unified them as a society; likewise, the
Indo–Europeans also shared a common language that had been branched off into different
subgroups. The article also reveals to us that "After about 1000 BCE... Bantu peoples began to
produce iron tools and weapons,"(Pg.6); According to the article "The Indo European Migrations",
the Hittites in the Indo–European migration had also used iron to produce tools and weapons. Over
time, agriculture became more popular in Bantu–speaking regions and was combined with
pastoralism; in relation, the Indo–Europeans also included agriculture and pastoralism in their
society. According to the account "Bantu Migrations and Early Agricultural Societies of sub–
Saharan Africa", the Bantu People used canoes to facilitate the conquering of others and as a reliable
transportation tool " Canoes enable Bantu to travel rapidly up and down rivers, leapfrogging
established communities..encroaching territories occupied by forest peoples," (Pg.6). In similar
fashion, the Indo–Europeans used horses to conquer others and for

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